14 dpm/g 1 pm = 10-12m Bohr radius 53 pm Atom ~100 pm 1 fm = 10-15 m Proton radius ~ 1.3 fm 1 attometer = 1 am = 10-18 m Electron radius ~1 am Baryons: 3 quarks Mesons: 1 quark and 1 antiquark Energy equivalents to mass Up quark I = 1/2h and charge +2/3 3 quarks aligned to spin 3/2 Down quark I = ½ charge -1/3 Strange quark I=1/2 charge = -1/3 It has not been possible to isolate a single quark. That is, there are not things running around the universe with +2/3 or -1/3 q. And, there is no idea how the electron and positron have unit charges. Maybe we fouled up in the first place, and the charge on the electron should be -3??? What do you need to know. Protons and neutrons have magnetic moments, thus, there MUST be some substructure The standard model of Particle Physics is now accepted as providing an excellent description of the particle world The quark universe includes six (12 with the anti) quarks and six antiquarks, up, down, strange, charm, bottom, top Up, charm, and top have charge + 2/3, down, strange and bottom have charge -1/3 Baryons, heavy particles, include protons and neutrons and are composed of three strongly interacting quarks Mesons are light particles that consist of a quark and an anti quark pair and they interact strongly Proton is uud neutron is udd Beta-minus decay of the neutron and others involved the quark transition from d (-1/3) to u(+2/3) with is Δq = 1. Leptons are “very light particles’ and DO NOT INTERACT STRONGLY, but only via the weak interaction. The include three particles electrons, muons and taons with the appropriate antiparticles They are accompanied by three neutrinos, light, medium and heavy Beta decay in any form involves the production of a lepton and an antilepton via the weak interaction. Everything with a charge has an electromagnetic interaction, and Everything with mass has a gravitational interaction.