Macromolecule Molecular Structure
Carbohydrates - simple and complex sugars
Assemble and draw the following macromolecules found in the boxes.
Simple Sugar - monosaccharide
example: glucose and fructose
Fructose can be straight or in a ring make the ring structure
Glucose can be straight or in a ring make the ring structure
H
O
CH2OH
C
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
HO
O H
C
H
OH
C
H C
C OH
H
OH
C
O
HO
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
C
CH2OH
Simple Sugar - disaccharide
H
O
H
Glucose
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
HO
H
C
OH C
C CH2OH
OH
H
Fructose
example: sucrose (table sugar)
Sucrose is made during a condensation reaction by linking glucose and fructose together
CH2OH
H
C
HO
CH2OH
O H
C
H
OH
C
H C
C
H
OH
C
O
H
C
OH C
C CH2OH
OH
H
Complex Sugar - polysaccharide
example: glycogen (used to store sugars in the body)
and cellulose (provides support in plants)
cellulose
CH2OH
H
C
HO
H
O
H C
C H
H
OH
O
C
glycogen
CH2OH
CH2OH
C
H
OH
C
H
O
C
H
OH
C
O
H
O
H C
C OH
C
H
OH
O H
C
H
OH
C
H C
C OH
H
OH
“The structure of glycogen is essentially as shown in the following
drawing, except that in the complete glycogen molecule there are 12 layers
whereas for simplicity only 5 are shown in the drawing:
The essential features of this general structure are that each B-chain has
two branch points, and all chains have the same length, as the experiments
showed that the material is distributed at 50% between A- and B-chains.
In addition it is worth noting the molecule of glycogenin, a protein that acts
as a primer, at the centre of the structure.”
glycogen
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Proteins - made of amino acids are large globular molecules
Assemble the building blocks of amino acids.
In order to make an amino acid, assemble an amino functional group NH2 and a carboxyl functional group COOH.
Carboxyl
Amino
H
O
N
C
H
O
H
Once you have assembled these two groups take a carbon atom this will be the hub of your amino acid.
On the left hand side attach the amino group, and on the right hand side attach the carboxyl group.
On the bottom of your carbon hub to the back place a hydrogen atom.
This is the basic structure of all amino acids.
Different amino acids have different (R) Groups attached to the last bond site of the carbon hub
Basic Amino Acid Structure
R
H
O
C
N
C
H
O
H
H
Some different (R) Groups that can be attached—Pick one amino acid to make with you model kits
Isoleucine (Ile)
Alanine (Ala)
Valine (Val)
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
CH3
H
C
CH3
N
C
C
H
O
H
H
H
N
H
H
C
C
H
O
O
N
H
H
C
C
H
O
O
H
H
H
O
H
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Proteins Continued
Proteins arrange themselves first in chains, then in aÅ
-helix, then in folded aÅ
-helix and
finally in a quaternary structure
Primary
Structure–
Secondary
Structure
Tertiary
Structure -
Quaternary Structure-
Chains of
amino acids
a“-helix
Folded a•-helix
2 or more tertiary structures
bound together
Enzymes - are specialized proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up the rate of reactions
Enzymes bond to substrates with specificity often referred to as lock and key or hand
and glove.
Fill in the blank spaces with the appropriate word.
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Lipids - fats, oils, and waxes
Fatty Acid - polar head and non polar tail
Saturated fat (solid at room temperature- all carbons have hydrogens
Polar Head
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
non polar tail
H
Unsaturated fat (most oils liquid at room temp– carbon
double bonds not all bonds taken by hydrogen )
O
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
Polar Head
O
non polar tail
C
H
H
H
Triglyceride - a glycerol with three fatty acids
When the fatty acids bond with the glycerol water is released
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
O
O
O
H
Glycerol
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
O
O
H2O
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Three Fatty Acids
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Phospholipid– is made of a phosphate group bound to a glycerol and two fatty acids
Phosphate Group
H
O
O
P
O
H
C
O
H
C
O
C
H
O
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Steroid -Hormone composed of four rings
An example of a steroid is cholesterol shown below
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
C
C
C
1
C
H
O
C
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
2
C
C
C
C
C
C
4
3
C
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
C
H
C
H
C
C
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Nucleic Acids - there are two types of nucleic acid DNA and RNA
made of repeating units called nucleotides
Construct a nucleotide with more than one
Nucleotide are made of three subunits—a phosphate group a ribose , and a nitrogen containing
O
Phosphate
O
P
H
H
O
Nitrogen Containing Base
N
O
C
N
C
C
C
O
N
C
C
N
H
N
H
C
C
H
H
C
Ribose
O
H
C
O
H
DNA and RNA
RNA is Single Stranded while DNA tends to be Double Stranded
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