1) The variable that is measured by the researcher
in an experiment is the
5) Modern evolutionary social psychologists
believe that
A) random variable.
A) animal behavior is wired in at birth, but
human behavior is the result of the
environment.
B) independent variable.
C) dependent variable.
B) human social behaviors are wired in at
birth and can't be changed.
D) naturalistic variable.
C) most social behavior is learned.
2) All of the following are potential problems
with case studies EXCEPT
D) human behavior is an interaction
between biological influences and the
environment.
A) results of case studies are hard to
generalize.
B) hypotheses of experimenters often can
bias their analysis of a person's life.
6) When every participant in an experiment has
an equally likely chance of receiving any one
of the treatments, the researcher is using
C) case studies often contain too much
information about a person.
A) systematic assignment.
D) cause and effect relationships are hard to
establish.
B) direct assignment to condition.
C) independent assignment.
D) random assignment.
3) When a researcher can make strong
conclusions that the independent variable
caused changes in the dependent variable, the
study has high ________.
7) Which of the following could be considered a
limitation to the experimental method?
A) The researcher can't make causal
statements.
A) internal validity
B) complexity
B) The researcher can't manipulate the
independent variable.
C) external validity
D) experimenter bias
C) The researcher has very little control over
what happens in the study.
4) A social psychologist is interested in
aggression, and wants to study the
phenomenon of adolescents bringing weapons
to school and killing their classmates and
teachers. Which method would be most
appropriate for this type of research question?
D) The laboratory settings can be very
artificial.
8) Which of the following is described in your
text as a way in which persons and situations
interact?
A) an experiment
A) Situations change people.
B) a case study
B) People change their situations.
C) a naturalistic observation
C) Situations choose people.
D) a field experiment
D) all of the above
1
9) Social psychology focuses primarily on the
________, whereas sociology focuses mostly on
the ________.
13) Dr. Garcia really likes Twinkies. Her students
often see her eating them for breakfast, lunch,
and snack. Garcia gives her students a survey
to determine whether they prefer Twinkies or
Ho Hos. Although most students prefer Ho
Hos, most report liking Twinkies better. The
students' responses demonstrate a/an
A) individual; group
B) situation; group
C) abnormal; normal
A) independent variable.
D) individual; situation
B) junk food effect.
C) placebo effect.
10) As defined in your text, a theory is
D) social desirability bias.
A) a belief or statement that the majority
agrees upon.
B) a scientific truth.
14) In a student experiment for her senior thesis,
Keiko uses college students as participants to
investigate the effect of happy or sad mood on
the speed of decision-making. In her
experiment, the independent variable is
C) an educated guess about what will
happen in an experiment.
D) an explanation that connects and
organizes existing observations.
A) mood (happy or sad).
B) happy mood.
11) You weigh 150 pounds. You step on the scale
at the gym and it says you weigh 180. You
weigh yourself on the same scale the next three
days and each time it says you weigh 180. The
scale at the gym appears to be a measure that
is ________, but not ________.
C) speed of decision-making.
D) college students.
15) Some researchers have suggested that violent
video games may teach children to associate
violence with rewards because many games
give a player points for killing or hurting an
opponent. This view is most consistent with
the
A) valid; accurate
B) valid; reliable
C) reliable; valid
D) definitive; accurate
A) social learning perspective.
B) evolutionary perspective.
12) Bobby pushes his little sister out of his way,
and she is hurt in the fall. Bobby's mother tells
him he has been very bad, and makes him sit
in "time out" the rest of the day. In the future,
Bobby stops pushing his sister to avoid
punishment. This example fits best with which
perspective?
A) evolutionary
B) social cognitive
C) sociocultural
D) social learning
C) social cognitive perspective.
D) sociocultural perspective.
16) According to the evolutionary perspective, fear
A) is greater for women than for men.
B) helped our ancestors survive.
C) is no longer important for survival.
D) puts humans needlessly at risk.
2
21) Which of the following examples best
illustrates the influence of culture on feelings?
17) Which of the following correlation coefficients
expresses the weakest relationship between
two variables?
A) +.03
B) +.41
C) -1.00
D) +.33
A) People are more likely to express similar
feelings in a strong situation.
B) Japanese and Americans both express
sadness at a funeral.
C) Members of cultures from all over the
world agree on which facial expressions
reflect happiness, sadness, and fear.
18) Social psychology is the study of
A) how one's thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors are influenced by others.
D) Utku Eskimos rarely express anger,
whereas members of a Bedouin tribe of
western Egypt frequently express anger.
B) how one's social class influences one's
thoughts and behaviors.
C) how social norms influence a person's
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
22) Favorable or unfavorable evaluations of a
person, object, or event are known as
D) how different cultures have different
social norms and customs.
A) attitudes.
B) schemas.
19) If you take an extraversion-introversion test
several times and consistently receive similar
scores, the test is said to have high
C) moods.
D) social cognitions.
A) representativeness.
B) reliability.
23) You are having dinner with a close female
friend, and you know that her boyfriend is
going to propose to her later that evening. You
barely manage to keep yourself from telling
her the secret. As you say goodbye and begin
walking home, you pass your favorite ice
cream shop. According to the research on
willpower, how likely are you to keep to your
diet and resist buying a cone?
C) convergence.
D) validity.
20) The day-to-day goal of being nice to the new
person on your dorm floor is probably most
closely associated with the fundamental goal
of
A) You will be more likely to resist than
normal.
A) being seen as likeable.
B) establishing social ties.
B) You will be neither more or less likely to
resist.
C) defending ourselves and others.
D) gaining and maintaining status.
C) You will be less likely to resist than
normal.
D) There is no way to determine how likely
you are to resist.
3
24) David sees his son jumping on the furniture, a
behavior that is strictly forbidden. David is
from an individualistic culture. How is he
most likely to reprimand his son?
27) In the Bartholow et al. (2005) on aggression
and violent video games students who were
relatively experienced and those who were
inexperienced responded differently to
competition because
A) "If you keep acting like that, people will
make fun of you!"
A) the two groups of participants
interpreted their competitors behavior in
different ways.
B) "If you keep acting like that, you're going
to lose your allowance!"
B) the experienced participants were older
than the inexperienced.
C) "If you keep acting like that, no one will
like you!"
C) the inexperienced participants were more
confused by the competitive task.
D) "If you keep acting like that, I'm not
going to like you anymore!"
D) the inexperienced participants did not
like the competitive task as much as the
experienced ones.
25) When a fussy infant who does not like to be
held leads a normally affectionate parent to be
distant and emotionally uninvolved, this is the
process of
28) Nira spends a rainy Saturday watching drag
racing on TV. Later, she reflects on her
behavior and thinks, "I must really like drag
racing since I spent so much time watching it
on TV." Nira has learned about herself via
A) a person choosing a situation.
B) a situation choosing a person.
C) a situation changing a person.
A) self-perception.
D) all of the above
B) self-regulation.
C) self-presentation.
26) Which of the following things can happen as a
result of the design of your living space?
D) reflected appraisal.
A) Changing the layout of a living space can
affect social interaction.
29) Martin Luther King Jr. wanted blacks treated
with respect and loved his grandmother so
much he tried to kill himself upon finding out
she was dead. These are defined in your
textbook as characteristics of the
B) A well-designed house can make you
psychologically healthier.
C) A poorly designed building can
negatively affect your motivation.
A) influence of person on the situation.
D) all of the above
B) era King was socialized in.
C) person.
D) situation.
4
30) A fundamental principle of modern social
psychology is that
34) According to your textbook, which of the
following does NOT happen as a result of
attempting to suppress unwanted thoughts?
A) personality determines most social
behavior.
A) Suppressed thoughts are more likely to
come to mind.
B) unconscious forces determine most social
behavior.
B) The immune system can be weakened.
C) the situation determines most social
behavior.
C) Automatic behavior in general becomes
more likely.
D) features of both the person and the
situation determine most social behavior.
D) Mental health problems will become
more likely.
31) In a demonstration of the importance of
person-situation fit, Chatman et al. (1999)
showed that business school graduate students
who had a "successful young manager"
personality
35) The process through which individuals
consciously focus on their surroundings is
known as
A) got more job offers.
B) changed jobs less frequently.
A) attention.
B) interpretation.
C) memory.
D) perception.
36) The fact that people from many different
cultures agree on which facial expressions
reflect particular emotions is evidence that
C) eventually earned higher salaries.
D) all of the above
A) facial expressions are heavily influenced
by culture.
32) John goes through fraternity rush. He initially
picks two fraternities he likes, but at the end of
the week, only one of the two wants him as a
member, so he joins that fraternity. This is an
example of
B) facial expressions of emotion are
probably learned from those around us.
C) there probably is a genetic component to
the facial expression of emotion.
A) different people reacting differently to
the same situation.
D) there are gender differences in the
expression of facial emotion.
B) a situation changing the person.
C) a person changing the situation.
37) Your attitude toward yourself is known as
D) a situation choosing the person.
A) reflected appraisal.
B) self-esteem.
33) Where does our self-concept (our
"self-schema") come from?
C) your ought self.
D) your self-concept.
A) reflected appraisal
B) self-perception
38) Sensory memories refer to one's memories of
C) social comparison
A) sad experiences.
D) all of the above
B) visual images, sounds, and tastes.
C) good experiences.
D) none of the above.
5
39) Which of the following is true regarding
motivation?
43) You are the manager of a department in a big
company and you are going to interview a
candidate for an open position. The candidate
comes 30 minutes late for the interview, has
several body piercings, and doesn't seem very
intelligent to you. Looking at his resume,
however, you discover that he has graduated
form a prestigious university and has several
years of experience in the area. According to
research, you would be
A) Motivation usually refers to short-term
goals.
B) Motivation is the energy that drives
social behavior.
C) Motivation is not necessary for survival.
D) Motivation is unrelated to social
behavior.
A) motivated to finish the interview as
quickly as possible in order to conserve
mental effort.
40) A group of friends is playing a relaxed game of
touch football. Bill, an extremely competitive
guy, asks if he can join in, and soon the game
turns into a rough game of tackle football. This
is an example of the way in which
B) likely to hire this person without
acquiring more information in order to
resolve this complex situation.
C) likely to rely on your first impression and
not hire this person.
A) people choose situations.
B) the person can change the situation.
D) motivated to acquire more information to
make the right decision about this
person.
C) the situation can change the person.
D) situations choose people.
44) Is positive self-regard a universal desire? A
recent study by Sedikides, Gaertner, and
Toguchi (2003) found that
41) Which of the following biases suggests that the
fundamental attribution error occurs because
situational influences are less visible to
observers?
A) members of collectivistic countries
self-enhance less than members of
individualistic countries.
A) availability heuristic
B) representativeness heuristic
B) members of collectivistic countries
self-enhance just as much as members of
individualistic countries, but they do so
in a more secret manner.
C) false consensus effect
D) actor-observer difference
C) members of collectivistic countries
self-enhance more than members of
individualistic countries.
42) The false consensus effect occurs because
people use ________ as an anchor and
________ this estimate.
D) members of collectivistic countries and
members of individualistic countries
both self-enhance on traits valued by
their respective cultures.
A) the most popular view; overadjust
B) the most popular view; underadjust
C) their own views; underadjust
D) their own views; overadjust
6
45) Researchers who investigated cultural aspects
of the fundamental attribution error found that
________ as a primary cause of behavior.
48) According to the ________, as the number of
possible causes increases, we become less sure
that any particular cause is the true one.
A) Chinese writers emphasize situations and
American writers emphasize personality
A) augmenting principle
B) consistency model
B) Chinese and American writers both
emphasize situations
C) discounting principle
D) distinctiveness model
C) Chinese and American writers both
emphasize personality
49) As an example of the self-serving bias,
researchers who reviewed newspaper articles
regarding sports contests found that coaches
tended to explain victories in terms of
________ and defeats in terms of ________.
D) Chinese writers emphasize personality
and American writers emphasize
situations
46) Participants in a study by Jones and Harris
were shown essays, ostensibly written by
students on a debate team. Which of the
following possible results best demonstrates
the correspondence bias? Participants thought
that the author of the essay
A) supportive fans; a lack of teamwork
B) home-court advantage; unfair referees
C) their team's ability; the other team's luck
D) their team's luck; the other team's
abilities
A) who was required to write an anti-Castro
essay had positive attitudes toward
Castro.
50) The items "I would prefer complex to simple
problems" and "the notion of thinking
abstractly is appealing to me" are taken from a
scale measuring
B) who freely chose to write an anti-Castro
essay had neutral attitudes toward
Castro.
A) social cognition.
C) who was required to write a pro-Castro
essay had positive attitudes toward
Castro.
B) need for structure.
C) desire for control.
D) who freely chose to write an anti-Castro
essay had positive attitudes toward
Castro.
D) need for cognition.
51) Suppose you are told that your new roommate
is a member of the chess club. How is this
expectation likely to influence you?
47) Who is most likely to enhance and protect
his/her personal self esteem?
A) You are likely to use the anchoring and
adjustment heuristic.
A) a Chinese citizen
B) a Canadian citizen
B) You are likely to seek information that
disconfirms this expectation.
C) a Japanese citizen
C) You are likely to remember behaviors
that are consistent with this expectation.
D) All these people are equally likely to
enhance and protect their personal
self-esteem.
D) You are likely to interpret ambiguous
behaviors in ways that will change this
expectation.
7
52) In contrast to individualistic cultures,
collectivistic cultures emphasize
56) No matter how motivated we are to be
accurate, we won't be able to think deeply if
A) one's self-esteem via the validation of
internal attributes.
A) we lack the necessary cognitive
resources.
B) the self as independent from the group.
B) we are in a sad mood.
C) the self as interdependent with the
group.
C) we are accountable to others.
D) we are low in need for structure.
D) the self as primarily defined by internal
attributes.
57) When are self-fulfilling prophecies more likely
to occur?
53) All of the following are core processes of social
cognition EXCEPT
A) when those holding false expectations
control the social encounter
A) expectancy confirmation.
B) when the targets of false expectations
attempt to change those expectations
B) attention.
C) when the correspondence bias is
activated
C) memory.
D) interpretation.
D) when the representativeness heuristic is
activated
54) What is a benefit of engaging in upward social
comparison?
58) Which of the following people is most likely to
make self-serving attributions?
A) It motivates one toward
self-improvement.
A) a person with a stable low self-esteem
B) It enhances one's self-esteem by
derogating others.
B) a person from a collectivistic country
C) a person with an unstable high
self-esteem
C) It conserves mental energy.
D) It reduces stress.
D) none of the above
55) Your text discussed how thousands of U.S.
banks went out of business in the 1930s as a
result of customers withdrawing their deposits
because they feared that the banks were
running out of money. This is an example of
59) Elaine watches a news program which covers
several violent incidents as well as two
murders. Later, when Elaine is asked to
estimate the general rate of incidence of
homicides in the United States, these examples
quickly come to Elaine's mind, and she
estimates the incidence rate to be higher than it
actually is. This example illustrates the
A) attributional ambiguity.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) the misapplication of the anchoring and
adjustment heuristic.
A) availability heuristic.
D) the correspondence bias.
B) correspondence bias.
C) representativeness heuristic.
D) anchoring and adjustment heuristic.
8
60) Suppose that you are trying to estimate how
much your new employer is going to pay you.
You start with an estimate of what others are
paid, and then take into account your unique
qualifications that are relevant. You have just
used the
63) Evelyn has recently become a manager of a
department of ten people. She is concerned
whether she should adopt an assertive
self-promoting style or a more modest style.
As a social psychologist, you can advise her
that if she actively self-promotes herself, she
will be
A) availability heuristic.
A) liked by her female colleagues, but
disliked by her male colleagues.
B) actor-observer difference.
C) anchoring and adjustment heuristic.
B) liked by her male colleagues, but disliked
by her female colleagues.
D) representativeness heuristic.
C) disliked by both her male and female
colleagues.
61) Which of the following statements about
people who have high levels of testosterone is
FALSE?
D) liked by both her male and female
colleagues.
A) They are less likely to use politeness to
achieve their goals.
64) Which of the following is a strategy for
conveying status and power?
B) They are more confrontational.
C) They are more likely to smile to achieve
their goals.
A) projecting modesty
D) They are less concerned with the welfare
of others.
C) self-handicapping
B) basking in reflected glory
D) appearing physically attractive
62) The process through which we try to control
the impressions people form of us is known as
65) You notice that John, one of your classmates,
often pays compliments to your friends only to
get them to form a more positive impression of
him. When John pays you a compliment,
A) self-presentation.
B) public self-consciousness.
C) self-handicapping.
A) your friends are not likely to recognize it
as a flattery.
D) self-monitoring.
B) you will probably accept his
compliments as sincere and start to like
him more.
C) you will probably form an even more
negative impression of John.
D) you are likely to recognize it as flattery
and not to be affected by it.
9
66) Which of the following is a strategy that people
use when confronted with the multiple
audience dilemma?
70) Which of the following self-presentational
strategies is especially useful for people
seeking to convey competence?
A) delaying delivery of a message until
there is only one audience present
A) smiling
B) pointing out similarities with others
B) presenting opinions that are a
compromise between the opinions of the
two different audiences
C) staging performances
D) making verbal claims of competence
C) delivering different messages through
different channels of communication
71) People are likely to display status and power
when all BUT which of the following occur?
D) all of the above
A) They are male.
B) Their images are threatened.
67) Anger is sometimes used to display one's
A) fear.
B) gender.
C) They are in a positive mood.
C) competence.
D) dominance.
D) They are insulted.
72) Researchers comparing the self-presentation
tactics of women and men have observed that
68) Which of the following is TRUE of
self-handicapping behavior?
A) women and men have an equal desire to
be liked.
A) People engage in self-handicapping
behavior when they are too confident of
their future success.
B) women are rewarded less than are men
for presenting themselves in likable
ways.
B) People with high self-esteem are not
likely to engage in self-handicapping
behavior.
C) males become more nonverbally
agreeable than females as they pass
through adolescence.
C) People engage in self-handicapping
behavior when they are not motivated to
succeed.
D) women are more motivated to be liked
than are men.
D) People engage in self-handicapping
behavior when they doubt that previous
achievements accurately reflect their
personal abilities and efforts.
73) People are more likely to display status and
power
A) when they are motivated to be liked.
69) Making excuses, claiming obstacles, staging
performances, and "dressing the part" are all
strategies of
B) when they are in a positive mood.
A) self-promotion.
C) when valuable new resources are
available.
B) narcissistic display.
D) in front of members of the same sex.
C) facade fabrication.
D) ingratiation.
10
74) The polygraph method of detecting lying rests
on which of the following assumptions?
78) Chris, who is a socially confident person, and
his friend Simon, who is very shy, are checking
their GRE scores. Neither of them performed
very well. How will they predict they will
perform in the future?
A) People are generally successful in
controlling their physiological reactions.
B) People are likely to experience
physiological arousal even when they tell
the truth.
A) Chris will be likely to predict that he will
perform better, if he expects to retake the
GRE soon.
C) People become physiologically aroused
when lying.
B) Chris will be likely to predict better
performance in the future, if he doesn't
expect to retake the GRE soon.
D) People experience little guilt and anxiety
when lying.
C) Simon will be likely to predict that he
will perform better, if he expects to retake
the GRE soon.
75) Which of the following is NOT an ingratiation
strategy?
D) Simon will be likely to predict better
performance in the future, if he doesn't
expect to retake the GRE soon.
A) pointing out similarities with others
B) trying to appear as physically attractive
as possible
79) Ingratiation is
C) flattering
A) an attempt to get others to like us.
D) projecting high status and power
B) another word for deception.
C) typically going to be seen as false.
76) The text discusses which of the following as a
strategy for conveying status and power?
D) limited to expressing liking for others.
A) self-promotion
B) self-handicapping
80) In a study on the effects of expressed modesty
on interpersonal attraction, black and white
students read about a student described as
either a nonbragger, a untruthful bragger, or a
truthful bragger. The results of the study
indicated that
C) cutting off reflected failure
D) flattery
77) Men are more likely than women to
A) present themselves as having status and
power.
A) black students liked the truthful bragger
more than white students did.
B) present themselves as likable.
B) black students disliked the untruthful
bragger more than white students did.
C) present themselves as competent.
C) both black and white students equally
disliked the nonbragger.
D) all of the above
D) white students liked the truthful bragger
more than black students did.
11
84) The consistency principle states that people
will
81) According to dissonance theory, people are
likely to ________ when they experience
cognitive inconsistency, and they will be
motivated to ________.
A) change their attitudes, beliefs,
perceptions, and actions to achieve
consistency.
A) learn faster; restructure their cognitions
as a result
B) seek a balance between consistency and
inconsistency in their attitude, beliefs,
perceptions, and actions.
B) feel tension; reduce tension by reducing
inconsistency
C) seek long-lasting relationships with
others who act consistently.
C) act irrationally; seek rational solutions
D) think illogically; become more logical by
central route thinking
D) seek long-lasting relationships with
others who are similar to themselves.
82) The text discusses how anti-tobacco groups
aired TV ads that parodied ads by tobacco
companies, such as the ad where tough
Marlboro Man-like characters were reduced to
wheezing and coughing. These parody ads
were effective because they induced viewers to
85) Suppose you are in a situation in which you
perform an act that you think is inconsistent
with what you believe. You would be more
likely to experience cognitive dissonance if you
were given a
A) large reward before you performed the
act.
A) experience cognitive dissonance.
B) register counterarguments against the
tobacco company ads.
B) high degree of choice in deciding
whether or not to do it.
C) reduce the attitude accessibility of
pro-tobacco attitudes.
C) large number of reasons (justifications)
for performing the act.
D) eliminate self-talk that could convince
them to keep smoking.
D) threat that if you fail to do it, you will be
strongly punished.
83) How do people process persuasive
information that agrees with their personal
preferences and positions?
86) Which of the following statements about
gender differences and persuasion is FALSE?
A) They look for weaknesses in the message.
A) Women's statements are influenced by
the fact that they typically are more
concerned than men with cultivating
positive relationships and maintaining
social harmony.
B) They think deeply about the message.
C) They don't expend the effort to look for
flaws in the message.
D) They try to form counterarguments.
B) Men are less persuaded than women
under public circumstances.
C) The presence of others influences the
willingness of women to agree with a
statement.
D) Women are more persuaded than men
under private circumstances.
12
87) What is the role of arousal in the effect of
cognitive dissonance on attitude change?
90) Below are some phrases that car dealers
frequently use. The persuasiveness of which
one can best be explained by the consistency
principle?
A) Inconsistency between attitudes and
behavior leads to unpleasant arousal,
which makes people change their
attitudes.
A) "If you walk out now, we won't be able to
offer you the same promotion later."
B) "We are selling you this car below our
invoice cost."
B) Inconsistency between attitudes and
behavior leads to unpleasant arousal,
which prevents people from changing
their attitudes.
C) "You aren't going to find this car cheaper
anywhere else."
C) People are more likely to experience
cognitive dissonance when they are
pleasantly aroused.
D) "You said that this is the car that you
want."
D) People change their attitudes as a result
of pleasant arousal.
91) According to the text, one persuasive strategy
recommended by the cognitive response model
is to
88) Encouraging positive self-talk, inhibiting
counterarguments, and defeating a message
through inoculation are implications of
A) give the audience little time to formulate
counterarguments.
B) have the target learn the information well
enough so that he or she can explain it to
someone else.
A) the cognitive response model.
B) reactance theory.
C) repeat the information enough times so
that it is well-remembered by the target.
C) balance theory.
D) consistency theory.
D) provide punishment immediately after
the target fails to engage in the desired
behavior.
89) A study (Sivacek & Crano, 1982) was
conducted at Michigan State University when
the government proposed raising the drinking
age from 18 to 21. Which students volunteered
to campaign against the proposal and why?
92) Which of the following statements related to
attitudes and heredity is true?
A) Students who were under 20 were more
likely to volunteer because the issue was
more personally relevant to them.
A) Many political and religious attitudes
have been found to have a genetic
component.
B) Students who were under 20 were more
likely to volunteer because students 21
and over were not against the proposal.
B) Genetically influenced attitudes are fairly
weak and do not influence behavior to a
significant extent.
C) Students majoring in law or government
were more likely to volunteer because
they had greater knowledge about the
issue.
C) People can be persuaded to change their
genetically influenced attitudes fairly
easily.
D) Attitudes develop exclusively through
learning.
D) Students who drank more frequently
were more likely to volunteer because
their attitudes were more accessible.
13
93) According to the cognitive response model, all
of the following tactics would reduce
counterarguing against a persuasive message
EXCEPT
96) In a study by Insko (1965), students at the
University of Hawaii were surveyed by phone
about their attitudes toward the creation of a
Springtime Aloha Week. The interviewer said
"good" after some students expressed a
favorable attitude, but said "good" after other
students expressed an unfavorable attitude.
One week later, a survey revealed that the
interviewer's comments influenced students'
attitudes toward Springtime Aloha Week via
the process of
A) giving targets little time to respond.
B) distracting targets during the
presentation of the persuasive message.
C) having a quote from an expert
supporting the persuasive message.
D) encouraging "self-talk" by the target.
A) cognitive dissonance.
B) operant conditioning.
94) The two aspects of knowledge that strengthen
the link between attitudes and behavior are
C) classical conditioning.
D) observational conditioning.
A) the personal relevance of the knowledge
and the reliability of the knowledge.
B) the rewards and the punishments
associated with the knowledge.
97) Vinny is a professional thief and currently in
prison. As such, he's not what most people
would consider a trustworthy communicator.
However, if Vinny were to voice one of the
following messages, he could be considered a
trustworthy communicator. Which one would
make him the most trustworthy?
C) the amount of knowledge gained and the
direct versus indirect nature of the
knowledge.
D) the speed with which the knowledge
comes to mind and the degree of control
one has over the knowledge.
A) He should promote shorter jail terms.
B) He should promote greater access to
educational materials in the prison
system.
95) Dwayne purchased a Sony TV ten years ago.
Now he wants to purchase a new wide-screen
TV, and when he goes to the store, he looks at
the Sony TVs first. What principle might
account for his behavior?
C) He should promote a liberal candidate
for public office.
D) He should promote longer jail terms.
A) the consistency principle
B) the recency principle
98) Imagine that you have given a speech to your
colleagues about the potential health hazards
of smoking. You can conclude that your
message was persuasive if, after hearing the
speech, your colleagues
C) the spreading activation principle
D) the contrast principle
A) start to smoke more as a result of
reactance.
B) are more friendly toward you.
C) agree to sign a petition to prohibit
smoking in public places in order to
avoid a confrontation with you.
D) are more convinced that smoking is bad
for their health.
14
99) According to cognitive dissonance theory
(Festinger, 1957), people are motivated to
103) Suppose that your professor needs volunteers
for a psychology study. She will be most
successful in getting students who volunteer to
actually show up for the study if she
A) be accurate in their social perceptions.
B) reduce inconsistency only to the extent
that it involves something important.
A) has a research assistant stand up in front
of the class and announce the time and
place of the study for those who want to
volunteer.
C) reduce psychological arousal via
relaxation techniques.
D) affiliate with others, especially those who
agree with them.
B) writes on the board the time and place of
the study for those who want to
volunteer.
C) passes a flyer with the time and place of
the study for those who want to
volunteer.
100) Strong cognitive dissonance effects are NOT
likely to occur when
A) the self is involved.
D) passes around a sign-up sheet with the
time and place of the study and asks
students who want to volunteer to sign
their name.
B) a decision is final.
C) there is strong external justification for
acting contrary to one's beliefs.
D) the actor feels he or she had free choice in
acting contrary to his or her beliefs.
104) The labeling technique
A) is a heuristic that becomes particularly
effective when a person is not cognitively
busy.
101) Relative to people from individualistic
cultures, people from collectivistic cultures are
more likely to
B) is an influence tactic that takes advantage
of the reciprocity norm.
A) express a strong need for consistency.
B) base their decisions more on what others
think than what they themselves think.
C) express a strong need for cognition.
C) provides social feedback, which may
help a person see himself or herself
differently.
D) focus on features that distinguish them
from others.
D) only works on people who are low in
self-monitoring.
105) The text mentions all of the following as
sources of uncertainty EXCEPT
102) Asch's series of experiments, in which
participants judged the length of a line
incorrectly because everyone else in the room
gave the wrong answer, demonstrated the
process of
A) the opinions of authorities
B) ambiguous situations
C) lack of familiarity
A) conformity.
D) difficult tasks
B) obedience.
C) illusory perception.
D) compliance.
15
110) Imagine that you are the only person who
doesn't like punk music in a group of fans of a
popular punk band. According to the work of
Schachter (1951),
106) According to the text, advertisements
specifying a "limited time only" are attempting
to cash in on
A) the availability heuristic.
A) you will be ignored and rejected, but you
will be accepted if you hold steadily to
your view.
B) social validation concerns.
C) the scarcity principle.
D) the preference for consistency.
B) the group will actively try to change your
opinion, and will accept you if you
conform but will reject you if you don't.
107) Imagine that you are leaving a parking space
and another driver who is waiting to take the
space is honking to pressure you to leave
faster. As a result, you start moving even more
slowly. Which of the following would best
explain your behavior?
C) you will be ignored and rejected, and you
will not be accepted even if you
subsequently conform to the group
opinion.
D) the group will actively try to change your
opinion, but will accept you whether you
conform or not.
A) norm of reciprocity
B) need for approval
C) reactance theory
111) Your text notes that if a group is initially
uncertain, but then agrees on a particular
response,
D) social validation
108) When faced with the fact the customers were
not using his newly developed shopping carts,
Sylvan Goldman
A) members often hold strongly to the
response.
B) members are quick to change their minds
in the face of disconfirming information.
A) reduced the price of the carts.
B) asked an authority to recommend them.
C) members are less likely to defer to the
authority in the group.
C) hired fake shoppers to use them.
D) both B and C
D) advertised that only a few carts were
available.
109) In a study by Milgram, participants delivered a
series of painful shocks to another person.
Milgram designed the study to examine the
effects of which of the following on
participants' aggression?
A) liking
B) hostility toward the victim
C) obedience to authority
D) fear of punishment for failing to act
aggressively
16
115) Commitments are most likely to be lasting
when they are all of the following EXCEPT
112) Your text mentions the curious phenomenon in
which certain resistance skills education
programs (for example, teaching students to
"just say no" to alcohol or drugs) have been
shown to increase rather than decrease the use
of harmful substances. Why does this appear
to be the case?
A) public.
B) unfamiliar.
C) freely chosen.
D) active.
116) Bartenders who put some dollar bills in their
tip jars in order to influence their customers to
tip generously are trying to take advantage of
which social influence principle?
A) Governmental programs such as these
inevitably fail because of poor planning
and execution.
B) These programs build reactance in
students, so that they actively resist the
message.
A) scarcity
B) commitment/consistency
C) reciprocity
C) These programs do not reinforce the
message with rewards.
D) social validation
D) These programs convey the message that
these activities are what peers typically
do.
117) Research on suicide epidemics has found that a
suicide that makes the front-page news
generally is followed by
A) a decrease in single-car automobile
accidents.
113) Imagine that a salesman at a tropical resort
says you can experience the thrill of a
parasailing lesson for only $50. Then, before
you decide one way or the other, the salesman
says he will drop the price to only $30. The
salesman has tried to influence you via the
B) a slight increase in suicides, but only
among elderly people.
C) an increase in suicides in areas where the
newspapers devote a great deal of
coverage to it.
A) low-ball technique.
B) foot-in-the-door technique.
D) a decrease in suicides because people
reflect on the consequences of suicide.
C) door-in-the-face technique.
D) that's-not-all technique.
118) Morris et al. (2001), in their study of Citibank
branches in the United States, China, Spain,
and Germany, found that all of the following
approaches were used in different countries
EXCEPT the
114) You need to meet a professor who is very busy,
and you are afraid she will refuse to meet you.
According to research, the professor will be
more willing to meet with you for about 15-20
minutes if you
A) market-based approach.
B) friendship-based approach.
A) tell her that most of the professors whom
you asked were too busy to meet with
you.
C) need-based approach.
D) family-based approach.
B) first ask her to spend 2 hours a week with
you for the rest of the semester.
C) employ the principle of scarcity by
saying that you are available to meet
with her only in the early mornings.
D) all of the above
17
119) When Milgram moved his obedience study
from Yale University to an office in a rundown
section of Bridgeport Connecticut, the level of
obedience
123) Which of the following theories describes love
as the misattribution of general arousal to an
attractive person?
A) the internal attribution model
A) dropped to zero.
B) the classical conditioning model
B) went up significantly.
C) the reinforcement-affect model
C) stayed the same.
D) the two-factor theory
D) dropped only slightly.
124) Which of the following is NOT a condition that
facilitates men having more than one wife?
120) According to your text, if you wanted to use
internal pressures toward consistency to
ensure that people would attend an important
event, you should
A) an egalitarian society
B) occasional famines
C) a resource-rich environment
A) create an attendance form that required
some effort to complete.
D) a steep social hierarchy
B) create a list with the names of the people
who are invited and let them cross out
their name if they don't want to attend.
125) Jennifer's boyfriend breaks up with her
suddenly one day. She immediately begins
crying, and it seems like nothing anyone does
can soothe her. Jennifer appears to be in the
________ stage of the three-stage pattern of
separation and distress.
C) have an attractive member of the
opposite sex fill out attendance forms for
people.
D) post a list of all the people who have
already agreed to attend the event.
A) despair
B) protest
121) The hormone that is associated with sexual
desire in both men and women is
A) progesterone.
B) oxytocin.
C) testosterone.
D) estrogen.
C) sadness
D) emotional detachment
126) Griskevicius et al. (2006) found that men who
imagined their ideal date tended to
122) According to your text, which of the following
makes a woman more attractive?
A) show off by insulting other men who
they saw as the competition.
A) a small nose
B) show off by more frequently going
against the group .
B) a low waist-to-hip ratio
C) become happier because these thoughts
made them feel better.
C) large eyes
D) all of the above
D) become depressed because they didn't
think the date would like them.
18
127) Stacy trusts her partner Keith, is comfortable
depending on him, and feels less stress thanks
to his support. Since meeting Keith, Stacy has
noticed that she also likes to try new and
unusual foods, and she recently decided to
change her career. Which of the below findings
best explains Stacy's situation?
130) Based on research with married couples, which
of the following is NOT a good way to
communicate with your partner?
A) Always greet each other with a warm
hello.
B) Tell your partner he/she is being
obsessive-compulsive about cleanliness.
A) Stacy's relationship is a long-term one,
resulting in a cooling of passion and her
desire to compensate via new and
exciting activities.
C) When your partner asks you to do
something, say what you can do rather
than what you can't do.
D) If you don't have anything good to stay,
keep quiet.
B) Stacy's extroverted personality gives her
success in both work and romantic
relationships.
C) Stacy's love relationship provides a
secure base from which Stacy can explore
the world.
131) Barr et al. (2002) asked people what comes to
mind when they think of men and women
reaching their sexual peaks in life and found
that people said that
D) Stacy must have high self-esteem in
order to have a committed relationship
and the courage to change her career.
A) men and women both experienced
maximum sexual desire after having
achieved maximum sexual satisfaction.
B) women's sexual peak was related to
sexual desire, but men's to frequency of
orgasm.
128) Hatfield and Rapson (1996) define which kind
of love as "the affection and tenderness we feel
for those with whom our lives are deeply
entwined"?
C) that women tend to reach their sexual
peak earlier in life than men do.
A) decision/commitment love
D) men's peak was related to desire and
frequency of orgasm, but women's peak
was related to sexual satisfaction.
B) sexual love
C) companionate love
D) passionate love
132) A few weeks after their break-up, Jennifer sees
her former boyfriend at a party. She is
extremely cool towards him and seems almost
devoid of emotion. Jennifer is most likely in
the ________ stage of the three-stage pattern of
separation and distress.
129) McKinley is an infant who easily expresses
affection with her attachment figure and
doesn't seem to worry about being abandoned.
She most likely possesses a/an ________
attachment style.
A) secure
A) sadness
B) anxious/ambivalent
B) emotional detachment
C) avoidant
C) despair
D) detached
D) protest
19
133) According to Fehr and Russell (1991), the two
most central types of love appear to be
137) Richard Solomon compared long-term love
relationships to drug addiction because
A) the love between friends and the love
between parent and child.
A) both experiences lose their ability to
trigger a momentary high over time.
B) the love between romantic partners and
the love between friends.
B) "withdrawal symptoms" are strong
enough to motivate people to go to great
lengths to obtain a "fix."
C) the love between siblings and the love
between friends.
C) both can lead to "withdrawal symptoms"
if the "supply" is cut off.
D) the love between parent and child and
the love between romantic partners.
D) all of the above
134) Which of the following statements is true
regarding hormones and sexual fantasies?
138) Jack and Sue are asked to describe love. Jack
talks about feeling tenderness for his family
members and his close friends. Sue mentions
her desire to bond completely with her
boyfriend. Jack is describing ________ love,
whereas Sue is describing ________ love.
A) Sexual fantasies in teenage boys are
linked to increased levels of testosterone.
B) Sexual fantasies in teenage girls are
linked to increased levels of testosterone.
A) companionate; passionate
C) Sexual fantasies in teenage girls are
linked to increased levels of estrogen.
B) sexual; friendship
C) emotional; intimate
D) Both A and B
D) friendship; companionate
135) According to the findings of Jensen-Campbell,
Graziano, and West (1995), which of the
following statements about attraction and
personality is FALSE?
139) The fact that there are strict taboos against
premarital sex in Egypt, whereas everyone has
multiple sex partners before marriage on the
Pacific Island of Mangaia demonstrates
A) men prefer women who are agreeable
A) the influence of genetic factors on
expressions of sexuality.
B) women prefer men who are agreeable
C) women prefer men who are dominant,
but only if they also are agreeable
B) that people in Egypt have relatively
lower sex drives.
D) men prefer women who are dominant
C) the influence of cultural norms on
expressions of sexuality.
136) Polygyny (one man with multiple wives) is
permissible in ________, and polyandry (one
woman with multiple husbands) is allowed in
________.
D) all of the above
140) According to the three-stage pattern of
separation distress shown by both infants and
lovers, the first stage is known as
A) about half of all known cultures; about
half of all known cultures.
B) about half of all known cultures; no
known cultures.
C) most known cultures; about half of all
known cultures.
D) most known cultures; less than 1% of
known cultures.
20
A) detachment.
B) despair.
C) secure base.
D) protest.
141) One recommendation for preventing
long-term problems with aggression is to
identify very young children as soon as they
start showing signs of threatening or bullying
other children and
144) Brett's parents praise him when he wins fights
at school, but don't pay a lot of attention to him
on days when nothing happens at school.
According to the Patterson and colleagues'
aggression-reduction program, what should
Brett's parents be doing differently?
A) let them visit several jails or prisons so
that they will be too scared to hurt others
as they grow up.
A) They should increase the rewards they
give him for acting aggressively.
B) They should reward him on days that he
is not aggressive.
B) help them find better, more productive
ways, to channel their aggressive
tendencies into prosocial activities.
C) They should ignore him on days that he
is aggressive.
C) give them very strong psychiatric
medications to change their behavior.
D) They should act indifferent towards his
aggression.
D) let them experience what it is like to be
threatened and bullied.
145) According to the research discussed in your
textbook, which of the following is true
regarding the effects of perceived threats on
aggression?
142) In the study of movie goers by Black and
Bevan (1992), those who chose to watch an
aggressive film
A) College students' homicidal fantasies
usually do not involve perceived threat.
A) were generally Type B personalities.
B) were more aggressive people to begin
with.
B) Perceived threat is largely unrelated to
aggression.
C) had decreased aggressive tendencies.
C) Teenagers' everyday feelings of anger are
often in response to perceived threat.
D) all of the above
D) African American male teenagers have
much lower levels of perceived threat
and aggression.
143) Which of the following is FALSE regarding
gun violence in the United States?
A) When Washington D.C. passed a law
restricting handguns, there was a
significant drop in gun-related
homicides, but not in non gun-related
homicides.
146) According to Zillmann (1994), people move
through three stages as they become
progressively more angry. The first stage is
typified by
B) Homicide rates in the Unites States are
higher than in countries that don't allow
firearms.
A) highly biased judgment and excessive
self-concern.
B) moderate arousal and hostility.
C) When non-outlaws buy guns, they have
a lower chance of being killed with a
gun.
C) balanced judgment and low to moderate
arousal.
D) Seventy percent of murders in the United
States were committed with firearms.
D) high arousal and impulsivenesss,
21
147) Fourteen-year-old Michael Carneal shot eight
of his classmates in Paducah, Kentucky shortly
after watching the movie Basketball Diaries, in
which Leonardo DiCaprio committed a similar
act of violence. This is an example of
151) When children observe modeled violence,
which of the following types of learning can
occur?
A) children can learn rules about whether
aggression is likely to be rewarded
A) the frustration-aggression hypothesis.
B) children can learn new techniques of
aggression
B) the social learning of violence.
C) children can learn to get used to
punishment
C) excitation transfer theory.
D) catharsis aggression theory.
D) both A and B
148) Brenda lives in North Carolina where it is
quite hot during the summertime, and she is
on welfare. Which of the following factors
might contribute to Brenda acting
aggressively?
152) Studies of homicides committed by men versus
women across the past four decades indicate
that as sex-role norms have changed over the
years
A) men continue to commit the vast majority
of homicides.
A) the heat
B) poverty
B) women now commit a larger percentage
of homicides than they used to.
C) the culture of honor
D) all of the above
C) men and women now commit an equal
number of homicides.
149) The concept of relative deprivation states that
D) women continue to commit the vast
majority of homicides.
A) people who are deprived of what they
once had tend to commit fewer
aggressive acts.
153) The social learning approach to the treatment
of aggressive children developed by Patterson
and colleagues involves
B) people with fewer relatives tend to
commit more aggressive acts.
C) people who feel they are less well off
economically than others around them
tend to commit more aggressive acts.
A) establishing other means of attaining
rewards.
B) removing rewards for aggressive
behavior.
D) people who are deprived of attention
tend to commit more aggressive acts.
C) rewarding children for non-aggressive
behavior.
150) People with a high sense of ________ tend to
find it easy to "put themselves in others' shoes"
and thus tend to be less aggressive.
A) communality
B) sociopathy
C) psychopathy
D) empathy
D) all of the above
22
154) Which of the following statements about
media violence and aggression is FALSE?
158) Research on the relationship between viewing
violent pornography and violent behavior has
shown that pornography
A) more aggressive people tend to choose to
be exposed to more media violence
A) is not at all related to violence.
B) may be related to violence, but more
research is needed.
B) women are less affected by it than men
C) violent movies and violent video games
both appear to increase aggression
C) only has violent affects on angry men.
D) females are more influenced by media
violence as they grow older
D) clearly causes violent behavior.
159) In the Berkowitz and LePage (1967) study of
the weapons effect, in which condition did
participants deliver the largest number of
shocks to other subjects?
155) Jason grows up watching extremely violent
television shows and is always praised by his
father for fighting with other children and
"standing up for himself." According to social
learning theory, how is Jason likely to deal
with his frustration later in life?
A) when they were rewarded and there
were no weapons present
B) when they were annoyed and there were
weapons present
A) Jason will talk out his frustrations instead
of acting aggressively.
C) when they were rewarded and there
were weapons present
B) Jason will avoid situations which might
provoke aggression.
D) when they were annoyed and there were
no weapons present
C) Jason will respond to frustration with
aggressive behavior.
D) Jason will display reactance against his
father's approach and respond to
frustration with empathy.
160) How did the Palmer (1993) study of aggression
among hockey players lend support to the
evolutionary theory that aggression among
men is partially a competition for mates?
156) Hens given testosterone tend to
A) attempt to mate with other hens.
A) Men with higher testosterone levels
displayed more aggression.
B) act like roosters, crow more, and gain
social status.
B) Older, married men displayed more
aggression.
C) begin acting self-destructively
C) Younger, unmarried men displayed more
aggression.
D) grow hair on their body like roosters.
D) Men with lower testosterone levels
displayed more aggression.
157) Why are men much more likely than women to
engage in violent confrontations as a result of
trivial altercations?
161) Implicit prejudices are
A) Women are not capable of violence.
A) milder forms of prejudice.
B) Males are unable to control their
aggressive impulses as well as women.
B) prejudices that are not expressed
publicly.
C) Males are more concerned with their
dominance status.
C) prejudices that apply to groups with
whom one has never had direct contact.
D) Women do not compete with other
women for mates.
D) prejudices that an individual may not be
aware of and cannot directly report.
23
166) The ________ is an indirect measure of
prejudice.
162) The two illegal forms of sexual harassment are
A) quid pro quo and hostile environment
harassment.
A) Nonconscious Bias Inventory
B) overt and covert harassment.
B) Implicit Association Test
C) implicit and explicit harassment.
C) Subtle Racism Test
D) regular and reverse harassment.
D) Modern Prejudice Scale
163) The text discussed "basking in reflected glory"
and "cutting off reflected failure" as relevant to
which motive for prejudice?
167) Researchers studied the derogation of
outgroups by fraternity and sorority members
and pledges (members-in-training). They
found that pledges were ________ likely to
derogate outgroup members in public than in
private because ________.
A) gaining social approval
B) seeking mental efficiency
C) managing self-image
A) more; they were conforming to the full
members who derogated the outgroups
in public but not in private
D) supporting and protecting one's group
B) less; they were less authoritarian
164) When members of a group believe that the
majority thinks them inferior in terms of a
particular skill or ability, the minority
members may
C) less; they partially identified with the
outgroup members
D) more; they had stronger motivation to fit
in the group
A) suffer a decrement in performance with
respect to the skill/ability.
B) reduce in their mind the importance of
this skill/ability.
168) Contact between members of two different
groups is successful in reducing intergroup
prejudice and hostilities only when
C) disidentify with the skill/ability.
A) members of the two groups work toward
a common goal.
D) all of the above
B) group members violate negative
stereotypes of their groups.
165) In the study by Batson et al. (1986), white
students were given a choice of watching a
movie with a white student or with a black
student. The study reported that intrinsically
religious persons
C) the contact between groups is rewarding.
D) all of the above are necessary
requirements
A) behaved in a uniformly nonprejudiced
fashion.
169) The idea that prejudice stems from a desire to
enhance our self-esteem by comparing our
group favorably to another group is the central
assumption of which theory?
B) behaved in a prejudiced fashion if the
motives for their behavior could appear
nonprejudiced.
C) behaved in a more prejudiced fashion
than nonreligious people.
A) realistic conflict
B) minimal group
D) behaved in a prejudiced fashion in front
of their friends, but in a non-prejudiced
fashion in front of strangers.
C) social dominance
D) social identity
24
170) A teacher assigns children of different racial
groups to work together on a world history
project. The Italian child, the Bulgarian child,
the Chinese child, and the Mexican child are
each responsible for teaching the others about
the country where their parents were born. The
teacher is trying to reduce prejudice through
her familiarity with research on
174) According to your text, the current movement
in the attitudes toward different social groups
partially reflects
A) more direct expression of prejudice.
B) a shift toward social intolerance.
C) social norms against bigotry.
D) more extreme attitudes toward other
groups.
A) ingroup differentiation.
B) the contact hypothesis.
C) the minimal intergroup paradigm.
175) Which of the following forms of religiosity is
NOT linked to negative prejudices against
outgroups?
D) the illusory correlation.
A) quest religiosity
171) Li Fong is a male Chinese student who is very
good in math and is about to take a math
exam. While completing last minute
preparations for the exam, he overhears a
comment from another student about how
good Chinese students are at math. Li Fong's
performance should be
B) intrinsic religiosity
C) extrinsic religiosity
D) All of the above are linked to negative
prejudices against outgroups.
176) An employer who is less likely to hire a
member of a minority group is exhibiting
A) unaffected by stereotype threat.
B) better than usual because of stereotype
threat.
A) discrimination.
B) ingroup favoritism.
C) worse than usual because of stereotype
threat.
C) stereotyping.
D) worse than usual because ingroup bias.
D) prejudice.
172) Which of the following is NOT discussed in the
text as a reason for the emergence of negative
prejudices and stereotypes?
177) One of the criticisms of the social
neuroscientific perspective is that
A) merely observing brain activity when
people are engaged in social
psychological processes does not tell us
much about how they understand their
world.
A) competition between groups for the same
resources
B) individualization of the Western society
C) justifying group advantage
B) most of what people do in their social
lives is not reflected in brain activity.
D) motivation to gain genetic advantage
C) the technology used (e.g., fmri) is not
really scientific and results in mostly
guesswork about what part of the brain is
being used.
173) Which of the following factors increases
prejudice by activating the goal of gaining
social approval?
A) self-monitoring
D) none of the above.
B) need for structure
C) authoritarianism
D) social dominance orientation
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178) David is the only non-Asian person in his
math class, and he is afraid that he will confirm
the stereotype that Caucasian Americans
perform worse than Asian Americans on math
tasks. According to the concept of stereotype
threat, which of the following is most likely to
happen?
180) In a study by Fein and Spencer (1997),
participants who had unfavorable stereotypes
of Jewish females were asked to evaluate a
female job applicant who was presented as
either Jewish American or Italian American.
Participants were LESS likely to discriminate
against the Jewish applicant in their
evaluations if
A) David will develop a fixation and will
become obsessed with improving his
math skills.
A) they made their evaluations under time
pressure.
B) they wrote about things important to
them before making their evaluations.
B) David will start to like his Asian
classmates even more due to the process
of social identity transformation.
C) they made their evaluation under high
cognitive load.
C) David will perform better than his
classmates in order to prove the
stereotype wrong.
D) they wrote about their most recent failure
before making their evaluations.
D) David will perform worse than his
classmates because his concern over
confirming the stereotype will impede
his performance.
181) One effective way to reduce social loafing is to
A) keep the task as simple as possible.
B) recruit group members who are
individualistic.
179) A study by Fein and Spencer (1997)
demonstrated that participants who had
unfavorable stereotypes of Jewish people were
LESS likely to discriminate against a Jewish
applicant in their evaluations if, before making
their evaluations, they were asked to write
about things important to them. Which of the
following approaches to reducing prejudice
does this finding support?
C) give the task special meaning.
D) tell group members that their personal
effort won't have a large impact on group
performance.
182) In the computer simulation of the Westgate
neighborhood referred to in your text, the
residents of the community initially had a
variety of opinions about the council. The
result of the computer simulation showed that
A) cognitive activation approach
B) goal-based approach
C) ignorance hypothesis
A) people become even more mixed in their
opinions.
D) self-perception hypothesis
B) no change will occur because of the
different influences each person will be
exposed to.
C) no final pattern could be predicted
because there are too many
interconnected people having too many
opinions.
D) similar opinions cluster by residence
location over time.
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186) Ringelmann (1913) proposed that social loafing
could be a result of
183) Johnson is an accomplished high school
basketball player, but Franklin is still learning
basketball. Whereas Johnson usually hits 75%
of his free throws during practice, Franklin
makes only 25% of his. However, during the
last big game, Johnson made 85% of his free
throws and Franklin made only 15% of his.
This finding is predicted by research on
A) workers who were poorly trained.
B) overly enthusiastic employees who
worked to fast and made mistakes.
C) reduced efficiency due to negative
stereotypes among workers.
A) social loafing.
D) reduced efficiency due to poor
coordination among workers.
B) deindividuation.
C) social facilitation.
187) Factors that increase the extent to which a
collection of individuals is "group-like"
include all of the following EXCEPT
D) social polarization.
184) Imagine a group of moderately pro-feminist
women having a discussion about feminism.
Can you predict the typical attitude change (if
any) of these women after the discussion?
A) possessing structure.
B) sharing similar attitudes.
C) sharing a common identity.
A) They will probably become less
pro-feminism.
D) interdependence.
B) They will probably become more
pro-feminism.
188) As discussed in the text, deindividuation can
be caused by
C) They will probably have the same
attitudes after the discussion as before.
A) anonymity, large crowds, and darkness.
B) hostile attributional style and threats to
self-esteem.
D) They will initially become more
pro-feminism but over time, will become
less pro-feminism than they were before
the discussion.
C) frustration, heat, and pain.
D) all of the above
185) Aspects of "real" groups identified by the
textbook include
189) Stanley Schachter's (1959) classic studies on
fear and affiliation concluded that
A) interdependence.
A) "Friends are friends only when they are
worse off than you are."
B) group structure.
B) "Misery doesn't love just any kind of
company, it loves only miserable
company."
C) ill-defined or no structure.
D) A & C.
C) "Uncertainty reduces affiliation, but
certainty increases it."
D) "Fear makes people want to be alone to
avoid embarrassment."
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190) When minorities successfully argue their
positions, which of the following is most likely
to happen?
194) A classic experiment conducted by Lewin et al.
(1939) demonstrated that children guided by
autocratic leaders
A) People will not be likely to reassess their
views.
A) spent more time on task when
supervised, but then decreased their
efforts when their leaders were absent.
B) Group polarization will occur.
B) spent the same amount of effort when
leaders were absent as when they were
present.
C) The minority influence will be indirect or
hidden.
D) People will drastically shift toward the
minority view.
C) spent less time on task when supervised,
but then increased their efforts when
their leaders were absent.
191) According to the text, interdependence, group
identity, and structured relations contribute to
D) worked harder than children guided by
democratic leaders regardless of whether
the leader was present.
A) minimal group effects.
B) group polarization.
195) Imagine you are a manager and have new
employees as well as seasoned employees.
According to your text, you should provide
________ for new workers while providing
________ for expert workers.
C) social facilitation.
D) defining a collection of individuals as a
group.
192) Early research on group decision making
seemed to demonstrate that groups tended to
make ________ decisions than individuals.
A) democratic leadership; emotional
support
A) better
B) access to management; access to
information
B) riskier
C) structured tasks; less directive leadership
C) more conservative
D) emotional support; monetary incentives
D) poorer
196) Which of the following personality
characteristics is discussed in the text as
common among people who seek leadership
positions?
193) Individuals holding a minority view will be
most persuasive when they
A) are able to show why they have a
personal stake in the issue.
A) need for consistency
B) need for power
B) use high-quality arguments and come
across as credible.
C) need for cognition
C) demonstrate that their group has always
rejected majority opinions.
D) need for structure
D) never compromise in their views.
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200) In one of the earliest social psychological
experiments, Triplett (1897-1898) found that
197) Jim wishes to become the CEO of an airline
company. Which of the following qualities
would NOT help him attain this leadership?
A) children wound their fishing reels more
slowly when adults were watching than
when they were not.
A) He is extremely self-confident when he
speaks.
B) He is exceptionally tall.
B) children wound their fishing reels more
quickly when adults were watching than
when they were not
C) During group meetings he doesn't speak
up very often only when his suggestions
are particularly insightful or useful.
C) children wound their fishing reels more
slowly when other children were also
winding their fishing reels.
D) He has expertise in the airline industry.
D) children wound their fishing reels more
quickly when other children were also
winding their fishing reels.
198) Social facilitation is the process
A) through which a group's initially
negative opinion becomes even more
negative after discussion.
B) of losing one's sense of personal identity
when in a group.
C) through which the presence of others
increases the likelihood of dominant
responses.
D) through which the presence of other
group members leads to decreased
individual effort.
199) Group discussion is likely to lead members to
make decisions that are
A) more extreme in the direction that the
group initially favored.
B) extreme in the direction that the group
initially opposed.
C) extreme in the direction that they
individually favored before the
discussion.
D) less extreme in the direction that the
group initially favored.
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