Biochemistry Lab
Course Philosophy and Guide
This document is to serve as a guide to help you find your way through this lab. It is NOT the answer to “what do I need to do now?”. That answer is for you to provide, or at least search for. This guide is meant to point you in the right direction and give you
the bigger picture of what your semester will be. There are several phases to the semester.
: You will form groups of two, work as a team to learn the structure, function and important characteristics of malate dehydrogenase (MDH). You will research MDH, chose a clone of MDH, create a hypothesis on the structure or function of
MDH, design an amino acid mutation to test your hypothesis, express and purify your protein then test your hypothesis.
Depending on the project and progression of the project you could even publish your work! Although it may take a few semesters for that to happen.
Over the first few weeks you will learn how to conduct typical modern biochemical techniques in the lab and in silico (computer analysis). The ultimate goal of the semester is for you to learn to think critically, creatively and independently as a newly minted biochemist! You will be provided a list of affinity tagged 6XHis-‐MDH clones to select from. What you do will be up to your scientific curiosity. The concept is to learn about the enzyme and then using the scientific process, create a hypothesis and test it. There are many different possibilities including questions on the enzymes’ substrate specificity, kinetic characteristics, subunit composition,
and thermal stability. You will research these aspects of MDH, design and mutate the MDH gene and test your hypothesis.
Block I: Basic skills and concepts o Pipetting, buffer preparation, pH meters, dilutions, laboratory safety, statistical analysis of data, protein analysis, spectrophotometric and plate reader basics…
Block II: Bioinformatics and structural training o Protein and gene database searching and homology analysis o Pymol training and workshop (video and independent work)
Block III: Introduction to structure and function of MDH/LDH hypothesis and proposal design o MDH enzyme assay introduction (continuous and stop time). o Introduce MDH/LDH concepts, literature searching, critical analysis of reaction mechanism and critical amino acids, identification of other important MDH features (protein interaction, substrate specificity, inhibitor design, structural stability…) o Provide general ideas for projects (including potential list of project ideas).
Block IV: Molecular Biology of MDH/LDG -‐ Site directed mutagenesis; design and preparation o Determination of oligonucleotides for site directed mutagenesis o PCR mutagenesis of MDH / LDH o Bacterial transformation, plasmid isolation and analysis
Block V: Protein expression and purification o Workshop introduction to advanced techniques in protein expression and purification o Students will design expression optimization of MDH (wt) in e. Coli using temp, time and or induction. Analysis using SDS
PAGE and enzyme assay. Using these results, students will plan mid scale expression and purification of their MDH clones o Analysis of purified protein, straight forward kinetics, SDS PAGE, Western blot and purification table
Block VI: Independent Experiment o Students will work and meet with faculty mentor (instructor) to set up benchmarks and minimum project expectations o End with presentation/paper/poster of the project.
: One of the most difficult aspect of this semester will be coming up with your scientific idea / hypothesis. Remember, your work is to be a research project. Research can be simply described as creating new knowledge. Simply repeating what another scientist has published is not research. Your idea must be based on a scientific observation (either your research or a published observation(s)). To assist you with the creation of your hypothesis and design
your experiment, we have created the following guidance.
Biochemistry Lab
Course Philosophy and Guide
1) Background and the scientific project:
The first thing you need to do is to learn about the protein you will be working with. The easiest way to do this is to answer a handful of questions. o What is MDH? o What reaction does it catalyze?/What is the function of MDH in the cell? o What is the molecular weight of the enzyme? Is MDH a monomer or does it have several subunits? o Is the enzyme regulated? o What are the domains / key amino acids for binding the substrate and the reaction? o Is there more than one isozyme? What are the differences between enzymes from various sources? o What are the aa and / or nucleotide sequence for the protein?
Now you should be asking yourself, how the heck do I find this information? Information of this sort isn’t found in a textbook. And that is exactly the point. Very little of what you need after college is in a textbook. The information comes primarily from publications and databases. There is a ton of information out there and the strong will learn how to separate and scan all of the data. So your first task it to answer these questions by searching pub med and other literature and internet sources.
Now that you have already determined what MDH is, what it does (both reaction and function in metabolism), it is time to decide which clone(s) and/or mutation you will be working on for the semester. The list of available wild-‐type and mutation clones is posted on the web-‐site. Choose at least one wild-‐type and one mutant you wish to create. If you have a group of three then pick at least a total of three. That way each person will have one clone to work on their own and still work in a group.
QUESTIONS/POINTS of CONSIDERATION : Now start thinking about what tests you will perform to examine the hypothesis once you’ve isolated the mutant and wild-‐type protein. From the papers and the information you’ve collected you start the scientific process. Start with an observation about the enzyme(s) (this will come from the literature), create a scientific question and then a
hypothesis. Look up the scientific process ! Now how will you test your hypothesis. You should be thinking of general ideas not minutia at this time.
You will be asked to turn in your scientific question, hypothesis and a rough idea on how you will test your hypothesis. Select the
MDH and the mutation you will create to test the hypothesis. The point is not to get a “correct” answer, but rather to allow your instructor to help you along in the process. You MUST chose your mutation based on published observations and support your concept with these observations.
To finish the design of your experiments and polish your hypothsis you will need to understand the structural elements of MDH. To do that you will learn how to search and align amino acid and nucleotide sequences, find and manipulate three dimensional
structure of the protein using a web-‐based program. This will come from an in-‐class tutorial.
2) Creating the Mutant:
Now it is time to generate the point mutation(s) of your MDH. So that we can get to the expression and analysis part of the laboratory, we will do this as a “virtual mutation”. One of the most popular methods to create a point mutation is to use the
Stratagene Quickchange kit. There will a link on the class page to this manual.
3) Expression and Purification of the wild-‐type and mutant protein:
In the beginning of the semester, you will learn how to transform e.Coli, induce protein expression, lyse cells and purify your clone(s). Now you will put that information to work, designing your own protocol to purify 50-‐250 ml of induced bacterial culture for each of your clones. You will then prepare a lysate of the soluble protein, purify the protein and then conduct your enzymatic characterization. The enzyme should be highly expressed and enzyme experiments can be done with lysates and / or purified protein. The ideal method is of course to purify the protein then do the enzymatic experiments. However if you are working on a poster, and are stressed for time, I have been told that using the lysates can give pretty good results. Go ahead and jump to the next phase after you have the lysates. You can do the purifications after the characterization. Get authorization for this before
jumping to using lysate material.
As you work through this block, please consider the following:
What is an inducer? Why would one want to determine the conditions for expression?
Indicate a rough timeline and materials that you will need.
Biochemistry Lab
Course Philosophy and Guide
Indicate who will do what? I suggest that preparation of the materials, buffers ect., is broken out to different members of the group and EACH person purifies their own enzyme. In the outline indicate how you will determine how much enzyme you have purified, how you will know where the enzyme is and how you will assess the purity of the protein.
§ You should do a protein assay, enzymatic assay and or a SDS-‐PAGE gel of each fraction. The protein assay and enzyme assay protocols are linked on the web page. It is important to ask what each measurement is for and what it tells you about your sample/prep. What is the level of enzyme activity compared to total protein? How many other proteins are in my sample?
§ Also remember that the mutation that you made may or may not have significantly altered the enzymatic activity. Be certain that the first enzyme assay you do is with a sample that is known to have activity. There will be stock MDH in the freezer in small tubes. Thaw one out and use it for the enzyme assay.
§ The concentration of enzyme in the induced lysates is very likely to be very high. I found I had to dilute between 100 to
1000 fold from the lysate before I could get a rate that was acceptable. Read the Enzyme Assay Guide for more information.
§ I have also prepared a solution of lysate that is diluted enough for a good assay. Use that as your assay check.
§ The bottom line for this phase is to have grown up both the mutant and wild type enzymes, prepare an induced lysate for each and purify the recombinant protein.
4) Characterization of you mutant with the wild type enzyme.
Now that you have both purified and crude extracts (lysates) of your protein, it is time to see if your mutations did what you hypothesized. How will you measure what you are looking for? Are you looking for a change in Km or Vmax for NADH, NAD + OAA or Malate? Are you looking at substrate specificity (fumarate, lactate, citrate, pyruvate or other carboxylic acids or even NADPH)?
Heat stability? What about the ability of the enzyme to form dimers? How are you going to do this? First, look at the papers that you started with. There should be plenty of information on how they measured the enzymatic activity. There are also plenty of sources on the web and in the library.
Finally -‐
§ Do the experiments!.
§ Don’t forget to review the data! Don’t fall into the trap of analyzing the results later. You will never know what worked or didn’t and needs to be repeated this way.
§ HAVE FUN, your doing science, doing biochemistry!