Job order costing
In job order costing, or job costing,
production costs are accumulated for each
separate job ; a job is the output identified to
fill a certain customer order or replenish an
item of stock on hand.
Mulyadi:
Metode harga pokok pesanan merupakan
metode pengumpulan biaya yang
memperlakukan pesanan sebagai suatu unit
keluaran yang unik dan membebankan biaya biaya aktivitas ke setiap pesanan.
• For job costing to be effective, jobs must be
seperately identifiable. For the detail of job
costing to be worth the effort, there must be
important differences in unit costs from one
job to another.
Job-Costing:
system accounting for distinct cost objects called
Jobs. Each job may be different from the next,
and consumes different resources.
– Wedding announcements, aircraft, advertising
Ciri-ciri dari Perusahaan yang menerapkan metode harga
pokok pesanan:
1. Berproduksi untuk memenuhi pesanan
2. Produk yang dihasilkan heterogen
3. Pola produksi secara terputus-putus
Costing Approaches
• Normal Costing – allocates:
– Indirect costs based on the budgeted indirect-cost
rates times the actual activity consumption
Seven-step Job Costing
1. Identify the Job to be costed
2. Identify the Direct Costs of the Job
3. Select the Cost-Allocation base(s) to use for
allocating Indirect Costs to the Job
4. Match Indirect Costs to their respective
Cost-Allocation base(s)
5. Calculate an Overhead Allocation Rate:
OH Costs ÷ OH Allocation Base
6. Allocate Overhead Costs to the Job:
OH Allocation Rate x Actual Base Activity For the Job
7. Compute Total Job Costs by adding all direct
and indirect costs together
Ciri-ciri dari Metode Harga Pokok Pesanan:
1.
2.
3.
harga pokok ditentukan secara individual untuk setiap
produk
biaya produksi dipisahkan ke dalam biaya produksi langsung
(bahan baku & upah langsung) dan biaya produksi tak
langsung (BOP)
pembebanan biaya produksi langsung (bahan baku & upah
langsung) dengan biaya sesungguhnya, sedangkan
pembebanan BOP dengan tarif yang ditentukan dimuka
4. harga pokok ditentukan setelah
produk/pesanan/pekerjaan selesai
diproses dan harga pokok per satuan
dihitung dengan cara membagi jumlah
biaya produksi untuk suatu
produk/pesanan/pekerjaan dengan
jumlah satuan yang dihasilkan untuk
produk/pesanan/pekerjaan tersebut
Job Costing Overview
Direct Materials:
$100
The Cost
Object:
Direct Labor:
$200
Indirect Cost Pool:
All Manufacturing
Costs
$1,000
Indirect
Cost-Allocation
Base:
Direct
Manufacturing
Labor-Hours
100 hours
Job #123
Overhead
Allocation
Rate:
Overhead
Applied to
Job #123:
$1,000 ÷
100 DLhrs
=
$10/DLhr
$10/DLhr
X
5 hours
used in
Job #123
=
$50
DM
DL
OH
$100
$200
$50
Total Cost:
$250
P 161: 4-17
Budget for 2009:
- Direct materials $ 2,150,000
- Direct labor $ 1,450,000
- Overhead costs $ 2,755,000
Job cost record for Job 195:
- Direct materials used $ 50,000
- Direct labor $ 40,000
4-18
Laguna Model
Construction
period
Direct
materials
Direct labor
costs
Direct labor
hours
Mission Model
Feb – June 2008 May – Oct 2008
$ 106,450
$ 127,604
$ 36,276
$ 41,410
900
1,010
Support costs rate :
• Normal costing/based on budgeted, $ 50 per direct
labor hour
• Actual costing, $ 42 per direct labor hour
• The 2008 Actual support costs were $
6,888,000 and the actual direct labor hours
were 164,000.
Journal Entries
• Journal entries are made at each step of the
production process
• The purpose is to have the accounting system
closely reflect the actual state of the business,
its inventories and its production processes
• All Product Costs are accumulated in the
Work-in-Process Control account
– Direct Materials used
– Direct Labor incurred
– Factory Overhead allocated or applied
• Actual Indirect Costs (overhead) are
accumulated in the Manufacturing Overhead
Control account
• Purchase of Materials on credit:
– Materials Control
Accounts Payable Control
XX
XX
• Requisition of Direct and Indirect Materials (OH) into
production:
– Work-in-Process Control
Manufacturing Overhead Control Y
Materials Control
X
Z
• Incurred Direct and Indirect (OH) Labor Wages
– Work-in-Process Control
X
Manufacturing Overhead Control Y
Wages Payable Control
Z
• Incurring or recording of various actual
Indirect Costs:
– Manufacturing Overhead Control
X
Salaries Payable Control
Accounts Payable Control
Accumulated Depreciation Control
Prepaid Expenses Control
A
B
C
D
• Allocation or application of Indirect Costs
(overhead) to the Work-in-Process account is
based on a predetermined overhead rate
– Work-in-Process Control
X
Manufacturing Overhead Allocated
X
• Products are completed and transferred out of
production in preparation for being sold
– Finished Goods Control
Work-in-Process Control
X
X
• Products are sold to customers on credit
– Accounts Receivable Control
Sales
X
X
• And the associated costs are transferred to an
expense (cost) account
– Cost of Goods Sold
Finished Goods Control
Y
Y
• Details about a job are recorded on a job
order cost sheet, or cost sheet.
• Job costing accumulates the costs of direct
materials, direct labor and overhead charged
to each job.
The basics of Job Costing involve only eight types of accounting
entries, one for each of the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Materials purchased
Factory labor costs incurred
Factory overhead costs incurred
Materials used
Factory labor costs distributed
Estimated Factory overhead applied
Jobs completed
Products sold