CUNEIFORM TEXTS
FROM
BABYLONIAN TABLETS
IN THE
BRITISH MUSEUM
PART XLVI
BABYLONIAN LITERARY TEXTS
BY
W.G. LAMBERT & A.R. MILLARD
PUBLISHED BY
THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
LONDON
I965
© 1965 The Trustees of the British Museum
Printed by Her Majesty's Stationery Office
PREFACE
Although
the
British
Museum
possesses
numerous
Babylonian
literary texts, the official publications issued by the Trustees until now
have contained relatively little of this class. The present volume will, it
is hoped, make some amends for this deficiency.
From its contents, in particular, knowledge of the Epic of Atrabasis
is very substantially increased, indeed the new tablets of this text published here mark without doubt the biggest single advance in the recovery
of Babylonian epic literature since George Smith's original discoveries.
Furthermore, since substantial new Late Babylonian fragments of the
Gilgamesh Epic have been found and previously known pieces have been
cleaned and joined, it became desirable to present here all the Late
Babylonian pieces of this Epic so far identified in the Museum's collections. Among the historiographical texts, one especially should be noted:
no. 45, which has many aspects previously unknown in Babylonian literature, including a very detailed and vivid account of a river ordeal.
Except for no. 17, which is by the late Th. G. Pinches, the copies
are the work of Messrs. W. G. Lambert (nos. 4-13, 18-42, 45-50, and
52-55) and A. R. Millard (nos. 1-3, 14-16, 43-44, and 51). The introductory
pages are by Mr. Lambert. All will be grateful to them for their fruitful
labours.
R. D. BARNETT,
Keeper.
Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities,
The British Museum,
October, 1964.
(1)
SUMMARY CATALOGUE
1-15: The Epic of Atrabasis. (Nos. 1-4 from a late Old Babylonian edition; nos. 5-15
from Late Assyrian copies.)
1.
Tablet I of a.three-tablet edition written by Ellet-Aya, a junior scribe, in the
first month of the twelfth year of Ammisaduqa. The loss of the opening and closing lines of some columns prevents a continuous line numeration. The tablet is
ruled for each full line, but often little of the rulings is visible, so they are omitted altogether from the copy.
2.
Flake from another copy of Tablet I. The lines preserved in the second
column correspond to no. 1 II 47-III 10.
3.
Tablet III from the same edition and scribe as no. 1. The piece published by
A. Boissier in RA 28 (1931) 92-95, now in the Musee d'art et d'histoire at Geneva,
is probably part of this tablet, belonging to the upper right-hand side.
4.
Part of a copy of Tablet I written in six columns, of which some of II, III and
IV is preserved. A copy was first given by Th. G. Pinches in CT VI 5, and a
second by S. Langdon in PBS X/1 pls. III-IV (=Le Poeme pl. X). The tablet was
baked and cleaned for J. Laessoe, and on the basis of his collations and photographs W. von Soden gave an improved text and illegible photographs in
Orientalia n.s. 26 (1957) 306-315. The copy given here offers further improvements.
5.
Not strictly Atrabasis, but a fragment of a bilingual epic dealing with some,
at least, of the same material. K 11624 only was published by T. Jacobsen, The
Sumerian King List, p. 217, from a copy of F. Geers. A fragment of a Late Assyrian
copy.
6-15. Late Assyrian fragments, not all from the same recension. Nos. 6-8 and
10-13 cover portions of Tablet I in the Old Babylonian recension. Nos. 10 and 11
appear to be parts of the same tablet, and the episode they cover duplicated or
restored by 8 and 12 also. Nos. 9 and 13 correspond to parts of Tablet I in their
obverse portions, and to Tablet II in their reverses. No. 15 covers part of Tablet
III in the Old Babylonian recension. No. 6 was translated by G. Smith in his
Chaldean Account of Genesis (1876), p. 156, but has been lost from sight ever
since. Part only of no. 13 (K 7816) was given in copy by K. D. Macmillanin
BA V 688. No. 14 was previously known from J. Laesspe's copy in JSS 5 (1960)
122, and no. 15 from the copies of P. Haupt (Nimrod-Epos p. 131), F. Delitzsch
(AL3 p. 101), and Th. G. Pinches (IV R 2, Additions, p. 9). A photograph of no. 15
is given in E. Sollberger, The Babylonian Legend of the Flood (London, 1962)
P. 37.
Fuller details of these and other Atrabasis tablets will be given in the two
authors' forthcoming edition of the Epic.
(3)
16-35: The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic
16, Large flake from the reverse of an Old Babylonian tablet. It corresponds to
Tablet X of the late recension, and may well be part of the Meissner Tablet
(VAT 4105 in MVAG VII 1-15)..
4i6)le-ffil'
y
c
a6
91/
17-35. All these pieces, with the possible exception of nos. 28-29 whose attribution to this epic is not certain, belong to the late recension, and, apart from
nos. 29 and 33, which are Late Assyrian, all are Late Babylonian. Where practical, the indications of Tablet (within the series), column, and line are made to
conform with those found in R. Campbell Thompson, The Epic of Gilgamish.
('Wiseman' refers to the article by D. J. Wiseman in P. Garelli (ed.), Gilgames et
sa legende, Paris 1960.)
17. Fragment of Tablet I, drawn upon in Campbell Thompson's composite text,
but not hitherto published. Since the original deteriorated under wartime
storage, an old copy of Pinches, touched up from the original where preserved,
has been reproduced.
18-20. Other fragments of Tablet I. Campbell Thompson similarly drew on one of
the pieces making up no. 19, BM 34248, and Wiseman gave copies of nos. 18 and
20.
21-22. The obverse of 21 duplicates LKU 39 and no. 22 obv. The reverse of no. 21
has some lines corresponding with Campbell Thompson's Tablet V column II. The
reverse of no. 22 duplicates LKU 40. See Wiseman for a previous copy of no. 22.
23-26. Pieces of Tablet VII. Lines 2-3 of no. 23 correspond with STT I 14 rev.
10-11. Campbell Thompson's column III sets in at line 10.
No. 24
confirms
B. Landsberger's arrangement of column IV as set out in WZKM 57 (1961) 8,
note 38. The left-hand column of no. 26 presumably represents the missing portions of column II; the right-hand column is certainly column III.
27. This fragment of Tablet VIII restores and duplicates STT I 15 obv. 21-rev. 4.
Previously given by Wiseman.
28-29. Although 28 was given by P. Haupt, Nimrod-Epos p. 68, and R. Campbell
Thompson, op. cit., pl. 12 (the latter also citing the variants of no. 29), there is
no guarantee that these pieces really belong to this Epic.
30, 32, 33. Parts of Tablet X. Some pieces of the joins have been published previously: BM 34193 (from no. 30) by Campbell Thompson, and later by Wiseman,
together with BM 35413 and BM 35174+35628, which are now joined with three
other pieces as no. 30. Wiseman also gave a copy of BM 35546, which is now
joined to Rm 751 as no. 32. No. 33 is a piece joined to one published by
Campbell Thompson.
(4)
31. While almost certainly a piece of the Gilgamesh Epic, its position within the
epic is unknown.
34. A fragment of Tablet XII, previously given by Wiseman.
35. Tablet XI, first given by Haupt, Nimrod-Epos pp. 121-123, and cited (in some
cases less accurately) by Campbell Thompson in his apparatus. Laboratory treatment and careful copying has resulted in fuller decipherment in the copy given
here.
(A new edition of the Babylonian Gilgamesh is being prepared by the copyist
of these pieces.)
36-42: Fragments of the Zu (or Anzu) Epic
The opening section of the epic, written on a tablet that contained some
other work in addition. A transliteration only was given by E. Reiner in RA 51
36,
(1957) 107-108. Late Assyrian.
37. A Middle Assyrian fragment, corresponding to CT XV 39 II 29-46.
38. A piece from Ashurbanipal' s library, but in Babylonian script. A photograph
of the obverse only was given by E. Reiner in RA 48 (1954) 145-148, where the
parallel texts are given.
39. A Late Assyrian fragment joined to K 3454+3935 (CT XV 40) III bottom. See
E. Reiner, RA 48 (1954) 145-148, where a transliteration is given.
40. A Late Assyrian fragment, corresponding, in its obverse, to CT XV 39 II
38-43, and in its reverse to CT XV 40 III 76-90. First identified by E. Reiner,
who quotes readings from it in RA, loc. cit.
41. A Late Assyrian fragment, the obverse of which corresponds to LKA 1 II
13-22, and its reverse to idem 23-28.
42. A Late Assyrian fragment describing the final battle of the story, not duplicated elsewhere.
aCoiosen,
Slme 'h/3 Clwsy)
43. A Late Babylonian tablet, copied from an 'original of Assur', containing an otherwise
unknown myth which involves several obscure deities.
44. An Old Babylonian fragment divided into sections, each addressed by a man to his
friend. The content of the words is not clear.
(5)
·50: HistoriographicalTexts
45. Part of a Late Babylonian tablet containing both prophecies and narrative,
of First Millennium origin.
The text deals with the outcome of political and
personal events as expressions of divine justice. An edition is being prepared
by the copyist. , -i
J-
f
cP
,t
ta" I
46, A Late Assyrian duplicate of the birth legend of Sargon of Agade. Cf. CT
XIII 42, K 4470 II.
47. Probably part of the same tablet as no. 48.
48. Portion of a Late Babylonian tablet describing the events of Nabonidus's
reign, a literary text, not a chronicle. One of the joined pieces was given, minus
one line, by J. Strassmaier in Hebraica 9 (1892-93) 5.
49. Part of a Late Assyrian tablet containing a royal autobiography. Mention of
'the Cassite king' is the only indication of the period referred to.
50.
Probably a fragment of the same tablet as no. 49.
51-55: Specimens of Babylonian speculation and erudition
51.
A Late Assyrian tablet containing a list of shrines, the deity presiding at
each, and explanations of these. The reverse of K 2107+6086 bears a similar text
(for the obverse see L. W. King, STC II pl. LXI-LXII).
52. A Late Babylonian fragment of expository character. The preserved lines
include a list of Gula manifestations.
Reference was made to this piece by
E. Weidner, AfO 19 (1959-60) 111.
53. A Late Assyrian duplicate of the Archive of Mystical Heptads. Other pieces
belonging to this text are KAR 142 and III R 69 no. 3.
54. A join to CT XXV 50, K 170. The final 'extract tablet' (nisbu) of the series
i.NAM gis.bur.an.ki.a. Late Assyrian, from the library of Nabu-zuqup-kena.
55. A Late Assyrian fragment giving the measurements of the universe. The
reverse has parts of four lines of an Ashurbanipal colophon d in the classification
of M. Streck, VAB VII 358.
(6)
INDEX
CT XLVI
1
Museum Number
BM 78941+ * Bu 89-4-26,234+
78943
CT XLVI
Plate
I-XII
30
Museum Number
BM 34160+
236
2
BM 17596A -
3
BM 78942+ = Bu 89-4-26,235+
94-1-15,310A
78971+
VII
=
Plate
XXXII-XXXIII
Sp 265+
34193+
2994
35174+
Sp II 726+
35348+
922+
35413+
998+
XIII-XXI
266+
Sp III 140
35628
80385
Bu 91-5-9,524
4
BM 92608
= Bu 91-5-9,269
5
K
11261+11624
XXIII
6
K
8562
XXIV
33
Sm 1681 (+K 8589)
XXXIV
7
K
10082
XXIV
34
BM 30559+ = St 76-11-17,286+
XXXIV
8
Bu 89-4-26,97
XXIV
9
K
6634
XXIV
10
K
6235
XXV
11
K
7109+9979
XXV
12
K
6831
XXV
13
K
7816+13863
XXVI
14
Sm 292
XXVII
15
DT 42
XXVII
16
BM 96974
= 1902-10-11,28
XXVIII
17
BM 34916
- Sp II 431
XXIX
18
19
BM 38538
= 80-11-12,422
BM 34248+ - Sp 355
BM 37163
21
Rm 853
22
BM 45883
23
=
80-6-17,913
BM 34314
= Sp 426
32
BM 35546+ = Sp III 52
XXXIII
XXXIV
Rm 751
32418
XXIX
XXX
Rm 785+1017
20
31
XXII-XXIII
XXX
2152
35
BM 35380
36
K
37
BM 121087 = Th 1929-10-12,83
XXXVII
38
K
XXXVII
39
DT 292 (+K 3454+3935)
XXXVIII
40
Sm 1807
XXXVIII
41
BM 121060 = Th 1929-10-12,56
XXXVIII
42
K 7923+11565+Sm 454
XXXVIII
43
BM 74329
- 82-9-18,45
XXXIX-XL
44
BM 95431
= 1901-10-12,1084
XL
45
BM 45690
' 81-7-6,95
XLI-XLV
46
K
47
BM 34656
48
BM 34375+ = Sp 492+
- Sp II 960
7257
XXXV-XXXVI
XXXVII
3008
7249
XLV
" Sp II 139
XLV
XLVI
XXX
34896+ = Sp II 407+
- 81-7-6,314
XXX
34995
BM 46002
- 81-7-6,446
XXXI
49
K 2599+3069
XLVII
24
BM 35245
- Sp II 812
XXXI
50
K 10724
XLVII
25
BM 34873
- Sp II 380
XXXI
51
BM 134502 - Th 1932-12-12,497 XLVIII-XLIX
26
79-7-8,194
XXXI
52
Rm 518
L
27
BM 37189
= 80-6-17,942
XXXI
53
Sm 1720
L
28
BM 34191
- Sp 297
XXXII
54
Rm 520 (+ K 170)
L
29
K
XXXII
55
BM 123379 - Th 1932-12-10,322 L
8573
(7)
519
Museum Number
BM 17596A
K
CT XLVI
K
2
CT XLVI
Museum Number
CT XLVI
Museum Number
6235
10
Sp II 726
30
30559
34
6634
9
812
24
32418
34160
34191
34
6831
12
922
30
35
30
7109
11
960
28
7249
46
998
30
34193
30
7257
36
34248
19
7816
13
Sp III 52
32
34314
31
7923
42
140
30
34375
48
8562
6
34656
47
St 76-11-17,286
2152
34
25
8573
8589
29
34873
34896
48
9979
11
34916
17
10082
7
34995
48
10724
50
79- 7-8,194
26
35174
30
11261
5
35245
24
11565
42
80-6-17,913
20
35348
30
11624
5
942
27
35380
35
13863
13
35413
30
80-11-12,422
18
35546
32
35628
30
81-7-6,95
45
37163
20
314
22
37189
27
446
23
38538
18
45690
DT
33
42
15
292
39
518
52
45
520
54
45883
22
751
32
46002
23
785
19
74329
43
853
78941
1
1017
78942
3
78943
1
292
14
78971
3
454
42
80385
3
1681
33
92608
4
1720
53
95431
44
1807
40
96974
16
121060
41
121087
37
265
30
297
28
299
30
355
19
426
31
492
48
123379
55
134502
51
Rm
Sm
Sp
34
82-9-18,45
43
21
Bu 89-4-26,97
8
19
234
1
235
236
3
266
3
Bu 91-5-9,269
4
524
3
170
54
2599
49
Sp II 139
3008
38
380
25
3069
49
407
48
3454
39
431
17
3935
39
519
48
94-1-15,310A
I
2
1901-10-12,1084
44
1902-10-11,28
16
Th 1929-10-12,56
41
83
37
47
(8)
Th 1932-12-10,322
55
Th 1932-12-12,497
51
ATRAHASIS
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ATRAHASIS
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ATRAHASIS
j.
mi
BM
1(84Z
+78971
+
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