CHAPTER 6 PLANTS & ANIMALS
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CHAPTER 6 PLANTS & ANIMALS CHAPTER 6 PLANTS & ANIMALS CHAPTER OBJECTIVES: ­identify the general characteristics that distinguish the members of Kingdom Plantae & Animalia by: cell type,cell wall,nutrition,body form,nervous system,reproduction,locomotion ­identify a member from kingdom Plantae & Animalia ­analyze and explain the life cycle of a sample organism from each kingdom ­describe differences that exist between nonvascular and vascular plants ­explain why angiosperms are the most diverse plant group ­describe distinguishing characteristics of the invertebrate phyla ­explain why arthropods are the most successful phylum of animals ­describe distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrate classes 1 KINGDOM PLANTAE Class Objectives ­General characteristics of the Plantae Kingdom ­Differences between Vascular and Non­Vascular Tissue/plants ­Alterations of generations in plants ­Characteristics of bryophytes KINGDOM PLANTAE What are the ancestors to Plants? What are some differences between Algae and Plants? ­algae use osmosis for transport of water and nutrients ­free standing in water ­plants are land­lubbers aka dwellers What evolutionary adaptations did Plants need to acquire to be able to survive on land? 2 KINGDOM PLANTAE Plant adaptations to Land: ­Protections from drying out­ Bark, waxy cuticle on leaves, ­Transport system­transport water and dissolved substances, externally to internal cells ­Support system­ raise plant to receive sunlight and air 3 Main Parts of a Plant ­Roots penetrate soil, anchor plant, help to reach sources of water and dissolved minerals ­Leaves surface area to collect sunlight ­Stems rigid tissue to raise and support leaves How Does water, nutrients and energy get transported throughout the organism to be able to grow? KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Tissue: collection of cells that transport materials in plants, made up of xylem and phloem. Xylem­transports water Phloem­transports minerals, food and energy ­circulatory system of a plant Let's look at some celery!mmmmmmm 3 KINGDOM PLANTAE Kingdom Plantae can be divided into 2 major groups: Vascular plants­Plants that contain vascular tissue Ex. Ferns, Maple tree,Rose bush, Pine tree Non­vascular plants­Plants that do not contain vascular tissue; Ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts ­roots, stems and leaves are absent or only poorly developed ­depend on osmosis & diffusion for the transportation of nutrients KINGDOM PLANTAE Reproductive Strategies Alteration of generations­ two generations (stages) of a plants life cycle where it alternates between a haploid stage (n) and a diploid stage(2n). Sporophyte­the diploid generation (spore making body) Gametophyte­the haploid generation (gamete making body) female gamete (n) spores (n) Diagram on pg 166 in text male gamete(n) Gametophyte (n) fertilization meiosis Sporophyte (2n) mitosis 4 KINGDOM PLANTAE Non ­Vascular plants: Bryophytes Ex. 1st land plants Hornwort Characteristics ­No vascular tissue +small,lacking true roots, stems and leaves +depends on osmosis and diffusion for water and nutrients for transport, need to grow in moist areas ­dependant on water for movement of sperm Moss ­dominant generation is the gametophypte ­reproduction­depends on water for movement of sperm to egg ­no protection of egg ­Pg 166, 169­170 in text Liver Wort KINGDOM PLANTAE Non ­Vascular plants: Bryophytes http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/moss.html Bryophyte Alteration of Generations ­ Spores are contained in the capsule of the sporophyte and are released when the capsule bursts ­ Spores land on the ground and develop into gametophytes ­ There are male and female gametophytes. Males release sperm which in moist conditions can swim into the top of the female gametophyte where fertilization takes place ­ A zygote forms after fertilization and develops into a new sporophyte. The sporophyte grows out of the top of the female gametophyte. 5 KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Tracheophyta Class Objectives: ­Divisions of Vascular plants ­General characteristics of Seedless vascular plants ­Life cycle of a Fern ( Seedless vascular­Plantae) ­Definition of a Seed, Gymnosperm & Angiosperm ­General characteristics of Gymnosperms­ (Seed producing Vascular plants) KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Tracheophyta Plants containing vascular tissue Seedless Vascular plants Seed producing Vascular plants Ferns and Relatives Gymnosperms Angiosperms 6 KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seedless: Ferns Horsetails Club mosses Examples and locations: ­Most dominant plant 300 million years ago ­Only a few remaining groups of early seedless vascular plants Ferns Horsetails­50 species Ferns­10,000 species Club mosses­1000 species Grow in: ­Warm Moist areas ­Found in swampy forest ­Moist tropical regions and areas ­Fill in Plant Work Sheet­Pg 171, 173 KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seedless: Ferns Characteristics of seedless vascular plants :Ferns ­Contain vascular tissue; +enable to grow taller and inhabit more environments +provides support, +aids in transport(compared to mosses) +true roots stems and leaves ­Depend on water for movement of sperm ­Alteration of generations: Sporophyte is the dominant generation +produce spores ­Reproduction:needs water for movement of sperm to egg +no protection of egg ­Examples­ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails 7 KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seedless: Ferns Fern reproductive lifecycle: alteration of generations, spore producing, dominant generation is Sporophyte, Gametophytes are microscopic. Pg 173 KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seedless: Ferns (n) Hapliod stage magnified: n 2n Archegoium with zygote n Archegonium receiving sperm http://www.sampsoncc.edu/staff/nawadallah/biology/plants/29­23­FernLifeCycle.mov ­Fern Life cycle Activity 8 Home work Question: Ferns were once the dominate plant type on earth that grew during the Jurassic period.What do you think lead to their species diminishing and why did gymnosperms and angiosperms continue to survive and thrive? Ans: At no point and time through the life cycle of a fern is there a structure that is resilient to harsh environmental conditions. One extinction theory suggests that a meteor stuck the earth, causing dust to rise in the atmosphere blocking out all sun light. This caused the climate to drop, which many fern species could not tolerate. Angiosperms and gymnosperms produce seeds which can protect their next genetic generations from harsh conditions for long periods of time. This enabled more species of vascular seed­producing plants to survive and continue to evolve to today. KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants ­Definition of a Seed, Gymnosperm & Angiosperm ­General characteristics of Gymnosperms ­General Characteristics of Angiosperms ­Key Factors Leading Angiosperms to be the most diverse group of plants 9 KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Gymnosperms & Angiosperms Angiosperm: Flowering plants in which the seed is enclosed in a fruit. "sperm" means "from seed" Gymnosperm: Cone bearing plants, where the seed is exposed on surface of cone scales. "naked seed". What exactly is a seed? KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Gymnosperms & Angiosperms Seed: is the multicellular reproductive structure of a plant, containing an embryo, stored food and a water proof coat (2n). Plant embryo­immature root, shoot and seed leaves embryo food sources What advantages do seeds provide to plants? seed coat ­seeds allow plants to reproduce sexually without relying on water ­can survive many years and harsh environments, (has food and protective coat) ­enough food to keep the plant growing until it has the ability to produce its own food through photosynthesis. Do seed producing plants have an advantage over mosses and ferns? Gymnosperm Plant work sheet: pg 172­174 10 KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Gymnosperms Characteristics of Seed producing Vascular plants :Gymnosperms ­Vascular tissue provides support and aids in transport +posses true roots, stems and leaves ­No dependency on water (only that it be available in soil for roots) ­Dominant generation is the sporophyte ­Reproduction: wind and insects are used to move sperm to egg +seed is produced in a cone that is not covered by a fruit ­Examples are Evergreens and Conifers KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Gymnosperms Examples:Conifers­ Pine, Spruce,Fir Cool Cone facts! ­first seed bearing plants 280 million years ago! ­Ginkgo biloba was only known in the west as a fossil until the last century, its seeds are not protected by an ovary wall, it can morphologically be considered a gymnosperm ­Some species of pine need fire to open their cones and release seeds! ­gymnosperms have male and female cones, ­their gametophye stages are inconspicuois (female gametophyte is a haploid egg within a cone scale that never leaves the sporophyte structure) Location:Adapted to dry/cooler climates, ex. boreal forest 11 KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Gymnosperms Gymnosperm Reproduction: Female 1. The pollen is relased from the male cone and is dispersed by the wind. 2. The pollen grain lands on the female cone and a pollen tube Male is formed. The sperm enters the female cone. 3. Inside the female cone, the egg and sperm fuse and an embryo develops. 4. When the female cone is ready, the cone opens and the seeds are released from the cone. 5. The seeds are also dispersed by wind and grow into sporophytes which grow into trees. http://www.sampsoncc.edu/staff/nawadallah/biology/plants/30­09­PineLifeCycle.mov Key evolutionary adaptation for plant fertilization­Pollen tube KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Gymnosperms What are some adaptation that Gymnosperms have to dry cold weather? pg 174 ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 12 KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Angiosperms ­More then 3 quarters of all plant species are flowering angiosperms which bear their seed within a fruit. 250,000 species! ­Flower can be inconspicuous ­Angiosperms grow everywhere ­Insects aided in their evolution flower diagram video KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Angiosperms Monocots Dicots 1 cotyledon (seed leaf) 2 cotyledons __________________ _____________________ ___________________ _______________________ ­Angiosperm plant worksheet Pg. 175­179 ­Monocot & Dicot Lab ­Jeopardy questions to pass in 13 KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Angiosperms Angiosperm Reproduction 1. Pollen grains are released from the anthers and travel to the stigma of the pistil﴾=pollination﴿. 2. The pollen grain grows a pollen tube inside the pistil. 3. Two sperm travel through the pollen tube to the egg. 4. 1 sperm and egg fuse and form a zygote, the other sperm joins with 2 nuclei to form an endosperm﴾=nutrient reserve﴿. 5. Zygote undergoes mitosis to form an embryo. * a protective coat ﴾outer "shell" of the seed﴿ forms from the ovule KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Angiosperms http://www.mbgnet.net/bioplants/supermkt.html Which part do we eat? 14 KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Angiosperms Diversity of Angiosperms Pollination­Transferring the pollen to the male to the female of the same species in plants. (flower ? cones) ­Pollination by animals­animals attracted to sticky pollen & nectar for food, pollen sticks, and can be carried to stigma of another plant ­Plants that are pollinated by animals often are brightly colored and have a strong smell to attract the animal pollinators. ­Pollination by wind­ wind picks up pollen from one plant and blows it onto another. ­Plants that are pollinated by wind often have long stamens and pistils. Since they do not need to attract animal pollinators, they can be dully colored, unscented, and with small or no petals since no insect needs to land on them. KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Angiosperms What insects see landing pads! 15 KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Angiosperms Function of Fruits­ is to protect the seeds during their development and to aid in their dispersal. (develops form ovary) Types of Seed dispersal Self /explosive­ Animal­ Wind­ Water­ Match with pictures! Why is seed dispersal important? reduces competition KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Angiosperms Specialized tissues to survive harsh conditions, ex heat ,cold and drought: ­nutrition, photosynthesis, and cell division is carried out in specific regions (unlike bryophytes) ­seeds ­waxy cuticle on leaves prevents water loss ­vascular tissue ­hibernation Why are Angiosperms so diverse? ­developed many strategies to enable then to stay alive and reproduce successfully: ­ many pollination strategies ­many seed dispersal strategies ­specialized tissue to help protect and thrive in diverse environments 16 KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Seed producing:Angiosperms Characteristics of Seed producing Vascular plants :Angiosperms ­Vascular tissue provides support and aids in transport +posses true roots stems and leaves, ­no dependency on water ­dominant generation is the sporophyte ­reproduction­ wind and insects are used to move sperm to egg +seed is produced in a flower that is covered by a fruit ­examples are deciduous trees, heaths, roses, peas magnolias, dandelions KINGDOM PLANTAE Review! 17
