Labor Market
Developments in the
Boston Workforce
Area
Prepared by:
Center for Labor Market Studies
Northeastern University
September 2008
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Total Population, Working-Age Population, and the Labor Force of Boston ............ 1
Introduction......................................................................................................................1
Trends in the Total Population of Boston, 2000 to 2005-06............................................3
Trends in the Working-Age Population of Boston, 2000 to 2005-06..............................7
Characteristics of the Resident Labor Force of Boston, 2005-06..................................15
Labor Force Participation Rates of the Residents of Boston, 2005-06..........................19
Commuting Patterns of Boston, 2005-06 ......................................................................25
Measuring Wage and Salary Employment Levels and Trends in Boston ................. 28
Introduction....................................................................................................................28
Employment Trends During the Current Economic Recovery......................................30
Industry Sources of Employment Change in Massachusetts .........................................33
Specific Industry Sources of Employment Change .......................................................37
Industry Employment Trends in Boston ........................................................................45
Employment Structure ...................................................................................................49
Employer Size as a Factor in Local Employment..........................................................53
Occupational Staffing Patterns of Industries and Educational Attainment of
Workers by Industries and Occupations in Boston ..................................................... 56
Introduction....................................................................................................................56
Occupational Staffing Patterns of Industries .................................................................57
Educational Attainment of Workers by Occupation......................................................64
Educational Attainment of Workers by Industry ...........................................................66
Job Vacancy Measurement and Interpretation ........................................................... 70
Introduction....................................................................................................................70
Trends in Job Vacancies in the Nation ..........................................................................71
Hires and Separations ....................................................................................................75
Job Vacancies in Massachusetts ....................................................................................79
Associate’s Degrees, Bachelor’s Degrees and Undergraduate Non Degree
Certificates in Boston...................................................................................................... 90
Introduction....................................................................................................................90
Institutional Labor Supply Data.....................................................................................90
Institutional Supply at the Associate’s Degree Level ....................................................93
Sources of Associate’s Degree Change in the Higher Education Sector.......................94
Trends in Fields of Study of Associate’s Degree Awards .............................................97
Current Distribution of Associate’s Degree Awards .....................................................98
Institutional Supply at the Bachelor’s Degree Level ...................................................100
i
Sources of Bachelor’s Degree Change in the Higher Education Sector......................101
Trends in Fields of Study of Bachelor’s Degree Awards ............................................104
Current Distribution of Bachelor’s Degree Awards ....................................................105
Institutional Supply at the Undergraduate Non Degree Certificate Level...................107
Sources of Undergraduate Non Degree Certificates Change in the Higher
Education Sector ..........................................................................................................108
Trends in Fields of Study of Undergraduate Non Degree Certificate Awards ............112
Current Distribution of Undergraduate Non Degree Certificate Awards ....................113
Secondary Career and Technical Education Program Completions in Boston...... 115
Introduction..................................................................................................................115
The Occupational Structure of Secondary Career and Technical Education Awards .117
Appendix A:
Detailed tabulations on the total population, working-age population, labor force, and the
labor force participation rate in Boston, Massachusetts, the New England region, and the
United States.
Appendix B:
Detailed tabulations on the wage and salary employment levels and trends in Boston and
Massachusetts.
Appendix C:
Detailed tabulations on the occupational staffing patterns of industries and the
educational attainment of workers by industry and occupation in Massachusetts
ii
Total Population, Working-Age Population, and the
Labor Force of Boston
Introduction
The employment, earnings, and income of the residents of an area represent the
level of economic prosperity enjoyed by them. Each one of these measures is determined
in the labor market. Employment and earnings are directly determined in the labor
market. The employment rate measures an individual’s success in gaining access to the
labor market, which is also the source of their earnings. The third measure of economic
prosperity, total income, is measured as the sum of the many sources of income including
wages and salaries, self employment income, public assistance income, interest,
dividends, rental income, retirement income, and other miscellaneous sources of income.
Although the total income is derived from many sources, earnings from the labor market
are the single biggest single source of income for most people. Analysis of the 2006 ACS
data by the authors indicates that among all working-age individuals, earnings comprise
72 percent of total personal income. If the elderly population (65 years or older) is
excluded, earnings account for 86 percent of personal income. Thus, the level of income
for most individuals is closely related to the level of their earnings in the labor market.
The condition of the labor market, including the employment and earnings
prospects of workers, is determined by the demand and the supply for labor. The demand
for labor is represented by the number of jobs in an area and the supply of labor is
measured by the size of the workforce of an area. Beneath these very broad measures of
labor demand and supply are a wide variety of nuanced measures that provide insights
into the labor quality and job quality issues in the labor market, different sources of labor
demand and labor supply, labor shortages and surpluses, and the state of demand and
supply in different segments of the labor markets in a region. These factors are the key
determinants of the labor market outcomes for individuals.
This section presents a thorough analysis of the condition of labor supply in
Boston as measured by the total resident population, the working-age population and the
1
labor force. 1 Selected comparisons are presented between Boston and the entire state of
Massachusetts, the New England region, and the nation. It is organized to begin with a
broad overview of the population developments in the region during the first half of this
decade, between 2000 and the middle of the decade (2005-2006). The analysis focuses on
the changes in size and composition of the total population as well as the working-age
population. Although the working-age population is more immediately relevant to a
discussion of the labor market, analysis of the changes in the total population sheds light
on the changes to be expected in the future workforce of the region. This is followed by a
discussion of the size and composition of the labor force in Boston and the strength of
labor force attachment among different subgroups of the region’s working-age residents.
The final segment presents a discussion of the journey to work of residents of other areas
to work in Boston, and the journey to work of Boston city residents to work outside
Boston.
The findings presented in this section are based upon our analysis of the 2000
decennial census data and the 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey data. The
2000 decennial census data analysis is based upon the set of data known as the Public
Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) data files. The 2000 PUMS data are based on the
decennial census long-form questionnaire. These files contain the actual responses to the
census long-form questionnaire. Therefore these files can be used to produce any
tabulation of the census data. The census long-form questionnaire was administered to a
large sample of households—1 in 6 households or 16 percent of all households in the
nation. The data analysis for Boston is based upon the responses of members from over
11,600 households.
The mid-decade analysis is based upon a relatively new data set developed by the
U.S. Census Bureau called the American Community Survey or the ACS. The ACS is a
nationwide survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau that is designed to replace the
decennial census long form survey starting in 2010. The ACS began as a pilot in 1996
and culminated in full implementation in 2005. The 2005 ACS survey and every annual
1
Detailed data tabulations for the trends in the total population, working-age population, the composition
of the labor force, and the labor force participation rates for Boston, Massachusetts, the New England
region, and the nation are provided in Appendix A.
2
ACS survey thereafter will be implemented in every county of the nation with an annual
sample of about three million housing units.
The ACS provides data for individuals on their demographic and socioeconomic
characteristics, labor market experiences, educational attainment and school enrollment
status, and earnings and incomes for all states, as well as for all cities, counties,
metropolitan areas, and population groups of 65,000 people or more. Although the ACS
sample sizes are quite large, we have combined ACS data files from two years to secure
sufficiently large sample sizes to produce reliable estimates at the level of the local
workforce area. Estimates presented in this section for Boston are based upon the
responses from nearly 4,500 households.
All estimates in this section are confined to the civilian non-institutional
household population. Members of the armed forces are excluded from all analysis in this
section. Also excluded are residents of institutional facilities such as nursing homes,
correctional institutions, and juvenile institutions where residents are under the formal
supervision or custody of the institution and residents of non-institutionalized facilities
such as college dormitories and other group homes.
Trends in the Total Population of Boston, 2000 to 2005-06
At mid-decade, Boston was home to 534,400 individuals, down from 554,900 in
2000, representing a decrease of 20,500 or almost four percent (-3.7 percent). In contrast,
the population in the entire state of Massachusetts, the New England region, and the
nation increased during this six year period, by 1.4 percent in Massachusetts, 2.5 percent
in New England, and 6.2 percent in the nation. The population of Boston declined despite
an increase of more than 44,000 new immigrants. At the time of the 2005-2006 ACS
surveys, the region was home to 44,230 new immigrant residents who had entered the
United States between 2000 and 2005-2006. In the absence of the arrival of these new
immigrants to Boston, the region would have seen a much larger population decline—of
64,700 individuals or nearly 12 percent (more than three times as high as the actual rate
of population decline). New immigrants made sizable contributions to the population
growth of the state, the New England region, and the nation. Between 2000 and 2005-6
3
Chart 1:
Percent Change in the Total Population, 2000 to 2005-06
8.0
6.2
Percent Change in the Total
Population, 2000 to 2005-06
6.0
4.0
2.5
2.0
1.4
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-3.7
-6.0
Boston
Massachusetts
New England
U.S.
Sources: 2000 Decennial Census Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files and 2005 and 2006 American
Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files, tabulations by the Center for Labor Market
Studies, Northeastern University.
Table 1:
Immigrant Share of Total Population Growth, 2000 to 2005-06
Boston
Mass.
New
England
U.S.
Total Population, 2000
554,883
6,127,254
13,450,470
272,837,866
Total Population, 2005-06
Absolute change in the total
population, 2000 to 2005-06
New immigrants arrived
between 2000 and 2005-06
Share of population growth
from new immigrants
534,434
6,211,127
13,783,286
289,865,830
-20,449
83,873
332,816
17,027,964
44,230
255,711
439,955
9,124,927
NA
305%
132%
54%
Sources: 2000 Decennial Census Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files and 2005 and 2006 American
Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files, tabulations by the Center for Labor Market
Studies, Northeastern University.
new immigrants accounted for all of the population growth in Massachusetts (305
percent) and New England (132 percent) and about 54 percent of the nation’s population
4
growth. Thus, in Boston, as in the entire state of Massachusetts, the New England region
and the nation, immigrants are an extremely important component of the region’s
population.
The population decline in Boston occurred among both sexes, all four race-ethnic
groups, and among native-born as well as foreign-born populations. A comparison of the
population trends among male and female residents reveals a sharper decline in the
female population than the male population. The region’s male population decreased by
1.7 percent during the six year period while the female population declined by three times
as much (by 5.5 percent). Population declines between 2000 and 2005-06 also occurred
across all race-ethnic subgroups of the population. The black non-Hispanic community
experienced the biggest decline in population, by more than 9,300 residents or nearly
seven percent. However, during the same six year period the White non-Hispanic, the
Hispanic and the other non-Hispanic communities also contracted in size (by two percent,
five percent and four percent, respectively). During the same time, the region saw almost
a four percent relative decline in both its foreign and native born populations.
Table 2:
Change in the Total Population of Boston
by Selected Characteristics, 2000 and 2005-06
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Nativity Status
Foreign born
Native born
Race-Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
2000
554,883
2005-06
534,434
Absolute
Change
-20,449
Relative
Change
-3.7%
265,779
289,104
261,168
273,266
-4,611
-15,838
-1.7%
-5.5%
164,780
390,103
158,350
376,084
-6,430
-14,019
-3.9%
-3.6%
265,048
136,721
83,231
69,883
260,246
127,390
79,399
67,399
-4,802
-9,331
-3,832
-2,484
-1.8%
-6.8%
-4.6%
-3.6%
Sources: 2000 Decennial Census Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files and 2005 and 2006
American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files, tabulations by the
Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
5
The population growth patterns across age groups in Boston are quite similar to
the entire state of Massachusetts and the New England region as well as the nation. The
number of residents in the region under the age of 45 years declined by 24,900, or over
six percent. The region had fewer residents under 16 (-4.3 percent), between 16 and 24 (10.6 percent), and between 25 and 34 (-10.2 percent). The only age group under 45 that
did not witness a population decline was the 35- to 44-year old age (+1.0 percent).
Table 3:
Change in the Total Population of Boston
by Age, 2000 and 2005-06
Total
Under 16
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Under 45
45 and older
55 and older
2000
554,883
105,043
84,081
121,000
85,611
60,640
41,614
56,894
395,735
159,148
98,508
2005-06
534,434
100,567
75,127
108,705
86,434
64,347
45,511
53,744
370,833
163,602
99,255
Absolute
Change
-20,449
-4,476
-8,954
-12,295
823
3,707
3,897
-3,150
-24,902
4,454
747
Relative
Change
-3.7%
-4.3%
-10.6%
-10.2%
1.0%
6.1%
9.4%
-5.5%
-6.3%
2.8%
0.8%
Sources: 2000 Decennial Census Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files and 2005 and 2006
American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files, tabulations by the
Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
Over the same period there were nearly 4,500 more residents aged 45 years and
older, representing a relative increase of almost three percent. Among the 45+ age group,
the biggest growth occurred among the 55- to 64-year old population. The number of 55to 64-year old residents in Boston increased from about 41,600 in 2000 to about 45,500
in 2005-06, representing an increase of 3,900 or nine percent. The growth in this age
group represents the aging of the baby boom generation. In the year 2000, members of
the baby boom generation (born between 1946 and 1964) were between the ages of 36
and 54. By 2005-06, they were between 41 and 60 years old, resulting in a large swell in
the 55-60 year old population in the years 2005-06. The number of Boston residents who
6
were 45-54 years old increased by six percent whereas the number of elderly residents in
the city declined (-5.5 percent).
While the population in the nation, the New England region and the state of
Massachusetts has continued to grow, although at a slower rate, Boston has instead
experienced a declining population. However, as in the other geographical areas Boston
has been very dependent on immigration and, as discussed previously, in the absence of
new immigration the Boston population would have declined by more than three times as
much as it actually did. The decline in the population was experienced among both sexes,
and all race-ethnicity and nativity subgroups of Boston’s population. A decline in the
number of male, female, White, Black, Hispanic, other non-Hispanic, native born, foreign
born and young (under 45 years of age) residents was accompanied by a small increase in
the number of older residents (45+) as well as a very large increase in the number of new
immigrants to the region.
Trends in the Working-Age Population of Boston,
2000 to 2005-06
The working-age population consists of individuals who are 16 years or older.
The discussion so far has focused on the total population. The working-age population is
a subset of the total population and represents the pool from which the current labor
supply is drawn. Trends in the size and composition of the working-age population
provide important insights into the changes in the potential labor supply of the region.
There were a total of 433,600 working age residents in Boston during 2005-06.
This is down from 449,800 in 2000 and represents a decrease of just 16,200 working-age
residents or 3.6 percent over the six year period. In contrast, the state of Massachusetts,
the New England region and the nation experienced a growth in their working age
populations. Statewide, the working-age population increased by nearly three percent.
The region and the nation did even better in adding working-age residents. New England
added nearly 477,400 working-age residents between 2000 and 2005-06, representing a
4.6 percent growth rate. The nation saw its working-age population increase by 15.4
million residents, yielding a rate of growth of 7.4 percent over six years.
7
Chart 2:
Percent Change in the Working-Age Population, 2000-2005/06
8.0
7.4
6.0
Percent Change in the Total
Population, 2000 to 2005-06
4.6
4.0
2.9
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-3.6
-6.0
Boston
Massachusetts
New England
U.S.
Sources: 2000 Decennial Census Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files and 2005 and 2006
American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files, tabulations by the
Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
Table 4:
Change in the Working-Age Population of Boston
by Selected Characteristics, 2000 and 2005-06
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Nativity Status
Foreign born
Native born
Race-Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
2000
449,840
2005-06
433,600
Absolute
Change
-16,240
Relative
Change
-3.6%
211,896
237,944
207,076
226,524
-4,820
-11,420
-2.3%
-4.8%
152,700
297,140
150,297
283,302
-2,403
-13,838
-1.6%
-4.7%
238,965
97,017
58,095
55,763
228,928
91,775
58,644
54,253
-10,037
-5,242
549
-1,510
-4.2%
-5.4%
0.9%
-2.7%
Sources: 2000 Decennial Census Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files and 2005 and 2006
American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files, tabulations by the
Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
8
Just as Boston’s total population decline was experienced across gender, raceethnicity, and nativity status, so too was the decline in the region’s working-age
population. The male working-age population decreased by 2.3 percent whereas the
female population decreased by more than twice as much (-4.8 percent). The size of the
working-age population declined across all race-ethnic groups, except for Hispanics. The
Hispanic working age-population in the city increased slightly by 549 individuals or
almost one percent while the White, Black and other-non Hispanic working age
populations declined (by 10,000, 5,200 and 1,500 individuals, respectively).
The native and foreign born working-age populations in Boston also declined
during this period. However, while the foreign born working-age population only
declined by 1.6 percent, the native born working-age population contracted by almost
three times as much (4.7 percent).
At the same time as Boston’s working-age population declined, the number of
new immigrants of working-age residing in the city increased over the 6 year period. We
have defined new immigrants as those foreign-born individuals who entered the United
States at any time between 2000 and 2005-06. In Boston there were 38,989 recent
immigrants of working-age who had immigrated to the U.S. between 2000 and 2005-06.
Over the same period, the region’s working-age population decreased by 16,240. This
means that in the absence of immigration, the region would have seen more than a 12
percent decline in its working-age population instead of the actual decline of almost four
percent.
Immigrants also made an important contribution to the working-age population in
the state, the New England region, and the nation. All of the growth of the state’s
working-age population during the six year period was from immigrants. Nearly 154
percent of the working-age population growth in Massachusetts is attributable to
immigration. In the absence of immigration, the state would have witnessed a decline in
its working-age population. In New England and the nation, although new immigrants did
not account for the entire growth in the working-age population, they made sizable
contributions to it. New immigrants comprised three-quarters of the growth of the
9
working-age population of New England and one-half in the nation between 2000 and
2005-06.
Table 5:
Immigrant Share of Working-Age Population Growth, 2000 to 2005-06
Total working-age population, 2000
Total working-age population,
2005-06
Absolute change in the working-age
population, 2000 to 2005-06
New working-age immigrants
arrived between 2000 and 2005-06
Share of working-age population
growth from new immigrants
Boston
Mass.
New
England
449,840
4,788,971
10,471,904
208,782,718
433,600
4,925,682
10,949,262
224,204,853
-16,240
136,711
477,358
15,422,135
38,989
210,010
354,237
7,293,453
NA
153.60%
74.20%
47.30%
U.S.
Sources: 2000 Decennial Census Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files and 2005 and 2006
American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files, tabulations by the
Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
The educational characteristics of working-age immigrants who reside in Boston
are very different from the educational characteristics of their native born counterparts.
Immigrant residents are considerably more likely to have dropped out of high school.
Nearly 27 percent of immigrant residents of working-age were high school dropouts, a
ratio that was nearly four times as high as that among their native born counterparts (7
percent). There was a higher share of high school graduates among foreign born residents
than native born residents of working-age (28 percent versus 21 percent). Postsecondary
education was considerably more common among native born individuals than among
their foreign born counterparts. Two-thirds of native born working age residents of
Boston had completed some postsecondary education or earned a postsecondary degree—
at, below, or above the bachelor’s degree level—compared to only 42 percent of their
foreign-born counterparts. Thirteen percent of foreign born working-age residents had
completed some postsecondary education without earning a postsecondary degree in
comparison to 17 percent of native born residents. The share of Associate’s degree
holders among foreign born residents was equal to the share among native born residents
(five percent). Nearly twice as many native born working-age residents than immigrant
10
working-age residents had earned a Bachelor’s degree (27 percent versus 14 percent).
Native born individuals were also considerably more likely than immigrant residents of
Boston to have earned a Master’s or higher degree (19 percent versus 11 percent).
Chart 3:
Percentage Distribution of the Working-Age Foreign-Born and Native-Born Residents of
Boston by Educational Attainment, 2005-06
100%
10.5
18.9
14.0
Percentage Distribution
75%
5.1
26.5
12.7
4.5
50%
28.2
25%
17.1
Master's degree or more
Bachelor's degree
Associate's degree
Some college, no degree
High school graduate
High school dropout
High school student
21.0
26.7
0%
2.9
7.3
4.7
Foreign Born
Native Born
Source: 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data
files, tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
These differences in the educational attainment of immigrant and native born
residents of Boston are not unique to the region. Similarly large differences exist between
the educational attainment of the native born and immigrant populations in the state, the
New England region and the nation. The educational deficits are also similarly severe
among new immigrants in Boston as well as the state and the nation. These educational
deficits of immigrant residents of Boston means that many cannot be a source of labor
supply to jobs that require post secondary education or training, or college labor market
jobs. Although immigrants have managed to shore up the number of working-age
11
residents and therefore the potential labor supply in the area, many immigrants may not
meet the qualifications to work in many of the industries and occupations in the region
without considerable investments in their education, skills, and literacy proficiencies.
Although the educational deficits of immigrant residents of Boston are sizable,
their educational attainment reveals that there is a sizable share of immigrants with a post
secondary level of education. Nearly one-quarter of the region’s immigrant residents have
a bachelor’s degree or a higher level of education and about the same proportion are high
school dropouts. This bi-modal distribution of immigrants across the educational
spectrum is characteristic of immigrants in the New England region as well as the nation,
although it is more pronounced in the New England states than in the nation.
A look at the trends in the overall educational attainment of the working-age
residents of Boston reveals large declines in the number of high school dropouts and
considerable increases at the higher educational levels. This represents the continuing
improvement in the educational attainment of the nation’s and the state’s population. The
number of high school dropouts in the working-age population of Boston declined
markedly by 25 percent (almost 20,200 individuals). There was a small decrease in the
number of high school graduates (by 1.6 percent). There was also a decline by almost 11
percent in the number of working-age residents who had completed some college but had
failed to earn a degree. This group may consist of those who earned a postsecondary
certificate or those who may have attended a college but failed to graduate with a degree.
The number of working-age residents in Boston with an Associate’s degree or a
Bachelor’s degree increased during this six year period (by two percent and four percent,
respectively). The number of working-age residents in the region with a postBaccalaureate degree also increased, but by a much quicker rate (almost 19 percent).
Although the educational trends among the working-age residents of the entire
state of Massachusetts were largely similar to those of Boston, the magnitudes of these
changes were different. Compared to Boston, the state saw smaller declines in the
number of high school dropouts (18 percent versus 25 percent) and individuals with some
college education but no degree (four percent versus 11 percent), larger increases in the
number of individuals with an Associate’s degree (seven percent versus two percent) or a
12
Table 6:
Trends in the Working-Age Population of Boston and Massachusetts, by Educational
Attainment, 2000 to 2005-06
Educational Attainment
Boston
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no
degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or
more
Massachusetts
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no
degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or
more
2000
2005-06
Absolute
Change
Relative
Change
81,073
103,452
60,891
101,754
-20,182
-1,698
-24.9%
-1.6%
75,598
20,055
92,280
67,451
20,524
96,061
-8,147
469
3,781
-10.8%
2.3%
4.1%
58,472
69,361
10,889
18.6%
656,163
1,264,999
538,112
1,354,099
-118,051
89,100
-18.0%
7.0%
857,450
328,013
895,926
824,373
351,002
978,931
-33,077
22,989
83,005
-3.9%
7.0%
9.3%
581,590
676,980
95,390
16.4%
Sources: 2000 Decennial Census Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files and 2005 and 2006
American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files, tabulations by the
Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
Bachelor’s degree (nine percent versus four percent), and a smaller increase in the
number of residents with a master’s or higher degree (16 percent versus 19 percent).
However, while Boston saw a slight decrease in the number of working-age residents
who were high school graduates, the state as a whole experienced an increase of seven
percent.
Our discussion of the trends in the population by age in the previous section
reveals that the decrease in the population of Boston occurred among residents who were
44 years or younger, especially those between the ages of 16 and 34. What is the impact
of these trends on the age composition of the working-age population in Boston?
In 2005-06, the working-age population of Boston had smaller shares of older
persons (55+) and bigger shares of younger residents (34 or younger) compared with
13
Massachusetts and the nation. The elderly population (65+) represented only 12 percent
of the working-age population in Boston compared to 16 percent in Massachusetts and
the nation. The pre-retirement cohort, 55-64 years old, was also smaller in Boston than in
the state or the nation. Only 11 percent of working-age residents in Boston were between
55 and 64 years of age in comparison to 14 percent in the state and the nation.
Chart 4:
Percentage Distribution of the Working-Age Population by Age, 2005-06
15.6%
16.3%
65+
12.4%
13.7%
13.8%
55-64
10.5%
18.9%
19.3%
45-54
14.8%
19.2%
20.1%
19.9%
35-44
17.2%
16.7%
25-34
25.0%
15.5%
13.9%
16-24
17.3%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
Boston
MA
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
U.S.
Source: 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data
files, tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
Consequently, only 23 percent of the working age population in Boston was 55 years or
older compared to 30 percent in the state and 29 percent in the nation. In contrast, 42
percent of the working-age residents of Boston were under the age of 35, considerably
more than the 31 percent of residents in the state as a whole and the 33 percent of
residents in the nation. The 25-34 year old cohort in particular was bigger in Boston than
in both the state and the nation (25 percent in Boston versus 17 percent in both the state
and the nation). The larger college population in the city as well as the lower preference
14
among older residents to live in large cities likely underlies the higher concentration of
youth among working age residents of Boston.
Characteristics of the Resident Labor Force of Boston, 2005-06
The working-age population represents the potential labor supply and the labor
force is a subset of the working-age population that represents the actual labor supply
available to employers in the region. The measurement of the labor force in this section is
based upon the data derived from the American Community Survey (ACS) which has a
set of questions that are administered to household members who are of working age (16
years and older) to determine their labor force status. The labor force status of
respondents is determined from their answers to questions regarding their activities
during the reference week. Respondents are classified into three mutually exclusive
groups based upon their answer to questions regarding their labor market activities during
the reference week—employed, unemployed, or out of the labor force.
To be classified as employed, the respondent has to meet any of the following
criteria: worked one hour or more for pay or profit in the prior calendar week, or had a
job from which they were temporarily absent due to such reasons as vacation, illness,
weather, or an industrial dispute at the work place, or worked without pay for 15 or more
hours in a family owned business in the prior week. To be classified as unemployed, the
respondent had to meet all of the following criteria: The respondent had no work for pay
or profit in the reference week of the survey, and had actively looked for work in the past
four weeks, and was available to take a job during the reference week of the survey.
Respondents who are neither employed nor unemployed are classified as out of the labor
force. The labor force is the sum of all individuals in an area who are classified as
employed or unemployed using these criteria.
We have measured the labor force from combining the 2005 and 2006 American
Community Survey data. Unlike the previous segments of this section where we have
presented comparisons of the size and characteristics of the population and the workingage population between 2000 and 2005-06, our analysis of the labor force and the labor
force participation rate is confined to just 2005-06 averages from the combined ACS
15
2005 and 2006 surveys. We have not presented labor force comparisons with the 2000
decennial census because of the difference in the reference period of the two surveys. The
2000 decennial census enumeration was to be on April 1, 2000 and the reference week
was the week prior to that date. Unlike the decennial census data that are collected at one
point in time, the ACS data are collected year-round resulting in what the Census Bureau
terms a ‘revolving reference period.’ The reference week is the week prior to the
respondent completing the interview. Because of these differences in the reference
periods of the two databases, estimates of labor force derived from the two databases are
not perfectly comparable. 2
Nearly 297,700 Boston residents were participating in the labor force - employed
or unemployed as defined above—during 2005-06. The gender, nativity status, and raceethnicity characteristics of these 297,700 labor force members in Boston and their
counterparts in the entire state of Massachusetts, the New England region, and the nation
are presented in Table 7. Even though males accounted for a slightly smaller share of the
working-age population (48 percent in 2005-06), they account for a marginally larger
share of the region’s labor force. The reason is that males’ rates of labor force
participation are much higher than females, giving them a higher share in the labor force
of an area. Males accounted for about 51 percent of the labor force in Boston, slightly
smaller than the 52 percent share in Massachusetts and the New England region, as well
as the 53.5 percent concentration in the nation.
Almost one third of the Boston’s resident labor force consisted of foreign born
individuals. New immigrants comprised eight percent of the region’s resident labor force.
Compared to the rest of the state, Boston had a significantly larger share of immigrants in
its resident labor force. Immigrants comprised nearly 19 percent and new immigrants
were 4.2 percent of the state’s resident labor force. Meanwhile the shares of the labor
force of the New England region and the nation that consisted of immigrants were at least
half the size as the share in Boston (15 percent in New England and 16 percent in the
nation).
2
For details on the comparability of the ACS data with other databases, See: “How to Use the Data:
Guidance on Comparing 2006 ACS Data to Other Sources” on the U.S. Census Bureau website
(http://www.census.gov/acs/www/UseData/compACS.htm)
16
Table 7:
Percentage Distribution of the Civilian Labor Force by Gender,
Nativity Status, and Race-Ethnicity, 2005-06
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Nativity Status
U.S. born
Foreign born
Foreign born entered since
2000
Race-Ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Boston
297,652
Massachusetts
3,369,817
New
England
7,521,725
U.S.
148,191,267
51.1%
48.9%
52.0%
48.0%
52.2%
47.8%
53.5%
46.5%
67.2%
32.8%
81.3%
18.7%
85.0%
15.0%
84.1%
15.9%
8.4%
4.2%
3.3%
3.3%
55.2%
19.4%
14.1%
11.4%
81.2%
5.1%
7.0%
6.6%
83.4%
4.9%
6.6%
5.1%
68.8%
11.1%
13.6%
6.4%
Source: 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files,
tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
The race-ethnicity of the resident labor force of Boston was very mixed. Just more
than half (55 percent) of the resident labor force of Boston consisted of non-Hispanic
Whites. This was considerably smaller than their shares in the state, the New England
region and the nation (81 percent, 83 percent and 69 percent, respectively). Blacks
accounted for just under one fifth of the resident labor force in Boston (19 percent) or
almost four times as much as in Massachusetts and New England (five percent each) and
almost double as much as in the nation (11 percent). The Hispanic share of the resident
labor force in Boston was equal to their share in the nation (14 percent) and double the
size of their share in both Massachusetts and New England (seven percent in both). The
share of other non-Hispanics in Boston resident labor force (11 percent) was also bigger
than their share in the state, the New England region and the nation (seven percent, five
percent and six percent, respectively).
The age distribution of the labor force reveals that one quarter of the resident
labor force of Boston was between the ages of 35 and 44 and 17 percent was between the
17
ages of 45 and 54. The remaining share of the labor force consists of just under half (46
percent) who were 34 years and younger and about 12 percent who were 55 years or
older. A comparison of the age distribution of the resident labor force of Boston with that
of the state, the New England region, and the nation reveals that, similar to in the
working-age populations, Boston had considerably bigger shares of younger labor force
participants and markedly smaller shares of older labor force members. About 46 percent
of the region’s resident labor force was under 35 years old compared to 34 percent in the
state, 33 percent in the New England region and almost 37 percent in the nation.
Meanwhile, the share of older persons (55 and over) was lower in the resident labor force
of Boston (12 percent) than it was in Massachusetts and New England (18 percent each)
or the nation (16 percent).
Table 8:
Percentage Distribution of the Civilian Labor Force by Age, 2005-06
Age
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Boston
15.6%
30.8%
24.6%
17.3%
9.4%
2.3%
Mass.
13.3%
20.6%
24.6%
23.7%
14.0%
3.8%
New
England
13.5%
19.2%
24.5%
24.5%
14.4%
3.9%
U.S.
15.0%
21.5%
24.1%
23.1%
12.9%
3.5%
Source: 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data
files, tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
An examination of the education levels of the resident labor force of an area provides
insights into the quality of the workforce. An examination of the education of the resident
labor force in Boston, the state, the New England region and the nation is presented in
Table 9. Ten percent of the resident labor force of Boston had failed to complete a high
school education, just slightly less than the share in the nation (11 percent) but bigger
than the seven percent share in both the state and the New England region. However, just
over two-thirds of the Boston labor force had completed at least some postsecondary
education, higher than the share of the labor force with some college education in the
state, the New England region and, especially, the nation (64 percent, 62 percent and 58
18
percent, respectively). The share of labor force participants with a Bachelor’s degree or a
higher level of education was also markedly higher in Boston than in the state, the New
England region or the nation (46 percent in Boston versus 39 percent in the state, 35
percent in the New England region and 28 percent in the nation).
Table 9:
Percentage Distribution of the Civilian Labor Force by
Educational Attainment, 2005-06
Educational Attainment
High school student
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or more
With any postsecondary
education
Bachelor's or higher
Boston
2.1%
10.1%
21.0%
15.2%
5.3%
26.2%
20.0%
New
MA England U.S.
2.5%
2.7%
2.4%
7.2%
7.3%
10.6%
25.9% 27.9% 28.6%
17.3% 18.5% 22.0%
8.1%
8.4%
8.1%
22.8% 21.3% 18.2%
16.1% 14.0% 10.0%
66.7%
46.2%
64.4%
39.0%
62.1%
35.3%
58.4%
28.3%
Source: 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data
files, tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
This discussion of the resident labor force of Boston in 2005-06 has revealed that
it has a larger share of foreign born, Blacks, Hispanics, other non-Hispanics, young and
better educated individuals in comparison to the shares of these groups in the resident
labor force in the entire state of Massachusetts, the New England region, and the nation.
Labor Force Participation Rates of the Residents of Boston,
2005-06
The labor force participation rate is a ratio that measures the proportion of the
working population that was in the labor force. It measures the strength of the labor force
attachment of the working-age residents of an area. The total working-age population of
an area represents the potential labor supply of an area. However, all members of the
working age population do not participate in the labor force. The elderly, college
19
students, individuals with severe disabilities, and family caregivers are examples of
groups of working-age individuals who participate at very low rates in the labor force.
There are also many other groups such as poorly educated individuals who have a weaker
attachment to the labor market.
Chart 5:
Labor Force Participation Rates of the Working-Age Population, 2005-06
70%
68.7%
Percent Change in the Total
Population, 2000 to 2005-06
68.6%
68.4%
68%
66.1%
66%
64%
Boston
Massachusetts
New England
U.S.
Source: 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data
files, tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
The labor force participation rate among residents of Boston was 0.2 percentage
points and 2.5 percentage points higher than that of the working-age residents of the state
of Massachusetts and the nation but 0.1 percentage points lower than that of the New
England region. Each percentage point difference in the labor force participation rate of
the entire working-age population represents nearly 4,300 working-age residents in
Boston, 49,300 in Massachusetts, 109,500 in the New England region, and 2.242 million
in the nation. 3 Each percentage point difference in the labor force participation rate thus
represents a sizable number of people.
3
The number of people that each percentage point of the labor force participation rate represents is
determined by the size of the working-age population of the area and/or subgroup. Each percentage point of
the labor force participation rate represents 1 percent of the size of the working-age population.
20
An examination of the labor force participation rate of male and female residents
of Boston reveals a wide gap in the labor force attachment of the two sexes. Nearly threequarters (73 percent) of the male working-age residents of Boston were active labor force
Chart 6:
Labor Force Participation Rates of the Working-Age Population,
By Gender, Race-Ethnicity, and Nativity Status 2005-06
71%
69%
67%
65%
69%
62%
71%
68%
69%
63%
72%
68%
63%
64%
75%
75%
73%
Labor Force Participation Rate, 2005-06
100%
50%
25%
0%
Male
Female
White,
nonHispanic
Black, non- Hispanic Other, nonHispanic
Hispanic
Boston
Foreign
born
Native born
MA
Source: 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data
files, tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
participants, compared to only 64 percent of their female counterparts. Similar genderbased differences in labor force participation are noted for the state, although to an even
larger extent (males had a participation rate of 75 percent compared to 63 percent for
females).
Labor force participation also varied widely across the four race groups. White
and Hispanic residents of Boston had the highest rate of labor force participation (72
percent and 71 percent, respectively). The labor participation rates of working age
residents from the Black and other non-Hispanic populations in Boston were
considerably smaller (63 percent and 62 percent, respectively). Across the state, the
White and Hispanic labor force participation rates were lower than in Boston while the
21
rate of labor force attachment among the state’s Black and other non-Hispanic residents
was higher than that of their Boston counterparts. Native born residents of Boston and the
state were more likely than their foreign born counterparts to participate in the labor
force. The gap between the labor force participation rate of native-born and foreign-born
residents was larger in Boston (six percentage points) than the state (two percentage
points).
If one were to plot the labor force participation rate of the population by age, it
would have an inverted-U shape. Participation in the labor force is lower among younger
age groups and rises with age until the pre-retirement age (55 to 64) when it begins to fall
and continues to fall sharply after the traditional retirement age of 65 years. The labor
force attachment of residents of Boston and the state follow the same inverted-U shape
pattern. However, a comparison of the labor force participation rate in Boston and the
state within the same age groups reveals that (with the exception of 16 to 24 year olds)
younger residents in Boston were either more likely or as likely to participate in the labor
force compared to their statewide counterparts, while older Boston area residents were
less likely to participate in the labor force.
Among the youngest working-age residents, those between 16 and 24 years of
age, the labor force participation rate was four percentage points lower in Boston than in
the state (62 percent versus 66 percent, respectively). Boston residents between the ages
of 25 and 34 were as likely to participate in the labor force as the same age group across
the state (84 percent of this cohort from both geographical areas participated in the labor
force). Meanwhile, older Boston residents in the pre-retirement ages of 55 to 64 years and
the post retirement ages of 65+ were less likely to participate in the labor force than their
counterparts in the state. Only 61 percent of 55-64 year olds participated in the labor
force in Boston, compared to 70 percent in the state. While labor force attachment was
very weak among the 65+ residents in both areas, in Boston the rate of this attachment
was lower. Only 13 percent of elderly residents in this cohort in Boston were active in the
labor force in comparison to 16 percent of their counterparts in the state. Thus, not only
does Boston have a smaller share of 55+ year olds in their working-age population, but
Boston residents in this age group were less likely to participate in the labor force. The
decline in the population of the Boston
22
Chart 7:
Labor Force Participation Rates of the Working-Age Population, By Age, 2005-06
70%
84%
80%
83%
85%
84%
61%
62%
75%
66%
Labor Force Participation Rate, 2005-06
84%
100%
13%
25%
16%
50%
0%
16-24
25-34
35-44
Boston
45-54
55-64
65+
MA
Source: 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data
files, tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
region and the overall slowdown in the population growth across the state and the nation
may result in the need to tap into this age group for labor supply, particularly among
those under age 70 years. Currently, the transition from work to retirement for most
people is akin to turning off a switch. A majority of older workers retire out of their fulltime career jobs and exit the labor market entirely. 4 There is a need to provide more
transitional employment opportunities to older workers in the form of bridge jobs that
provide flexibility, part-time options, and accommodations to older workers with
disabilities in order to keep older workers in the labor market even after they quit their
full-time career jobs.
4
For details about the labor force attachment and the incidence of mixing work and retirement among older
workers, see: Paul E. Harrington, Neeta P. Fogg, and Alison H. Dickson “Demographic Characteristics and
Labor Force Attachment of the 55 Years and Older Population in Eastern Massachusetts,” Center for Labor
Market Studies, Prepared for The New England Council Commission on the Older Workforce, December
2007.
23
Labor force participation rates rise sharply with educational attainment in Boston
and the state. Only 49 percent of the region’s working-age residents who had failed to
complete high school were in the labor market. The labor force participation rate was 13
percentage points higher (62 percent) among high school graduates. Residents who
completed some postsecondary education without earning a degree also enjoyed a higher
rate of participation in the labor market. Two-thirds of Boston residents with some
college but no college degree were active labor market participants. Those who had
earned an Associate’s degree were ten percentage points more likely to participate in the
labor market than their counterparts who completed some college but had not earned a
college degree (77 percent versus 67 percent). Between 81 and 86 percent of Boston
residents with a Bachelor’s or a Master’s or higher degree were members of the region’s
labor force in 2005-06.
Chart 8:
Labor Force Participation Rates of the Working-Age Population,
by Educational Attainment, 2005-06
36%
80%
86%
79%
81%
78%
77%
71%
64%
45%
49%
50%
42%
62%
75%
67%
Labor Force Participation Rate, 2005-06
100%
25%
0%
High school High school High school
student
dropout
graduate
Some
college, no
degree
Boston
Associate's
degree
Bachelor's
degree
Master's
degree or
more
MA
Source: 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data
files, tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
24
Residents of Massachusetts had similar trends in the labor force participation rate
by educational attainment. However, a comparison of the rates of labor force
participation in each educational group in Boston and the state reveals that for working
age residents who were high school dropouts, had a Bachelor’s degree or a Master’s
degree or more, the state had somewhat lower rates of labor market participation than
Boston (by four percentage points, by two percentage points and by six percentage
points, respectively). Meanwhile for working-age residents who were high school
graduates, had completed some college without earning a degree or had an Associate’s
degree, the state had somewhat higher rates of labor market participation than Boston (by
two percentage points, by four percentage points and by one percentage point).
Substantial gaps exist between the rates of labor force participation among
educational subgroups of the population. Among poorly educated residents of Boston,
large proportions of the potential labor supply are unutilized because of the low rates of
labor market participation among these residents. If population growth continues to fall in
Boston and the rate of labor market exits increase because of retirement among the aging
baby boomers, the region and the state will have to increase the rate of utilization of the
potential labor supply among the working-age residents by implementing strategies to
increase labor market participation among poorly educated residents and other residents
with lower rates of labor force participation such as the elderly and others with a weaker
labor market attachment.
Commuting Patterns of Boston, 2005-06
In most areas, a majority of the labor supply is derived from its residents. This is
especially true of larger areas like large states and large regions. However, in examining
the sources of the workforce employed in a smaller area it is important to gauge the
inflows of residents of the surrounding communities to work in the area and outflows of
the residents of the area to work in the surrounding communities. The 2005 and 2006
ACS surveys contain information on the place of residence of each respondent and the
place of work of respondents who were employed at the time of the ACS survey.
Utilizing these data on the journey to work, we have produced the rate of exchange of
25
workers between Boston and the surrounding communities, the remainder of the state of
Massachusetts, and areas outside the state.
A total of 511,000 individuals identified Boston as their place of work. Out of
these 511,000 workers employed in Boston, only 179,100 were also residents of the city
which means that nearly two thirds (65 percent) of the jobs in Boston were staffed by
residents of Boston. One-fifth of Boston jobs (103,300) were staffed by residents of the
Metro North area. Another 71,500 or 14 percent were staffed by residents from the Metro
South/West area, 57,900 or 11 percent were staffed by residents from the South Coastal
area, 78,900 or 15 percent were staffed by people from other parts of Massachusetts and
the remaining 20,300 or four percent of jobs were staffed by commuters from outside the
state.
Table 10:
The Place of Residence of Individuals Employed in Boston and the Place of Work of
Employed Boston Residents, 2005-06
Total number of persons working in
Boston…
...that lived in:
Boston
Metro North area
Metro South/West area
South Coastal area
Other parts of Massachusetts
Outside Massachusetts
Total Boston residents who were employed…
...that were working in:
Boston
Metro North area
Metro South/West area
South Coastal area
Other parts of Massachusetts
Outside Massachusetts
Number
Percent
of Total
510,997
100.0%
179,148
103,252
71,450
57,892
78,920
20,335
35.1%
20.2%
14.0%
11.3%
15.4%
4.0%
266,140
100.0%
179,148
35,069
26,687
12,391
9,744
3,101
67.3%
13.2%
10.0%
4.7%
3.7%
1.2%
Source: 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data
files, tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
26
The second half of Table 10 presents a distribution of Boston residents who were
employed at the time of the 2005-06 ACS surveys by their place of work. A total of
266,100 residents of Boston were employed at the time of the ACS surveys. Only 67
percent of these employed residents worked in Boston. Out of the remaining 87,000 or 33
percent of the city’s employed residents, 35,100 or thirteen percent commuted to work in
the Metro North area, 26,700 or ten percent worked in the Metro South/West area, 12,400
or five percent worked in the South Coastal area, 9,700 or four percent worked in other
parts of the state, and the remaining 3,100 or just over one percent of Boston’s employed
residents held jobs outside the state.
The number of employed Boston residents was lower than the number of jobs or
workers who worked in the area by about 244,900 (266,100 employed Boston residents
versus 511,000 jobs in Boston). A markedly smaller number of Boston residents
commuted to work outside the boundaries of Boston (87,000) than the number of
residents of other communities that commuted to work in Boston (331,800), making the
region a net “importer” of workers from areas outside its boundaries.
27
Measuring Wage and Salary Employment Levels and
Trends in Boston
Introduction
Each month the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), in cooperation with state
Labor Market Information Units (LMIU) conducts a survey of business establishments
across the nation designed to measure the number of payroll jobs in the non agricultural
sector of the nation’s labor markets. This cooperative federal/state statistical program,
known as the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, produces estimates of overall
wage and salary employment levels within the nation’s private for profit, private non
profit and federal, state, and local government organizations (excluding the military) for
the nation, each state and for selected metropolitan areas across the nation. 5 The survey
also collects information on weekly hours of work and weekly earnings for production
and non supervisory workers. 6 The employment estimates include all payroll workers
regardless of full-time or part-time status.
The employment data produced through this survey is based on information
collected from a large sample of business establishments who regularly report the number
of workers who are on the establishments’ payrolls during the reference week of the
survey. At the national level, monthly estimates are produced for total non agricultural
employment level; additionally estimates of employment for a wide range of industries
are produced each month. The industry classification of business establishments is
determined by state staff who rely on reports by responding firms about the major kinds
of products they produce. 7
5
The CES survey includes all workers on government payrolls, including workers in the education and
health fields who work in government organizations. The Employment and Wages program discussed later
in this section of the monograph classifies government workers in health and education in their respective
industries, rather than the public administration classification.
6
For a more complete review of the CES Survey methods see BLS Handbook of Methods, Chapter 2,
http://www.bls.gov/sae/790meth.htm.
7
A more detailed discussion of the industry classification of business establishments is provided in a
subsequent section of this section on analyzing local wage and salary employment data.
28
The data derived from the CES program do not measure total employment in
either the nation or at the state and local level. The scope of the CES program covers only
those workers in regular payroll jobs subject to state unemployment insurance laws. In
general, this includes those jobs for which a range of federal and state payroll taxes are
withheld and workers receive notification of their annual earnings and earnings tax
withholdings on IRS form W-2. The CES excludes all those employed in business
establishments who do not have a regular employer-employee relationship. Often referred
to informally as ‘consultants,’ contract workers, or contingent workers these workers are
not subject to many payroll withholding taxes and receive IRS form 1099 from those
firms where they had a consulting relationship over the course of the year. Also excluded
are proprietors of businesses. Together, consultants and proprietors make up the selfemployed. The CES program also excludes unpaid family workers, domestic workers in
private homes (maids and nannies) as well as those who work in illegal labor market
segments often informally referred to as ‘under the table’ work where cash or in-kind
payments are made to avoid taxes and illegal immigration status issues. 8 A more detailed
discussion of overall employment developments in the state is provided in the section of
the monograph that examines the industry, occupational and educational requirements of
the state and local economy using more comprehensive employment data derived from a
survey of households.
The Department of Labor and Workforce Development in Massachusetts releases
statewide CES data each month that measure overall trends in payroll employment in the
state as well as trends in employment for each major sector of the state economy and for
some larger specific industries in the state. The federal and state-wide based data are
seasonally adjusted to remove the effects of regular and predictable changes in payroll
employment levels associated with seasonal business patterns. The statewide data thus
can be compared on a month to month basis to measure growth and change in payroll
employment levels within the state. The monthly data produced through the CES
program are subject to annual revisions. These revisions are necessary since the CES
8
For a detailed discussion of this emerging labor market segment see: Andrew Sum, Paul Harrington and
Ishwar Khatiwada, New Immigrant Workers in the U.S. 2000 to 2005: Their Estimated Numbers, Gender –
Age Characteristics, Legal Status and Their Impacts on Native Born Young Workers. Center for
Immigration Studies, New York, May 2006
29
sample does not include small business establishments. The CES estimates use special
adjustment factors to estimate growth in employment among small firms at the national
and state level. Each year the CES data are ‘benchmarked’ or reconciled against complete
counts of payroll employment in the state. These benchmarks are derived from
unemployment insurance tax filings prepared each quarter by virtually all private sector
(both for profit and non profit) business organizations in the Commonwealth. 9 The
benchmarking process thus eliminates any potential error associated with sampling or
response bias. The size of the annual benchmark revisions can be considerable and can
revise statewide and industry employment estimates either upward or downward.
Employment Trends During the Current Economic Recovery
The Massachusetts economy began its job market recovery beginning in the
fourth quarter of 2003. Prior to that time the state had experienced considerable losses
associated with the bursting of the high tech bubble and the subsequent national
economic recession in early 2001. Indeed, between the first quarter of 2001 through the
end of 2003 the state led the nation in its rate of payroll employment decline. The
findings provided in Table 1 examine overall trends in non agricultural payroll
Table 1:
Trends in Total Non Agricultural Wage and Salary Employment Levels in Massachusetts,
New England and the Nation, 4th Quarter, 2003 to First Quarter 2007
(Seasonally Adjusted, in 000s)
Area
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
New England
USA
4th Quarter
2003
1,644.0
610.0
3,185.0
622.0
486.3
300.9
6,848.1
130,181.3
1st Quarter
2007
1,690.7
617.1
3,270.4
645.7
495.6
307.6
7,027.2
137,183.7
Absolute
Change
46.7
7.2
85.4
23.7
9.3
6.7
179.1
7,002.3
Relative
Change
2.8%
1.2%
2.7%
3.8%
1.9%
2.2%
2.6%
5.4%
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov, tabulations by Center for Labor Market Studies,
Northeastern University, April 2008.
9
The Federal-State Employment and Wages program uses these taxes filings to create a very large range of
detailed employment estimates at the state and local level that are generally available with a 9 month lag.
The data from this program are discussed in greater detail in a subsequent section of this monograph.
30
employment in the nation, New England and Massachusetts between the fourth quarter
2003 and the beginning of 2007. The data reveal that nationally payrolls expanded at a
considerably more rapid pace in states outside of New England than for the region as a
whole. National payroll employment levels rose by just over 7 million jobs or 5.4 percent
over the 13 quarter period. In contrast, New England payrolls grew at just half the pace of
the nation, rising by 2.6 percent over the same period of time. Massachusetts saw its
payroll employment levels increase from 3.185 million payroll jobs to 3.270 million, an
increase of about 85,000 jobs over the period. The state’s pace of new job creation was
about the same as that of the region, but again only about one half that of the nation.
Over the past year, the national economic expansion has begun to show signs of a
slowdown. The national rate of new job creation over the last year has slowed to just 0.5
percent, with the nation creating just under 750,000 new jobs between the first quarter of
2007 and the first quarter of 2008. The New England region also expanded payroll
employment levels by 0.5 percent, while Massachusetts had a similar annual rate of new
job creation of 0.6 percent. The major exception to this pattern of slow job growth was
Table 2:
Trends in Total Non Agricultural Wage and Salary Employment Levels in Massachusetts,
New England and the Nation, 1st Quarter, 2007 to First Quarter 2008
(Seasonally Adjusted, in 000s)
Area
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
New England
USA
1st
Quarter
2007
1,691
617
3,270
646
496
308
7,027
137,184
1st
Quarter
2008
1,702
618
3,290
654
487
308
7,060
137,925
Absolute Relative
Change Change
11.3
0.7%
0.8
0.1%
20.0
0.6%
8.4
1.3%
-8.3
-1.7%
0.4
0.1%
32.5
0.5%
741.0
0.5%
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov, tabulations by Center for Labor Market Studies,
Northeastern University, April 2008.
Rhode Island, where the state lost 8,300 jobs, nearly wiping out all the new jobs created
in the state since the beginning of the job market recovery at the end of 2003. In contrast
31
New Hampshire had an above average rate of new job creation compared to both the
other New England states and the nation as a whole, growing by 1.3 percent over the
year.
The findings provided in Table 3 examine trends in payroll employment in the
very recent past. The table compares employment levels in the fourth quarter of last year
with developments in the first quarter of 2008. Although the CES seasonally adjusted
data are available on a monthly basis at the state level we have chosen to present
quarterly average data instead of monthly comparisons. We use quarterly mean data
because our review of the state data suggests that some of the monthly seasonal
adjustments may exaggerate a change in a given month only to reverse that change in the
following month. We use quarterly average employment levels as a means of smoothing
this monthly ‘noise’ and gaining better insight into the actual economic change that is
occurring.
Table 3:
Trends in Total Non Agricultural Wage and Salary Employment Levels in Massachusetts,
New England and the Nation, 4th Quarter, 2007 to First Quarter 2008
(Seasonally Adjusted, in 000s)
Area
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
New England
USA
4th
1st
Quarter
Quarter Absolute Relative
2007
2008
Change Change
1,704.2
1,702.0
-2.2
-0.1%
618.9
617.9
-1.0
-0.2%
3,285.3
3,290.4
5.1
0.2%
653.7
654.1
0.4
0.1%
490.4
487.2
-3.2
-0.6%
308.3
308.0
-0.3
-0.1%
7,060.8
7,059.7
-1.1
0.0%
138,030.7 137,924.7 -106.0
-0.1%
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov, tabulations by Center for Labor Market Studies,
Northeastern University, April 2008.
Between the fourth quarter of last year and the first quarter of this year, payroll
employment levels fell in the nation for the first time since 2003. Wage and salary
employment in the nation fell by 106,000 jobs as fuel and food prices increased while
housing prices plummeted downwards. Payroll employment levels in New England
32
remained unchanged with four of the six states posting small losses over the period.
Massachusetts was able to add about 5,000 jobs even as the nation’s labor markets turned
down. Rhode Island was especially hard hit by the downturn, losing 3,200 wage and
salary jobs over the quarter.
Industry Sources of Employment Change in Massachusetts
The CES survey not only provides information about overall trends in non
agricultural payroll employment; it also provides measures of employment levels and
trends among the major industry sectors that exist within the state. Industry groupings
used in the CES combine together those economic establishments in the state who
produce similar types of products. For example, the wide range of firms engaged in
building, improving and repairing commercial, residential, and other types of physical
structures are grouped together to form the construction sector of the state economy. 10
The findings provided in Table 4 examine employment developments in the state from
the initial stages of the recovery through the beginning of 2007. The data reveal a wide
divergence in employment trends within major industry groups in the state. The
overwhelming share of new jobs created in the state over this period of time came from
just two industry sectors: the professional and business services sector and the education
and health sector. Together these two industry sectors accounted for 76,000 net new jobs
in the state, a number equal to nearly 90 percent of the net job creation produced in the
state over that period of time.
The professional and business services sector is composed of a variety of different
kinds of businesses including temporary help firms and administrative support
organizations. However, this sector also includes professional and technical services
firms including legal services, accounting services, engineering and computer systems
services. The professional services firms in the state had the highest rate of new job
creation of any major industry sector, adding about 36,000 new jobs and growing by a
robust 8 percent over the period. Gaining insight into which components of the overall
business service sector are expanding most rapidly at the state and local level would have
10
The CES program uses the North American Industry Classification System to present data on
employment trends by industry. The NAICS classification is discussed in greater detail in the sections
examining data derived from the Employment and Wages program.
33
important implications for workforce development strategies. However, the monthly and
quarterly CES data lack sufficient sample size to produce this data. In the following
section we will examine how the data derived from the state’s Employment and Wage
program can help us gain insight into specific industry employment developments—even
at the local level.
Table 4:
Trends in Total Non Agricultural Wage and Salary Employment Levels by Major
Industry Sector in Massachusetts, 4th Quarter, 2003 to First Quarter 2007
(Seasonally Adjusted, in 000s)
Industry
All Industries
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable
Non Durable
Trade, Transportation, and
Utilities
Wholesale Trade
Retail Trade
Transportation and Utilities
Information
Financial Activities
Professional and Business
Services
Education and Health Services
Leisure and Hospitality
Other Services
Government
4th
Quarter
2003
3,185.0
136.3
316.7
207.1
109.6
1st
Quarter
2007
3,270.4
138.4
297.6
196.9
100.7
Absolute
Change
85.4
2.0
-19.0
-10.2
-8.9
Share
of
Change
2.7%
1.5%
-6.0%
-4.9%
-8.1%
573.4
134.8
354.4
84.2
89.1
221.5
570.9
137.9
348.8
84.2
87.4
225.8
-2.5
3.1
-5.6
0.0
-1.7
4.3
-0.4%
2.3%
-1.6%
0.0%
-1.9%
2.0%
442.0
577.6
289.3
116.8
420.3
477.9
618.0
302.7
119.2
431.2
35.9
40.4
13.4
2.4
10.9
8.1%
7.0%
4.6%
2.0%
2.6%
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov, tabulations by Center for Labor Market Studies,
Northeastern University, April 2008.
Statewide, the education and health industry sector also posted strong
employment gains between the fourth quarter of 2003 and the first quarter of 2007. Total
payroll employment in this sector increased from 577,600 to 618,000, a rise of more than
40,000 jobs with an over the period increase of 7 percent. Other sectors experiencing
more modest net payroll employment increases include construction, wholesale trade, and
34
financial activities. The leisure and hospitality sector, including eating and drinking
establishments, posted a payroll employment rise of 4.6 percent, adding 13,400 jobs to
their payrolls.
Despite the overall increase in payroll employment in Massachusetts from the
fourth quarter 2003 to the first quarter 2007 job losses did occur in some industry sectors.
Manufacturing producers saw their payrolls decline by 19,000 jobs over the period, with
especially sharp losses among non durable goods producers. Retailers in the state lost
5,600 jobs and the information sector lost 1,700 over the period.
Between the first quarters of 2007 and 2008 both the education and health sectors
became the leading source of new job growth in the state, adding nearly 15,000 new
payroll jobs and growing at a relatively rapid 2.4 percent annual pace. The education and
Table 5:
Trends in Total Non Agricultural Wage and Salary Employment Levels by Major
Industry Sector in Massachusetts, First Quarter, 2007 to First Quarter 2008
(Seasonally Adjusted, in 000s)
Industry
All Industries
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable
Non Durable
Trade, Transportation, and
Utilities
Wholesale Trade
Retail Trade
Transportation and Utilities
Information
Financial Activities
Professional and Business
Services
Education and Health Services
Leisure and Hospitality
Other Services
Government
1st
1st
Quarter Quarter Absolute Relative
2007
2008
Change Change
3,270.4 3,290.4
20.0
0.6%
138.4
135.5
-2.9
-2.1%
297.6
292.7
-5.0
-1.7%
196.9
193.9
-3.0
-1.5%
100.7
98.8
-2.0
-2.0%
570.9
137.9
348.8
84.2
87.4
225.8
569.4
139.2
345.5
84.6
89.7
224.1
-1.6
1.3
-3.3
0.4
2.4
-1.7
-0.3%
1.0%
-1.0%
0.5%
2.7%
-0.8%
477.9
618.0
302.7
119.2
431.2
486.6
632.9
304.3
118.3
435.6
8.7
14.9
1.6
-0.9
4.3
1.8%
2.4%
0.5%
-0.8%
1.0%
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov, tabulations by Center for Labor Market Studies,
Northeastern University, April 2008.
35
health sector accounted for three quarters of all the new jobs created in the state over the
past year. The rate of new job creation also accelerated somewhat in the information
industry, which posted a rise of 2.7 percent, adding 2,400 jobs over the year. The
professional and business services industry also continued its expansion, adding 8,700
jobs over the year. The leisure and hospitality industry also generated about 1,600 new
jobs over the year. Partially offsetting these gains in payroll employment were declines in
the state’s goods producing industries. Construction payrolls declined by 2,900 jobs over
the year, while manufacturing employment declined by an additional 5,000 jobs. The
financial services sector also posted modest payroll employment declines.
Between the fourth quarter of last year and the first quarter of 2008 payroll
employment levels in the nation and in a number of states have declined while
Massachusetts has continued to post modest job increases. The rise in payroll
Table 6:
Trends in Total Non Agricultural Wage and Salary Employment Levels by Major
Industry Sector in Massachusetts, Fourth Quarter, 2007 to First Quarter 2008
(Seasonally Adjusted, in 000s)
Industry
All Industries
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable
Non Durable
Trade, Transportation, and Utilities
Wholesale Trade
Retail Trade
Transportation and Utilities
Information
Financial Activities
Professional and Business Services
Education and Health Services
Leisure and Hospitality
Other Services
Government
4th
Quarter
2007
3285.3
137.4
293.8
194.5
99.3
570.6
138.7
347.3
84.6
89.7
224.4
483.7
627.1
302.1
119.2
435.7
1st
Quarter Absolute Relative
2008
Change Change
3290.4
5.1
0.2%
135.5
-1.9
-1.4%
292.7
-1.1
-0.4%
193.9
-0.6
-0.3%
98.8
-0.5
-0.5%
569.4
-1.3
-0.2%
139.2
0.5
0.4%
345.5
-1.8
-0.5%
84.6
0.1
0.1%
89.7
0.0
0.0%
224.1
-0.3
-0.1%
486.6
2.9
0.6%
632.9
5.7
0.9%
304.3
2.2
0.7%
118.3
-0.9
-0.7%
435.6
-0.1
0.0%
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov, tabulations by Center for Labor Market Studies,
Northeastern University, April 2008.
36
employment in recent months has been primarily associated with increases in
employment within the education and health sector. This sector has added 5,700 jobs
since the end of last year. Employment growth has also continued in professional and
business services and the leisure and hospitality industry sectors. Losses continued to
mount in construction where 1,900 jobs were lost since the end of last year as the effects
of declining housing prices continue to be felt. Manufacturing producers’ losses
continued with a decline of 1,100 jobs over the period, while retail trade firms lost an
additional 1,800 jobs.
Specific Industry Sources of Employment Change
The analysis of employment data derived from the CES survey program provides
us with an up to data overview of broad developments in state labor markets. The
advantages of the CES data are that they provide very up to date information on overall
payroll employment developments within the state and provide insight into some of the
major industry trends in job growth and decline. However, the CES also has some
limitations in its use. First, it is generally unable to provide much detailed information on
industry employment trends. Very often the highly aggregated industry data produced by
the monthly CES survey mask more dynamic growth and change that occurs within an
industry sector. A second major limitation of the CES program is its inability to produce
useful sub-state data.
While the CES program does produce employment estimates for certain sub state
metropolitan areas, these data are often considered suspect by many analysts. We noted
earlier that the statewide CES employment data are benchmarked against a complete
count of payroll jobs produced as a byproduct of state unemployment insurance quarterly
tax findings. This benchmarking eliminates biases that enter into the monthly survey
from a variety of sources. In effect, the CES data are ‘corrected’ each year through the
benchmarking process. However, the sub state estimates produced by the CES are not
subject to the same benchmark adjustment to correct for these biases. As a result, the sub
state estimates simply continue to add error over time. 11
11
Monthly CES estimates are produced for Barnstable, Boston-Cambridge Quincy, New Bedford,
Springfield and Worcester metro areas. During February 2008 the CES survey estimated that payroll
37
An important data source that can help supplement the insights gained from
analyzing statewide CES payroll estimates is the Federal-State Employment and Wages
program. Commonly referred to as the ES-202 program (after the form used to collect the
information), this program collects information on the number of payroll workers and
their total wage compensation each calendar quarter over the course of the year. Virtually
every business establishment in the state, including private for profit firms, private non
profit firms that are subject to state unemployment insurance laws as well as all civilian
federal, state and local organizations with establishments located in Massachusetts are
required to report this information each calendar quarter. The data collected through the
ES-202 program thus represent a complete enumeration or census of all payroll
employment in the state. This massive data collection program is thus not restricted by
sample size, size class coverage limitations, or by non response biases and so is capable
of producing estimates of payroll employment for very specific industries and for specific
sub state areas, including Workforce Board regional service areas.
The ES-202 data also has a number of shortcomings and is therefore used as a
complement (and not a substitute) for CES survey findings. Among its limitations are the
following
•
First, because of the enormous amount of information collected by the ES-202
program its employment estimates are available with a two to three quarter lag.
For example, while first quarter 2008 CES data are currently available, the latest
data available from the state ES-202 program are for the third quarter of 2007.
•
Second, the ES-202 data are not organized as a continuous time series as is the
CES program. This means that the CES sample history is maintained over time.
So if a firm was initially improperly coded into the wrong industry (as sometimes
happens) or the classification system itself is modified, the CES staff not only
correct the current industry coding, but go back over time to recode the
establishment into its proper industry. 12 The ES-202 program in contrast does not
employment in these five regions was 3.154 million, while statewide (benchmarked) employment was
3.218, suggesting very little payroll employment in the rest of the state…the result, not of real economic
activity but of uncorrected bias in the sub state estimates that are not subject to annual benchmark
adjustments.
12
A new modestly revised version of NAICS codes was released during 2007.
38
attempt to maintain a consistent time series. This means that ES-202 data are
subject to non economic code change errors when analyzed over time. We might
observe one specific local industry grow by 200 jobs in a period while a very
similar kind of industry declines by 200 jobs. This may be the product not of real
economic growth and decline, but instead the result of a recoding of the firm
from one industry to another. Care thus must be taken in analyzing ES-202 data
over time.
•
Because the ES-202 data are not organized as a time series, the quarterly data
cannot be seasonally adjusted. This limits the ES-202’s ability to capture recent
changes in employment at the state and local level. Data can be compared only
for the same quarters in different years. For example, second quarter 2007 data
when compared with third quarter data for Cape Cod region would suggest a
potential massive increase in employment, but instead of expansion of the
productive capacity of the Cape, the employment growth is largely the product of
seasonal hiring associated with summer trade that will decline in the fall and
winter period. Instead, a comparison of third quarter 2006 data with third quarter
2007—essentially measuring employment during two summers—would shed
insight into whether the demand for summer workers had increased or declined in
2007 and in which industries these changes occurred.
A key characteristic of the ES-202 is its use of the NAICS industry classification
hierarchy to produce estimates of increasingly detailed industry sectors in the state.13 Our
review of the CES data noted that the Professional and Business Services industry was an
important source of net new job creation over the course of the current economic
recovery, accounting for about 40 percent of the net new jobs created in the state.
Table 7 presents additional insight into the meaning of job growth within this
broad economic sector by sorting professional and business service producers in the
Commonwealth into somewhat more homogenous groupings based on the kinds of
services these establishments provide. Using the two digit NAICS classification of
13
For a complete review of the NAICS classification system as well as definitions of each NAICS industry
see the NAICS website at http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/naics.html
39
Table 7:
Trends in Non Agricultural Wage and Salary Employment in the Professional and
Business Services Industry in Massachusetts, by 2 Digit NAICS Classification, Third
Quarter 2004 to Third Quarter 2007
NAICS
Code
54
55
56
NAICS Title
Professional and
Business Services
Professional and
Technical Services
Management of
Companies
Administrative and
Waste Services
2004
Third
Quarter
2007
Absolute Relative
Third
Change Change
Quarter
463,772 494,541
30,769
6.6%
228,408 252,712
24,304
10.6%
64,989
61,401
-3,588
-5.5%
170,375 180,429
10,054
5.9%
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Labor Market Information
Unit, April, 2008.
business establishments we move slightly farther down the hierarchy of professional and
business services industries and find that nearly 253,000 jobs (or just over one half of all
payroll employment) in this broad industry grouping (often called a super sector) are
concentrated in firms that provide professional and technical services. Moreover, the data
reveal that the professional and technical services industry (NAICS code 54) grew by
more than 10 percent in just three years and accounted for nearly 80 percent of all new
payroll jobs in the super sector. The administrative and waste management industry
component of the super sector added 10,000 jobs growing by about 6 percent over the
period. Offsetting this increase was a decline in employment levels of firms engaged in
providing management services to firms, where despite overall economic expansion in
the state and the super sector, employment levels declined by 5.5 percent over the period.
The ES-202 program, utilizing even more detailed classification structures
available through the NAICS system, can provide much greater insight into the specific
sources of growth within both the 2 digit professional and technical services industry
(NAICS 54) and the administrative and waste management industry (NAICS 56) in the
state during the economic recovery. Payroll employment in the professional and technical
service industry (NAICS 54) is concentrated in computer and systems design (NAICS
5414), scientific research and development (NAICS 5417), and architectural and
40
Chart 1:
Four Digit NAICS Industry Composition of the Professional and Technical Services
Industry in Massachusetts, Third Quarter 2007
Other Professional
& Technical
Services
, 5%
Advertising and
Legal Services ,
Related Services ,
12%
5%
Accounting and
Bookkeeping
Services , 8%
Scientific
Research and
Development Svc ,
18%
Architectural and
Engineering
Services , 16%
Management &
Technical
Consulting Svc ,
14%
Specialized Design
Services , 1%
Computer Systems
Design and Rel
Services , 21%
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Labor Market Information
Unit, April, 2008.
engineering services (NAICS 5413). Together, these three specific industries employed
about 138,000 workers during the third quarter of 2007, accounting for 55 percent of all
employment in the 2 digit professional and technical services industry.
A look at trends in payroll employment levels within the professional and
technical services industry reveal especially strong growth in the computer systems and
design service industry which increased its statewide payroll employment levels by 21
percent, creating more than 9,000 jobs in three years. Scientific research and
development—a critical component of the state’s Pharma/Biotech sector, also posted
considerable job gains, adding 4,300 payroll jobs and growing by 10 percent over the
three year period. 14 Happily, with the exception of legal services, employment levels in
14
Andrew M. Sum et al, The Economic, Labor Market, and Fiscal Performance and Impacts of the Biopharmaceutical
Industries of Massachusetts, Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, August, 2007.
41
Table 8:
Trends in Non Agricultural Wage and Salary Employment in the Professional and
Technical Services Industry in Massachusetts, by 4 Digit NAICS Classification, Third
Quarter 2004 to Third Quarter 2007
NAICS
Code
54
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
NAICS Title
Professional and Technical
Services
Legal Services
Accounting and
Bookkeeping
Architectural and
Engineering Services
Specialized Design
Services
Computer Systems Design
Services
Management & Technical
Consulting
Scientific Research and
Development Svc
Advertising and Related
Services
Other Professional &
Technical Services
2004
Third
Quarter
2007
Third
Quarter
Absolute
Change
Relative
Change
228,408
31,156
252,712
31,070
24,304
-86
10.6%
-0.3%
18,193
20,350
2,157
11.9%
39,252
41,459
2,207
5.6%
3,263
3,636
373
11.4%
42,970
52,055
9,085
21.1%
31,553
34,703
3,150
10.0%
40,083
44,406
4,323
10.8%
11,451
12,677
1,226
10.7%
10,488
12,355
1,867
17.8%
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Labor Market Information
Unit, April, 2008.
the whole array of professional and technical services grew quite rapidly over the period
of expansion. But this detailed level of analysis that identifies particular industry sources
of growth is important to understand since it is likely that staffing and skill requirements
vary considerably across these 4 digit NAICS code industries. For example, we might
expect the occupational and skills structure of the architectural and engineering industry
to be concentrated in scientific, engineering and information technology related
occupations, whereas we might expect to find that the accounting and bookkeeping
services industry employs a considerable share of their staff in finance, accounting and
other related business occupations.
42
The administrative and waste management component (NAICS 56) of the
professional and business services sector is composed of a very diverse array of
establishments who provide a variety of services to businesses. The two largest
components of this 2 digit NAICS industry are quite different from one another and
include firms that provide employment services, including temporary help firms and
private sector job matching and labor exchange organizations. These employment service
businesses accounted for about 38 percent of all employment in the industry during the
third quarter of 2007, employing 67,700 wage and salary workers. Services to buildings
businesses including janitorial services, landscaping and pest control services employed
about 54,500 workers and accounted for 30 percent of all administrative and waste
Chart 2:
Four Digit NAICS Industry Composition of the Administrative and Waste Management
Service Industry (NAICS 56) in Massachusetts, Third Quarter 2007
Waste Treatment and
Disposal , 1.9%
Remediation and
Other Waste Services ,
2.1%
Waste Collection ,
2.0%
Office Administrative
Services , 5%
Other Support
Services , 2.8%
Employment
Services , 37.5%
Services to Buildings
and Dwellings , 30.2%
Investigation and
Security Services ,
9.5%
Travel Arrangement
& Reservation
Service , 3.7%
Business Support
Services , 5.5%
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Labor Market Information
Unit, April, 2008.
43
management. The remaining one third of employment in this industry included about 10
percent of the industry’s employment in investigation and security services, about 6
percent in waste management services of various types including trash collection and
remediation services and about 5 percent in business services, including collections
services and credit bureaus and private mail centers. An additional 5 percent of
employment was concentrated in business support services that provide services such as
billing, record keeping and personnel on a contract basis to other businesses and
government organizations.
As we noted previously, the administrative and waste services industry overall
added a total of just over 10,000 jobs between the third quarter of 2004 and the third
quarter of 2007. However, a very large share of this increase was concentrated in the
employment services industry. A major element of the employment services industry is
composed of temporary help firms who supply workers to clients for a limited time, with
individual workers employed by the temporary help firm and appearing on their payroll
Table 9:
Trends in Non Agricultural Wage and Salary Employment in the Administrative and
Waste Management Services Industry in Massachusetts, by 4 Digit NAICS
Classification, Third Quarter 2004 to Third Quarter 2007
NAICS
Code
56
5611
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5619
5621
5622
5629
NAICS Title
Administrative and Waste Services
Office Administrative Services
Employment Services
Business Support Services
Travel Arrangement & Reservation
Investigation and Security Services
Services to Buildings and Dwellings
Other Support Services
Waste Collection
Waste Treatment and Disposal
Remediation and Other Waste
Services
2004
Third
Quarter
2007
Absolute Relative
Third
Change Change
Quarter
170,375 180,429
9,309
8,900
60,944 67,721
8,145
9,841
6,772
6,678
17,250 17,163
52,789 54,456
4,815
4,234
3,128
3,582
3,298
3,484
3,505
3,738
10,054
-409
6,777
1,696
-94
-87
1,667
-581
454
186
5.9%
-4.4%
11.1%
20.8%
-1.4%
-0.5%
3.2%
-12.1%
14.5%
5.6%
233
6.6%
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Labor Market Information
Unit, April, 2008.
44
reports. A second major component of the employment services industry is made up of
employment placement and executive search firms. These firms list job vacancies and
refer clients to jobs and may engage in executive job placement activities. The
employment service industry experienced a sharp rise in employment with payroll
employment levels rising by about 6,800 or 11 percent over the three year period. The
employment service industry utilizes a wide array of skills supplying temporary help in
the health professions, information technology, accounting and finance, clerical and
many other positions. In addition to meeting temporary help needs, some firms prefer to
employ temporary workers on a try-out basis to judge their work performance and then
switch high productivity temps from the employment service firm to the contracting
firm’s payroll.
The business support industry also posted considerable growth with employment
rising by more than one fifth from about 8,100 workers during the third quarter of 2004
to 9,800 employees by the third quarter of 2007. Finally, the services to buildings sector
experienced a near 1,700 increase in employment levels during this period of time.
The discussion provided above that examined the industry sources of new job
creation in the professional and business service super sector can be replicated for many
other sectors in the state economy. Appendix B to this monograph provides statewide ES202 data for a variety of 2 digit, 3 digit and 4 digit NAICS code industries that can be
used to develop a better understanding into the sources of economic growth and change.
Because the ES-202 program provides a complete count of jobs across the state it is also
a useful source of information to gain insight into employment developments at the sub
state regional level. The following section examines key employment trends measured by
the ES 202 data in Boston.
Industry Employment Trends in Boston
As we noted earlier, the Massachusetts and New England economies were more
severely affected than the nation by the economic downturn in the early years of this
decade and experienced much slower job growth in the recovery period. Boston
experienced strong gains in its overall level of wage and salary over the last several years.
45
Recent Employment Trends
Between the third quarter of 2004 and the third quarter of 2007, the number of
jobs in Massachusetts increased by 96,336, a rise of 3.1 percent. During the most recent
12-month period for which data are available (Third Quarter 2006 to Third Quarter
2007), employment in the Commonwealth increased by 35,964 jobs or by 1.1 percent.
As noted above, employment in the city of Boston grew at a rapid pace compared to the
state as whole. Between the third quarter of 2004 and the third quarter of 2007, the
number of payroll jobs in the city increased by 28,466 positions, a relative rise of 5.4
percent over the period. 15
The comparatively rapid overall rate of payroll employment expansion reflects a
range of industry sectors that were able to add substantial numbers of wage and salary
jobs. Health services posted strong employment gains over the period, along with the
city’s large education sector. The city’s financial activities sector also experienced strong
payroll employment growth, fueling the demand for professional workers in Boston. The
professional and technical services industry, an important source of employment in
scientific, engineering and information technology fields, also experienced considerable
job growth in recent years. Accommodations and food services providers also posted
strong gains in their payroll employment levels. Partially offsetting these gains were
continued job losses in the city’s manufacturing industries. The findings on recent payroll
employment developments for Boston are summarized in Table 10 and described below.
Health Care and Social Assistance
The health care and social assistance industry sector is a primary source of
employment opportunity that has expanded at a rapid pace in recent years. During the
third quarter of 2004 the city’s health and related social service organizations employed
102,291 wage and salary workers. By the third quarter of 2007 this level had risen by
more than 7,500 jobs, an increase of 7.4 percent over the three year period. The largest
gains in the health sector occurred among ambulatory health care service providers in the
city. New job creation within the city’s medical and surgical hospitals was the primary
source of new job growth in Boston’s health care industry. Hospital employment grew
15
The total payroll employment data for the city exclude all payroll employment in the ‘management of
companies’ industry, NAICS code 55.
46
by more than 6,600 jobs between the third quarter of 2004 and the third quarter of 2007.
Ambulatory care firms in Boston saw their wage and salary employment levels rise by
about 5 percent over the three year period. Payroll employment gains among firms in the
ambulatory care sector were especially strong among physicians’ offices. Nursing and
residential care facilities in the city experienced more modest job growth in recent years.
Employment within social service agencies in Boston including individual and family
service providers and child day care services remained largely unchanged over the
period.
Educational Services
The education industry sector in Boston has also been a major source of new job
creation, adding more than 3,700 workers to its payrolls between the third quarter of 2004
and the third quarter of 2007, a large increase of 9.8 percent over the period. Much of this
increase in wage and salary occurred at the post secondary level. Colleges and
universities in the city expanded employment by 7.9 percent increasing employment
levels from 25,792 to 27,827 from the third quarter of 2004 through the third quarter of
2007. Employment levels in the city’s elementary and secondary school system also
increased over the three year period.
Professional and Technical Services
Boston’s professional and technical services industry’s employment levels
increased from 54,353 during the third quarter of 2004 to 58,301 by the third quarter of
2007, an increase of 7.3 percent. These gains were very heavily concentrated among the
city’s computer systems design firms. Computer design service organizations accounted
for about one third of the rise in professional and technical employment in the city.
Scientific research and development firms also experienced strong payroll employment
growth over the last three years, fueled by rising demand for scientific and engineering
skills in the Bio-technology/Biopharma research area. More modest employment gains
were also posted among the city’s accounting and legal services firms.
Financial Activities
Payroll employment levels in the Boston’s financial activities sector increased
considerably over the last several years. The finance and insurance sector saw its wage
47
and salary employment levels increase sharply, adding 6,270 jobs, a rise of 9.0 percent
between the third quarter of 2004 and the third quarter of 2007. A large share of the
payroll employment gain among firms engaged in financial activities in Boston was
concentrated among firms engaged in various types of financial investment activities.
Insurance carriers posted strong gains with more modest growth among banking
institutions and financial investment related firms. Employment in the city’s real estate
sector rose more modestly over the period.
Table 10:
Trends in Non Agricultural Wage and Salary Employment in the City of Boston, by
Major Industry Sector Third Quarter 2004 to Third Quarter 2007
Industry
Total
23 - Construction
31-33 - Manufacturing
Durable Goods Manufacturing
Non-Durable Goods Manufacturing
22 - Utilities
42 - Wholesale Trade
44-45 - Retail Trade
48-49 - Transportation and Warehousing
51 - Information
52 - Finance and Insurance
53 - Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
54 - Professional and Technical Services
56 - Administrative and Waste Services
61 - Educational Services
62 - Health Care and Social Assistance
71 - Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
72 - Accommodation and Food Services
81 - Other Services, Ex. Public Admin
92 - Public Administration
2004 Third
Quarter
526,853
13,260
13,115
6,710
6,405
2,626
8,334
27,410
28,024
15,571
69,772
11,381
54,353
36,890
38,364
102,291
8,053
42,269
18,612
36,470
2007 Third
Quarter
555,319
13,028
9,549
4,272
5,277
2,595
8,786
27,092
27,072
15,751
76,042
11,394
58,301
40,575
42,112
109,869
8,218
46,095
21,282
37,539
Absolute
Change
28,466
-232
-3,566
-2,438
-1,128
-31
452
-318
-952
180
6,270
13
3,948
3,685
3,748
7,578
165
3,826
2,670
1,069
Relative
Change
5.4%
-1.7%
-27.2%
-36.3%
-17.6%
-1.2%
5.4%
-1.2%
-3.4%
1.2%
9.0%
0.1%
7.3%
10.0%
9.8%
7.4%
2.0%
9.1%
14.3%
2.9%
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Labor Market Information Unit, April,
2008.
Retail Trade
Retail trade firms are a major source of employment in the city of Boston. During
the third quarter of 2004 retail trade business establishments in the city employed 27,410
48
wage and salary workers. Payroll employment among retail businesses fell to 27,092 by
the third quarter of 2007, a 1.2 percent reduction over three years. Most of the job losses
in the city’s retail sector were concentrated in motor vehicle and parts retailing and
building and garden supply firms. Clothing and accessory stores experienced some new
job creation over the same period.
Administrative and Waste Services
The administrative and waste services sector is composed of an amalgam of
sometimes-unconnected service industry elements, ranging from travel agencies to
security firms to waste collection organizations. Between the third quarter of 2004 and
the third quarter of 2007 the administrative and waste services industry added nearly
3,700 jobs, rising by 10.0 percent in three years. Chief among these industry components
in Boston is the employment service industry. Dominated by temporary help staffing
firms, the employment service industry was the primary source of wage and salary job
growth in this sector in recent years. Temporary help firms employ workers in a wide
array of occupations and are used by client firms both to meet short-term labor
requirements in a variety of occupations as well as a means to engage in try-out
employment for potential new hires by the client firm. Employment levels in the
temporary help industry can be quite volatile, as client firms sometimes use temporary
staff to meet shorter-term cyclical and seasonal needs. Thus, over the course of the
business cycle payroll employment levels in this sector frequently change at a much more
rapid pace than in most other industry sectors.
Employment Structure
The following section describes the structure of industry employment in Boston
using the most current available data (Third Quarter 2007). In addition, a more detailed
review of selected sectors is provided. Finally, we have presented information on
employment by the size of employers. The data in this section are intended to offer a
deeper understanding of the job content of the Boston economy.
The health care and social assistance industry is an extraordinarily important part
of the city of Boston’s employment structure and is the largest single sectoral source of
payroll jobs in the city. One out of five payroll jobs in Boston are found in the city’s
49
health care and social assistance sector. The single largest source of employment within
this sector is the hospital industry, primarily composed of medical and surgical hospitals
that employed more than 76,500 wage and salary workers during the third quarter of
2007, or about 70 percent of the health sector’s overall wage and salary employment
level in the city.
Table 11:
The Industrial Structure of Employment in the City of Boston Third Quarter 2007, Two
Digit NAICS Codes
Industry
Total, All Industries
23 - Construction
31-33 - Manufacturing
22 - Utilities
42 - Wholesale Trade
44-45 - Retail Trade
48-49 - Transportation and Warehousing
51 - Information
52 - Finance and Insurance
53 - Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
54 - Professional and Technical Services
55 - Management of Companies and
Enterprises
56 - Administrative and Waste Services
61 - Educational Services
62 - Health Care and Social Assistance
71 - Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
72 - Accommodation and Food Services
81 - Other Services, Ex. Public Admin
92 - Public Administration
Third Quarter
Percent
2007
Distribution
562,516
100.0%
13,028
2.3%
9,549
1.7%
2,595
0.5%
8,786
1.6%
27,092
4.8%
27,072
4.8%
15,751
2.8%
76,042
13.5%
11,394
2.0%
58,301
10.4%
7,197
40,575
42,112
109,869
8,218
46,095
21,282
37,539
1.3%
7.2%
7.5%
19.5%
1.5%
8.2%
3.8%
6.7%
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Labor Market Information Unit, April,
2008.
Ambulatory health care firms, including physicians’ offices, outpatient care
centers, and home health agencies, accounted for about 14 percent of the city’s health
care employment. Nursing and residential care organizations in the city employed more
than 6,100 wage and salary staff members on their payrolls, accounting for just 6 percent
of the sector’s city-wide employment level. Social assistance organizations located in the
50
city employed about 11,300 payroll workers across a range of individual and family
service agencies, emergency and relief providers, vocational rehabilitation organizations
and child day care providers.
Boston’s financial services industry, serving as the New England regional hub in
this sector, is the second largest source of wage and salary jobs in the city, employing
more than 76,000 payroll workers and accounting for 13.5 percent of all jobs located in
the city. About one half of all of Boston’s finance jobs are located in the financial
investments, securities and commodities industries. Depository credit intermediation
(retail banking) accounted for about one quarter of the city’s finance activity related
employment, while insurance carriers accounted for an additional quarter of all jobs in
this sector.
The professional and technical services sector also accounts for a large share of
wage and salary employment in Boston. During the third quarter of 2007 professional
and technical services firms employed more than 58,300 payroll workers, accounting for
about 10 percent of payroll employment within the city. The legal services industry was
the single largest industry within the professional and technical services sector in Boston.
The city’s legal services industry employed about 16,000 wage and salary workers during
the third quarter of 2007, accounting for 27 percent of professional and technical
employment within the city. Management and technical consulting firms, including
business consultants in areas such as human resource management and logistic planning,
as well as scientific consulting, including environmental consulting services, employed
just over 9,600 payroll workers during the third quarter of 2007, accounting for about one
in six professional and technical services jobs located in Boston.
Unlike most other regions of the state, the payroll employment in Boston’s
educational services sector is dominated by a large college and university industry.
During the third quarter of 2007, colleges and universities employed more than 27,800
workers on their payrolls, accounting for two out of three education jobs in the city. An
additional 2,200 city education jobs are in schools that provide instruction in fine arts,
language skills and test preparation (other schools and instruction).
51
The accommodation and food services industry is also a major source of payroll
jobs within the city of Boston. This industry sector accounted for 8 percent of
employment within the city in 2007. The accommodations industry employed more than
10,700 workers during the third quarter of 2007, primarily in travel accommodations.
The food services industry in the city had a payroll employment level of more than
35,300 jobs at that time. Unlike most other regions, food services in Boston are much
more heavily concentrated in full service restaurants, accounting for more than one half
of all employment. The remaining food services jobs are divided among limited service
eating places (fast food restaurants) and special food services, primarily composed of
catering firms.
Retail trade firms employ fewer than 5 percent of all wage and salary workers in
the city of Boston. Food and beverage stores, including grocery stores, employ about one
quarter of all retail workers. Clothing and accessory stores employ nearly 20 percent of
all retail workers in the city, with an additional 11 percent of Boston retail employment
concentrated in health and personal care stores.
A detailed summary of Boston’s industry employment structure is presented in
Table 12.
Table 12:
Distribution of Wage and Salary Employment by Selected Detailed
Industry Sector, City of Boston Third Quarter 2007
Third
Percent
Industry
Quarter 2007 Distribution
44-45 Retail Trade
27,092
100.0%
441 Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers
1,505
5.6%
445 Food and Beverage Stores
7,007
25.9%
446 Health and Personal Care Stores
2,931
10.8%
448 Clothing and Clothing Accessories Stores
5,307
19.6%
451 Sporting Good, Books and Music Stores
1,984
7.3%
452 General Merchandise Stores
1,938
7.2%
All Other Retail Trade
6,420
23.6%
52
Finance and Insurance
76,042
100.0%
522 Credit Intermediation and Banking
18,740
24.6%
523 Financial Investment, Securities and Commodities
37,099
48.8%
524 Insurance Carriers
17,808
23.3%
All Other Investment Activities
2,495
3.3%
52
Table 12: (continued)
54
5411
5412
5413
5415
5416
5417
5418
56
5613
5616
5617
61
6113
62
621
622
623
624
72
721
722
Industry
Professional and Technical Services
Legal Services
Accounting and Bookkeeping Services
Architectural and Engineering Services
Computer Systems Design and Related Services
Management & Technical Consulting Svc
Scientific Research and Development Svc
Advertising Services
All Other Professional and Technical Services
Administrative and Waste Services
Employment Services
Investigation and Security Services
Services to Buildings and Dwellings
All Other Administrative and Waste Services
Educational Services
Colleges and Universities
All Other Educational Services
Health Care and Social Assistance
Ambulatory Health Care Services
Hospitals
Nursing and Residential Care Facilities
Social Assistance
Accommodation and Food Services
Accommodation
Food Services and Drinking Places
Third
Percent
Quarter 2007 Distribution
58,301
100.0%
16,010
27.4%
7,243
12.4%
6,661
11.4%
5,293
9.1%
9,607
16.5%
7,286
12.5%
4,111
7.1%
2,090
3.6%
40,575
100.0%
15,757
38.8%
6,799
16.8%
9,733
24.0%
8,286
20.4%
42,112
100.0%
27,827
66.1%
14,285
34.0%
109,869
100.0%
15,853
14.4%
76,557
69.7%
6,106
5.6%
11,343
10.3%
46,095
100.0%
10,735
23.3%
35,361
76.7%
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Labor Market Information Unit,
April, 2008.
Employer Size as a Factor in Local Employment
The distinctive characteristics of business firms are not only associated with the
industry in which the organization operates. From a workforce development perspective,
the size of the business organization is also a major factor that distinguishes among
producers. Many job characteristics, even within the same occupation, can vary
systematically by the size of the firm in which the job is found. Characteristics such as
work, wages, benefits, employment stability and firm growth rates are thought to be
associated with the size of the firm.
53
Table 13:
The Distribution of Business Establishments and Employment in the City of Boston and
Massachusetts, by Employment Size Class, Third Quarter 2007
Boston
Size Group
0 to 19
Massachusetts
Percent
Distribution of
Number of
Number of Business
Business
Business
Establishments
Establishments Establishments
16,190
81.9%
181,048
Percent
Distribution of
Business
Establishments
86.9%
20 to 99
2775
14.0%
22,194
10.7%
100 to 499
659
3.3%
4,446
2.1%
500 +
139
0.7%
584
0.3%
Total
19,763
100.0%
208,272
100.0%
Boston
Size Group
0 to 19
Number of Jobs
71,609
Massachusetts
Percent
Percent
Distribution of
Distribution of
Jobs
Number of Jobs
Jobs
13.0%
724,049
22.8%
20 to 99
116,088
21.0%
888,561
28.0%
100 to 499
130,847
23.7%
840,129
26.5%
500 +
233,440
42.3%
716,437
22.6%
Total
551,984
100.0%
3,169,176
100.0%
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Labor Market Information Unit, April, 2008
The findings provided in Table 13 reveal that small employers dominate Boston.
Among the 19,763 business establishments reporting employment in March 2007, 81.9
percent had fewer than 20 employees. These firms, however, accounted for just 13
percent of the jobs in Boston, a bit more than one half the state share of jobs accounted
for by very small business establishments.
While firms employing 100 or more wage and salary workers represented a small
share of the number of business establishments in the city, they accounted for a very large
proportion of payroll jobs. A total of 798 business establishments (4.0 percent) reported
employing at least 100 workers in the city of Boston. These firms were responsible for
54
66 percent of all wage and salary jobs in Boston. This share is sharply higher than the
statewide average for large business establishments, which employ about 49 percent of
all wage and salary workers in the Commonwealth.
55
Occupational Staffing Patterns of Industries and
Educational Attainment of Workers by Industries and
Occupations in Boston
Introduction
The educational attainment and literacy proficiencies required in the workforce
are largely determined by the types of jobs that are available in an area. In the previous
section, we have presented detailed accounts of recent trends in industry employment and
the industry composition of total employment in Boston as well as the state. The level of
employment and the change in employment by industry sector together shed important
insights into the total labor demand in an area. However, these measures do not provide
estimates of the type of labor that is required to staff these industries. Rather, it is the
occupational staffing patterns of industries and the educational attainment of individuals
employed in different occupations and industries that provide estimates of the types of
workers that are needed (employed) within these industries.
In this section we have presented a description of the occupational staffing
patterns of industry sectors in Boston. We have also examined the educational attainment
of workers who were employed in different occupations and industry sectors in Boston.
All data presented in this section are derived from our analysis of the American
Community Survey (ACS) data.
The ACS is a nationwide survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau that will
replace the decennial census long form survey starting in 2010. The ACS began as a
demonstration in 1996 and culminated in full implementation in 2005. The 2005 ACS
survey and every annual ACS survey thereafter will be implemented in every county of
the nation with an annual sample of about three million housing units. The ACS provides
data for individuals on their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, labor
market experiences, educational attainment and school enrollment status, and earnings
and incomes for all states, as well as for all cities, counties, metropolitan areas, and
population groups of 65,000 people or more. Although the ACS sample sizes are quite
large, we have combined ACS data files from two years to secure sufficiently large
56
sample sizes to produce reliable estimates at the level of the Local Workforce Investment
Board area. Estimates presented in this section for Boston are based upon the responses
from 9,540 individuals who were employed and working within the boundaries of Boston
city at the time of the ACS surveys.
The 2005 and 2006 ACS surveys contain information on the place of residence
and the place of work of respondents who were employed at the time of the ACS survey.
Utilizing the 2005 and 2006 ACS data files we have identified individuals who listed
Boston as their place of work (regardless of where they identified their place of
residence). We refer to these individuals as Boston workers in this section. An
examination of the industries and occupations in which these Boston workers were
employed provides the occupational composition or occupational staffing patterns of each
industry sector in Boston. The examination of their educational attainment provides the
educational requirements within the industries and occupations in Boston.
The industry and occupation of workers in the ACS database are self identified.
The industry sector in which they are employed is determined from ACS survey
respondents’ answers to questions that ask respondents to provide the name of their
employer and identify the kind of business or industry of their employer by describing the
main activity at the place where they were employed, for example, a hospital, a
university, a newspaper publishing firm, a restaurant, etc. The occupation of these
workers is determined from their responses to the question about the kind of work they
were performing (for example, registered nurse, personnel manager, secretary,
accountant, secondary school teacher, etc.) and their identification of the most important
duties that they performed at work.
Occupational Staffing Patterns of Industries
A total of 510,992 individuals identified their place of work as within Boston.
These workers were employed in a wide array of industry sectors and occupational
groups. The occupational distribution of workers in different industry groups represents
the occupational staffing patterns of these industry groups. We have aggregated industries
57
in which the workers in Boston were employed into 9 broad categories. The occupations
of these workers have been aggregated into 6 groups of occupations.16
The distribution of workers in each of these 9 industry sectors by the occupation
in which they were employed is presented in Table 1. The first half of this table contains
the occupational staffing patterns of industries in Boston and the second half contains the
same for the state of Massachusetts. The reader should note that all data in this section
pertain to the geographic area of the place of work at the time of the ACS surveys. This
means that the occupational staffing patterns in Boston are measured with the
occupational distribution by industry of all workers who stated that their place of work
was in Boston. Similarly, the occupational staffing patterns in Massachusetts are
measured with the occupational distribution by industry of all workers who stated that
their place of work was in Massachusetts.
As noted above, we have classified occupations into 6 broad groups. The
components of each of these 6 groups are presented below:
College labor market & high level sales
occupations
Management occupations
Business and financial operations occupations
Computer & mathematical occupations
Architecture & engineering occupations
Life, physical, & social science occupations
Community & social services occupations
Legal occupations
Education, training, & library occupations
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, & media
occupations
High-level sales occupations
Healthcare practitioner & technical
occupations
Office & administrative support occupations
Service & low level sales occupations
Healthcare support occupations
Protective service occupations
Food preparation & serving occupations
Building & grounds cleaning occupations
Personal care & service occupations
Low-level sales occupations
High skill blue collar
Construction & extraction occupations
Installation, maintenance, & repair
Occupations
Production, transportation & material
moving occupations
Production occupations
Transportation & material moving
Occupations
Excluded:
Farming, fishing, & forestry occupations
16
Please see Appendix C for detailed statewide tabulations of all the data presented in this section.
58
The occupational staffing patterns varied sharply by industry sector. Nearly threequarters of the workers employed in the construction industry in Boston were working in
high skill blue-collar jobs in the construction and extraction occupations and installation
maintenance and repair occupations and another 6 percent were employed in production
blue collar occupations. Fewer than 17 percent were employed in college labor market or
high level sales occupations and 4 percent worked in office and administrative support
positions.
The occupational staffing patterns of manufacturing industries indicate about
equal numbers of workers in production, transportation, and material moving occupations
and college labor market occupations. Forty percent of the manufacturing sector workers
in Boston were employed in production, transportation, and material moving occupations
and 42 percent were working in college labor market occupations—15 percent in
management occupations, 9 percent in high level sales, 6 percent in engineering and
architecture, 5 percent in business and finance, and 4 percent in business and financial
operations occupations. High skill blue collar positions were held by a much smaller
proportion of manufacturing workers in the city. Only 4 percent held these relatively
sophisticated blue collar jobs.
Among the remaining seven (non-production) industries the highest
concentrations in college labor market occupations and healthcare practitioner
occupations—both sets of occupations requiring high levels of educational attainment—
were found among firms that provide professional, scientific, and technical services,
finance, insurance, and real estate firms, the educational services industry, the
information sector, and the healthcare and social services industry. Each of these industry
sectors employed between two-thirds to four-fifths of its workforce in college labor
market occupations—including healthcare practitioner occupations. The occupational
staffing pattern of each of the seven (non-production) industry sectors is examined below.
The highest share of college labor market occupations, 83 percent, was found
among professional, scientific, and technical service firms. These occupations require
high levels of educational attainment and include legal occupations, business and
financial occupations, management occupations, computer and mathematical
59
Table 1: Occupational Staffing Patterns of Selected Industries in Boston and Massachusetts, 2005-06
BOSTON
Major Occupations
Total Workers
College labor market & high level sales
occupations
Healthcare practitioner & technical
Service and low level sales occupations
Office & administrative support
High skill blue collar occupations
Production, transportation & material
moving occupations
Prof.,
Finance, Scientific
Ins. & Real & Tech.
Services
Information
Estate
19,889
74,515
59,815
Educ.
Services
46,629
Healthcare
& Social
Other
Services Services
95,095
111,026
Constr.
26,831
Manufacturing
18,017
Retail
Trade
25,093
16.5%
0.0%
0.0%
3.6%
74.0%
42.6%
0.0%
2.4%
10.7%
3.9%
29.7%
2.0%
47.2%
9.9%
2.1%
69.7%
0.0%
4.4%
15.0%
7.6%
79.6%
0.1%
4.5%
14.4%
0.7%
82.4%
0.7%
1.0%
15.1%
0.3%
75.0%
2.7%
7.6%
12.2%
1.0%
26.9%
42.0%
17.6%
12.0%
0.8%
32.1%
1.0%
48.3%
12.4%
2.3%
6.0%
40.4%
9.0%
3.3%
0.8%
0.6%
1.4%
0.7%
3.9%
Prof.,
Scientific
& Tech.
Services
263,118
Educ.
Services
304,449
MASSACHUSETTS
Major Occupations
Total Workers
College labor market & high level sales
occupations
Healthcare practitioner & technical
Service and low level sales occupations
Office & administrative support
High skill blue collar occupations
Production, transportation & material
moving occupations
Retail
Constr. Manufacturing Trade
220,625
347,648
342,566
Finance,
Ins. & Real
Information
Estate
91,315
260,107
Healthcare
& Social
Other
Services Services
460,001
620,202
15.6%
0.0%
0.6%
4.9%
74.7%
42.5%
0.2%
1.4%
10.4%
4.1%
28.0%
2.3%
38.8%
15.8%
4.2%
64.7%
0.0%
5.1%
16.9%
8.9%
66.1%
0.5%
7.1%
23.9%
1.5%
81.8%
1.9%
1.4%
12.6%
0.8%
75.8%
2.8%
10.9%
8.6%
1.3%
23.7%
34.9%
26.2%
13.3%
0.6%
25.1%
1.0%
52.4%
11.3%
4.7%
4.2%
41.4%
10.9%
4.3%
0.9%
1.4%
0.6%
1.3%
5.5%
Source: 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files, tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies,
Northeastern University.
60
occupations, architecture and engineering, art, design, and media, life, physical, and
social science, and high level sales occupations. Most of the remaining workers in these
firms were employed in office and administrative support positions (15 percent). The
professional, scientific, and technical services industry represents one of the growth
industries in the Boston. Firms in this sector of Boston increased employment by over 7
percent between the third quarters of 2004 and 2007.
The finance, insurance, and real estate firms in Boston employed nearly 80
percent of their workforce in college labor market occupations. Over 27 percent of these
college labor market workers were employed in business and financial operations, 23
percent in management, nearly 16 percent in high level sales, and over 9 percent in
computer and mathematical occupations. The remaining workers in the finance and
insurance industry in Boston were mainly employed in office and administrative support
positions (14 percent) and in low level sales and service occupations (5 percent).
Employment in the finance and insurance industry in Boston grew by 9 percent, adding
6,270 jobs between the third quarter of 2003 and the third quarter of 2007. Employment
in the real estate sector did not change over the three year period.
Another industry with sizable concentrations of college labor market occupations
is the educational services industry. Nearly four-fifths (78 percent) of its workers were
employed in the college labor market occupations (including high level healthcare
occupations). These occupations include education, training, and library occupations (45
percent), management occupations (13 percent), life, physical, and social sciences
occupations (6 percent), and much smaller shares (between 0.5 percent and 3 percent) in
other college labor market occupations. Office and administrative service occupations
employed 12 percent of the workers in the educational services sector in Boston. Nearly 8
percent of the workers in this industry were employed in service occupations providing
building and grounds, protective, food preparation and serving, and personal services.
Educational services firms located in Boston increased employment by nearly 10 percent
between the third quarter of 2004 and the third quarter of 2007.
61
The workforce of the information industry sector in Boston also consisted of a
large share of workers (nearly 70 percent) in college labor market occupations consisting
of nearly one-quarter in art, design, and media occupations, 16 percent in management
occupations, 11 percent in high level sales, 7 percent in computer and mathematical
occupations, 5 percent in architecture and engineering occupations, and smaller shares in
business and financial operations (3.4 percent), educational, training and library
occupations (2.5 percent), and legal occupations (0.7 percent). About 15 percent of the
workforce in Boston’s information industry was employed in office and administrative
support positions and 11 percent worked in blue-collar positions, most of whom were
performing skilled blue-collar work in installation, maintenance and repair occupations.
Over 4 percent of the information industry workforce was employed in service and lower
level sales occupations.
The health care and social assistance industry accounts for nearly one-fifth of the
total employment in Boston. The occupational staffing pattern in this industry sector
within Boston reveals that 42 percent of the workers were employed as healthcare
practitioners and healthcare technicians and technologists. Another 27 percent worked in
other college labor market occupations including management, financial operations,
scientists, legal occupations, and other college labor market occupations. Nearly 18
percent were employed in service occupations, most of whom were working in healthcare
support and personal care occupations. Administrative support duties were performed by
12 percent of the workers on their jobs in the healthcare or social services firms in
Boston. Between the third quarters of 2004 and 2007, firms in the health care and social
assistance sector in Boston added 7,578 jobs representing a relative increase of 7 percent
over the 3-year period.
Firms providing services such as accommodation and food services, arts,
entertainment and recreation services, administrative support and waste management
services, and public services have very different occupational staffing patterns compared
to the other two service industries discussed above (professional, scientific, and technical
services and educational services). Firms in this miscellaneous services sector had high
concentrations of workers in service occupations and much smaller shares in the two
categories of college labor market occupations. Only 32 percent of the workforce in this
62
industry was employed in college labor market occupations and 1 percent in healthcare
practitioner and technical occupations, while over 48 percent worked in service
occupations such as food preparation and serving, building and grounds cleaning,
protective services, and personal care service occupations, and in low level sales
occupations. Office and administrative support occupations employed 12 percent of the
workforce in this industry and another 6 percent were performing blue-collar work.
Boston’s firms that were engaged in the retail trade business were staffed with
middle to lower level occupations. Nearly one-half of the workers in this industry were
employed in sales occupations (47 percent) with a large share in lower level sales
positions such as cashiers and other retail salespersons. Nearly 30 percent of retail trade
industry workers were employed in college labor market occupations, mainly in high
level sales occupations (19 percent) and another 7 percent were working in management
or financial operations occupations. One in ten workers in this industry was employed in
administrative support jobs in clerical and secretarial positions. The share of blue collar
employment among retail trade firms in Boston was 11 percent, consisting of over 7
percent in transportation and material moving occupations, 2 percent in production
occupations, and 2 percent in high skill blue collar positions.
The sharp differences in the kinds of occupations that staff the different industries
in Boston (as well as the state) means that changes in employment across industries will
have a direct impact on the demand for workers qualified and trained to work in different
occupations. For example, if retail trade employment grows, one can expect an increase
in the demand for workers in sales occupations. If employment in manufacturing
increases, blue collar workers will see an uptick in the demand for their services.
Combining the data on the occupational staffing patterns of different industries with the
job growth or decline trends in these industries can provide important insights into the
changes in the demand for specific types of workers. Occupational staffing patterns do
not hold constant over time and are not identical across different areas. Workforce
development professionals need to develop and update the occupational staffing patterns
information for their area and combine this information with the industry employment
trends in their area to assess changes in the demand for specific types of workers.
63
Educational Attainment of Workers by Occupation
An examination of the occupational staffing patterns of industries presented in the
previous section provides information about the demand for specific types of workers that
arises from a change in employment across different industry sectors. The occupational
classification is based upon the duties that workers perform on their jobs. The
qualifications necessary to perform these job duties are sharply different across different
occupations. One of the key measures of worker qualifications is their educational
attainment. The actual level of educational attainment of workers who are currently
employed in an occupation provides a fairly accurate measure of the level of education,
literacy, and skill requirements of that occupation.
An examination of the educational attainment levels of workers employed in
Boston demonstrates the sharp difference in the educational attainment of workers
employed in different occupations. Workers employed in college labor market
occupations had large shares of college graduates with a bachelor’s degree or a higher
level of education. Over 80 percent of Boston workers employed in these occupations had
a bachelor’s degree or higher level of education. Another 14 percent had some
postsecondary education below the bachelor’s degree level. Thus, over 94 percent of the
workers in the college labor market occupations had completed some level of
postsecondary education—below, at, or above the bachelor’s degree level.
The next largest college graduate concentration was among workers employed in
the other component of college labor market occupations—healthcare practitioner and
technical occupations. Nearly four-fifths (78 percent) of the workers employed in these
occupations in Boston were college graduates with a bachelor’s or higher level of
education and over 18 percent had completed some postsecondary education below the
bachelor’s degree level. Individuals with some postsecondary education—below, at, or
above the bachelor’s degree level—comprised nearly 97 percent of the workforce
employed in these occupations in Boston.
Workers in the office and administrative support occupations also were more
likely to have some college education, although these workers were as likely to have
completed a college education below the bachelor’s degree level as they were to have
64
completed a bachelor’s degree education or higher. About one-third of the workers in
these occupations in Boston had a bachelor’s degree or a higher level of education and
about the same number had completed a college education below the bachelor’s degree
level. Nearly 29 percent of the office and administrative support workers had a high
school diploma with no postsecondary education and 3 percent had not completed a high
school education.
Chart 1:
Percentage Distribution by Educational Attainment of Employed Individuals Who
Worked in Boston by Major Occupational Group, 2005-06
0.8%
College labor market &
4.8% 13.8%
high level sales
80.4%
2.9%
Occupation
Healthcare practitioner &
technical
0.5%
2.6%
Service & low level sales
18.4%
14.3%
3.3%
Office & administrative
support
1.1%
35.0%
28.7%
14.3%
High skill blue collar
Production, transportation
& material moving
1.0%
78.0%
14.7%
26.4%
21.7%
34.0%
46.9%
43.1%
32.8%
27.2%
22.5%
0%
High school students
High school dropout
11.6%
18.6%
100%
High school graduate
Some college
Bachelor's or more
Source: 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data files,
tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
Blue collar occupations at the lower end of Chart 1 had disproportionately large
numbers of high school graduates. Nearly 47 percent of the workers in high skill blue
collar jobs and 43 percent of production, transportation and material moving workers had
completed only a high school level of education and earned a high school diploma or a
GED certificate. Over 27 percent of the workers in high skill blue collar occupations and
65
22 percent in production and transportation occupations had completed some
postsecondary education below the bachelor’s degree level. Bachelor’s degrees were less
common among these workers—about 12 percent among high skill blue collar workers,
and 19 percent among production and transportation workers. These occupations had
somewhat higher shares of high school dropouts. We have defined high school dropouts
as those individuals who did not have a high school diploma or a GED and were not
enrolled in school at the time of the ACS surveys. Individuals who did not have a high
school diploma or a GED but were enrolled in school at the time of the ACS survey were
classified as high school students. Over 14 percent of high skill blue collar workers and
15 percent of production and transportation and material moving workers in Boston were
high school dropouts.
Generally, low level sales occupations such as cashiers, counter clerks and retail
salespersons and service occupation workers are more likely to be staffed by young
workers—in the form of high school students. This is not as strong a case in Boston, with
fewer than 3 percent of the workforce in these occupations consisting of high school
students. High school dropouts consisted of 14 percent of the workforce in this industry.
Thirty-five percent of the workers in this occupation were high school graduates, 26
percent had completed postsecondary education below the bachelor’s degree level and
nearly 22 percent had completed a bachelor’s degree or higher level of education.
Growth and decline in occupational employment in a region provides very clear
signals regarding the demand for education in the region. Employment growth in the
retail trade sector would not place a strong demand for college graduates whereas
increases in employment in the healthcare sector or the professional and technical service
sector will result in higher employment in college labor market occupations and therefore
an increase in the demand for college graduates and workers with high skills and high
levels of literacy proficiencies.
Educational Attainment of Workers by Industry
Although industries are staffed with workers in several different occupations,
there are some occupations that are more dominant in certain industries than in others.
For example, blue-collar occupations are more dominant in the construction and
66
manufacturing industries and college labor market occupations are more dominant in the
professional, scientific and technical services industries. These differences in the types of
jobs across different industries result in different levels of educational attainment among
workers in different industries. The education of workers employed in different industries
provides a measure of the educational requirements to obtain employment in these
industries.
An examination of the educational attainment of workers in Boston within the
nine industry sectors highlights sharp difference across industries. Our discussion starts
with the industry with the most college graduates. College graduates account for 80
percent of all workers in the professional, scientific, and technical services industries,
three-quarters in the educational services and the finance, insurance, and real estate
industries, two-thirds in the information industry, and 60 percent in the healthcare and
social services industry.
These five industry sectors in Boston had between 14 percent and 22 percent of
workers with some college education below the bachelor’s degree level. The combined
share of all college graduates and workers with some college education below the
bachelor’s degree level yields a large majority of the workers in these five industries with
some postsecondary education. Nearly 94 percent of workers in the professional,
scientific and technical services sector, 91 percent in the finance, insurance, and real
estate sector, 89 percent in the education services industry, 86 percent in the information
industry, and 82 percent in the healthcare and social services industry had completed
some postsecondary education below, at, or above the bachelor’s degree level.
These industries employed relatively smaller shares of high school graduates—14
percent in the healthcare and social services sector, 13 percent in the information
industry, 8 percent in the finance, insurance, and real estate industry and the educational
services industry, and only 6 percent in the professional and technical services industry.
High school dropouts were not very likely to work in these five industries, particularly in
the professional, scientific, and technical services industry, which had less than 0.2
percent high school dropouts in their workforce. High school dropouts comprised only 1
percent each of Boston’s workforce in the finance, insurance, and real estate industries
67
and information industries and 2.4% and 3.1% respectively in the educational services
and healthcare and social services industries.
Chart 2:
Percentage Distribution by Educational Attainment of Employed Individuals Who
Worked in Boston by Major Industry, 2005-06
0.2%
Construction
21.8%
23.0%
41.3%
13.6%
0.6%
Manufacturing
10.5%
Retail Trade
4.2%
5.4%
44.4%
21.9%
22.6%
33.2%
23.5%
33.7%
0.4% 0.9%
Industry
Information
1.2%
0.4%
7.5%
Finance, Ins, & Real Estate
Prof., Scientific, & Tech,
5.9%
Services
66.6%
19.5%
12.6%
73.6%
17.2%
79.6%
14.3%
0.8%2.4%
7.7%
Educ. Services
74.7%
14.3%
3.1%
Healthcare & Social
Services 0.6%
14.4%
60.2%
21.7%
1.0%
Other Services
11.4%
26.2%
38.3%
23.1%
0%
High school students
High school dropouts
100%
High school graduate
Some college
Bachelor's or more
Source: 2005 and 2006 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) data
files, tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
The miscellaneous (other) services sector, which contains firms that provide
administrative support and waste management, arts, entertainment, recreation,
accommodation, food services, and public services, had 38 percent of its workforce with
a bachelor’s degree or a higher level of education. Workers with some college education
below the bachelor’s degree level comprised 23 percent of all workers employed in this
industry. Over one-quarter of the workers in this industry had a high school diploma or a
GED but no postsecondary education, and 11 percent were high school dropouts.
68
The retail trade industry had fewer college graduates in its workforce than the
miscellaneous services industry. One-third of its workforce had a bachelor’s degree or
higher level of education and another one-third had only earned a high school diploma or
a GED certificate without any postsecondary education. Nearly one-quarter (24 percent)
had some college education below the bachelor’s degree level and 5 percent were high
school dropouts. High school students comprised 4 percent of all workers in the retail
trade industry in Boston. The larger share of high school students in the retail trade sector
means that these industries provide employment opportunities to teens and younger
workers. In fact, this industry is the entry point to the labor market for many teen
workers.
The construction industry in Boston had workers with the lowest educational
credentials. Nearly 14 percent had failed to earn a high school diploma or a GED
certificate and 41 percent had terminated their education after graduating from high
school. Twenty-three percent had completed some college education and 22 percent had a
bachelor’s or a higher degree. Workers in the manufacturing sector had much better
education levels than those in the construction sector in Boston. About 11 percent had
failed to graduate from high school, 23 percent had a high school diploma or a GED, and
22 percent had completed some college. Over 44 percent had a bachelor’s degree or a
higher level of education.
The education of workers in Boston varied widely by the industry sector and by
the occupation in which they were employed. Knowledge of the trends in employment by
industry can be combined with the occupational staffing structures of growing and
shrinking industry sectors to assess changes in the labor demand for individuals with
different skill sets and educational levels. Industry employment trends in Boston and its
occupational staffing patterns and educational requirements point toward a greater
demand for better-educated workers.
69
Job Vacancy Measurement and Interpretation
Introduction
Measures of job vacancies are usually designed to provide insights into the size
and characteristics of unfilled labor demand in a way that is analogous to the way the
measure of unemployment serves to describe available but unutilized labor supply. The
household unemployment measure classifies individuals in the working age population as
unemployed if they are:
•
jobless,
•
actively seeking work in the 4 weeks prior to the survey reference week, and
•
available for work at the time of the survey. 17
The measure of job vacancies is usually constructed in a parallel fashion. The count of
job vacancies includes wage and salary positions for which:
•
a specific position exists that is available to workers outside the firm
•
the employer is actively seeking workers outside the firm
•
and the position could be filled within thirty days of the survey.
Two parallel systems of job vacancy measurement exist in the nation today. At
the national level the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) conducts a monthly survey of
business establishments that measures worker accession and separation from payrolls
each month as well as the number of jobs remaining unfilled at the end of the month by
industry. The Job Openings Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) is a nationally
representative survey of business establishments conducted on a monthly basis that
produces measures of the number of wage and salary jobs vacant at the end of each
month and a job vacancy rate measure that provides an estimate of the share of all wage
17
The Current Population Survey (CPS) and American Community Survey (ACS) use slightly different
unemployment concepts and the population scope of the two surveys is slightly different. The ACS
estimate of the unemployment rate in a state or locality is generally higher than that measured by the CPS.
See: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Guidance of Differences in Employment and Unemployment Estimates
from Different Sources, www.census.gov/hhes/laborfor/laborguidance082504.html, August 23, 2004 and
Wayne Vroman, Comparing Labor Market Indicators from the CPS and the ACS, The Urban Institute,
Washington, DC. November, 2003.
70
and salary positions in the American economy that are unfilled at a point in time. 18 BLS
publishes monthly estimates of the aggregate number of job vacancies and the aggregate
job vacancy rate for the nation and four major geographic regions of the country each
month. In addition, BLS produces monthly national estimates of both job vacancies and
job vacancy rates by major industry sector.
The JOLTS survey places the job vacancy estimates it produces in the context of
overall labor turnover activity that has occurred over a given month. Labor turnover is
composed of two distinct measures:
•
Hires, which includes the total number of additions to a firm’s payroll that
occurred over a month, including new hires, recalls from lay-off and other rehired
employees.
•
Separations, which are composed of three elements.
1. Quits, or voluntary separations from the business (except retirements or
transfers to other locations),
2. Involuntary separations including layoffs and fires,
3. Other separations including retirements, transfers to other locations,
separation due to disabling condition or death.
The monthly measure of job vacancies is thus placed in the context of the hiring
and separation activity that plays a central role in the creation of job vacancies at a point
in time and helps provide insights into the underlying sources of job vacancies: growth
and turnover.
Trends in Job Vacancies in the Nation
The total number of job vacancies in the nation has declined since the beginning
of 2007. The findings provided in Chart 1 reveal that at the end of January 2007 a total of
4.168 million jobs on American payrolls were unfilled and were actively seeking
workers. At that time the nation’s job vacancy rate stood at 3.0 percent, meaning that 3
percent of all payroll jobs in the nation were unfilled at the time of the survey in January
2007. Since then, the number of jobs that were unfilled at the end of the month has
18
The national job vacancy rate is calculated as (V/V+E)*100, where V=stock of job vacancies and E =
wage and salary employment level.
71
trended downward. By the end of February 2008 the number of unfilled payroll jobs
among the nation’s employers had declined to 3.820 million, a reduction of 487,000 jobs
and a relative decline of more than 11 percent in unfilled labor demand. The job vacancy
rate also declined over this period of time falling to 2.7 percent by February 2008. This
suggests a slackening of labor demand as the growth in the nation’s economy has slowed
and payroll employment levels have declined, as we observed earlier.
Chart 1:
Trends in the Total Number of Wage and Salary Job Vacancies in the
United States, January 2007 to February 2008
Seasonally Adjusted, Numbers in 1000s
4400
4307
4267
4300
4168
4200
4201
4162
4148 4133
4116
4080
4100
4044
3972 3974
4000
3889
3900
3820
3800
3700
3600
3500
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Job Openings Labor Turnover Survey, LABSTAT. www.bls.gov
Despite the context of overall declines in payroll employment in recent months, the
JOLTS survey still found 3.8 million unfilled jobs during February of 2008.
Declines in the number of job vacancies were especially severe in the construction
and manufacturing industries over the last year. Both of these sectors saw their number of
job vacancies fall by more than one quarter over the year, as companies in these
72
industries began to pare their payrolls through reduced hiring and rising separations,
including layoffs. The trade, transportation and utilities sector, along with retail trade
producers, also experienced sharp reductions over the year in the number of unfilled jobs
available for immediate occupancy. In contrast, the professional and business services
industry experienced little reduction in the number of job openings while the health and
education sector saw the number of unfilled jobs rise from 714,000 to 748,000, a rise of 5
percent in the level of unfilled openings. This increase is reflective of the continued
expansion of payroll employment levels among the nation’s health services producers.
Table 1:
Trends in the Number of Wage and Salary Job Vacancies in the
United States, January 2007 to February 2008, by Industry Sector
(Seasonally Adjusted, Numbers in 000s)
Construction
Manufacturing
Trade, Transportation,
Utilities
Retail
Professional and
Business
Education and Health
Leisure
Accommodation and
Food
Government
Absolute Relative
Change Change
-51
-27%
-98
-28%
Jan-07
191
344
Feb-08
140
246
763
424
611
346
-152
-78
-20%
-18%
707
714
566
695
748
519
-12
34
-47
-2%
5%
-8%
491
461
462
441
-29
-20
-6%
-4%
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Job Openings Labor Turnover Survey, LABSTAT. www.bls.gov
Not only has the level of job vacancies declined considerably across a number of
major industry sectors in the nation, but the job vacancy rate in these industries has
declined, providing additional support to the view that labor demand conditions have
slackened over the last year as the share of payroll jobs that remained unfilled has
declined. The data provided in Chart 2 reveal that job vacancy rates fell considerably in
both the construction and manufacturing industries during 2007 into early 2008. During
January of last year both industry sectors had a job vacancy rate of 2.4 percent, but by
February 2008 the job vacancy rate in construction had fallen to 1.9 percent while in
73
manufacturing the rate had declined to 1.8 percent. The retail trade sector saw its
seasonally adjusted job vacancy rate fall from 2.7 percent to 2.2 percent over the year,
while wholesale trade, transportation and utilities producers reduced their vacancy rate
from 2.8 percent to 2.2 percent. The high end professional and business services
industry’s vacancy rate remained essentially unchanged over the year - remaining at the
3.7 – 3.8 percent range. Similarly, the job vacancy rate in the education and health sector
remained stable in the 3.8 to 3.9 percent range.
Chart 2:
Trends in the Number of Wage and Salary Job Vacancy Rates in the
United States, January 2007 to February 2008, by Industry Sector
(Seasonally Adjusted)
1.9%
2.0%
Government
3.8%
Accommodation and Food
3.7%
Leisure
4.1%
3.9%
3.8%
Education and Health
3.7%
3.8%
Professional and Business
Retail
2.2%
Trade, Transportation,
Utilities
2.2%
1.8%
Manufacturing
1.9%
Construction
0.0%
4.1%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.7%
2.8%
2.4%
2.4%
2.0%
2.5%
Jan-07
Feb-08
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
4.5%
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Job Openings Labor Turnover Survey, LABSTAT. www.bls.gov
The data reveal that the two major industry sectors with the highest vacancy rate
were the accommodation and food industry and leisure and hospitality industry. These
sectors had job vacancy rates of 3.8 percent and 3.7 percent respectively at the end of
74
February 2008. The job vacancy rate in both these sectors was sharply above the overall
vacancy rate of 2.7 percent observed for the labor market as whole during February of
this year. Does this imply that the most severe skill shortage problems exist in these two
industries where nearly 4 percent of all payroll jobs remained unfilled at the end of
February? One way of assessing the underlying causes of high vacancy rates within an
industry is to place them in the context of hiring and separation transaction flows—labor
turnover—that occurs in the weeks just prior to the measurement of the stock of job
vacancies that occur at the end of the month.
Hires and Separations
The findings provided in Chart 3 and Table 2 examine how the flow of new hires
and separations has changed over the past year. During January 2007 the nation’s
business establishments filled 4.992 million jobs. This does not mean that the number of
payroll jobs in the nation grew by this amount since most of these hires were to fill jobs
that became open due to replacement needs. Indeed, during the same month 4.485
Chart 3:
Trends in the New Hires Rate, Separation Rate and Job Vacancy Rate in the
United States, January 2007 to February 2008
(Seasonally Adjusted)
4.0
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.2
3.3
3.0
3.0
2.7
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
New Hires
Separations
January 2007
Job Vacancy
February 2008
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Job Openings Labor Turnover Survey, LABSTAT. www.bls.gov
75
million jobs saw their incumbents quit, be laid off or otherwise separated from their
payroll job from the business establishment where they were employed. The new hire rate
in the nation’s labor market was 3.6 percent, while the separation rate was 3.2 percent. 19
The larger new hire rate relative to the separation rate implies that payroll employment
levels were expanding at that time, as in fact they were. However, as the nation’s
economy has begun to slow, the size of the difference between the flow of new hires and
separations has narrowed. By February 2008 the overall new hire rate had declined to 3.4
percent as slow economic growth led to a slowdown in hiring transactions among the
nation’s businesses. The economic slowdown also resulted in a slight rise in separations
as layoffs began to rise. 20
We had observed previously that the accommodation and food industry and the
leisure and hospitality industry had the highest job vacancy rate of any major industry
sector in the American economy. We asked what this might suggest about relative labor
supply and demand conditions in these sectors of the nation’s labor markets and whether
high job vacancy rates were always signals of labor shortage problems. An examination
of the vacancy rate in these industry sectors in the context of their new hire and
separation activities yields some important additional insight into the question of whether
shortages might exist in this sector of the economy.
The findings for the accommodation and food industry reveal that this industry
sector had a hire rate during February 2008 of 6.1 percent and a separation rate of 6.1
percent as well. When compared to the overall hire rate of 3.4 percent and separation rate
of 3.3 percent, this finding suggests a very high relative level of movement of workers in
and out of jobs in the industry. Indeed, this data implies that over the course of the year,
businesses in this industry will engage in a volume of hiring sufficient to replace 73
percent of its annual average number of workers—suggestive of a ‘high turnover’ rate
industry. When we consider a job vacancy rate of 3.8 percent in the context of an industry
with a separation rate of 6.1 percent and a monthly hiring rate of 6.1 percent, it suggests
19
The new hire rate = new hires per month/ monthly payroll employment and the separation rate = total
separations per month/monthly payroll employment
20
As the new hire rate slows, layoffs begin to mount, however, this increase in layoffs is partially offset by
a decrease in quits and other separations (including for retirement purposes) as job incumbents become
more cautious in a deteriorating labor market environment.
76
that the high job vacancy rate is not the product of an inability to increase payroll
employment levels because of a skill shortage, but instead a high vacancy rate that is the
product of less stable employment in this industry sector. Similarly, the leisure and
hospitality industry had very high new hire and separation rates, both equal to 6.2
percent, with a much lower vacancy rate of 3.7 percent. This again indicates a relatively
high vacancy rate that is largely a product of high rates of labor turnover rather than labor
shortages. A look at the data on staffing structures and the educational attainment (found
in section four of this monograph) reveals that jobs in these sectors are concentrated in
occupations that require comparatively low levels of educational attainment, again
suggestive that the high vacancy rate is likely not the product of a skill shortage in this
sector of the economy.
Table 2:
Number and Rates of Wage and Salary New Hires, Separations and Job
Vacancies in the United States, February 2008, by Industry Sector
(Seasonally Adjusted, Numbers in 000s)
Number
Rate
Number
Construction
Rate
Number
Manufacturing
Rate
Number
Trade, Transportation, Utilities Rate
Number
Retail
Rate
Number
Professional and Business
Rate
Number
Education and Health
Rate
Number
Leisure and Hospitality
Rate
Number
Accommodation and Food
Rate
Number
Government
Rate
Total
Job
New Hires Separations Vacancies
4638
4485
3820
3.4
3.3
2.7
358
330
140
4.8
4.5
1.9
285
353
246
2.1
2.6
1.8
901
958
611
3.4
3.6
2.2
617
656
346
4.0
4.2
2.2
821
854
695
4.5
4.7
3.7
522
462
748
2.8
2.5
3.9
850
848
519
6.2
6.2
3.7
706
706
462
6.1
6.1
3.8
389
283
441
1.7
1.3
1.9
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Job Openings Labor Turnover Survey, LABSTAT. www.bls.gov
77
The education and health sector has a pattern of relationships between new hires,
separations and job vacancies that is quite different than that of the other private sector
industries in the nation’s economy. The education and health sector had a new hire rate
that was greater than its separation rate during February 2008. This suggests that payroll
employment levels are rising. Moreover, the separation rate in this sector of the labor
market is quite low. The February separation rate of 2.5 percent is the lowest rate of
separation of any major industry sector among the nation’s private employers. The job
vacancy rate of 2.9 percent found in this sector of the economy is not primarily the
product of simple turnover transactions. Instead, the high job vacancy rate relative to the
lower separation rate implies that employers in this sector are creating a much larger
share of vacancies by searching for workers in order to grow payroll employment levels.
In most other industry sectors it appears that virtually all job openings are the
product of recruiting for new workers to fill jobs created by workers leaving the
organization—that is, to meet turnover, not growth needs. Employers with high job
vacancy rates, but also with high separation and new hire rates are not confronted with a
labor supply constraint on growth in output and employment. In contrast, employers with
low separation rates compared to new hire rates and especially vacancy rates are likely
confronting a labor market situation where insufficient labor supply to key occupations
limits growth in output and employment. This would appear to be the case in the nation’s
education and health sector. Again, a look at the data in section four reveals that this
sector has a staffing structure characterized by occupations that require workers with high
levels of educational attainment—further lending credence to the existence of a true set
of skill shortages in this sector of the nation’s labor market. Data that provided a measure
of job vacancies by occupation would shed considerable insight into the existence and
magnitude of skill shortages in the education and health sector as well as in other sectors
of the labor market. Fortunately, Massachusetts has begun conducting a job vacancy
survey by occupation and industry that can shed important insight into some of these
issues. The data from this survey are discussed below.
78
Job Vacancies in Massachusetts
Several years ago the Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce
Development began a survey of business establishments in the state designed to measure
job vacancies by occupation and industry. Unlike other surveys conducted by DWD’s
Labor Market Information Unit, the Job Vacancy Survey (JVS) is not part of the broader
federal state statistical program conducted jointly by the state and the U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics. This means that the methods and measures employed at the state level
are not the same as those employed by BLS in its national JOLTS program. The greatest
differences between the two programs are in three areas: First, the JOLTS program
collects information on the flow of hires and separations that occur in business
establishments each month as described above. The state JVS program does not measure
labor turnover. Second, the JOLTS program produces estimates of job vacancies only on
an industry basis. The state JVS program produces estimates of job vacancies by both
industry and occupation. Third, the federal JOLTS program is a monthly survey; the state
JVS program measures job vacancies twice a year, during the second and fourth quarter.
Because of these differences these two survey programs can serve as strong
complementary sources of information about labor market demand conditions at the state
and national level. The monthly JOLTS survey provides a measure of labor demand
flows that places job vacancies in the context of labor turnover in various industry sectors
in the nation. The state JVS program provides insight into the occupational structure of
unfilled labor demand and sheds important insight into potential skill shortages in the
Commonwealth. 21
We observed earlier that at the national level the number of job vacancies had
declined by 11 percent between January 2007 and February 2008. At the state level the
number of job vacancies actually increased between the end of 2006 and the end of 2007.
The findings provided in Chart 4 reveal that the number of job vacancies in
Massachusetts increased from 89,600 in the fourth quarter of 2006 to 92,000 by the
fourth quarter of 2007, a rise of 2.7 percent over the year. The Greater Boston region
21
Other differences exist between the two programs. For more information see: Cathy Foley,
Massachusetts Job Vacancy Survey: Hiring Trends by Industry and Occupation, 2nd Quarter
2007Massachuseets Department of Labor and Workforce Development, Boston, Massachusetts, undated.
79
(including Metro North, Boston and Metro South/West LWIB regions) also posted an
increase in the number of unfilled jobs between the end of 2006 and 2007. In the Greater
Boston region the number of job vacancies grew from 45,900 in the fourth quarter of
2006 to 49,700 by the fourth quarter of 2007, a relative increase of 8 percent during this
time. Just as the job vacancy rate in the state remained essentially unchanged in the 3.1 to
3.2 percent range between the fourth quarter of 2006 and the fourth quarter of 2007, the
job vacancy rate in the Greater Boston region remained in the 3.2 to 3.4 percent range
during this period of time. While the 3.4 percent job vacancy rate in the Greater Boston
region in the fourth quarter of 2007 was slightly above the state mean vacancy rate, it was
also the second highest among the seven major economic regions in Massachusetts at the
end of 2007. 22
Chart 4:
Trends in the number of Job Vacancies in Massachusetts and the Greater Boston Region,
Fourth Quarter 2006 to Fourth Quarter 2007
100,000
89,620
92,021
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
45,909
50,000
49,692
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Massachusetts
Greater Metro Boston
2006 IV
2007 IV
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, unpublished data, April, 2008
22
The state job vacancy rate is calculated as simply the ratio of job vacancies to payroll employment levels
or JVR= JV/ Employment. This measure yields a slightly higher job vacancy rate than the national
measure. In practice the difference in the two methods results in a difference in the estimated vacancy rate
equal to only about 0.1 percent.
80
As in the nation as a whole, the number of job vacancies and the job vacancy rate
varied systematically by industry sector in the state. The largest number of job vacancies
statewide was concentrated in the healthcare sector, where about 20,000 payroll jobs
remained unfilled at the end of the fourth quarter of 2007. The healthcare industry had a
vacancy rate at that time of 4.4 percent. While no data on hiring and separation
transactions are available at the state level, the national data on the health care industry
revealed relatively low rates of labor turnover compared to the job vacancy rate -suggesting that the job vacancy rate is due to an insufficient supply of labor to meet
increased demand for workers. The second and fourth largest numbers of job vacancies
statewide were concentrated in the retail trade and accommodation and food services
Table 3:
The Number of Job Vacancies and the Job Vacancy Rate of Major Industry Sectors in
Massachusetts, Fourth Quarter 2007
Industry
Utilities
Construction
Manufacturing
Wholesale
Trade
Retail Trade
Transportation
Warehousing
Information
Finance &
Insurance
Real Estate,
Rental &
Leasing
Number
of Job
Vacancies
Job
Vacancy
Rate
127
1,601
1.0%
1.3%
5,753
2.1%
2,252
13,504
2.0%
4.2%
Industry
Professional &
Technical Services
Management
Administrative &
Waste Services
Educational
Services
Healthcare
Number
of Job
Vacancies
Job
Vacancy
Rate
11,527
1,508
5.5%
2.5%
3,383
3.7%
4,230
20,016
1.3%
4.4%
1,727
1.8%
2,885
3.5%
Arts, Entertainment
& Recreation
Accommodation &
Food Services
5,432
3.3%
Other Services
2,237
2.7%
736
2.1%
Public
Administration
2,862
2.6%
1,598
3.7%
10,580
4.6%
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, unpublished data, April, 2008
81
industries. Together these two industry sectors had more than 24,000 vacant jobs.
However, a review of the national data for both of these industry sectors suggests
relatively high rates of separation compared to the job vacancy rate—implying not a
labor shortage, but high worker turnover as the primary source of this volume of
openings. The professional and technical services industry also had a large number of job
vacancies and a very high vacancy rate of 5.5 percent. While no comparable national data
are available for this industry on job vacancy, new hire or separation rates for the most
recent time periods, it is likely that this sector of the state economy has a high vacancy
rate because of constraints on skilled labor supply. 23 The strong payroll growth we found
in this sector of the economy, along with its very high end staffing structure which
utilizes large shares of workers with college degrees, suggest that skill shortages may be
an important reason for a vacancy rate of 5.5 percent in this sector of the state economy.
The Greater Boston region of the state exhibited an industrial pattern of job
vacancies similar to that of the state, with heavy concentrations of vacancies in the
healthcare sector. Health providers had more than 10,000 jobs vacant at the end of 2007,
accounting for one fifth of all unfilled jobs for which firms were actively recruiting
workers at the end of last year. The job vacancy rate among the region’s healthcare
organizations averaged 4.5 percent at the time the state’s job vacancy survey was
conducted, considerably higher than the job vacancy rate for the entire Greater Boston
region (3.4 percent). The healthcare industry in the Greater Boston region, like that of the
state as a whole, employs above average shares of workers with post secondary
education, frequently in health related occupational fields. Like the state, the
comparatively high job vacancy rate in the region’s health delivery system may be
indicative of specific occupational skills shortages in the health professions.
Professional and technical services in the Greater Boston area had the highest job
vacancy rate of any major industry sector in the region, standing at 5.3 percent at the end
of last year. This industry sector accounted for about 16 percent of all unfilled jobs in the
region at the time of the survey. As in the entire state the accommodations and food
23
The national JOLTS data lumps together both business services and professional services and technical
services. The state JVS data provides separate estimates for the professional and technical services
industry.
82
services sector and the retail trade sector in the Greater Boston region also posted large
numbers of unfilled jobs (almost 5,400 jobs and almost 6,900 jobs, respectively),
accounting for between 11 percent and 14 percent of all vacant jobs in the region. At the
national level these two industries were found to have comparatively high monthly rates
of separation, suggesting that part of the reason for above average vacancy rates may be
associated with higher rates of employee turnover.
Table 4:
The Number of Job Vacancies and the Job Vacancy Rate of Major Industry Sectors in the
Greater Boston Region, Fourth Quarter 2007
Number of
Job
Vacancies
Job
Vacancy
Rate
*
989
0.6%
1.7%
Manufacturing
Wholesale Trade
Retail Trade
Transportation &
Warehousing
2,531
1,064
6,868
2.6%
1.9%
5.1%
469
0.9%
Information
Finance &
Insurance
Real Estate,
Rental & Leasing
2,161
4.2%
3,898
3.3%
383
1.8%
Industry
Utilities
Construction
Industry
Professional &
Technical Services
Management
Administrative &
Support & Waste
Services
Educational Services
Healthcare
Arts, Entertainment
& Recreation
Accommodation &
Food Services
Other Services
Public
Administration
Number of
Job
Vacancies
Job
Vacancy
Rate
8,119
996
5.3%
2.8%
2,134
2,242
10,047
3.6%
1.4%
4.5%
308
1.6%
5,359
4.9%
1,014
2.4%
1,037
1.8%
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, unpublished data, April, 2008
*Suppressed due to confidentiality.
At the end of 2007 the finance and insurance sector, the manufacturing sector, the
educational services sector, the information sector and the administrative and support and
waste services sector in the Greater Boston region also reported considerable numbers of
job vacancies (about 3,900, 2,500, 2,200, 2,200 and 2,100 vacant job positions,
respectively). The job vacancy rates in the manufacturing, the finance and insurance and
the educational services sectors were below the average job vacancy rate in the Greater
83
Boston region, indicating low levels of unfilled demand for workers in each of these
sectors (2.6 percent, 3.3 percent and 1.4 percent versus 3.4 percent, respectively). In
contrast, the job vacancy rates in the information sector and the administrative and
support and waste services sector were higher than the average job vacancy rate in the
Greater Boston region, indicating high levels of unfilled demands for workers in both of
these sectors (4.2 percent and 3.6 percent versus 3.4 percent, respectively).
The Massachusetts JVS program also collects information from business
establishments about vacant payroll positions by occupation. The findings provided in
Table 5 examine the number of job vacancies and the job vacancy rate for major
occupational groups in the state. These data, when considered in the context of skill
requirements information available through the U.S. Department of Labor’s O*NET
system; provide important insight into the nature of skill requirements and skill shortages
in the state economy. 24
Among those occupations that are considered to be ‘college labor market’ fields,
the job vacancy rates tend to be above the overall state average job vacancy rate,
especially in the scientific, engineering and information technology specialties (SEIT)
and in the health area. 25 Statewide, these SEIT fields accounted for more than one in ten
vacant jobs in the Commonwealth at the end of 2007. The vacancy rate in the SEIT
occupations ranged from 4.2 percent among engineers to 5.6 percent among life and
physical scientists. These fields are characterized by demand for workers with high levels
of educational attainment with a concentration in college that develops specific
occupational skills. They also require strong mathematics skills for those hired into the
field. The relatively high vacancy rates along with high skill needs strongly suggest that
unfilled positions are the product of limited labor supply to these fields.
24
The O*NET system is composed of a large scale data base that measures a wide range of knowledge,
skills, abilities and aptitudes in hundreds of occupations in the nation’s labor market. It provides
considerable insight into the education, training and skill needs of employers based on more than 110,000
respondents who were queried about various aspects of their work, including job incumbents, their
supervisors and occupational experts. For more information about O*NET see: http://online.onetcenter.org/
25
These are occupations that employ well above average shares of workers with an associate’s degree or
higher.
84
Table 5:
The Number of Job Vacancies and the Job Vacancy Rate of Major Occupations in
Massachusetts, Fourth Quarter 2007
Occupation
Total, All
Occupations
Management
Occupations
Business and
Financial
Operations
Computer and
Mathematical
Architecture and
Engineering
Life and
Physical
Sciences
Community and
Social Services
Legal
Education,
Training and
Library
Arts, Design,
Entertainment,
Sports and Media
Healthcare
Practitioner and
Technical
Number
Job
of Job
Vacancy
Vacancies
Rate
Occupation
Number
Job
of Job
Vacancy
Vacancies
Rate
92,021
3.2%
Healthcare Support
4,220
4.5%
6,396
3.5%
Protective Service
1,628
2.3%
5,853
3.5%
Food Preparation and
Serving Related
8,965
3.4%
4,796
4.2%
1,703
1.6%
3,093
4.2%
3,032
4.3%
2,612
5.6%
13,134
4.0%
2,520
4.3%
12,174
2.2%
432
1.8%
Sales and Related
Office and Administrative
Support
Construction and
Extraction
880
0.8%
2,972
1.4%
Installation, Maintenance,
and Repair
2,045
2.0%
962
2.0%
Production
2,354
1.3%
8,654
4.4%
Transportation and
Material Moving
3,577
2.2%
Building and Grounds
Workers
Personal Care and
Service
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, unpublished data, April, 2008
The 4.4 percent vacancy rate in the health care practitioner occupational area is
also well above average. The fields that make up this grouping of health jobs cover a
wide range of health professions including nursing, various therapeutic fields such as
speech language pathology and physical therapy, along with selected health technical
specialties. They usually require a college degree of some type with a specialty in the
85
specific health field. Usually to become employed at the professional level workers must
not only earn a degree, but must also pass a third party national test of proficiency in the
field. The considerable skill requirements in these fields along with the relatively high
overall job vacancy rate in the health practitioner grouping point to a high likelihood of
skill shortages within a number of specialties that make up this group of health positions.
Other college labor market occupations also had vacancy rates that were above
the state average vacancy rate, including management positions and business and
financial operations occupations. These fields both had vacancy rates of 3.5 percent and
employ workers with well above average levels of educational attainment.
Blue collar occupations in the construction, production and transportation, and
material moving occupations stand in sharp contrast to the SEIT and health practitioner
fields. These occupations had job vacancy rates that were well below the state average
vacancy rate. In the construction trades the vacancy rate was less than 1 percent at the
end of 2007. However, it is important to note that these vacancy data are not seasonally
adjusted and may reflect seasonal slowdowns in the demand for these workers.
A number of relatively low skill occupations had job vacancy rates that were
above the state average. These include the healthcare support occupations, food
preparation and serving occupations, and personal care and service jobs. These
occupations generally (but not always) require workers with fewer years of schooling and
relatively little occupational preparation. The relatively high vacancy rates in these areas
may be the product of high separation rates rather than a skills shortage.
In the Greater Boston region the job vacancy rates in SEIT fields were relatively
higher than the statewide vacancy rates in those occupational areas. The Greater Boston
area vacancy rate in the engineering field was 4.8 percent, higher than the 4.2 percent rate
statewide. The vacancy rate in life and physical sciences fields in the Greater Boston
region was 6.4 percent, even greater than the very high statewide vacancy rate of 5.6
percent. The computer and mathematical scientist occupation had 4.7 percent of its jobs
unfilled at the time of the survey, again above the statewide rate of 4.2 percent in that
occupation. It is important to note that just as much attention has been paid to labor
supply problems in scientific, engineering and information technology fields in the state,
86
vacancies in these fields account for almost 16 percent of all unfilled jobs in the Greater
Boston region.
Table 6:
The Number of Job Vacancies and the Job Vacancy Rate of Major Occupations in the
Greater Boston Region, Fourth Quarter 2007
Number
Job
Number of Job
Job
Vacancy
of Job Vacancy
Vacancies Rate Occupation
Vacancies Rate
Occupation
Total, all Occupations
49,692
3.1% Healthcare Support
1,824
4.4%
Management
Occupations
4,428
4.1% Protective Service
1,078
2.9%
Business & Financial
Food Preparation and
Operations
4,081
3.6% Serving Related
4,347
3.7%
Computer &
Building & Grounds
Mathematical
3,739
4.7% Cleaning & Maintenance
851
1.5%
Architecture &
Personal Care and
Engineering
2,094
4.8% Service
1,307
3.8%
Life and Physical
Sciences
2,001
6.4% Sales and Related
7,028
4.4%
Community and Social
Office and
Services
1,293
4.9% Administrative Support
6,035
2.1%
Construction and
Legal
364
2.1% Extraction
488
1.0%
Education, Training
Installation,
and Library
1,567
1.6% Maintenance/Repair
619
1.4%
Arts, Design,
Entertainment,
Sports/Media
531
1.8% Production
651
1.2%
Healthcare Practitioner
Transportation and
and Technical
4,280
4.1% Material Moving
1,079
1.6%
Source: Massachusetts Department of Labor and Workforce Development, unpublished data, April, 2008
*Suppressed due to confidentiality.
The vacancy rate in the health care practitioner field (4.1 percent) was well above
the 3.1 percent job vacancy rate for all major occupations in the whole Greater Boston
region. 4,280 professional health care jobs were unfilled at the time of the survey, nearly
9 percent of all vacant job positions in the Greater Boston area. Again, these data are
suggestive of the likelihood of a skill shortage in the area, limiting the growth in the
region’s health delivery system. Job vacancy rates in other college labor market
occupations were also higher than the 3.1 percent vacancy rate found for all occupations
87
in the Greater Boston region. The management occupational area had a vacancy rate of
4.l percent, while the business and financial operations occupational field had a vacancy
rate of 3.6 percent. The job vacancy rates for both of these occupations in the Greater
Boston area were also higher than those for the same occupations statewide (3.5 percent
job vacancy rate for both of these occupations in the state as a whole).
The number of unfilled clerical and office support occupations in the Greater
Boston area was also large during the last quarter of 2007 (over 6,000 vacant positions).
Indeed, vacancies in these occupations accounted for 12 percent of all vacant positions in
the region. These occupations are quite mixed with respect to skill requirements, with
some fields requiring specific occupational preparation in office computer skills or in
areas such as medical office operations.
The number of job vacancies in a number of relatively low skill occupations in the
Greater Boston region was also very high. Sales occupations, including retail sales
workers, had a vacancy rate of 4.4 percent, with over 7,000 sales positions vacant at the
time of the survey. Over 4,300 positions in food preparation and serving related
occupations were also unfilled at the time of the survey in the Greater Boston region,
while healthcare support occupations had a vacancy rate of 4.4 percent, with over 1,800
job positions vacant. Also, about 1,300 positions were unfilled in both community and
social services occupations and personal care and service occupations during the last
quarter of 2007. Not only did each of these 5 occupations have a job vacancy rate that
was higher than the overall job vacancy rate for all major occupations in the Greater
Boston region at the end of 2007, but combined these 5 occupational groups accounted
for almost one third of all job vacancies in the Greater Boston region at the time of the
survey (32 percent).
In contrast, job vacancy rates in blue-collar occupations including construction,
production and transportation jobs in the Greater Boston region were low in comparison
to the 3.1 percent job vacancy rate for all major occupations in the area during the last
quarter of 2007. The vacancy rate for construction and extraction workers was only 1
percent, while the vacancy rates among production workers, installation, maintenance
and repair workers and transportation and material moving workers were only slightly
88
higher (1.2 percent, 1.4 percent and 1.6 percent, respectively). Although the low vacancy
rates in these occupations may represent a slowdown in the production sector of the
region’s economy, since the vacancy data are not seasonally adjusted, it might also reflect
a seasonal slowdown in the demand for these workers.
89
Associate’s Degrees, Bachelor’s Degrees and
Undergraduate Non Degree Certificates in Boston
Introduction
A key component of developing strategies to address state and regional workforce
development needs is to understand the flow of students who complete education
programs that provide knowledge, skills and abilities required by area employers. These
institutional sources of new labor supply represent important workforce education and
training resources that many local employers draw upon to meet a variety of skill
requirements. Post secondary educational institutions, including local degree granting
colleges and universities, make up a very large part of the occupational skills
development capacity at the local level. However, other key sources of new hires who
have developed specific occupational skills include those who complete non-degree post
secondary certificates. These awards, also called certificates, are sometimes offered at
degree granting institutions, but are also awarded by non degree granting organizations as
well as secondary vocational technical education programs. This section of the
monograph examines information about trends in the number and characteristics of post
secondary undergraduate degrees and certificates in Boston. A separate section of the
monograph provides a more detailed discussion about the outputs of the region’s
secondary vocational technical programs.
The discussion below begins with a review of the sources, uses and limitations of
the data we use to measure institutional sources of labor supply at the state and sub state
level. It then provides a review of trends in the number of associate’s degrees, bachelor’s
degrees and undergraduate non degree certificates in the Boston region relative to the
state, New England and the nation.
Institutional Labor Supply Data
Each year the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education
Statistics (NCES) collects information from colleges and universities about a wide
90
variety of issues including finance, student enrollment and student retention, and
institutional staffing, to name just a few key areas. The Integrated Post Secondary Data
Systems (IPEDS) is a very large scale data collections system operated by NCES that in
most instances collects data annually of a range of higher education activities, outcomes
and characteristics at the individual institution level. Participation in IPEDS is required
for all post secondary institutions that offer students Higher Education Act Title IV
financial aid, including such programs as the Pell grant in aid program and the Stafford
college loan program. 26 Consequently, virtually all degree granting higher education
institutions in the nation submit the complete array of reports required by NCES under
the IPEDS system. Because of the complete enumeration of all degree granting colleges
and universities in the nation each year, the IPEDS data represent a unique, high quality
information source about higher education at both the state and local level.
In addition to the data described above, IPEDS collects information on an annual
basis about the number of undergraduate and graduate degrees that are awarded by
American colleges and universities, by specific field of study, for each institution in the
nation. Data files based on these responses are made available to researchers who can
organize and analyze these data in a variety of ways. We have analyzed IPEDS degree
completion data at the associate’s and bachelor’s degree level for the Boston region,
tracking trends in degree output by degree granting institution located within the
communities that comprise the region and comparing these with the state and nation. In
addition, we have developed a CD that contains information about the number of annual
associate’s and bachelor’s degrees awarded by colleges and universities located in the
Boston region each year for the past five years, by specific field of study. We have also
included a matrix of fields of study that supports quick identification of the individual
schools that have produced graduates in a particular field of study and provides a measure
of the flow of graduates in that field over the last five years.
The information about major fields of study is organized by the Classification of
Instruction Program (CIP) code, a major field of study classification system that is
closely tied to analogous labor demand classifications including the Standard
26
Institutions that fail to file a form are assessed a fine of $27,500 per violation. During 2006, no schools
were fined and only 6 received an out of compliance warning.
91
Occupational Classification and the O*NET system. This connection facilitates
comparisons of labor market skill requirement information with data on the
characteristics of institutional sources of undergraduate labor supply at the local level.
In addition to information about the number of undergraduate degrees awarded in
the region we have also produced information about the non degree certificates granted
by post secondary institutions. Non degree certificates refer to an organized program of
study at the post secondary level that requires less than 4 full-time years of study or less
than 120 semester hours of coursework in total and does not lead to a degree but instead a
non-degree certificate or award wherein the institution recognizes the completion of that
course of study.
Unlike associate and bachelor’s degree programs, third party educational
accrediting agencies do not typically review and certify the academic quality of non
degree undergraduate certificate programs. These programs are normally not subject to
the oversight of the State Board of Higher Education as is the case with all public college
undergraduate degree programs. These programs may lead to an individual eventually
becoming eligible to earn a license to practice in a particular occupational field, but
certificate programs do not award these licenses. Instead, occupational licenses are
awarded by the relevant licensing agency in the state government.
The IPEDS system data on non degree undergraduate certificates is far less
comprehensive than the data on undergraduate degrees. Moreover, the number of contact
hours is not standardized. We suspect that a considerable number of non degree post
secondary education and training programs are in operation in Massachusetts. Many of
these organizations likely play an important role in supplying local firms with trained
program completers but are not included in the IPEDS certificate data. 27 Instead, the
IPEDS non degree certificate data largely include only certificates awarded by colleges
and universities that also award undergraduate degrees. Some non degree granting
institutions do report IPEDS information. Some of these institutions are required to report
this information because they are eligible to participate in the federal financial aid
27
These would include many of the training organizations that are included on Workforce Investment
Board “Approved Vendor” lists. Indeed, some state higher education and workforce organizations have
proposed to NCES that all institutions on these vendor lists be included in the IPEDS completions data
reporting system.
92
program. A few others (about 200 nationally) also report IPEDS information voluntarily
even though they are not Title IV eligible. 28
Institutional Supply at the Associate’s Degree Level
Over the last ten years the undergraduate post secondary output at the associate’s
degree level has changed in Boston and wider geographical areas. As the findings in
Table 1 reveal, while the output of associate’s degrees from the nation’s higher education
system grew markedly between 1996 and 2006, the output of these degrees in the New
England region, the state of Massachusetts and Boston declined, considerably more so in
Boston than elsewhere.
Between 1996 and 2006 the number of associate’s degrees awarded by the
nation’s system of two and four year colleges increased by almost 173,000 degrees, an
increase of 31 percent in just ten years. In contrast, the state posted a 12 percent
reduction in the number of associate’s degrees conferred, while the region witnessed a
decline of five percent. In Boston the relative reduction in the number of associate’s
Table 1:
Trends in the Number of Associate’s Degrees Conferred in the
U.S., New England, Massachusetts and Boston, 1996 to 2006
Area
U.S.
New England
Massachusetts
Boston
1996
557,858
28,440
12,682
2,388
2006
730,643
27,023
11,139
1,781
Absolute Relative
Change Change
172,785
31%
-1,417
-5%
-1,543
-12%
-607
-25%
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
degrees awarded was even greater. Between 1996 and 2006 the number of associate’s
degrees granted by Boston’s institutions of higher education fell by a quarter, from 2,388
degrees to 1,781 degrees. This rate of decrease was five times faster than that
experienced in the New England region and more than double that experienced in the
28
These schools report because they wish to be included in the NCES College Navigator web tool designed
to provide information to those thinking about enrolling in some type of post high school educational
program.
93
state of Massachusetts during this same period of time. This negative growth in new
associate’s degrees suggests that between 1996 and 2006 Boston’s higher education
system was unable to keep pace with the national rate of expansion in labor supply at the
associate’s degree level and that the area has a considerable capacity constraint on new
labor supply sources at this institutional level.
Sources of Associate’s Degree Change in the Higher Education
Sector
As the number of associate’s degrees granted has changed over the past ten years
in Boston, Massachusetts, New England and the nation, the data provided in Table 2,
Chart 1 and Chart 2 examine trends in associate’s degrees awarded by sector of the
higher education system. These data track the trends in associate’s degrees awarded
separately for public and private (sometimes called independent) colleges over time.
Table 2:
Trends in the Number of Associate’s Degrees Awarded in the U.S., New England,
Massachusetts and Boston, by Higher Education Sector, 1996 to 2006
Sector
U.S.
Public
Private
New England
Public
Private
Massachusetts
Public
Private
Boston
Public
Private
Absolute Relative
Change Change
1996
2006
454,452
103,406
573,941
156,702
119,489
53,296
26%
52%
17,746
10,694
18,027
8,996
281
-1,698
2%
-16%
8,213
4,469
8,659
2,480
446
-1,989
5%
-45%
619
1,769
761
1,020
142
-749
23%
-42%
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
Nationally, public colleges accounted for over two thirds of the total rise in
associate’s degrees conferred between 1996 and 2006, with public colleges expanding
their output of associate’s degrees by 119,489 degrees over this ten year period (an
94
increase of 26 percent). Private colleges accounted for just under one third of the total
rise in associate’s degrees granted in the nation, increasing the number of associate’s
degrees they awarded from 103,406 in 1996 to 156,702 in 2006. However, private
institutions in the nation increased the number of associate’s degrees at twice the rate of
public colleges (a 52 percent increase versus a 26 percent increase, respectively).
Chart 1:
Rate of Change in the Number of Associate’s Degrees Conferred by Higher Education
Sector in the U.S., New England, Massachusetts and Boston, 1996 to 2006
60%
52%
40%
26%
23%
20%
5%
2%
0%
-20%
-16%
-40%
-45%
-42%
-60%
U.S.
New England
Public
Massachusetts
Boston
Private
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
In stark contrast to the nation, the overall number of associate’s degrees awarded
by higher education institutions in New England and Massachusetts fell between 1996
and 2006. In both the region and the state all of these declines were concentrated
exclusively among private colleges. In New England, although the number of associate’s
degrees granted by public colleges increased modestly between 1996 and 2006 (a two
percent rise), this increase was counterbalanced by a large reduction of 1,698 associate’s
95
degrees conferred by private colleges in the region during this same ten year period.
Similarly, in Massachusetts a small rise of five percent in the number of associate’s
degrees awarded by public colleges between 1996 and 2006, from 8,213 to 8,659, was
sharply offset by a decline of 45 percent in the number of these degrees awarded by
private higher education institutions in the state over this same time period. The number
of associate’s degrees awarded by Massachusetts private colleges fell from 4,469 degrees
in 1996 to 2,480 degrees in 2006.
Chart 2:
The Number of Associate’s Degrees Conferred in Boston,
by Higher Education Sector, 1996 to 2006
2000
1769
1800
1600
1400
1200
1020
1000
800
761
619
600
400
200
0
1996
2006
Public
Private
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
As in New England and Massachusetts, the decline in the number of associate’s
degrees awarded by the higher education system in Boston between 1996 and 2006 was
exclusively concentrated within the private higher education sector. Although the
number of associate’s degrees awarded by public colleges in Boston increased by 142
degrees during this ten year period, from 619 degrees in 1996 to 761 degrees in 2006, this
96
increase was counterbalanced by a bigger absolute decline in the number of associate’s
degrees granted by private colleges in the area. Between 1996 and 2006 the number of
associate’s degrees awarded by private colleges in Boston fell by 749 degrees, from
1,769 to 1,020.
As a consequence of these trends between 1996 and 2006, although the private
higher education sector continued to account for the majority of all in conferred
associate’s degrees in Boston, this majority was reduced from 74 percent in 1996 to 57
percent in 2006.
Trends in Fields of Study of Associate’s Degree Awards
Just as the overall number of associate’s degrees granted by higher education
institutions has fallen markedly by 25 percent over the last ten years in Boston, the
number of associate’s degrees awarded by each broad major field of study has also
changed considerably during this ten year period (Table 3).
Table 3:
Trends in Associate’s Degrees Awarded by Boston Colleges,
by Broad Major Field of Study, 1996 to 2006
Major Field of Study
Criminal Justice
Health Sciences
Business
Engineering & Computer
Science
Education
Law
Arts & Humanities
Sciences
Personal Services
Total
1996
73
665
734
2006
85
390
493
401
267
85
111
116
19
262
349
4
28
48
34
2,388 1,781
Absolute Relative
Change Change
12
16%
-275
-41%
-241
-33%
-134
26
-97
87
24
-14
-607
-33%
31%
-84%
33%
600%
-29%
-25%
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
The biggest absolute decreases occurred in health sciences and business. In
health sciences the number of associate’s degrees awarded fell by 275 degrees (from 665
97
to 390), while the number of associate’s degrees granted in business fell by 241 degrees
(from 734 to 493). Other – albeit smaller – decreases in the number of associate’s
degrees awarded in Boston between 1996 and 2006 also occurred in engineering and
computer science (a decrease of 134 degrees), law (a decrease of 97 degrees) and
personal services (a decrease of 14 degrees).
Partially offsetting these decreases were increases in the number of associate’s
degrees awarded in Boston between 1996 and 2006 in arts and humanities (an increase of
87 degrees), education (an increase of 26 degrees), sciences (an increase of 24 degrees)
and criminal justice (an increase of 12 degrees).
Current Distribution of Associate’s Degree Awards
The findings from Table 4 highlight that the mix of program offerings, as
measured by the distribution of associate’s degrees awarded in Boston during 2006, is
quite different to those offered by the higher education systems in the nation, the New
England region and the state of Massachusetts during the same year.
In Boston the biggest share of all associate’s degrees was conferred in business in
2006 (28 percent). However, not only was business not the field of study in which the
other geographical areas granted the biggest share of all associate’s degrees, but these
other areas also awarded considerably smaller shares in business than Boston. The share
of all associate’s degrees awarded in business in the nation (14 percent) was half the size
of the share awarded in Boston, while the shares awarded in Massachusetts and New
England were also smaller (19 percent and 21 percent, respectively).
Similarly – although to a lesser extent – Boston also awarded larger shares of all
associate’s degrees in engineering and computer science, education and sciences than the
other geographical areas did. Boston granted 15 percent of all associate’s degrees in
engineering and computer science in 2006, slightly larger than the shares in
Massachusetts, New England and the nation (13 percent, 14 percent and 13 percent,
respectively). Boston also awarded a share of all associate’s degrees in education that
was twice as big as the share awarded in this field of study in Massachusetts (six percent
compared to three percent) and three times as big as the shares awarded in both New
England and the nation (six percent compared to two percent). Also, Boston awarded a
98
marginally bigger share of all associate’s degrees in sciences (two percent) than
Massachusetts, New England or the nation did (each of these areas awarded one percent).
Table 4:
Distribution of Associate’s Degrees Conferred by Broad Major Fields
of Study in Boston, Massachusetts, New England and the U.S., 2006
Major Field of Study
Criminal Justice
Health Sciences
Business
Engineering & Computer
Science
Education
Law
Arts & Humanities
Sciences
Personal Services
Undesignated Field of Study
Total
Boston
5%
22%
28%
Massachusetts
7%
23%
19%
New
England
6%
21%
21%
U.S.
4%
19%
14%
15%
6%
1%
20%
2%
2%
0%
100%
13%
3%
1%
31%
1%
2%
0%
100%
14%
2%
1%
27%
1%
7%
0%
100%
13%
2%
1%
41%
1%
4%
0%
100%
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
Conversely, Boston awarded a considerably smaller share of all associate’s
degrees in arts and humanities (20 percent) than the other geographical areas did
(Massachusetts awarded 31 percent, New England 27 percent and the nation 41 percent.)
Meanwhile, although Boston awarded the same share of all associate’s degrees as
Massachusetts did in personal services (two percent), this share was half the size of the
share awarded in this field of study in the nation (four percent) and more than three times
as small as the share awarded in New England (seven percent).
However, equal shares of all associate’s degrees were awarded in all the different
geographical areas in 2006 in law (one percent). In addition, relatively comparable
shares of all associate’s degrees were awarded by the different geographical areas in
criminal justice and health sciences. While five percent of all associate’s degrees were
awarded in Boston in criminal justice in 2006, seven percent were awarded in
Massachusetts, six percent in New England and four percent in the nation. The share of
all associate’s degrees awarded in Boston during 2006 in health sciences (22 percent) was
99
comparable to the shares awarded in Massachusetts (23 percent), New England (21
percent) and the nation (19 percent).
Institutional Supply at the Bachelor’s Degree Level
Over the last ten years the undergraduate post secondary output at the bachelor’s
degree level has changed in Boston and wider geographical areas. As the findings in
Table 5 reveal, the output of bachelor’s degrees in the nation, the New England region,
the state of Massachusetts and Boston grew considerably between 1996 and 2006.
Nationally, between 1996 and 2006 the number of bachelor’s degrees conferred
increased from 1.17 million to 1.49 million, an increase of 27 percent in just ten years.
Although in both New England and Massachusetts there was also an increase in the
number of bachelor’s degrees conferred, the rate of increase in each of these two areas
was considerably slower than in the nation. Between 1996 and 2006 the New England
region increased the number of students who earned a bachelor’s degree by 16 percent, a
rate of increase equal to 59 percent of the rate of growth in bachelor’s degree production
in the nation. In Massachusetts the rate of increase was even slower, with the number of
students who earned a bachelor’s degree increasing by only 15 percent over this same ten
year period. This is a rate of increase equal to only 56 percent of the rate of growth in
bachelor’s degree production in the nation.
Table 5:
Trends in the Number of Bachelor’s Degrees Conferred in the
U.S., New England, Massachusetts and Boston, 1996 to 2006
Area
U.S.
New England
Massachusetts
Boston
1996
1,166,963
81,057
40,725
10,956
2006
1,486,107
94,275
47,024
13,096
Absolute Relative
Change Change
319,144
27%
13,218
16%
6,299
15%
2,140
20%
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
This upward trend was also experienced in Boston, where the number of
bachelor’s degrees awarded increased by 20 percent, from 10,956 degrees in 1996 to
100
13,096 degrees in 2006. This rate of growth in the production of new bachelor’s degrees
during this ten year period was faster than that in both Massachusetts and New England,
but only equal to 74 percent of the rate of growth experienced in the nation. This strong
growth in new bachelor’s degree production in Boston suggests that the area has a
healthy new supply of labor at this institutional level, although relatively less so than in
the nation.
Sources of Bachelor’s Degree Change in the Higher Education
Sector
Although the higher education systems in Boston, Massachusetts, New England
and the nation have increased the number of bachelor’s degrees awarded over the last ten
years, as the data provided in Table 6, Chart 3 and Chart 4 reveal, the amount and rate by
which they have done so by sector of the higher education system have varied by
geographical area.
Table 6:
Trends in the Number of Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded in the U.S., New England,
Massachusetts and Boston, by Higher Education Sector, 1996 to 2006
Sector
U.S.
Public
Private
New England
Public
Private
Massachusetts
Public
Private
Boston
Public
Private
Absolute Relative
Change Change
1996
2006
774,264
392,699
954,254
531,853
179,990
139,154
23%
35%
32,224
48,833
37,712
56,563
5,488
7,730
17%
16%
12,312
28,413
13,950
33,074
1,638
4,661
13%
16%
1,672
9,284
1,925
11,171
253
1,887
15%
20%
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
Between 1996 and 2006 public colleges in the nation accounted for the majority
of the total increase in the number of bachelor’s degrees awarded. Although private
101
colleges in the nation increased the number of bachelor’s degrees they conferred, from
about 393,000 degrees in 1996 to about 532,000 in 2006 (a 35 percent increase), this
accounted for less than half of the total increase in the number of bachelor’s degrees
granted over this ten year period in the nation (44 percent). During this period of time
public colleges in the nation also increased the number of bachelor’s degrees they
awarded by about 180,000 degrees, reaching an all time high of nearly 955,000 degrees.
Although these public colleges only increased their production of bachelor’s degrees
granted by 23 percent, this accounted for over half of the total increase in bachelor’s
degrees granted during this ten year period in the nation (56 percent).
Chart 3:
Rate of Change in the Number of Bachelor’s Degrees Conferred, by Higher Education
Sector, in the U.S., New England, Massachusetts and Boston, 1996 to 2006
40%
35%
35%
30%
25%
23%
20%
20%
17%
16%
16%
15%
13%
15%
10%
5%
0%
U.S.
New England
Public
Massachusetts
Boston
Private
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
Both public and private colleges in New England and Massachusetts increased
their overall output of bachelor’s degrees at a slower pace than their counterparts across
102
the nation. In Massachusetts, private colleges increased the number of bachelor’s degrees
awarded at a slightly higher pace than their public counterparts (a 16 percent increase
between 1996 and 2006 among private colleges, compared to a 13 percent increase
among public colleges). In contrast, in New England public institutions increased their
output of bachelor’s degrees at a slightly higher pace than their private counterparts.
Public colleges and universities across New England expanded the number of bachelor’s
degrees awarded by 17 percent between 1996 and 2006, while private schools in the
region increased the number of these degrees awarded by 16 percent.
Chart 4:
The Number of Bachelor’s Degrees Conferred by Higher Education
Sector in Boston, 1996 to 2006
12000
11171
10000
9284
8000
6000
4000
2000
1925
1672
0
1996
2006
Public
Private
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
Furthermore, unlike in the nation, in both Massachusetts and New England the
bulk of the increase in the number of bachelor’s degrees awarded between 1996 and 2006
was concentrated amongst private colleges and universities. In Massachusetts these
103
institutions increased the number of conferred bachelor’s degrees by 4,661, accounting
for 74 percent of the total increase of these degrees in the state over this ten year period.
In New England, private colleges and universities increased their bachelor’s degree
output between 1996 and 2006 by just over 7,700, accounting for 58 percent of the total
increase of bachelor’s degrees in this region.
The number of bachelor’s degrees granted over this ten year period in Boston was
concentrated in the private higher education sector, although to a greater extent than in
New England and Massachusetts. Between 1996 and 2006 the number of bachelor’s
degrees granted by public higher education institutions in Boston rose by 15 percent,
from 1,672 degrees to 1,925 degrees. However, this increase only accounted for 12
percent of the total rise in bachelor’s degrees in Boston over this period of time.
Meanwhile, the number of bachelor’s degrees awarded by private higher education
institutions in Boston between 1996 and 2006 increased at a faster rate of 20 percent, as
the number of bachelor’s degrees granted rose from 9,284 degrees in 1996 to 11,171
degrees in 2006. This increase in the output of bachelor’s degrees granted by private
colleges and universities in Boston accounted for the majority of the total increase in
bachelor’s degrees granted in the area over this ten year period (88 percent).
These trends over the past ten years in the higher education sector in Boston have
sustained the dominance of the private higher education sector with regard to the
awarding of all bachelor’s degrees in Boston. Between 1996 and 2006 private colleges
and universities in Boston accounted for 85 percent of all bachelor’s degrees awarded in
the area.
Trends in Fields of Study of Bachelor’s Degree Awards
As the output of bachelor’s degrees has increased markedly, by a total of 20
percent in Boston over the last ten years, there have also been considerable changes in the
composition of the broad major fields of study in which students have earned these
degrees (Table 7).
Between 1996 and 2006 the largest absolute increase in the number of bachelor’s
degrees awarded in Boston was in arts and humanities, where the number of degrees
awarded increased by 1,505, from 5,235 in 1996 to 6,740 in 2006. Other – albeit smaller
104
– absolute increases in the number of bachelor’s degrees granted in Boston over this ten
year period occurred in business (an increase of 695 degrees), sciences (an increase of
124 degrees), engineering and computer science (an increase of 62 degrees), personal
services (an increase of 18 degrees) and criminal justice (an increase of 17 degrees).
Table 7:
Trends in Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded by Boston Colleges,
by Broad Major Field of Study, 1996 to 2006
Major Field of Study
Criminal Justice
Health Sciences
Business
Engineering & Computer
Science
Education
Law
Arts & Humanities
Sciences
Personal Services
Total
1996
264
1,300
1,979
2006
281
973
2,674
1,167
419
54
5,235
531
7
10,956
1,229
265
39
6,740
655
25
13,096
Absolute Relative
Change Change
17
6%
-327
-25%
695
35%
62
-154
-15
1,505
124
18
2,140
5%
-37%
-28%
29%
23%
257%
20%
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
These absolute increases were partially offset by absolute decreases in the number
of bachelor’s degrees awarded by colleges and universities in Boston between 1996 and
2006 in health sciences (a decrease of 327 degrees), education (a decrease of 154
degrees) and law (a decrease of 15 degrees).
Current Distribution of Bachelor’s Degree Awards
As highlighted from the data in Table 8, the major field of study structure of
bachelor’s degree program output in Boston in 2006, as measured by the distribution of
bachelor’s degrees conferred, is very similar to those of the higher education systems in
the state of Massachusetts, the New England region and the nation as a whole.
Just as in the other geographical areas, in 2006 Boston granted the biggest share
of all bachelor’s degrees in arts and humanities. Just over half of all bachelor’s degrees –
105
51 percent - were granted in this field of study. However, in each of the other
geographical areas the shares of all bachelor’s degrees granted in arts and humanities
were smaller than the share in Boston (48 percent in Massachusetts, 47 percent in New
England and 39 percent in the nation).
Boston awarded the second largest share of all bachelor’s degrees in 2006 in
business (20 percent). The other geographical areas also awarded their second highest
share of all bachelor’s degrees in this field of study. In addition, the shares awarded in
business in these other areas were comparable to the share in Boston (19 percent in
Massachusetts, 19 percent in the New England region and 22 percent in the nation).
Table 8:
Distribution of Bachelor’s Degrees Conferred by Broad Major Fields
of Study in Boston, Massachusetts, New England and the U.S., 2006
Major Field of Study
Criminal Justice
Health Sciences
Business
Engineering & Computer
Science
Education
Law
Arts & Humanities
Sciences
Personal Services
Undesignated Field of Study
Total
Boston
2%
7%
20%
Massachusetts
3%
6%
19%
New
England
2%
7%
19%
9%
2%
0%
51%
5%
0%
2%
100%
9%
3%
0%
48%
8%
0%
3%
100%
8%
4%
0%
47%
8%
1%
3%
100%
U.S.
2%
8%
22%
9%
7%
0%
39%
8%
1%
2%
100%
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System, various years,
Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
Similarly, the higher education system in Boston awarded comparable shares of
all bachelor’s degrees to the other geographical areas in various other major fields of
study. In 2006 Boston awarded two percent of all bachelor’s degrees in criminal justice,
the same share as in New England and the nation and only marginally smaller than the
share in Massachusetts (three percent). Boston also granted the same share as New
England did in health sciences (seven percent) in 2006. This was slightly bigger than the
share in Massachusetts (six percent), but modestly smaller than the share in the nation
106
(eight percent). Meanwhile, Boston, Massachusetts and the nation all awarded nine
percent of all bachelor’s degrees in 2006 in engineering and computer science, while
New England awarded eight percent. Furthermore, in Boston and the other geographical
areas, law and personal services were the two fields of study in which the lowest share of
all bachelor’s degrees were granted during 2006. Boston, Massachusetts, New England
and the nation each granted a zero percent share of all bachelor’s degrees in law in 2006.
While Boston and Massachusetts also granted a zero percent share of all bachelor’s
degrees in personal services in 2006, New England and the nation granted one percent.
Boston granted slightly smaller shares of all bachelor’s degrees in some of the
major fields of study in 2006 than the other geographical areas did. In 2006 Boston only
granted two percent of all bachelor’s degrees in education, a smaller share than in
Massachusetts (three percent), New England (four percent) and the nation (seven
percent). Similarly, while Boston granted five percent of all bachelor’s degrees in
sciences in 2006, this was smaller than the eight percent shares granted in this field of
study in Massachusetts, New England and the nation during the same year.
Institutional Supply at the Undergraduate Non Degree Certificate
Level
Over the last ten years the undergraduate output at the non degree certificate level
has changed in Boston and wider geographical areas. As the findings in Table 9 reveal,
while the output of undergraduate non degree certificates in the nation, the New England
region and the state of Massachusetts increased between 1996 and 2006, the number of
certificates conferred in Boston declined markedly during this same ten year period of
time.
The number of undergraduate non degree certificates conferred in the nation
increased from about 621,000 to about 720,000 between 1996 and 2006, an increase of
16 percent in just ten years. Although in both New England and Massachusetts there was
also an increase in the number of undergraduate non degree certificates granted, the rate
of increase in each of these two areas was considerably slower than that observed in the
nation. Between 1996 and 2006 New England increased the number of undergraduate
students who earned a non degree certificate by five percent (from 21,904 awards to
107
23,003 awards). This is a rate of growth equal to only 31 percent of the rate of growth in
undergraduate non degree certificate production experienced in the nation. In
Massachusetts the rate of increase was only slightly higher, with the number of
undergraduate students who earned a non degree certificate increasing by six percent over
this same ten year period of time (from 9,828 awards in 1996 to 10,379 awards in 2006).
This rate of growth was equal to only 38 percent of the rate of growth in undergraduate
non degree certificates experienced in the nation during these ten years.
Table 9:
Trends in the Number of Undergraduate Non Degree Certificates Conferred in the U.S.,
New England, Massachusetts and Boston, 1996 to 2006
Area
U.S.
New England
Massachusetts
Boston
1996
620,669
21,904
9,828
2,273
2006
719,970
23,003
10,379
1,542
Absolute Relative
Change Change
99,301
16%
1,099
5%
551
6%
-731
-32%
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
In contrast to these upward trends, in Boston the number of non degree
certificates granted to undergraduate students fell by almost a third in just ten years, from
2,273 certificates in 1996 to 1,542 certificates in 2006. This negative growth in new
undergraduate non degree certificates reveals that during the period of 1996 to 2006
Boston’s higher education system was unable to keep pace with the national, regional or
state rate of expansion in institutional labor supply at the undergraduate non degree
certificate level.
Sources of Undergraduate Non Degree Certificates Change in
the Higher Education Sector
As the number of undergraduate non degree certificates granted has changed over
the past ten years in Boston, Massachusetts, New England and the nation, the data
provided in Table 10, Chart 5 and Chart 6 reveal that the sources and rate of this change
by sector of the higher education system has varied by geographic area.
108
Table 10:
Trends in the Number of Undergraduate Non Degree Certificates Awarded in the U.S.,
New England, Massachusetts and Boston, by Higher Education Sector, 1996 to 2006
Sector
U.S.
Public
Private
New England
Public
Private
Massachusetts
Public
Private
Boston
Public
Private
Absolute Relative
Change Change
1996
2006
307,358
313,311
373,218
346,752
65,860
33,441
21%
11%
4,451
17,453
4,922
18,081
471
628
11%
4%
2,463
7,365
2,899
7,480
436
115
18%
2%
212
2,061
308
1,234
96
-827
45%
-40%
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
In the nation as a whole, public colleges accounted for two thirds of the total rise
in undergraduate non degree certificates granted between 1996 and 2006, with public
colleges expanding their certificates output by almost 66,000 over this ten year period, an
increase of 21 percent. In contrast, private colleges accounted for only one third of the
total rise in non degree undergraduate certificates granted in the nation. The number of
certificates conferred by these institutions increased by over 33,000 between 1996 and
2006, an increase of 11 percent.
In comparison to the nation, the rate of increase in the total number of conferred
undergraduate non degree certificates was slower in both New England and
Massachusetts. However, just as in the nation, in Massachusetts public colleges
accounted for the majority of the total rise in non degree undergraduate certificates (79
percent), expanding their output of certificates by 18 percent over this ten year period,
from 2,463 in 1996 to 2,899 in 2006. In contrast, private colleges in Massachusetts only
accounted for 21 percent of the total rise in undergraduate non degree certificates over
this ten year period, increasing the number of certificates they granted by 115 between
1996 and 2006, a two percent rise.
109
Chart 5:
Rate of Change in the Number of Undergraduate Non Degree Certificates Awarded by
Higher Education Sector in the U.S., New England, Massachusetts and Boston, 1996 to
2006
45%
50%
40%
30%
20%
21%
18%
11%
10%
11%
4%
2%
0%
-10%
-20%
-30%
-40%
-40%
-50%
U.S.
New England
Public
Massachusetts
Boston
Private
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
Unlike Massachusetts, in New England private colleges accounted for the
majority of the total rise in undergraduate non degree certificates granted over this ten
year period. In New England private higher education institutions accounted for 57
percent of the total rise in undergraduate non degree certificates conferred, with the
number of certificates that they granted increasing by 628 between 1996 and 2006.
Public colleges in New England accounted for less than half of the total rise in
undergraduate non degree certificates granted in the region over this ten year period (43
percent), increasing the number of certificates they gave by 471 between 1996 and 2006.
The large decrease in the number of undergraduate non degree certificates in
Boston between 1996 and 2006 was concentrated solely in the private higher education
sector, which reduced the number of these certificates granted by 40 percent, from 2,061
110
in 1996 to 1,234 in 2006. In contrast, during this same period of time the number of
undergraduate non degree certificates granted by public colleges in Boston actually
increased by 45 percent, from 212 in 1996 to 308 in 2006. However, this increase was
Chart 6:
The Number of Undergraduate Non Degree Certificates Awarded by Higher Education
Sector in Boston, 1996 to 2006
2500
2061
2000
1500
1234
1000
500
308
212
0
1996
2006
Public
Private
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
not big enough to counterbalance the larger decrease in the number of undergraduate non
degree certificates that occurred at the same time within the private higher education
sector in Boston.
As a consequence of these trends over the past ten years, although private colleges
in Boston continue to account for the majority of all undergraduate non degree
certificates granted within the area, this majority has been eroded from 91 percent of all
of these certificates in 1996 to 80 percent in 2006.
111
Trends in Fields of Study of Undergraduate Non Degree
Certificate Awards
Over the last ten years, as the output of undergraduate non degree certificates has
decreased markedly by a total of 32 percent in Boston, there have also been considerable
changes in the composition of the broad fields of study in which students have earned
these certificates (Table 11).
Table 11:
Trends in Undergraduate Non Degree Certificates Awarded by Boston
Colleges, by Broad Major Field of Study, 1996 to 2006
Major Field of Study
Criminal Justice
Health Sciences
Business
Engineering & Computer
Science
Education
Law
Arts & Humanities
Sciences
Personal Services
Total
1996
2
422
458
2006
5
644
24
479
34
48
432
0
378
2,273
233
60
27
299
3
247
1,542
Absolute Relative
Change Change
3
150%
222
53%
-434
-95%
-246
26
-21
-133
3
-131
-731
-51%
76%
-44%
-31%
-35%
-32%
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
The largest absolute decrease in the number of undergraduate non degree
certificates in Boston was in business, where the number of certificates granted fell by
434, from 458 certificates in 1996 to 24 certificates in 2006. Other – albeit smaller –
absolute decreases in the number of undergraduate non degree certificates occurred
between 1996 and 2006 in engineering and computer science (a decrease of 246
certificates), arts and humanities (a decrease of 133 certificates), personal services (a
decrease of 131 certificates) and law (a decrease of 21 certificates).
Meanwhile, these decreases were partially offset by absolute increases in the
number of undergraduate non degree certificates granted in Boston during this ten year
period in health sciences (an increase of 222 certificates), education (an increase of 26
112
certificates), criminal justice (an increase of three certificates) and sciences (also an
increase of three certificates).
Current Distribution of Undergraduate Non Degree Certificate
Awards
As highlighted from the data in Table 12, the mix of program offerings, as
measured by the distribution of undergraduate non degree certificates in Boston during
2006, is quite different from those of the higher education systems in the state of
Massachusetts, the New England region and the nation as a whole.
As in Boston in 2006, the biggest share of all undergraduate non degree
certificates was awarded in health sciences by the higher education institutions in
Massachusetts, New England and the nation. Over four tenths (42 percent) of all
certificates were granted in this field of study in Boston in 2006, a similar share to that in
New England (45 percent) and the nation (43 percent), although smaller than the share in
Massachusetts (52 percent).
The second biggest share of all undergraduate non degree certificates were
granted in arts and humanities in Boston in 2006 (19 percent). This is substantially
different from the other geographical areas, which did not award the second largest share
of all these certificates in arts and humanities. In addition, the shares that they did award
were markedly smaller than in Boston (four percent in both New England and the nation
and six percent in Massachusetts).
Boston also granted a larger share of all undergraduate non degree certificates in
education in 2006 (four percent) than the other geographical areas did (one percent was
granted in Massachusetts, New England and the nation).
Conversely, in contrast to New England and the nation as a whole, Boston
awarded considerably smaller shares of undergraduate non degree certificates in
engineering and computer science and business. In 2006 Boston only awarded 15 percent
of all of these certificates in engineering and computer science, smaller than the shares in
New England (22 percent) and the nation (23 percent) although more comparable to the
share in Massachusetts (10 percent). Also, while Boston awarded a comparable share of
all undergraduate non degree certificates to Massachusetts in business (two percent
compared to three percent), this share in Boston was half the size of the share awarded in
113
New England (four percent) and more than four times as small as the share granted in the
nation (nine percent).
Table 12:
Distribution of Undergraduate Non Degree Certificates Conferred by Broad Major Fields
of Study in Boston, Massachusetts, New England and the U.S., 2006
Major Field of Study
Criminal Justice
Health Sciences
Business
Engineering & Computer
Science
Education
Law
Arts & Humanities
Sciences
Personal Services
Undesignated Field of Study
Total
Boston
0%
42%
2%
Massachusetts
1%
52%
3%
New
England
1%
45%
4%
U.S.
4%
43%
9%
15%
4%
2%
19%
0%
16%
0%
100%
10%
1%
2%
6%
2%
23%
0%
100%
22%
1%
2%
4%
1%
20%
0%
100%
23%
1%
1%
4%
0%
15%
0%
100%
Source: National Center of Education Statistics, Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System,
various years, Tabulation by Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University, March 2008
While Boston awarded a marginally larger share of all of these certificates in
personal services (16 percent) than the nation did (15 percent), this share was smaller
than those awarded in this field of study in both Massachusetts and New England (23
percent and 20 percent, respectively).
Furthermore, while Boston awarded a zero percent share of all undergraduate non
degree certificates in criminal justice and sciences in 2006, higher shares were granted in
these fields in other geographical areas. Massachusetts and New England awarded one
percent of all undergraduate non degree certificates in criminal justice in 2006, while the
nation awarded four percent. Meanwhile, although the nation’s higher education system
also awarded a zero percent share of all of these certificates in sciences, Massachusetts
awarded two percent and New England awarded one percent.
Finally, all of the geographical areas awarded a low share of all undergraduate
non degree certificates in 2006 in law. Only two percent of all certificates were granted
in law in Boston, Massachusetts and New England, and only one percent in the nation.
114
Secondary Career and Technical Education Program
Completions in Boston
Introduction
Graduates of career and technical education programs from the state’s network of
secondary vocational technical education programs represent an important source of
newly trained workers to specific occupations in state and local labor markets. Each year
the state grants a considerable number of diplomas to graduates who have completed a
vocational technical education course of study. Indeed, during 2007 a total of more than
14,700 high school diplomas were awarded to students who had completed a vocationaltechnical course of study while in high school. Like graduates of comprehensive high
school programs, students who complete a vocational-technical program of study must
achieve a given level of academic proficiency and must demonstrate their academic skills
by passing the 10th grade English Language Arts and Mathematics MCAS proficiency
tests. These students also complete a course of study that meets the program guidelines of
both the federal Perkins Reauthorization Act of 2006 and the rigorous Massachusetts
Vocational Education standards outlined in Chapter 74 M.G.L and subsequent regulations
put out by the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Chapter 74
vocational technical program standards are organized with the purpose of ensuring that “
…all vocational technical education programs are of the scope and quality necessary to
provide students with the knowledge and skills needed to complete in a dynamic, global
workplace and in post secondary education including registered apprenticeship
programs.” 29
The Chapter 74 standards require strong local vocational technical leadership at
the principal and superintendent level, a set of program advisory committees composed
of local businesses, organized labor and others who can offer advice, guidance and
support around the organization and delivery of educational services (including coop
29
Career and Technical Education Unit, Massachusetts General Law Chapter 74 Selected Sections and
Vocational Technical Education Regulations 603 CMR 4.00 and Guidelines Massachusetts Department of
Elementary and Secondary Education, Malden, Massachusetts, undated.
115
education) in the specific occupational field. In addition, schools must provide equipment
and facilities that meet current occupational standards and meet national occupational
program standards along with state board and accreditation association approvals. All
instructors in these programs must meet a range of education license requirements.
Virtually all of the programs offered at the state’s network of regional vocational
technical high schools meet the Chapter 74 standards. Some comprehensive high schools
also offer vocational-technical programs on a smaller scale. In Massachusetts, these
programs are also eligible for Perkins funding provided that the institutions complete a
detailed 5-year plan and meet both federal and state benchmarks for student performance
in both academic and technical areas. Practices in other states differ, where nonvocational programs are able to access Perkins funding to support career preparation,
Tech Prep and technical skill training.
Students who complete secondary vocational technical education programs can
choose a variety of pathways when they complete high school. About 45 percent of these
graduates will enroll at a post secondary educational institution, but a considerable share
of these graduates will also directly enter the labor market in a short period of time after
graduation. However, about 40 to 45 percent of Chapter 74 graduates find work in a field
related to their occupational concentration while in high school. 30 An additional 15 to 20
percent of graduates find work in fields not related to their occupational field of study.
These flows of students from a variety of occupational specialties represent an
important new source of entry level labor supply to a variety of occupations in the Boston
region. Indeed, during 2007 vocational technical programs in the area granted high school
diplomas to 689 students. These graduates left high school with a set of occupational
skills developed as an integrated component of their high school learning experiences.
These individuals have displayed the ability to develop skills in a given occupation, have
displayed academic proficiencies consistent with statewide learning standards and have a
high rate of positive outcomes after completing high school as measured by post
secondary enrollment and employment outcomes after graduation.
30
Unpublished tables, prepared by the Career and Technical Education Unit, Massachusetts Department of
Elementary and Secondary Education, Malden, Massachusetts, September 2007
116
The Occupational Structure of Secondary Career and Technical
Education Awards
The range of fields of study offered by secondary career and technical education
institutions in the Massachusetts is quite wide. CLMS found 55 distinct (and well
populated) vocational technical education programs in the state. These programs cover an
array of occupational fields ranging from precision production fields, to engineering
technology related fields to a number of health occupations. In Boston the 15 schools that
provided career and technical education program offerings to the region’s students
covered 26 distinct occupational fields. Career and technical education programs provide
different program offerings to their students based on the local nature of labor demand
and the post graduate outcomes generated for graduates of their programs. Thus, the
occupational structure of program offerings varies with respect to local labor market
requirements.
The findings provided in Chart 1 are an aggregation of the entire range of
program offerings delivered by secondary vocational education organizations in the state.
The data provide insight into the share of the 14,700 career and technical education
graduates of the class of 2007 by the occupational field in which they earned their high
school diploma. The data reveal that career and technical education programs cover a
fairly broad range of jobs from occupations found in the service sector of the economy
including health services, design and communications fields and business fields of study
to blue collar fields in the construction trades and precision production and machine trade
jobs often heavily concentrated among the state’s durable goods manufacturing
industries.
The data reveal that the single largest area in which students earn a diploma is in
business. Many of the programs in this field are organized around office technology
including instruction in word processing and related office support software. Engineering
and information technology accounted for 16 percent of the occupational awards granted
by the state’s secondary vocational technical institutions. These fields include computer
technology, programming and web development and information support services and
networking. Construction trades, including carpentry, electrician, plumbing and other
117
Chart 1:
The Percent Distribution of Class of 2007 Career and Technical Education Secondary
Graduates in Massachusetts, by Major Occupational Field of Study
Source: Unpublished data files prepared by the Career and Technical Education Unit, Massachusetts Department of
Elementary and Secondary Education. Tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
areas accounted for about 15 percent of all students who completed a secondary
vocational technical program in the state. Precision production and repair accounted for
about 12 percent of all awards and include fields such as automotive technology and
stationary engineer. Service related fields were somewhat smaller in size. Health services
fields accounted for just 8 percent of awards. The health services area included fields
such as medical assistant and dental assistant. Culinary arts, including baker, chef and
related food service management fields accounted for about 9 percent of all diploma
awards during 2007. Cosmetology and agricultural services programs each accounted for
just 3 percent of awards in the state during the year.
Although the career and technical education system at the secondary level in
Boston covers a fairly broad range of jobs from across different sectors of the economy, it
118
is structured very differently than that in the state as a whole, as measured by the
occupational composition of fields of study of recent program graduates.
Unlike in the entire state, career and technical education programs in Boston are
most heavily concentrated in the field of engineering/information technology.
Engineering/information technology programs accounted for three tenths of career and
educational technical awards in the region during 2007, almost twice as high as the 16
percent share in the state. Although in Boston, as in the whole state, business
occupations accounted for a large share of all graduates who completed a secondary
vocational technical program, the share in Boston was considerably higher than the share
in the entire state (29 percent versus 19 percent, respectively). Furthermore,
Chart 2:
The Percent Distribution of Class of 2007 Career and Technical Education Secondary
Graduates in Boston, by Major Occupational Field of Study
Source: Unpublished data files prepared by the Career and Technical Education Unit, Massachusetts Department of
Elementary and Secondary Education. Tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
while the health services field accounted for almost one fifth of all awards among
vocational technical program graduates in Boston, this share was more than twice the size
of the share granted in the health services field statewide (19 percent versus 8 percent,
119
respectively). The Boston vocational technical programs also graduated a slightly bigger
share of students in the design/communications field than equivalent programs in the
entire state (8 percent versus 6 percent, respectively),
Conversely, the Boston region graduated markedly smaller shares of vocational
technical program graduates than the entire state did in the construction field (4 percent
versus 15 percent, respectively); the precision production/mechanics field (5 percent
versus 12 percent, respectively) and the culinary arts/consumer studies field (2 percent
versus 9 percent, respectively). The cosmetology field accounted for a marginally
smaller share of all awards granted among vocational technical graduates in Boston than
it did in the entire state (2 percent versus 3 percent, respectively).
Table 1:
The Percent Distribution of Class of 2007 Career and Technical Education Secondary
Graduates in Massachusetts and Boston, by Occupational Field of Study
Aggregate Programs
Construction Occupations
Precision Production/Mechanics
Engineering/Information Technology
Education
Business
Agricultural Services
Culinary Arts/Consumer Studies
Cosmetology
Design/Communications
Health Services
All Other
Total
Massachusetts
15%
12%
16%
8%
19%
3%
9%
3%
6%
8%
1%
100%
Boston
4%
5%
30%
0%
29%
0%
2%
2%
8%
19%
0%
100%
Source: Unpublished data files prepared by the Career and Technical Education Unit, Massachusetts Department of
Elementary and Secondary Education. Tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University
While the state’s career and technical education system had 3 percent of its 2007
graduates complete a course of study in the agricultural services field, the Boston’s
system had zero percent. Similarly, while the state’s vocational technical programs
graduated 8 percent of students in the education field; the Boston region’s system
graduated zero percent of students in this field.
120
The number of secondary school graduates who have earned their diploma in a
career and technical education specialty has increased considerably at the statewide level
over the past several years. During 2004 the state’s secondary vocational technical
education system awarded high school diplomas to just fewer than 12,400 students. In
each year since then the number of awards granted by these institutions has increased
steadily. By 2007 the number of secondary vocational technical diplomas awarded had
increased to 14,775, a rise of nearly 20 percent in just four years. This increase in the
number of degrees is in part a reflection of the rise in the level of demand among high
school students for seats in secondary vocational programs. Indeed, many of the regional
vocational schools in the state report that over the past several years the number of
students seeking to enroll in their schools has been much higher than the number of
available seats. 31
Chart 3:
Trends in the Total Number of Secondary Career and Technical Education
Graduates in Massachusetts, 2004 to 2007
Source: Unpublished data files prepared by the Career and Technical Education Unit, Massachusetts Department of
Elementary and Secondary Education. Tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
In stark contrast to the trend statewide, the overall degree output of career and
technical education programs in Boston decreased during the 2004 to 2007 period
31
News articles about the high demand for secondary vocational technical education in the state began
appearing as early as 2004. For example See: Meredith Goldstein, “Whittier Admissions Under Fire:
Grades Keep Many from Attending” The Boston Globe, September 2, 2004
121
(although an increase was experienced between 2006 and 2007). During 2004 career and
technical education programs granted a total of 829 high school diplomas to
Chart 4:
Trends in the Total Number of Secondary Career and Technical Education
Graduates in Boston, 2004 to 2007
Source: Unpublished data files prepared by the Career and Technical Education Unit, Massachusetts Department of
Elementary and Secondary Education. Tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
students who had completed a course of study in a specific occupational field. The
number of awards granted in these vocational technical specialties decreased
considerably over the next two years, down to 702 awards in 2005 and then down further
to 593 awards in 2006. Although the number of secondary career and technical education
diplomas awarded in the Boston region during 2007 increased by 16 percent, to 689
diplomas, the number of diplomas granted in this year still represents a 17 percent decline
from the number of diplomas that were awarded in the region during 2004 and contrasts
122
to the considerable rate of growth in the number of these diplomas that were awarded in
the state as a whole over this 4 year period.
The growth in secondary career and technical diplomas at the state level varied
considerably across occupational fields. Moreover, the increases in awards were across a
variety of occupational skill areas. The findings provided in Table 2 examine statewide
growth in the number of secondary career and technical education diplomas awarded by
the major occupational field in which students concentrated their high school studies.
Strong growth in the number of awards occurred in several skilled blue collar fields. The
number of awards in the construction trades areas rose from 1,782 during 2004 to 2,156
by 2007, a rise of 21 percent over the period. Particularly large gains were posted in
electrician and plumbing and pipefitting, along with strong growth in carpentry
Table 2:
Trends in the Number of Secondary Career and Technical Education Graduates in
Massachusetts, by Major Occupational Field of Study, 2004 to 2007
Aggregate Programs
Construction
Occupations
Precision
Production/Mechanics
Engineering/Information
Technology
Education
Business
Agricultural Services
Culinary Arts/Consumer
Studies
Cosmetology
Design/Communications
Health Services
Technology Education
All Other
Total
2004
2005
2006
2007
Absolute
Change
Relative
Change
1782
1880
2024
2156
374
21%
1411
1589
1680
1753
342
24%
2193
399
2723
421
2262
548
2907
418
2344
600
3144
419
2320
649
2915
464
127
250
192
43
6%
63%
7%
10%
1003
409
694
930
248
178
12,391
974
461
724
1176
404
230
13,573
1246
462
724
1224
459
170
14,496
1292
499
875
1221
468
163
14,775
289
90
181
291
220
-15
2384
29%
22%
26%
31%
89%
-8%
19%
Source: Unpublished data files prepared by the Career and Technical Education Unit, Massachusetts Department of
Elementary and Secondary Education. Tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
123
and HVAC programs. The number of students earning awards in precision production
and repair fields rose sharply as well, increasing by 24 percent in just four years. This rise
occurred because of very strong growth in the number of students who completed some
type of auto repair/tech program as well as a sharp increase in the number of students
who graduated with a specialty in precision production fields that include the machine
trades. The health fields also posted sharp increases in the number of awards statewide.
Between 2004 and 2007 the number of diplomas awarded in health related fields
increased from 930 to 1,221 diploma awards. This increase represented nearly a one third
rise in the number of students who completed a secondary career and technical education
program with a concentration in the health field.
Technology related programs grew quite rapidly over the 2004 to 2007 period,
increasing the number of completers by 220 students. These include “instructional
programs that provide individuals with knowledge, learning experiences and
competencies pertaining to aspects of industry and technology. The programs are also
designed to assist individuals in making informed occupational choices and provide
preparation for entry into occupational training or education programs.” 32 Secondary
career and technical education programs operate very large engineering and information
technology programs. With more than 2,300 awards granted in these occupational
specialties during 2007, the number of degrees awarded statewide in these fields
increased by 6 percent over the last four years.
Business programs graduated a total of just over 2,900 students from the state’s
secondary career and technical education program. While this represents an overall rise
since 2004, the number of business awards began to decline last year and fell by 7
percent over the year. The education field, fueled by rapid increases in early education
and care program graduates, posted very rapid growth in the number of degrees awarded.
Between 2004 and 2007 the number of awards increased from about 400 to nearly 650, a
near two thirds increase in the number of students who earned their diploma in this field
of study.
32
Institute for Educational Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, Classification of Instructional
Programs http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/cip2000/ciplist.asp?CIP2=21
124
The decline in the number of secondary career and technical education diplomas
awarded in the Boston region between 2004 and 2007 did not occur evenly across all
occupational fields and all occupational skill areas. Not only was this decline
concentrated in certain occupational fields of study, but during this four year period there
was actually an increase in the number of secondary career and technical educational
diplomas awarded in a few of the occupational fields in the region’s career and technical
education system. The findings provided in Table 3 examine region wide changes in the
number of secondary career and technical education diplomas awarded by the major
occupational field in which students concentrated their high school studies.
The biggest program source of decrease in the number of secondary career and
technical education diplomas earned in the Boston region from 2004 to 2007 was in
business. The number of students who earned a degree in this field fell by 45 percent,
from 372 in 2004 to 203 in 2007. All of this decrease took place between 2004 and 2006;
between 2006 and 2007 the number of graduates in this field increased. The number of
secondary career and technical education diplomas granted in the health services field
over this four year period also decreased considerably, by 30 diplomas, or 19 percent.
Small decreases in the number of secondary career and technical education graduates in
the Boston region were also seen in the agricultural services, cosmetology,
precision/production mechanics and education occupational fields (by 9, 7, 4 and 3
graduates, respectively). In each of these four fields the biggest decline in the number of
graduates took place between 2004 and 2005, especially in the agricultural services and
the educational fields where the number of graduates fell from 9 to zero and 3 to zero,
respectively, during this one year period. Furthermore, the decreases in the number of
secondary career and technical education graduates in Boston between 2004 and 2007 in
each of these occupational fields of study stand in stark contrast to the increases in each
of these equivalent occupational fields statewide during this four year period.
Despite the overall decrease in the number of secondary career and technical
education graduates in Boston between 2004 and 2007, over this four year period of time
the number of these graduates in the region’s engineering production/mechanics field
increased markedly (by 75 graduates or 56 percent), from 134 in 2004 to 209 in 2007).
This rate of increase in this occupational field was faster than the rate of increase in the
125
Table 3:
Trends in the Number of Secondary Career and Technical Education Graduates in
Boston, by Major Occupational Field of Study, 2004 to 2007
Aggregate Programs
2004
Construction Occupations
24
Precision Production/Mechanics
37
Engineering/Information Technology 134
Education
3
Business
372
Agricultural Services
9
Culinary Arts/Consumer Studies
13
Cosmetology
22
Design/Communications
44
Health Services
162
All Other
9
Total
829
2005
40
26
121
0
255
0
22
10
47
181
0
702
2006
47
34
161
0
173
0
17
14
14
125
8
593
2007
26
33
209
0
203
0
17
15
52
132
2
689
Absolute
Change
2
-4
75
-3
-169
-9
4
-7
8
-30
-7
-140
Relative
Change
8%
-11%
56%
-100%
-45%
-100%
31%
-32%
18%
-19%
-78%
-17%
Source: Unpublished data files prepared by the Career and Technical Education Unit, Massachusetts Department of
Elementary and Secondary Education. Tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University
number of graduates in the equivalent field state wide over the same period (56 percent
versus 6 percent, respectively). The number of graduates in the construction, culinary
arts/consumer studies and design/communications fields in the Boston region’s secondary
career and technical education system also increased slightly during this four year period
(by 2, 4 and 8 graduates, respectively). The relative rate of increase between 2004 and
2007 in the number of secondary career and technical education graduates in the culinary
arts/consumer studies field was higher in the Boston region than it was in the equivalent
field statewide. In the construction and the design/communications fields the relative
rate of increase was slower in the Boston region than it was in the same fields in the
entire state.
126
Chart 5:
Rate of Change in the Number of Secondary Career and Technical Education Graduates
in Boston and Massachusetts, by Major Occupational Field of Study, 2004 to 2007
Source: Unpublished data files prepared by the Career and Technical Education Unit, Massachusetts Department of
Elementary and Secondary Education. Tabulations by the Center for Labor Market Studies, Northeastern University.
The discussion provided above provides an overview of the structure and trends in
the outputs of secondary vocational technical programs at the state and regional area
level. More detailed information about trends in completions in specific program areas by
individual high schools in the Boston region are provided in a CD that is included as part
of this monograph.
127
Appendix A:
Total Population, Working-Age
Population, and the Labor Force of the
Boston Workforce Area
Boston
Total Non-Institutional Population
(16+ Year Olds)
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Race
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Citizenship Status
Born abroad
Native born
Age Group
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Educational Attainment
Currently Enrolled in Secondary School
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or more
2000
449,840
05-06 Avg
433,600
Absolute
Change
-16,240
211,896
237,944
207,076
226,524
-4,820
-11,420
-2.3%
-4.8%
238,965
97,017
58,095
55,763
228,928
91,775
58,644
54,253
-10,037
-5,242
549
-1,510
-4.2%
-5.4%
0.9%
-2.7%
152,700
297,140
150,297
283,302
-2,403
-13,838
-1.6%
-4.7%
05-06 Avg
75,127
108,476
86,396
64,347
45,511
53,744
Absolute
Change
-8,954
-12,524
785
3,707
3,897
-3,150
Relative
Change
-10.6%
-10.4%
-10.9%
6.1%
9.4%
-5.5%
05-06 Avg
17,558
60,891
101,754
67,451
20,524
96,061
69,361
Absolute
Change
-1,352
-20,182
-1,698
-8,147
469
3,781
10,889
Relative
Change
-7.1%
-24.9%
-1.6%
-10.8%
2.3%
4.1%
18.6%
2000
84,081
121,000
85,611
60,640
41,614
56,894
2000
18,910
81,073
103,452
75,598
20,055
92,280
58,472
A1
Relative
Change
-3.6%
Boston
Civilian Labor Force (16+)
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Race
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Citizenship Status
Born abroad
Native born
Age Group
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Educational Attainment
Currently Enrolled in Secondary School
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or more
05-06 Avg
Civilian
Labor Force
297,652
05-06 Avg
Composition of
CLFPR
the Labor Force
68.6%
100.0%
152,099
145,553
73.5%
64.3%
51.1%
48.9%
164,338
57,656
41,861
33,797
71.8%
62.8%
71.4%
62.3%
55.2%
19.4%
14.1%
11.4%
97,601
200,050
64.9%
70.6%
32.8%
67.2%
05-06 Avg
61.7%
84.4%
84.7%
80.2%
61.4%
12.8%
Composition of
the Labor Force
15.6%
30.8%
24.6%
17.3%
9.4%
2.3%
05-06 Avg
35.9%
49.4%
61.5%
67.1%
77.5%
81.1%
85.9%
Composition of
the Labor Force
2.1%
10.1%
21.0%
15.2%
5.3%
26.2%
20.0%
05-06 Avg
46,368
91,600
73,213
51,637
27,935
6,899
05-06 Avg
6,301
30,079
62,605
45,230
15,900
77,935
59,603
A2
Boston
Total Non-Institutional Population
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Race
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Citizenship Status
Born abroad
Native born
Age Group
Under 16
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Educational Attainment (For 3+ Year
Olds)
Currently Enrolled in Secondary School
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or more
2000
554,883
05-06 Avg
534,434
Absolute
Change
-20,449
265,779
289,104
261,168
273,266
-4,611
-15,838
-1.7%
-5.5%
265,048
136,721
83,231
69,883
260,246
127,390
79,399
67,399
-4,802
-9,331
-3,832
-2,484
-1.8%
-6.8%
-4.6%
-3.6%
164,780
390,103
158,350
376,084
-6,430
-14,019
-3.9%
-3.6%
05-06 Avg
100,567
75,127
108,705
86,434
64,347
45,511
53,744
Absolute
Change
-4,476
-8,954
-12,295
823
3,707
3,897
-3,150
Relative
Change
-4.3%
-10.6%
-10.2%
1.0%
6.1%
9.4%
-5.5%
05-06 Avg
84,973
68,962
101,868
67,490
20,524
96,252
69,361
Absolute
Change
-10,729
-40,319
-1,627
-8,108
469
3,972
10,889
Relative
Change
-11.2%
-36.9%
-1.6%
-10.7%
2.3%
4.3%
18.6%
2000
105,043
84,081
121,000
85,611
60,640
41,614
56,894
2000
95,702
109,281
103,495
75,598
20,055
92,280
58,472
A3
Relative
Change
-3.7%
Massachusetts
Total Non-Institutional Population
(16+ Year Olds)
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Race
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Citizenship Status
Born abroad
Native born
Age Group
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Educational Attainment
Currently Enrolled in Secondary School
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or more
2000
4,788,971
05-06 Avg
4,925,682
Absolute
Change
136,711
2,260,322
2,528,649
2,350,430
2,575,252
90,108
46,603
4.0%
1.8%
4,017,954
211,086
272,020
287,911
4,003,895
250,652
347,766
323,369
-14,059
39,566
75,746
35,458
-0.3%
18.7%
27.8%
12.3%
782,661
4,006,310
933,222
3,992,460
150,561
-13,850
19.2%
-0.3%
05-06 Avg
684,204
820,165
992,032
949,666
678,559
801,057
Absolute
Change
61,495
-84,102
-60,598
83,058
138,223
-1,364
Relative
Change
9.9%
-9.3%
-10.9%
9.6%
25.6%
-0.2%
05-06 Avg
202,187
538,112
1,354,099
824,373
351,002
978,931
676,980
Absolute
Change
-2,643
-118,051
89,100
-33,077
22,989
83,005
95,390
Relative
Change
-1.3%
-18.0%
7.0%
-3.9%
7.0%
9.3%
16.4%
2000
622,709
904,267
1,052,630
866,608
540,336
802,421
2000
204,830
656,163
1,264,999
857,450
328,013
895,926
581,590
A4
Relative
Change
2.9%
Massachusetts
Civilian Labor Force (16+)
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Race
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Citizenship Status
Born abroad
Native born
Age Group
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Educational Attainment
Currently Enrolled in Secondary School
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or more
05-06 Avg
Civilian
Labor Force
3,369,817
05-06 Avg
Composition of
CLFPR
the Labor Force
68.4%
100.0%
1,753,898
1,615,919
74.6%
62.7%
52.0%
48.0%
2,736,864
173,280
236,188
223,485
68.4%
69.1%
67.9%
69.1%
81.2%
5.1%
7.0%
6.6%
629,794
2,740,023
67.5%
68.6%
18.7%
81.3%
05-06 Avg
65.6%
84.4%
83.4%
84.3%
69.6%
16.1%
Composition of
the Labor Force
13.3%
20.6%
24.6%
23.7%
14.0%
3.8%
05-06 Avg
42.2%
44.9%
64.5%
70.9%
77.8%
78.6%
80.3%
Composition of
the Labor Force
2.5%
7.2%
25.9%
17.3%
8.1%
22.8%
16.1%
05-06 Avg
448,825
692,610
827,370
800,284
471,988
128,741
05-06 Avg
85,313
241,494
872,791
584,536
273,056
769,239
543,389
A5
Massachusetts
Total Non-Institutional Population
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Race
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Citizenship Status
Born abroad
Native born
Age Group
Under 16
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Educational Attainment (For 3+ Year
Olds)
Currently Enrolled in Secondary School
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or more
2000
6,127,254
05-06 Avg
6,211,127
Absolute
Change
83,873
2,945,404
3,181,850
3,010,717
3,200,410
65,313
18,560
2.2%
0.6%
5,022,814
300,461
412,134
391,845
4,941,116
346,343
491,911
431,758
-81,698
45,882
79,777
39,913
-1.6%
15.3%
19.4%
10.2%
851,578
5,275,676
998,513
5,212,615
146,935
-63,061
17.3%
-1.2%
05-06 Avg
1,280,086
685,228
822,248
993,327
950,589
678,593
801,057
Absolute
Change
-58,197
62,519
-82,019
-59,303
83,981
138,257
-1,364
Relative
Change
-4.3%
10.0%
-9.1%
-5.6%
9.7%
25.6%
-0.2%
05-06 Avg
1,152,850
632,153
1,355,782
826,202
351,400
980,445
677,510
Absolute
Change
-70,147
-343,806
90,463
-31,248
23,387
84,519
95,920
Relative
Change
-5.7%
-35.2%
7.1%
-3.6%
7.1%
9.4%
16.5%
2000
1,338,283
622,709
904,267
1,052,630
866,608
540,336
802,421
2000
1,222,997
975,959
1,265,319
857,450
328,013
895,926
581,590
A6
Relative
Change
1.4%
New England
Total Non-Institutional Population
(16+ Year Olds)
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Race
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Citizenship Status
Born abroad
Native born
Age Group
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Educational Attainment
Currently Enrolled in Secondary School
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or more
2000
10,471,904
05-06 Avg
10,949,262
Absolute
Change
477,358
4,969,159
5,502,745
5,243,037
5,706,225
273,878
203,480
5.5%
3.7%
8,988,002
441,994
557,622
484,286
9,164,262
520,674
714,984
549,343
176,260
78,680
157,362
65,057
2.0%
17.8%
28.2%
13.4%
1,413,994
9,057,910
1,662,428
9,286,834
248,434
228,924
17.6%
2.5%
05-06 Avg
1,510,659
1,703,182
2,191,526
2,185,761
1,567,670
1,790,465
Absolute
Change
159,674
-144,089
-143,975
230,386
350,102
25,261
Relative
Change
11.8%
-7.8%
-10.9%
11.8%
28.8%
1.4%
05-06 Avg
462,078
1,202,765
3,192,522
1,922,171
793,932
2,037,866
1,337,928
Absolute
Change
-1,241
-275,325
255,951
10,341
79,938
215,472
192,222
Relative
Change
-0.3%
-18.6%
8.7%
0.5%
11.2%
11.8%
16.8%
2000
1,350,985
1,847,271
2,335,501
1,955,375
1,217,568
1,765,204
2000
463,319
1,478,090
2,936,571
1,911,830
713,994
1,822,394
1,145,706
A7
Relative
Change
4.6%
New England
Civilian Labor Force (16+)
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Race
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Citizenship Status
Born abroad
Native born
Age Group
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Educational Attainment
Currently Enrolled in Secondary School
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or more
05-06 Avg
Civilian
Labor Force
7,521,725
05-06 Avg
Composition of
CLFPR
the Labor Force
68.7%
100.0%
3,924,171
3,597,554
74.8%
63.0%
52.2%
47.8%
6,270,241
370,039
499,122
382,324
68.4%
71.1%
69.8%
69.6%
83.4%
4.9%
6.6%
5.1%
1,126,542
6,395,183
67.8%
68.9%
15.0%
85.0%
05-06 Avg
67.1%
84.9%
84.2%
84.3%
68.9%
16.4%
Composition of
the Labor Force
13.5%
19.2%
24.5%
24.5%
14.4%
3.9%
05-06 Avg
43.4%
45.4%
65.8%
72.4%
79.2%
78.5%
78.7%
Composition of
the Labor Force
2.7%
7.3%
27.9%
18.5%
8.4%
21.3%
14.0%
05-06 Avg
1,014,189
1,445,266
1,844,539
1,842,673
1,080,617
294,442
05-06 Avg
200,530
545,735
2,101,735
1,391,980
628,436
1,599,894
1,053,416
A8
New England
Total Non-Institutional Population
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Race
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Citizenship Status
Born abroad
Native born
Age Group
Under 16
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Educational Attainment (For 3+ Year
Olds)
Currently Enrolled in Secondary School
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or more
2000
13,450,470
05-06 Avg
13,783,286
Absolute
Change
332,816
6,497,802
6,952,668
6,699,832
7,083,455
202,030
130,787
3.1%
1.9%
11,306,533
628,948
844,299
670,690
11,298,107
716,040
1,024,054
745,087
-8,426
87,092
179,755
74,397
-0.1%
13.8%
21.3%
11.1%
1,543,213
11,907,257
1,784,503
11,998,783
241,290
91,526
15.6%
0.8%
05-06 Avg
2,813,360
1,514,542
1,711,770
2,197,264
2,187,708
1,568,179
1,790,465
Absolute
Change
-165,206
163,557
-135,501
-138,237
232,333
350,611
25,261
Relative
Change
-5.5%
12.1%
-7.3%
-5.9%
11.9%
28.8%
1.4%
05-06 Avg
2,567,798
1,417,552
3,198,834
1,928,713
795,504
2,042,797
1,340,599
Absolute
Change
-170,910
-763,181
261,808
16,804
81,510
220,403
194,893
Relative
Change
-6.2%
-35.0%
8.9%
0.9%
11.4%
12.1%
17.0%
2000
2,978,566
1,350,985
1,847,271
2,335,501
1,955,375
1,217,568
1,765,204
2000
2,738,708
2,180,733
2,937,026
1,911,909
713,994
1,822,394
1,145,706
A9
Relative
Change
2.5%
U.S.
Total Non-Institutional Population
(16+ Year Olds)
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Race
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Citizenship Status
Born abroad
Native born
Age Group
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Educational Attainment
Currently Enrolled in Secondary School
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or more
2000
208,782,718
05-06 Avg
224,204,853
Absolute
Change
15,422,135
99,903,746
108,878,972
108,181,231
116,023,623
8,277,485
7,144,651
8.3%
6.6%
150,017,883
22,590,821
23,411,379
12,762,635
155,178,332
25,109,271
29,348,621
14,568,630
5,160,449
2,518,450
5,937,242
1,805,995
3.4%
11.1%
25.4%
14.2%
29,492,950
179,289,768
35,189,909
189,014,945
5,696,959
9,725,177
19.3%
5.4%
05-06 Avg
34,690,717
38,516,867
43,035,471
42,276,254
30,673,755
35,011,791
Absolute
Change
2,824,973
322,582
-1,714,599
5,205,756
6,772,083
2,011,342
Relative
Change
8.9%
0.8%
-10.9%
14.0%
28.3%
6.1%
05-06 Avg
9,976,708
32,627,060
65,836,206
46,177,879
15,406,674
35,016,648
19,163,680
Absolute
Change
-87,824
-4,989,095
7,832,173
1,195,442
3,076,913
5,237,392
3,157,136
Relative
Change
-0.9%
-13.3%
13.5%
2.7%
25.0%
17.6%
19.7%
2000
31,865,744
38,194,285
44,750,070
37,070,498
23,901,672
33,000,449
2000
10,064,532
37,616,155
58,004,033
44,982,437
12,329,761
29,779,256
16,006,544
A 10
Relative
Change
7.4%
U.S.
Civilian Labor Force (16+)
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Race
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Citizenship Status
Born abroad
Native born
Age Group
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Educational Attainment
Currently Enrolled in Secondary School
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or more
05-06 Avg
Civilian
Labor Force
148,191,267
05-06 Avg
Composition of
CLFPR
the Labor Force
66.1%
100.0%
79,261,521
68,929,746
73.3%
59.4%
53.5%
46.5%
101,928,834
16,514,763
20,206,135
9,541,536
65.7%
65.8%
68.8%
65.5%
68.8%
11.1%
13.6%
6.4%
23,547,389
124,643,878
66.9%
65.9%
15.9%
84.1%
05-06 Avg
63.9%
82.7%
82.8%
80.9%
62.2%
14.9%
Composition of
the Labor Force
15.0%
21.5%
24.1%
23.1%
12.9%
3.5%
05-06 Avg
36.2%
48.2%
64.4%
70.6%
77.8%
77.2%
77.5%
Composition of
the Labor Force
2.4%
10.6%
28.6%
22.0%
8.1%
18.2%
10.0%
05-06 Avg
22,166,878
31,855,587
35,649,877
34,205,046
19,082,514
5,231,365
05-06 Avg
3,613,683
15,723,608
42,377,766
32,602,928
11,979,651
27,040,491
14,853,142
A 11
U.S.
Total Non-Institutional Population
Total
Gender
Male
Female
Race
White, non-Hispanic
Black, non-Hispanic
Hispanic
Other, non-Hispanic
Citizenship Status
Born abroad
Native born
Age Group
Under 16
16-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65+
Educational Attainment (For 3+ Year
Olds)
Currently Enrolled in Secondary School
High school dropout
High school graduate
Some college, no degree
Associate's degree
Bachelor's degree
Master's degree or more
2000
272,837,866
05-06 Avg
289,865,830
Absolute
Change
17,027,964
132,687,496
140,150,370
142,041,117
147,824,714
9,353,621
7,674,344
7.0%
5.5%
188,968,575
31,901,119
34,427,589
17,540,583
192,796,561
34,583,521
42,694,008
19,791,740
3,827,986
2,682,402
8,266,419
2,251,157
2.0%
8.4%
24.0%
12.8%
32,238,245
240,599,621
37,830,496
252,035,334
5,592,251
11,435,713
17.3%
4.8%
05-06 Avg
64,969,897
34,839,957
38,791,463
43,238,672
42,331,451
30,682,602
35,011,791
Absolute
Change
914,749
2,974,213
597,178
-1,511,398
5,260,953
6,780,930
2,011,342
Relative
Change
1.4%
9.3%
1.6%
-3.4%
14.2%
28.4%
6.1%
05-06 Avg
56,770,826
38,715,470
66,024,442
46,421,557
15,481,204
35,152,652
19,246,426
Absolute
Change
-988,013
-15,245,910
8,008,745
1,435,168
3,151,443
5,373,396
3,239,882
Relative
Change
-1.7%
-28.3%
13.8%
3.2%
25.6%
18.0%
20.2%
2000
64,055,148
31,865,744
38,194,285
44,750,070
37,070,498
23,901,672
33,000,449
2000
57,758,839
53,961,380
58,015,697
44,986,389
12,329,761
29,779,256
16,006,544
A 12
Relative
Change
6.2%
Appendix B:
Measuring Wage and Salary Employment
Levels and Trends in the Boston
Workforce Area
Boston ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2004-2007
2 Digit
Description
2004 Third 2007 Third
Quarter
Quarter
534,427
562,516
Total, All Industries
39
11
11 - Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting
13,260
13,028
23 - Construction
13,115
9,549
31-33 - Manufacturing
6,710
4,272
DUR - Durable Goods Manufacturing
6,405
5,277
NONDUR - Non-Durable Goods Manufacturing
2,626
2,595
22 - Utilities
8,334
8,786
42 - Wholesale Trade
27,410
27,092
44-45 - Retail Trade
28,024
27,072
48-49 - Transportation and Warehousing
15,571
15,751
51 - Information
69,772
76,042
52 - Finance and Insurance
11,381
11,394
53 - Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
54,353
58,301
54 - Professional and Technical Services
7,574
7,197
55 - Management of Companies and Enterprises
36,890
40,575
56 - Administrative and Waste Services
38,364
42,112
61 - Educational Services
102,291
109,869
62 - Health Care and Social Assistance
8,053
8,218
71 - Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
42,269
46,095
72 - Accommodation and Food Services
18,612
21,282
81 - Other Services, Ex. Public Admin
36,470
37,539
92 - Public Administration
B1
Absolute
Change
28,089
-28
-232
-3,566
-2,438
-1,128
-31
452
-318
-952
180
6,270
13
3,948
-377
3,685
3,748
7,578
165
3,826
2,670
1,069
Relative
Change
5.3%
-71.8%
-1.7%
-27.2%
-36.3%
-17.6%
-1.2%
5.4%
-1.2%
-3.4%
1.2%
9.0%
0.1%
7.3%
-5.0%
10.0%
9.8%
7.4%
2.0%
9.1%
14.3%
2.9%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2004-2007
2 Digit
Description
2004 Third 2007 Third
Quarter
Quarter
Total, All Industries
3,139,881
3,236,217
7,956
7,518
11 - Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting
1,974
1,594
21 - Mining
159,762
158,057
23 - Construction
313,608
294,964
31-33 - Manufacturing
205,621
195,180
DUR - Durable Goods Manufacturing
107,987
99,785
NONDUR - Non-Durable Goods Manufacturing
13,970
13,396
22 - Utilities
135,538
138,426
42 - Wholesale Trade
355,455
348,784
44-45 - Retail Trade
100,564
100,802
48-49 - Transportation and Warehousing
92,519
94,852
51 - Information
173,224
182,744
52 - Finance and Insurance
46,550
45,094
53 - Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
228,408
252,712
54 - Professional and Technical Services
64,989
61,401
55 - Management of Companies and Enterprises
170,375
180,429
56 - Administrative and Waste Services
252,159
269,921
61 - Educational Services
451,949
488,020
62 - Health Care and Social Assistance
62,046
64,971
71 - Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
260,673
268,410
72 - Accommodation and Food Services
117,750
128,741
81 - Other Services, Ex. Public Admin
130,413
135,383
92 - Public Administration
B2
Absolute
Change
96,336
-438
-380
-1,705
-18,644
-10,441
-8,202
-574
2,888
-6,671
238
2,333
9,520
-1,456
24,304
-3,588
10,054
17,762
36,071
2,925
7,737
10,991
4,970
Relative
Change
3.1%
-5.5%
-19.3%
-1.1%
-5.9%
-5.1%
-7.6%
-4.1%
2.1%
-1.9%
0.2%
2.5%
5.5%
-3.1%
10.6%
-5.5%
5.9%
7.0%
8.0%
4.7%
3.0%
9.3%
3.8%
Boston ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2006-2007
2 Digit
Description
2006 Third 2007 Third
Quarter
Quarter
550,355
562,516
Total, All Industries
10
11
11 - Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting
12,979
13,028
23 - Construction
11,128
9,549
31-33 - Manufacturing
5,607
4,272
DUR - Durable Goods Manufacturing
5,521
5,277
NONDUR - Non-Durable Goods Manufacturing
2,534
2,595
22 - Utilities
8,223
8,786
42 - Wholesale Trade
26,435
27,092
44-45 - Retail Trade
26,124
27,072
48-49 - Transportation and Warehousing
16,198
15,751
51 - Information
73,940
76,042
52 - Finance and Insurance
11,700
11,394
53 - Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
57,525
58,301
54 - Professional and Technical Services
7,415
7,197
55 - Management of Companies and Enterprises
37,883
40,575
56 - Administrative and Waste Services
41,577
42,112
61 - Educational Services
106,595
109,869
62 - Health Care and Social Assistance
7,657
8,218
71 - Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
44,506
46,095
72 - Accommodation and Food Services
20,248
21,282
81 - Other Services, Ex. Public Admin
37,666
37,539
92 - Public Administration
B3
Absolute
Change
12,161
1
49
-1,579
-1,335
-244
61
563
657
948
-447
2,102
-306
776
-218
2,692
535
3,274
561
1,589
1,034
-127
Relative
Change
2.2%
10.0%
0.4%
-14.2%
-23.8%
-4.4%
2.4%
6.8%
2.5%
3.6%
-2.8%
2.8%
-2.6%
1.3%
-2.9%
7.1%
1.3%
3.1%
7.3%
3.6%
5.1%
-0.3%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2006-2007
2 Digit
Description
2006 Third 2007 Third
Quarter
Quarter
Total, All Industries
3,200,233
3,236,217
7,749
7,518
11 - Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting
1,842
1,594
21 - Mining
161,049
158,057
23 - Construction
298,840
294,964
31-33 - Manufacturing
196,222
195,180
DUR - Durable Goods Manufacturing
102,618
99,785
NONDUR - Non-Durable Goods Manufacturing
13,068
13,396
22 - Utilities
137,726
138,426
42 - Wholesale Trade
349,751
348,784
44-45 - Retail Trade
99,927
100,802
48-49 - Transportation and Warehousing
93,745
94,852
51 - Information
181,868
182,744
52 - Finance and Insurance
46,161
45,094
53 - Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
246,776
252,712
54 - Professional and Technical Services
61,790
61,401
55 - Management of Companies and Enterprises
176,723
180,429
56 - Administrative and Waste Services
264,293
269,921
61 - Educational Services
471,170
488,020
62 - Health Care and Social Assistance
63,976
64,971
71 - Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
264,944
268,410
72 - Accommodation and Food Services
124,406
128,741
81 - Other Services, Ex. Public Admin
134,428
135,383
92 - Public Administration
B4
Absolute
Change
35,984
-231
-248
-2,992
-3,876
-1,042
-2,833
328
700
-967
875
1,107
876
-1,067
5,936
-389
3,706
5,628
16,850
995
3,466
4,335
955
Relative
Change
1.1%
-3.0%
-13.5%
-1.9%
-1.3%
-0.5%
-2.8%
2.5%
0.5%
-0.3%
0.9%
1.2%
0.5%
-2.3%
2.4%
-0.6%
2.1%
2.1%
3.6%
1.6%
1.3%
3.5%
0.7%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
11
114
1141
23
236
2361
2362
237
2371
2372
2373
2379
238
2381
2382
2383
2389
31-33
DUR
NONDUR
311
3113
3116
3117
3118
3119
313
3133
314
3141
3149
315
3152
321
3219
322
3222
323
3231
325
3254
326
2004 Third
Quarter
534,427
26,433
58
39
39
39
13,260
13,260
3,919
886
3,033
2,564
639
195
1,587
143
6,777
848
3,547
1,602
781
13,115
13,115
6,710
6,405
2,256
60
288
387
1,350
90
38
20
137
66
71
874
826
73
73
93
93
1,424
1,424
766
702
612
Total, all industries
Goods-Producing Domain
Natural Resources and Mining
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting
Fishing, Hunting and Trapping
Fishing
Construction
Construction
Construction of Buildings
Residential Building Construction
Nonresidential Building Construction
Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction
Utility System Construction
Land Subdivision
Highway, Street, and Bridge Construction
Other Heavy Construction
Specialty Trade Contractors
Building Foundation/Exterior Contractors
Building Equipment Contractors
Building Finishing Contractors
Other Specialty Trade Contractors
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Durable Goods Manufacturing
Non-Durable Goods Manufacturing
Food Manufacturing
Sugar/Confectionery Product Manufacture
Animal Slaughtering and Processing
Seafood Product Preparation & Packaging
Bakeries and Tortilla Manufacturing
Other Food Manufacturing
Textile Mills
Textile and Fabric Finishing and Fabric
Textile Product Mills
Textile Furnishings Mills
Other Textile Product Mills
Apparel Manufacturing
Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing
Wood Product Manufacturing
Other Wood Product Manufacturing
Paper Manufacturing
Converted Paper Product Manufacturing
Printing and Related Support Activities
Printing and Related Support Activities
Chemical Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical & Medicine Manufacturing
Plastics & Rubber Products Manufacturing
B5
2007 Third
Quarter
562,516
22,596
20
11
11
11
13,028
13,028
3,848
756
3,092
2,406
653
288
1,343
123
6,773
940
3,262
1,688
883
9,549
9,549
4,272
5,277
1,972
0
138
293
1,374
57
0
0
152
67
85
710
661
0
0
81
58
1,078
1,078
778
701
0
Absolute
Change
28,089
-3,837
-38
-28
-28
-28
-232
-232
-71
-130
59
-158
14
93
-244
-20
-4
92
-285
86
102
-3,566
-3,566
-2,438
-1,128
-284
-60
-150
-94
24
-33
-38
-20
15
1
14
-164
-165
-73
-73
-12
-35
-346
-346
12
-1
-612
Relative
Change
5.3%
-14.5%
-65.5%
-71.8%
-71.8%
-71.8%
-1.7%
-1.7%
-1.8%
-14.7%
1.9%
-6.2%
2.2%
47.7%
-15.4%
-14.0%
-0.1%
10.8%
-8.0%
5.4%
13.1%
-27.2%
-27.2%
-36.3%
-17.6%
-12.6%
-100.0%
-52.1%
-24.3%
1.8%
-36.7%
-100.0%
-100.0%
10.9%
1.5%
19.7%
-18.8%
-20.0%
-100.0%
-100.0%
-12.9%
-37.6%
-24.3%
-24.3%
1.6%
-0.1%
-100.0%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
327
3323
3327
3328
333
3335
334
3344
3346
335
336
337
3371
3372
339
3391
3399
22
221
2211
2212
42
423
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
424
4241
4242
4243
4244
4246
4247
4248
4249
425
4251
44-45
441
4411
4412
4413
2004 Third
Quarter
205
242
42
135
266
0
1,604
243
31
391
340
161
109
30
426
87
338
507,995
66,394
2,626
2,626
1,022
975
8,334
3,574
248
599
141
1,226
98
397
194
294
376
3,535
172
92
368
1,925
76
92
173
638
1,226
1,226
27,410
1,605
1,133
38
434
Nonmetallic Mineral Product Mfg
Architectural and Structural Metals
Machine Shops and Threaded Products
Coating, Engraving & Heat Treating Metal
Machinery Manufacturing
Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing
Computer and Electronic Product Mfg
Semiconductor and Electronic Components
Magnetic Media Manufacture & Reproducing
Electrical Equipment and Appliances
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Furniture and Related Product Mfg
Household and Institutional Furniture
Office Furniture and Fixtures Mfg
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Medical Equipment and Supplies Mfg
Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Service-Providing Domain
Trade, Transportation and Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Power Generation and Supply
Natural Gas Distribution
Wholesale Trade
Merchant Wholesalers, Durable Goods
Motor Vehicle/Part Merchant Wholesalers
Furniture & Furnishings Merchant Whsle
Lumber and Supply Merchant Wholesalers
Commercial Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Metal and Mineral Merchant Wholesalers
Electric Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Hardware & Plumbing Merchant Wholesalers
Machinery & Supply Merchant Wholesalers
Misc Durable Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Merchant Wholesalers, Nondurable Goods
Paper/Paper Product Merchant Wholesalers
Druggists' Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Apparel/Piece Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Grocery Product Merchant Wholesalers
Chemical Merchant Wholesalers
Petroleum Merchant Wholesalers
Alcoholic Beverage Merchant Wholesalers
Misc Nondurable Goods Merchant Whsle
Electronic Markets and Agents/Brokers
Electronic Markets and Agents/Brokers
Retail Trade
Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers
Automobile Dealers
Other Motor Vehicle Dealers
Auto Parts, Accessories, and Tire Stores
B6
2007 Third
Quarter
155
264
55
126
93
40
365
192
0
357
358
94
66
0
429
86
344
539,920
65,545
2,595
2,595
1,040
942
8,786
3,381
292
479
289
1,113
58
373
243
188
345
4,270
255
0
279
2,258
82
115
99
673
1,136
1,136
27,092
1,505
1,116
33
357
Absolute
Change
-50
22
13
-9
-173
40
-1,239
-51
-31
-34
18
-67
-43
-30
3
-1
6
31,925
-849
-31
-31
18
-33
452
-193
44
-120
148
-113
-40
-24
49
-106
-31
735
83
-92
-89
333
6
23
-74
35
-90
-90
-318
-100
-17
-5
-77
Relative
Change
-24.4%
9.1%
31.0%
-6.7%
-65.0%
NA
-77.2%
-21.0%
-100.0%
-8.7%
5.3%
-41.6%
-39.4%
-100.0%
0.7%
-1.1%
1.8%
6.3%
-1.3%
-1.2%
-1.2%
1.8%
-3.4%
5.4%
-5.4%
17.7%
-20.0%
105.0%
-9.2%
-40.8%
-6.0%
25.3%
-36.1%
-8.2%
20.8%
48.3%
-100.0%
-24.2%
17.3%
7.9%
25.0%
-42.8%
5.5%
-7.3%
-7.3%
-1.2%
-6.2%
-1.5%
-13.2%
-17.7%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
442
4421
4422
443
4431
444
4441
445
4451
4452
4453
446
4461
447
4471
448
4481
4482
4483
451
4511
4512
452
4521
4529
453
4531
4532
4533
4539
454
4541
4542
4543
48-49
481
4811
4812
483
4831
484
4841
4842
4852
4853
4855
4859
487
4871
4872
2004 Third
Quarter
781
390
391
966
966
1,209
1,171
6,992
5,765
473
754
2,985
2,985
479
479
5,068
3,719
607
741
1,698
673
1,025
2,960
2,708
252
2,140
387
892
361
500
527
298
0
215
28,024
8,063
8,037
26
43
34
1,038
370
668
159
215
147
171
1,221
482
739
Furniture and Home Furnishings Stores
Furniture Stores
Home Furnishings Stores
Electronics and Appliance Stores
Electronics and Appliance Stores
Building Material & Garden Supply Stores
Building Material and Supplies Dealers
Food and Beverage Stores
Grocery Stores
Specialty Food Stores
Beer, Wine, and Liquor Stores
Health and Personal Care Stores
Health and Personal Care Stores
Gasoline Stations
Gasoline Stations
Clothing and Clothing Accessories Stores
Clothing Stores
Shoe Stores
Jewelry, Luggage & Leather Goods Stores
Sporting Goods/Hobby/Book/Music Stores
Sporting Goods/Musical Instrument Stores
Book, Periodical, and Music Stores
General Merchandise Stores
Department Stores
Other General Merchandise Stores
Miscellaneous Store Retailers
Florists
Office Supply, Stationery & Gift Stores
Used Merchandise Stores
Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers
Nonstore Retailers
Electronic Shopping & Mail-Order Houses
Vending Machine Operators
Direct Selling Establishments
Transportation and Warehousing
Air Transportation
Scheduled Air Transportation
Nonscheduled Air Transportation
Water Transportation
Sea, Coastal & Great Lakes Transport
Truck Transportation
General Freight Trucking
Specialized Freight Trucking
Interurban and Rural Bus Transportation
Taxi and Limousine Service
Charter Bus Industry
Other Ground Passenger Transportation
Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation
Scenic/Sightseeing Transportation, Land
Scenic/Sightseeing Transportation, Water
B7
2007 Third
Quarter
806
345
461
1,006
1,006
999
964
7,007
5,743
517
747
2,931
2,931
483
483
5,307
3,767
789
750
1,984
823
1,162
1,938
1,704
234
2,163
392
844
394
533
964
779
39
146
27,072
6,999
6,994
0
0
0
925
341
584
185
342
142
157
1,060
409
651
Absolute
Change
25
-45
70
40
40
-210
-207
15
-22
44
-7
-54
-54
4
4
239
48
182
9
286
150
137
-1,022
-1,004
-18
23
5
-48
33
33
437
481
39
-69
-952
-1,064
-1,043
-26
-43
-34
-113
-29
-84
26
127
-5
-14
-161
-73
-88
Relative
Change
3.2%
-11.5%
17.9%
4.1%
4.1%
-17.4%
-17.7%
0.2%
-0.4%
9.3%
-0.9%
-1.8%
-1.8%
0.8%
0.8%
4.7%
1.3%
30.0%
1.2%
16.8%
22.3%
13.4%
-34.5%
-37.1%
-7.1%
1.1%
1.3%
-5.4%
9.1%
6.6%
82.9%
161.4%
NA
-32.1%
-3.4%
-13.2%
-13.0%
-100.0%
-100.0%
-100.0%
-10.9%
-7.8%
-12.6%
16.4%
59.1%
-3.4%
-8.2%
-13.2%
-15.1%
-11.9%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
488
4881
4883
4885
492
4921
4922
493
4931
51
511
5111
5112
512
5121
5122
515
5151
5152
516
5161
517
5171
5172
5173
5179
518
5181
5182
519
5191
52
522
5221
5222
5223
523
5231
5232
5239
524
5241
5242
525
5251
5259
53
531
2004 Third
Quarter
3,763
921
279
816
1,523
1,341
181
1,317
1,317
15,571
15,571
6,914
5,930
985
915
851
65
3,412
3,041
371
406
406
1,984
1,393
201
156
0
783
231
552
1,156
1,156
81,152
69,772
18,314
14,829
2,587
898
32,324
17,988
0
14,335
16,194
11,625
4,569
1,861
113
1,748
11,381
8,885
Support Activities for Transportation
Support Activities for Air Transport
Support Activities for Water Transport
Freight Transportation Arrangement
Couriers and Messengers
Couriers
Local Messengers and Local Delivery
Warehousing and Storage
Warehousing and Storage
Information
Information
Publishing Industries
Newspaper, Book, & Directory Publishers
Software Publishers
Motion Picture & Sound Recording Ind
Motion Picture and Video Industries
Sound Recording Industries
Broadcasting (except Internet)
Radio and Television Broadcasting
Cable and Other Subscription Programming
Internet Publishing and Broadcasting
Internet Publishing and Broadcasting
Telecommunications
Wired Telecommunications Carriers
Wireless Telecommunications Carriers
Telecommunications Resellers
Other Telecommunications
ISPs, Search Portals, & Data Processing
ISPs and Web Search Portals
Data Processing and Related Services
Other Information Services
Other Information Services
Financial Activities
Finance and Insurance
Credit Intermediation & Related Activity
Depository Credit Intermediation
Nondepository Credit Intermediation
Activities Rel to Credit Intermediation
Financial Investment & Related Activity
Security & Commodity Investment Activity
Securities and Commodity Exchanges
Other Financial Investment Activities
Insurance Carriers & Related Activities
Insurance Carriers
Insurance Agencies, Brokerages & Support
Funds, Trusts & Other Financial Vehicles
Insurance and Employee Benefit Funds
Other Investment Pools and Funds
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
Real Estate
B8
2007 Third
Quarter
3,825
966
306
778
1,680
1,450
229
816
816
15,751
15,751
7,470
6,476
994
741
666
75
2,799
2,669
0
0
0
2,014
1,748
139
0
127
505
0
505
2,222
2,222
87,436
76,042
18,740
15,202
2,710
828
37,099
16,881
5
20,213
17,808
14,356
3,452
1,496
146
1,350
11,394
9,172
Absolute
Change
62
45
27
-38
157
109
48
-501
-501
180
180
556
546
9
-174
-185
10
-613
-372
-371
-406
-406
30
355
-62
-156
127
-278
-231
-47
1,066
1,066
6,284
6,270
426
373
123
-70
4,775
-1,107
5
5,878
1,614
2,731
-1,117
-365
33
-398
13
287
Relative
Change
1.6%
4.9%
9.7%
-4.7%
10.3%
8.1%
26.5%
-38.0%
-38.0%
1.2%
1.2%
8.0%
9.2%
0.9%
-19.0%
-21.7%
15.4%
-18.0%
-12.2%
-100.0%
-100.0%
-100.0%
1.5%
25.5%
-30.8%
-100.0%
NA
-35.5%
-100.0%
-8.5%
92.2%
92.2%
7.7%
9.0%
2.3%
2.5%
4.8%
-7.8%
14.8%
-6.2%
NA
41.0%
10.0%
23.5%
-24.4%
-19.6%
29.2%
-22.8%
0.1%
3.2%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
5311
5312
5313
532
5321
5322
5323
5324
54
541
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
55
551
5511
56
561
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5619
562
5621
5622
5629
61
611
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
62
621
6211
6212
2004 Third
Quarter
2,497
2,958
3,430
2,453
1,466
506
190
291
98,818
54,353
54,353
15,675
6,679
7,068
672
3,962
8,808
6,542
3,819
1,128
7,574
7,574
7,574
36,890
36,231
3,247
56
12,338
1,164
1,917
6,758
10,027
723
660
156
313
0
140,656
38,364
38,364
1,200
25,792
256
364
2,004
458
102,291
15,105
6,712
1,195
Lessors of Real Estate
Offices of Real Estate Agents & Brokers
Activities Related to Real Estate
Rental and Leasing Services
Automotive Equipment Rental and Leasing
Consumer Goods Rental
General Rental Centers
Machinery & Equipment Rental & Leasing
Professional and Business Services
Professional and Technical Services
Professional and Technical Services
Legal Services
Accounting and Bookkeeping Services
Architectural and Engineering Services
Specialized Design Services
Computer Systems Design and Rel Services
Management & Technical Consulting Svc
Scientific Research and Development Svc
Advertising and Related Services
Other Professional & Technical Services
Management of Companies and Enterprises
Management of Companies and Enterprises
Management of Companies and Enterprises
Administrative and Waste Services
Administrative and Support Services
Office Administrative Services
Facilities Support Services
Employment Services
Business Support Services
Travel Arrangement & Reservation Service
Investigation and Security Services
Services to Buildings and Dwellings
Other Support Services
Waste Management and Remediation Service
Waste Collection
Waste Treatment and Disposal
Remediation and Other Waste Services
Education and Health Services
Educational Services
Educational Services
Junior Colleges
Colleges and Universities
Business, Computer & Management Training
Technical and Trade Schools
Other Schools and Instruction
Educational Support Services
Health Care and Social Assistance
Ambulatory Health Care Services
Offices of Physicians
Offices of Dentists
B9
2007 Third
Quarter
2,606
2,479
4,088
2,201
1,282
506
116
298
106,073
58,301
58,301
16,010
7,243
6,661
736
5,293
9,607
7,286
4,111
1,354
7,197
7,197
7,197
40,575
39,983
2,973
219
15,757
1,451
2,183
6,799
9,733
868
592
232
0
242
151,981
42,112
42,112
1,334
27,827
334
491
2,197
535
109,869
15,853
7,393
1,395
Absolute
Change
109
-479
658
-252
-184
0
-74
7
7,255
3,948
3,948
335
564
-407
64
1,331
799
744
292
226
-377
-377
-377
3,685
3,752
-274
163
3,419
287
266
41
-294
145
-68
76
-313
242
11,325
3,748
3,748
134
2,035
78
127
193
77
7,578
748
681
200
Relative
Change
4.4%
-16.2%
19.2%
-10.3%
-12.6%
0.0%
-38.9%
2.4%
7.3%
7.3%
7.3%
2.1%
8.4%
-5.8%
9.5%
33.6%
9.1%
11.4%
7.6%
20.0%
-5.0%
-5.0%
-5.0%
10.0%
10.4%
-8.4%
291.1%
27.7%
24.7%
13.9%
0.6%
-2.9%
20.1%
-10.3%
48.7%
-100.0%
NA
8.1%
9.8%
9.8%
11.2%
7.9%
30.5%
34.9%
9.6%
16.8%
7.4%
5.0%
10.1%
16.7%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
6213
6214
6215
6216
6219
622
6221
6222
6223
623
6231
6232
6233
6239
624
6241
6242
6243
6244
71
711
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
712
7121
713
7139
72
721
7211
7213
722
7221
7222
7223
7224
81
811
8111
8112
8113
8114
812
8121
2004 Third
Quarter
982
3,649
188
1,883
496
69,946
58,536
959
10,452
5,968
3,878
790
418
883
11,272
5,077
2,273
1,667
2,256
50,322
8,053
3,378
1,822
1,317
133
53
54
2,141
2,141
2,534
2,529
42,269
9,643
9,547
74
32,625
15,975
8,625
5,428
2,597
18,612
18,612
1,891
1,529
85
117
160
6,240
2,033
Offices of Other Health Practitioners
Outpatient Care Centers
Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories
Home Health Care Services
Other Ambulatory Health Care Services
Hospitals
General Medical and Surgical Hospitals
Psychiatric & Substance Abuse Hospitals
Other Hospitals
Nursing and Residential Care Facilities
Nursing Care Facilities
Residential Mental Health Facilities
Community Care Facility for the Elderly
Other Residential Care Facilities
Social Assistance
Individual and Family Services
Emergency and Other Relief Services
Vocational Rehabilitation Services
Child Day Care Services
Leisure and Hospitality
Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
Performing Arts and Spectator Sports
Performing Arts Companies
Spectator Sports
Performing Arts and Sports Promoters
Agents and Managers for Public Figures
Independent Artists/Writers/Performers
Museums, Parks and Historical Sites
Museums, Parks and Historical Sites
Amusement, Gambling & Recreation Ind
Other Amusement & Recreation Industries
Accommodation and Food Services
Accommodation
Traveler Accommodation
Rooming and Boarding Houses
Food Services and Drinking Places
Full-Service Restaurants
Limited-Service Eating Places
Special Food Services
Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages)
Other Services
Other Services, Ex. Public Admin
Repair and Maintenance
Automotive Repair and Maintenance
Electronic Equipment Repair/Maintenance
Commercial Machinery Repair/Maintenance
Household Goods Repair and Maintenance
Personal and Laundry Services
Personal Care Services
B10
2007 Third
Quarter
882
3,096
120
2,534
434
76,567
65,019
818
10,730
6,106
3,922
952
550
681
11,343
5,724
2,057
1,557
2,005
54,314
8,218
3,190
1,355
1,220
521
60
34
2,223
2,223
2,805
2,770
46,095
10,735
10,684
0
35,361
18,600
9,757
4,826
2,177
21,282
21,282
1,785
1,393
150
120
122
6,814
2,375
Absolute
Change
-100
-553
-68
651
-62
6,621
6,483
-141
278
138
44
162
132
-202
71
647
-216
-110
-251
3,992
165
-188
-467
-97
388
7
-20
82
82
271
241
3,826
1,092
1,137
-74
2,736
2,625
1,132
-602
-420
2,670
2,670
-106
-136
65
3
-38
574
342
Relative
Change
-10.2%
-15.2%
-36.2%
34.6%
-12.5%
9.5%
11.1%
-14.7%
2.7%
2.3%
1.1%
20.5%
31.6%
-22.9%
0.6%
12.7%
-9.5%
-6.6%
-11.1%
7.9%
2.0%
-5.6%
-25.6%
-7.4%
291.7%
13.2%
-37.0%
3.8%
3.8%
10.7%
9.5%
9.1%
11.3%
11.9%
-100.0%
8.4%
16.4%
13.1%
-11.1%
-16.2%
14.3%
14.3%
-5.6%
-8.9%
76.5%
2.6%
-23.8%
9.2%
16.8%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
8122
8123
8129
813
8131
8132
8133
8134
8139
814
8141
92
921
9211
922
9221
924
9241
925
9251
926
9261
928
9281
2004 Third
Quarter
264
824
3,119
8,949
46
987
2,436
3,075
2,405
1,532
1,532
36,470
36,470
5,157
5,157
12,154
12,154
2,832
2,832
2,016
2,016
5,586
5,586
934
934
Death Care Services
Drycleaning and Laundry Services
Other Personal Services
Membership Organizations & Associations
Religious Organizations
Grantmaking and Giving Services
Social Advocacy Organizations
Civic and Social Organizations
Professional and Similar Organizations
Private Households
Private Households
Public Administration
Public Administration
Executive, Legislative, & Gen Government
Executive, Legislative, & Gen Government
Justice, Public Order, and Safety Activi
Justice, Public Order, and Safety Activi
Administration of Environmental Programs
Administration of Environmental Programs
Community and Housing Program Admin
Community and Housing Program Admin
Administration of Economic Programs
Administration of Economic Programs
National Security & International Affair
National Security & International Affair
B11
2007 Third
Quarter
237
843
3,360
10,444
49
1,217
3,439
3,100
2,640
2,239
2,239
37,539
37,539
5,133
5,133
12,479
12,479
3,522
3,522
1,953
1,953
5,542
5,542
795
795
Absolute
Change
-27
19
241
1,495
3
230
1,003
25
235
707
707
1,069
1,069
-24
-24
325
325
690
690
-63
-63
-44
-44
-139
-139
Relative
Change
-10.2%
2.3%
7.7%
16.7%
6.5%
23.3%
41.2%
0.8%
9.8%
46.1%
46.1%
2.9%
2.9%
-0.5%
-0.5%
2.7%
2.7%
24.4%
24.4%
-3.1%
-3.1%
-0.8%
-0.8%
-14.9%
-14.9%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
11
111
1112
1113
1114
1119
112
1121
1123
1125
1129
113
1132
1133
114
1141
115
1151
1152
1153
212
2111
212
2123
213
2131
23
236
2361
2362
237
2371
2372
2373
2379
238
2381
2382
2383
2389
31-33
DUR
2004 Third
Quarter
3,139,881
483,299
9,929
7,956
4,183
940
721
1,835
684
627
302
105
60
144
130
0
95
1,767
1,767
1,248
64
1,168
16
1,974
13
13
1,844
1,844
117
117
159,762
159,762
33,730
20,185
13,545
26,550
5,122
1,552
18,843
1,034
99,482
15,658
45,697
22,637
15,489
313,608
313,608
205,621
Total, all industries
Goods-Producing Domain
Natural Resources and Mining
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting
Crop Production
Vegetable and Melon Farming
Fruit and Tree Nut Farming
Greenhouse and Nursery Production
Other Crop Farming
Animal Production
Cattle Ranching and Farming
Poultry and Egg Production
Animal Aquaculture
Other Animal Production
Forestry and Logging
Forest Nursery/Gathering Forest Products
Logging
Fishing, Hunting and Trapping
Fishing
Agriculture & Forestry Support Activity
Support Activities for Crop Production
Support Activities for Animal Production
Support Activities for Forestry
Mining
Mining (except Oil and Gas)
Oil and Gas Extraction
Mining (except Oil and Gas)
Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
Support Activities for Mining
Support Activities for Mining
Construction
Construction
Construction of Buildings
Residential Building Construction
Nonresidential Building Construction
Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction
Utility System Construction
Land Subdivision
Highway, Street, and Bridge Construction
Other Heavy Construction
Specialty Trade Contractors
Building Foundation/Exterior Contractors
Building Equipment Contractors
Building Finishing Contractors
Other Specialty Trade Contractors
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Durable Goods Manufacturing
B12
2007 Third
Quarter
3,236,217
462,133
9,112
7,518
3,806
878
856
1,710
358
648
316
77
100
137
120
11
109
1,625
1,624
1,318
61
1,225
32
1,594
1,548
0
0
1,548
37
37
158,057
158,057
33,004
19,142
13,862
25,237
5,197
1,550
17,299
1,191
99,816
15,785
45,613
22,011
16,406
294,964
294,964
195,180
Absolute
Change
96,336
-21,166
-817
-438
-377
-62
135
-125
-326
21
14
-28
40
-7
-10
11
14
-142
-143
70
-3
57
16
-380
1,535
-13
-1,844
-296
-80
-80
-1,705
-1,705
-726
-1,043
317
-1,313
75
-2
-1,544
157
334
127
-84
-626
917
-18,644
-18,644
-10,441
Relative
Change
3.1%
-4.4%
-8.2%
-5.5%
-9.0%
-6.6%
18.7%
-6.8%
-47.7%
3.3%
4.6%
-26.7%
66.7%
-4.9%
-7.7%
NA
14.7%
-8.0%
-8.1%
5.6%
-4.7%
4.9%
100.0%
-19.3%
11807.7%
-100.0%
-100.0%
-16.1%
-68.4%
-68.4%
-1.1%
-1.1%
-2.2%
-5.2%
2.3%
-4.9%
1.5%
-0.1%
-8.2%
15.2%
0.3%
0.8%
-0.2%
-2.8%
5.9%
-5.9%
-5.9%
-5.1%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
NONDUR
311
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
312
3121
313
3131
3132
3133
314
3141
3149
315
3151
3152
3159
316
3161
3162
3169
321
3211
3212
3219
322
3221
3222
323
3231
324
3241
325
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3259
326
3261
2004 Third
Quarter
107,987
22,370
463
1,870
1,675
2,800
2,098
2,320
8,777
2,199
2,809
2,802
8,637
998
4,247
3,392
2,759
1,352
1,407
4,150
0
3,539
0
2,097
143
1,348
607
3,477
306
303
2,868
14,101
3,116
10,985
16,380
16,380
1,326
1,326
16,451
1,139
2,074
84
7,050
2,169
1,350
2,584
16,906
15,118
Non-Durable Goods Manufacturing
Food Manufacturing
Grain and Oilseed Milling
Sugar/Confectionery Product Manufacture
Fruit, Vegetable, & Specialty Foods Mfg
Dairy Product Manufacturing
Animal Slaughtering and Processing
Seafood Product Preparation & Packaging
Bakeries and Tortilla Manufacturing
Other Food Manufacturing
Beverage & Tobacco Product Manufacturing
Beverage Manufacturing
Textile Mills
Fiber, Yarn, and Thread Mills
Fabric Mills
Textile and Fabric Finishing and Fabric
Textile Product Mills
Textile Furnishings Mills
Other Textile Product Mills
Apparel Manufacturing
Apparel Knitting Mills
Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing
Accessories and Other Apparel Mfg
Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing
Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing
Footwear Manufacturing
Other Leather Product Manufacturing
Wood Product Manufacturing
Sawmills and Wood Preservation
Veneer and Engineered Wood Products
Other Wood Product Manufacturing
Paper Manufacturing
Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills
Converted Paper Product Manufacturing
Printing and Related Support Activities
Printing and Related Support Activities
Petroleum & Coal Products Manufacturing
Petroleum & Coal Products Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
Resin, Rubber, and Synthetic Fibers
Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical & Medicine Manufacturing
Paint, Coating, & Adhesive Manufacturing
Cleaning Compound and Toiletry Mfg
Other Chemical Preparation Manufacturing
Plastics & Rubber Products Manufacturing
Plastics Product Manufacturing
B13
2007 Third
Quarter
99,785
22,814
578
1,735
1,981
2,798
2,061
2,512
8,297
2,818
2,688
2,687
5,204
241
2,541
2,423
3,120
1,152
1,968
3,013
64
2,715
234
1,698
69
1,224
405
3,040
233
323
2,484
12,028
2,923
9,105
15,759
15,759
1,121
1,121
18,353
1,164
3,147
116
9,291
1,941
1,045
1,650
13,986
12,902
Absolute
Change
-8,202
444
115
-135
306
-2
-37
192
-480
619
-121
-115
-3,433
-757
-1,706
-969
361
-200
561
-1,137
64
-824
234
-399
-74
-124
-202
-437
-73
20
-384
-2,073
-193
-1,880
-621
-621
-205
-205
1,902
25
1,073
32
2,241
-228
-305
-934
-2,920
-2,216
Relative
Change
-7.6%
2.0%
24.8%
-7.2%
18.3%
-0.1%
-1.8%
8.3%
-5.5%
28.1%
-4.3%
-4.1%
-39.7%
-75.9%
-40.2%
-28.6%
13.1%
-14.8%
39.9%
-27.4%
NA
-23.3%
NA
-19.0%
-51.7%
-9.2%
-33.3%
-12.6%
-23.9%
6.6%
-13.4%
-14.7%
-6.2%
-17.1%
-3.8%
-3.8%
-15.5%
-15.5%
11.6%
2.2%
51.7%
38.1%
31.8%
-10.5%
-22.6%
-36.1%
-17.3%
-14.7%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
3262
327
3271
3272
3273
3279
331
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
332
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
333
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3339
334
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
335
3351
3352
3353
3359
336
3361
3362
3363
3364
3366
2004 Third
Quarter
1,788
6,721
1,128
1,399
2,172
2,021
5,694
77
583
413
3,228
1,393
36,341
2,672
6,195
6,419
974
444
918
10,475
4,164
4,080
22,008
317
6,482
4,224
1,175
3,961
1,350
4,500
74,279
15,963
6,916
0
19,546
28,278
559
11,214
2,219
538
4,979
3,478
14,000
204
461
1,717
11,100
453
Rubber Product Manufacturing
Nonmetallic Mineral Product Mfg
Clay Product & Refractory Manufacturing
Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing
Cement & Concrete Product Manufacturing
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Products
Primary Metal Manufacturing
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloys
Purchased Steel Product Manufacturing
Alumina and Aluminum Production
Other Nonferrous Metal Production
Foundries
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
Forging and Stamping
Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing
Architectural and Structural Metals
Boilers, Tanks, and Shipping Containers
Hardware Manufacturing
Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing
Machine Shops and Threaded Products
Coating, Engraving & Heat Treating Metal
Other Fabricated Metal Product Mfg
Machinery Manufacturing
Ag., Construction, and Mining Machinery
Industrial Machinery Manufacturing
Commercial & Service Industry Machinery
HVAC and Commercial Refrigeration Equip
Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing
Turbine and Power Transmission Equipment
Other General Purpose Machinery Mfg
Computer and Electronic Product Mfg
Computers and Peripheral Equipment
Communications Equipment Manufacturing
Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Electronic Components
Electronic Instrument Manufacturing
Magnetic Media Manufacture & Reproducing
Electrical Equipment and Appliances
Electric Lighting Equipment Mfg
Household Appliance Manufacturing
Electrical Equipment Manufacturing
Other Electrical Equipment & Components
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Mfg
Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
Aerospace Product & Parts Manufacturing
Ship and Boat Building
B14
2007 Third
Quarter
1,084
6,829
1,164
1,569
2,346
1,733
4,700
27
743
316
2,543
1,071
34,753
2,312
4,803
6,385
956
321
738
10,638
4,177
4,423
20,594
210
6,012
3,298
1,141
3,544
1,867
4,521
71,224
14,044
5,326
3,962
18,976
28,575
340
11,845
2,565
596
4,307
4,377
14,407
191
461
1,220
11,917
556
Absolute
Change
-704
108
36
170
174
-288
-994
-50
160
-97
-685
-322
-1,588
-360
-1,392
-34
-18
-123
-180
163
13
343
-1,414
-107
-470
-926
-34
-417
517
21
-3,055
-1,919
-1,590
3,962
-570
297
-219
631
346
58
-672
899
407
-13
0
-497
817
103
Relative
Change
-39.4%
1.6%
3.2%
12.2%
8.0%
-14.3%
-17.5%
-64.9%
27.4%
-23.5%
-21.2%
-23.1%
-4.4%
-13.5%
-22.5%
-0.5%
-1.8%
-27.7%
-19.6%
1.6%
0.3%
8.4%
-6.4%
-33.8%
-7.3%
-21.9%
-2.9%
-10.5%
38.3%
0.5%
-4.1%
-12.0%
-23.0%
NA
-2.9%
1.1%
-39.2%
5.6%
15.6%
10.8%
-13.5%
25.8%
2.9%
-6.4%
0.0%
-28.9%
7.4%
22.7%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
3369
337
3371
3372
3379
339
3391
3399
22
221
2211
2212
2213
42
423
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
424
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
425
4251
44-45
441
4411
4412
4413
442
4421
4422
443
4431
2004 Third
Quarter
67
5,623
3,368
1,488
767
26,264
13,157
13,107
2,656,582
605,527
13,970
13,970
7,856
2,750
3,365
135,538
63,756
5,108
2,390
5,568
21,432
1,721
9,689
4,796
9,244
3,809
47,010
5,061
5,490
6,023
16,387
214
2,288
1,399
3,289
6,859
24,771
24,771
355,455
38,830
27,389
2,854
8,587
12,917
5,823
7,094
12,061
12,061
Other Transportation Equipment Mfg
Furniture and Related Product Mfg
Household and Institutional Furniture
Office Furniture and Fixtures Mfg
Other Furniture Related Product Mfg
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Medical Equipment and Supplies Mfg
Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Service-Providing Domain
Trade, Transportation and Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Power Generation and Supply
Natural Gas Distribution
Water, Sewage and Other Systems
Wholesale Trade
Merchant Wholesalers, Durable Goods
Motor Vehicle/Part Merchant Wholesalers
Furniture & Furnishings Merchant Whsle
Lumber and Supply Merchant Wholesalers
Commercial Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Metal and Mineral Merchant Wholesalers
Electric Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Hardware & Plumbing Merchant Wholesalers
Machinery & Supply Merchant Wholesalers
Misc Durable Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Merchant Wholesalers, Nondurable Goods
Paper/Paper Product Merchant Wholesalers
Druggists' Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Apparel/Piece Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Grocery Product Merchant Wholesalers
Farm Product Merchant Wholesalers
Chemical Merchant Wholesalers
Petroleum Merchant Wholesalers
Alcoholic Beverage Merchant Wholesalers
Misc Nondurable Goods Merchant Whsle
Electronic Markets and Agents/Brokers
Electronic Markets and Agents/Brokers
Retail Trade
Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers
Automobile Dealers
Other Motor Vehicle Dealers
Auto Parts, Accessories, and Tire Stores
Furniture and Home Furnishings Stores
Furniture Stores
Home Furnishings Stores
Electronics and Appliance Stores
Electronics and Appliance Stores
B15
2007 Third
Quarter
61
5,574
2,737
2,196
641
22,214
11,210
11,003
2,774,084
601,408
13,396
13,396
7,801
2,820
2,775
138,426
62,417
4,997
2,122
5,864
20,610
1,764
9,190
5,003
8,968
3,899
48,735
4,890
5,375
5,879
18,120
177
2,168
1,526
3,805
6,796
27,273
27,273
348,784
35,839
24,892
2,646
8,301
12,513
5,212
7,301
12,198
12,198
Absolute
Change
-6
-49
-631
708
-126
-4,050
-1,947
-2,104
117,502
-4,119
-574
-574
-55
70
-590
2,888
-1,339
-111
-268
296
-822
43
-499
207
-276
90
1,725
-171
-115
-144
1,733
-37
-120
127
516
-63
2,502
2,502
-6,671
-2,991
-2,497
-208
-286
-404
-611
207
137
137
Relative
Change
-9.0%
-0.9%
-18.7%
47.6%
-16.4%
-15.4%
-14.8%
-16.1%
4.4%
-0.7%
-4.1%
-4.1%
-0.7%
2.5%
-17.5%
2.1%
-2.1%
-2.2%
-11.2%
5.3%
-3.8%
2.5%
-5.2%
4.3%
-3.0%
2.4%
3.7%
-3.4%
-2.1%
-2.4%
10.6%
-17.3%
-5.2%
9.1%
15.7%
-0.9%
10.1%
10.1%
-1.9%
-7.7%
-9.1%
-7.3%
-3.3%
-3.1%
-10.5%
2.9%
1.1%
1.1%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
444
4441
4442
445
4451
4452
4453
446
4461
447
4471
448
4481
4482
4483
451
4511
4512
452
4521
4529
453
4531
4532
4533
4539
454
4541
4542
4543
48-49
481
4811
4812
483
4831
4832
484
4841
4842
485
4852
4853
4854
4855
4859
486
4862
2004 Third
Quarter
28,795
25,677
3,119
89,792
73,800
7,254
8,739
26,630
26,630
12,465
12,465
39,379
31,044
3,994
4,341
17,720
11,675
6,045
42,317
32,514
9,803
23,355
2,878
12,131
1,848
6,499
11,193
4,112
659
6,422
100,564
8,895
8,598
297
1,087
1,044
43
16,925
10,356
6,569
20,538
824
3,154
6,011
1,206
2,096
115
114
Building Material & Garden Supply Stores
Building Material and Supplies Dealers
Lawn & Garden Equipment/Supplies Stores
Food and Beverage Stores
Grocery Stores
Specialty Food Stores
Beer, Wine, and Liquor Stores
Health and Personal Care Stores
Health and Personal Care Stores
Gasoline Stations
Gasoline Stations
Clothing and Clothing Accessories Stores
Clothing Stores
Shoe Stores
Jewelry, Luggage & Leather Goods Stores
Sporting Goods/Hobby/Book/Music Stores
Sporting Goods/Musical Instrument Stores
Book, Periodical, and Music Stores
General Merchandise Stores
Department Stores
Other General Merchandise Stores
Miscellaneous Store Retailers
Florists
Office Supply, Stationery & Gift Stores
Used Merchandise Stores
Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers
Nonstore Retailers
Electronic Shopping & Mail-Order Houses
Vending Machine Operators
Direct Selling Establishments
Transportation and Warehousing
Air Transportation
Scheduled Air Transportation
Nonscheduled Air Transportation
Water Transportation
Sea, Coastal & Great Lakes Transport
Inland Water Transportation
Truck Transportation
General Freight Trucking
Specialized Freight Trucking
Transit and Ground Passenger Transport
Interurban and Rural Bus Transportation
Taxi and Limousine Service
School and Employee Bus Transportation
Charter Bus Industry
Other Ground Passenger Transportation
Pipeline Transportation
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
B16
2007 Third
Quarter
27,850
24,510
3,340
89,894
74,501
6,939
8,453
27,064
27,064
11,817
11,817
40,630
32,147
4,401
4,082
16,906
11,410
5,497
42,408
31,740
10,667
20,302
2,249
10,035
1,814
6,204
11,362
5,189
580
5,594
100,802
8,069
7,662
407
1,238
1,188
50
16,424
9,940
6,484
22,654
773
3,797
6,572
1,305
2,239
141
123
Absolute
Change
-945
-1,167
221
102
701
-315
-286
434
434
-648
-648
1,251
1,103
407
-259
-814
-265
-548
91
-774
864
-3,053
-629
-2,096
-34
-295
169
1,077
-79
-828
238
-826
-936
110
151
144
7
-501
-416
-85
2,116
-51
643
561
99
143
26
9
Relative
Change
-3.3%
-4.5%
7.1%
0.1%
0.9%
-4.3%
-3.3%
1.6%
1.6%
-5.2%
-5.2%
3.2%
3.6%
10.2%
-6.0%
-4.6%
-2.3%
-9.1%
0.2%
-2.4%
8.8%
-13.1%
-21.9%
-17.3%
-1.8%
-4.5%
1.5%
26.2%
-12.0%
-12.9%
0.2%
-9.3%
-10.9%
37.0%
13.9%
13.8%
16.3%
-3.0%
-4.0%
-1.3%
10.3%
-6.2%
20.4%
9.3%
8.2%
6.8%
22.6%
7.9%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
487
4871
4872
4879
488
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4889
492
4921
4922
493
4931
51
511
5111
5112
512
5121
5122
515
5151
5152
516
5161
517
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5179
518
5181
5182
519
5191
52
522
5221
5222
5223
523
2004 Third
Quarter
2,063
897
1,163
0
9,133
2,889
98
451
3,069
2,099
526
11,713
11,043
670
7,731
7,731
92,519
92,519
41,049
22,062
18,988
5,261
5,054
208
6,005
5,196
809
2,182
2,182
21,232
12,852
2,486
960
58
4,821
0
9,798
2,535
7,262
6,991
6,991
219,774
173,224
62,196
48,693
9,799
3,703
45,584
Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation
Scenic/Sightseeing Transportation, Land
Scenic/Sightseeing Transportation, Water
Scenic/Sightseeing Transportation, Other
Support Activities for Transportation
Support Activities for Air Transport
Support Activities for Rail Transport
Support Activities for Water Transport
Support Activities, Road Transportation
Freight Transportation Arrangement
Other Support Activities for Transport
Couriers and Messengers
Couriers
Local Messengers and Local Delivery
Warehousing and Storage
Warehousing and Storage
Information
Information
Publishing Industries
Newspaper, Book, & Directory Publishers
Software Publishers
Motion Picture & Sound Recording Ind
Motion Picture and Video Industries
Sound Recording Industries
Broadcasting (except Internet)
Radio and Television Broadcasting
Cable and Other Subscription Programming
Internet Publishing and Broadcasting
Internet Publishing and Broadcasting
Telecommunications
Wired Telecommunications Carriers
Wireless Telecommunications Carriers
Telecommunications Resellers
Satellite Telecommunications
Cable and Other Program Distribution
Other Telecommunications
ISPs, Search Portals, & Data Processing
ISPs and Web Search Portals
Data Processing and Related Services
Other Information Services
Other Information Services
Financial Activities
Finance and Insurance
Credit Intermediation & Related Activity
Depository Credit Intermediation
Nondepository Credit Intermediation
Activities Rel to Credit Intermediation
Financial Investment & Related Activity
B17
2007 Third
Quarter
1,772
681
1,083
7
9,375
2,819
78
456
3,064
2,345
613
11,201
10,619
582
9,175
9,175
94,852
94,852
42,926
20,751
22,175
5,697
5,496
201
5,469
4,727
742
0
0
21,789
17,779
2,365
0
64
0
1,581
7,421
0
7,421
11,550
11,550
227,837
182,744
62,547
49,990
8,991
3,566
51,700
Absolute
Change
-291
-216
-80
7
242
-70
-20
5
-5
246
87
-512
-424
-88
1,444
1,444
2,333
2,333
1,877
-1,311
3,187
436
442
-7
-536
-469
-67
-2,182
-2,182
557
4,927
-121
-960
6
-4,821
1,581
-2,377
-2,535
159
4,559
4,559
8,063
9,520
351
1,297
-808
-137
6,116
Relative
Change
-14.1%
-24.1%
-6.9%
NA
2.6%
-2.4%
-20.4%
1.1%
-0.2%
11.7%
16.5%
-4.4%
-3.8%
-13.1%
18.7%
18.7%
2.5%
2.5%
4.6%
-5.9%
16.8%
8.3%
8.7%
-3.4%
-8.9%
-9.0%
-8.3%
-100.0%
-100.0%
2.6%
38.3%
-4.9%
-100.0%
10.3%
-100.0%
NA
-24.3%
-100.0%
2.2%
65.2%
65.2%
3.7%
5.5%
0.6%
2.7%
-8.2%
-3.7%
13.4%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
5231
5232
5239
524
5241
5242
525
5251
5259
53
531
5311
5312
5313
532
5321
5322
5323
5324
533
5331
54
541
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
55
551
5511
56
561
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5619
562
5621
2004 Third
Quarter
25,554
21
20,010
61,831
39,094
22,737
2,532
511
2,022
46,550
32,067
9,795
10,501
11,771
14,045
4,364
6,351
1,479
1,852
438
438
463,772
228,408
228,408
31,156
18,193
39,252
3,263
42,970
31,553
40,083
11,451
10,488
64,989
64,989
64,989
170,375
160,444
9,309
420
60,944
8,145
6,772
17,250
52,789
4,815
9,931
3,128
Security & Commodity Investment Activity
Securities and Commodity Exchanges
Other Financial Investment Activities
Insurance Carriers & Related Activities
Insurance Carriers
Insurance Agencies, Brokerages & Support
Funds, Trusts & Other Financial Vehicles
Insurance and Employee Benefit Funds
Other Investment Pools and Funds
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
Real Estate
Lessors of Real Estate
Offices of Real Estate Agents & Brokers
Activities Related to Real Estate
Rental and Leasing Services
Automotive Equipment Rental and Leasing
Consumer Goods Rental
General Rental Centers
Machinery & Equipment Rental & Leasing
Lessors, Nonfinancial Intangible Assets
Lessors, Nonfinancial Intangible Assets
Professional and Business Services
Professional and Technical Services
Professional and Technical Services
Legal Services
Accounting and Bookkeeping Services
Architectural and Engineering Services
Specialized Design Services
Computer Systems Design and Rel Services
Management & Technical Consulting Svc
Scientific Research and Development Svc
Advertising and Related Services
Other Professional & Technical Services
Management of Companies and Enterprises
Management of Companies and Enterprises
Management of Companies and Enterprises
Administrative and Waste Services
Administrative and Support Services
Office Administrative Services
Facilities Support Services
Employment Services
Business Support Services
Travel Arrangement & Reservation Service
Investigation and Security Services
Services to Buildings and Dwellings
Other Support Services
Waste Management and Remediation Service
Waste Collection
B18
2007 Third
Quarter
24,424
12
27,264
65,590
43,536
22,054
2,008
521
1,487
45,094
32,167
10,125
8,734
13,308
12,412
3,789
5,546
1,113
1,964
515
515
494,541
252,712
252,712
31,070
20,350
41,459
3,636
52,055
34,703
44,406
12,677
12,355
61,401
61,401
61,401
180,429
169,624
8,900
630
67,721
9,841
6,678
17,163
54,456
4,234
10,805
3,582
Absolute
Change
-1,130
-9
7,254
3,759
4,442
-683
-524
10
-535
-1,456
100
330
-1,767
1,537
-1,633
-575
-805
-366
112
77
77
30,769
24,304
24,304
-86
2,157
2,207
373
9,085
3,150
4,323
1,226
1,867
-3,588
-3,588
-3,588
10,054
9,180
-409
210
6,777
1,696
-94
-87
1,667
-581
874
454
Relative
Change
-4.4%
-42.9%
36.3%
6.1%
11.4%
-3.0%
-20.7%
2.0%
-26.5%
-3.1%
0.3%
3.4%
-16.8%
13.1%
-11.6%
-13.2%
-12.7%
-24.7%
6.0%
17.6%
17.6%
6.6%
10.6%
10.6%
-0.3%
11.9%
5.6%
11.4%
21.1%
10.0%
10.8%
10.7%
17.8%
-5.5%
-5.5%
-5.5%
5.9%
5.7%
-4.4%
50.0%
11.1%
20.8%
-1.4%
-0.5%
3.2%
-12.1%
8.8%
14.5%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
5622
5629
61
611
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
62
621
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6219
622
6221
6222
6223
623
6231
6232
6233
6239
624
6241
6242
6243
6244
71
711
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
712
7121
713
7131
7139
2004 Third
Quarter
3,298
3,505
704,108
252,159
252,159
134,875
6,974
95,412
1,992
1,893
8,667
2,347
451,949
127,191
46,675
19,779
11,471
19,024
4,228
19,346
6,668
171,763
148,260
8,241
15,262
91,657
57,413
15,711
12,374
6,158
61,337
26,064
5,538
9,121
20,614
322,719
62,046
9,776
3,831
2,827
2,526
139
453
6,359
6,359
45,912
2,060
43,662
Waste Treatment and Disposal
Remediation and Other Waste Services
Education and Health Services
Educational Services
Educational Services
Elementary and Secondary Schools
Junior Colleges
Colleges and Universities
Business, Computer & Management Training
Technical and Trade Schools
Other Schools and Instruction
Educational Support Services
Health Care and Social Assistance
Ambulatory Health Care Services
Offices of Physicians
Offices of Dentists
Offices of Other Health Practitioners
Outpatient Care Centers
Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories
Home Health Care Services
Other Ambulatory Health Care Services
Hospitals
General Medical and Surgical Hospitals
Psychiatric & Substance Abuse Hospitals
Other Hospitals
Nursing and Residential Care Facilities
Nursing Care Facilities
Residential Mental Health Facilities
Community Care Facility for the Elderly
Other Residential Care Facilities
Social Assistance
Individual and Family Services
Emergency and Other Relief Services
Vocational Rehabilitation Services
Child Day Care Services
Leisure and Hospitality
Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
Performing Arts and Spectator Sports
Performing Arts Companies
Spectator Sports
Performing Arts and Sports Promoters
Agents and Managers for Public Figures
Independent Artists/Writers/Performers
Museums, Parks and Historical Sites
Museums, Parks and Historical Sites
Amusement, Gambling & Recreation Ind
Amusement Parks and Arcades
Other Amusement & Recreation Industries
B19
2007 Third
Quarter
3,484
3,738
757,941
269,921
269,921
142,644
0
103,248
2,118
2,362
9,714
2,673
488,020
140,132
50,649
20,967
12,507
21,200
4,722
23,053
7,035
185,219
161,064
8,662
15,492
96,281
57,895
18,244
13,872
6,269
66,388
30,656
5,130
9,380
21,223
333,382
64,971
11,027
3,463
2,723
4,271
145
426
6,379
6,379
47,565
2,488
44,935
Absolute
Change
186
233
53,833
17,762
17,762
7,769
-6,974
7,836
126
469
1,047
326
36,071
12,941
3,974
1,188
1,036
2,176
494
3,707
367
13,456
12,804
421
230
4,624
482
2,533
1,498
111
5,051
4,592
-408
259
609
10,663
2,925
1,251
-368
-104
1,745
6
-27
20
20
1,653
428
1,273
Relative
Change
5.6%
6.6%
7.6%
7.0%
7.0%
5.8%
-100.0%
8.2%
6.3%
24.8%
12.1%
13.9%
8.0%
10.2%
8.5%
6.0%
9.0%
11.4%
11.7%
19.2%
5.5%
7.8%
8.6%
5.1%
1.5%
5.0%
0.8%
16.1%
12.1%
1.8%
8.2%
17.6%
-7.4%
2.8%
3.0%
3.3%
4.7%
12.8%
-9.6%
-3.7%
69.1%
4.3%
-6.0%
0.3%
0.3%
3.6%
20.8%
2.9%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2004-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
72
721
7211
7212
7213
722
7221
7222
7223
7224
81
811
8111
8112
8113
8114
812
8121
8122
8123
8129
813
8131
8132
8133
8134
8139
814
8141
92
921
9211
922
9221
924
9241
925
9251
926
9261
928
9281
2004 Third
Quarter
260,673
37,647
34,693
2,286
668
223,026
112,915
80,056
21,209
8,847
117,750
117,750
27,029
19,710
3,249
2,341
1,730
35,898
17,892
2,700
8,996
6,310
35,741
722
2,465
6,130
19,055
7,369
19,083
19,083
130,413
130,413
32,323
32,323
58,626
58,626
4,676
4,676
5,698
5,698
7,704
7,704
5,353
5,353
Accommodation and Food Services
Accommodation
Traveler Accommodation
RV Parks and Recreational Camps
Rooming and Boarding Houses
Food Services and Drinking Places
Full-Service Restaurants
Limited-Service Eating Places
Special Food Services
Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages)
Other Services
Other Services, Ex. Public Admin
Repair and Maintenance
Automotive Repair and Maintenance
Electronic Equipment Repair/Maintenance
Commercial Machinery Repair/Maintenance
Household Goods Repair and Maintenance
Personal and Laundry Services
Personal Care Services
Death Care Services
Drycleaning and Laundry Services
Other Personal Services
Membership Organizations & Associations
Religious Organizations
Grantmaking and Giving Services
Social Advocacy Organizations
Civic and Social Organizations
Professional and Similar Organizations
Private Households
Private Households
Public Administration
Public Administration
Executive, Legislative, & Gen Government
Executive, Legislative, & Gen Government
Justice, Public Order, and Safety Activi
Justice, Public Order, and Safety Activi
Administration of Environmental Programs
Administration of Environmental Programs
Community and Housing Program Admin
Community and Housing Program Admin
Administration of Economic Programs
Administration of Economic Programs
National Security & International Affair
National Security & International Affair
B20
2007 Third
Quarter
268,410
38,183
35,611
2,226
346
230,227
118,979
84,601
19,120
7,527
128,741
128,741
26,020
18,345
3,516
2,504
1,654
37,735
18,789
2,655
9,437
6,854
39,848
767
2,982
8,386
19,762
7,951
25,139
25,139
135,383
135,383
32,288
32,288
61,341
61,341
6,318
6,318
5,569
5,569
7,928
7,928
4,966
4,966
Absolute
Change
7,737
536
918
-60
-322
7,201
6,064
4,545
-2,089
-1,320
10,991
10,991
-1,009
-1,365
267
163
-76
1,837
897
-45
441
544
4,107
45
517
2,256
707
582
6,056
6,056
4,970
4,970
-35
-35
2,715
2,715
1,642
1,642
-129
-129
224
224
-387
-387
Relative
Change
3.0%
1.4%
2.6%
-2.6%
-48.2%
3.2%
5.4%
5.7%
-9.8%
-14.9%
9.3%
9.3%
-3.7%
-6.9%
8.2%
7.0%
-4.4%
5.1%
5.0%
-1.7%
4.9%
8.6%
11.5%
6.2%
21.0%
36.8%
3.7%
7.9%
31.7%
31.7%
3.8%
3.8%
-0.1%
-0.1%
4.6%
4.6%
35.1%
35.1%
-2.3%
-2.3%
2.9%
2.9%
-7.2%
-7.2%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
11
114
1141
23
236
2361
2362
237
2371
2372
2373
2379
238
2381
2382
2383
2389
31-33
DUR
NONDUR
311
3116
3117
3118
3119
314
3141
3149
315
3152
316
321
3219
322
3222
323
3231
325
3254
327
3323
3327
3328
Description
2006 Third
Quarter
550,355
24,129
22
10
10
10
12,979
12,979
4,098
933
3,165
2,232
603
288
1,208
133
6,650
928
3,227
1,803
692
11,128
11,128
5,607
5,521
2,062
161
349
1,376
68
144
74
70
721
705
12
77
77
77
77
1,222
1,222
766
686
151
259
54
154
Total, all industries
Goods-Producing Domain
Natural Resources and Mining
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting
Fishing, Hunting and Trapping
Fishing
Construction
Construction
Construction of Buildings
Residential Building Construction
Nonresidential Building Construction
Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction
Utility System Construction
Land Subdivision
Highway, Street, and Bridge Construction
Other Heavy Construction
Specialty Trade Contractors
Building Foundation/Exterior Contractors
Building Equipment Contractors
Building Finishing Contractors
Other Specialty Trade Contractors
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Durable Goods Manufacturing
Non-Durable Goods Manufacturing
Food Manufacturing
Animal Slaughtering and Processing
Seafood Product Preparation & Packaging
Bakeries and Tortilla Manufacturing
Other Food Manufacturing
Textile Product Mills
Textile Furnishings Mills
Other Textile Product Mills
Apparel Manufacturing
Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing
Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing
Wood Product Manufacturing
Other Wood Product Manufacturing
Paper Manufacturing
Converted Paper Product Manufacturing
Printing and Related Support Activities
Printing and Related Support Activities
Chemical Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical & Medicine Manufacturing
Nonmetallic Mineral Product Mfg
Architectural and Structural Metals
Machine Shops and Threaded Products
Coating, Engraving & Heat Treating Metal
B21
2007 Third
Quarter
562,516
22,596
20
11
11
11
13,028
13,028
3,848
756
3,092
2,406
653
288
1,343
123
6,773
940
3,262
1,688
883
9,549
9,549
4,272
5,277
1,972
138
293
1,374
57
152
67
85
710
661
0
0
0
81
58
1,078
1,078
778
701
155
264
55
126
Absolute
Change
12,161
-1,533
-2
1
1
1
49
49
-250
-177
-73
174
50
0
135
-10
123
12
35
-115
191
-1,579
-1,579
-1,335
-244
-90
-23
-56
-2
-11
8
-7
15
-11
-44
-12
-77
-77
4
-19
-144
-144
12
15
4
5
1
-28
Relative
Change
2.2%
-6.4%
-9.1%
10.0%
10.0%
10.0%
0.4%
0.4%
-6.1%
-19.0%
-2.3%
7.8%
8.3%
0.0%
11.2%
-7.5%
1.8%
1.3%
1.1%
-6.4%
27.6%
-14.2%
-14.2%
-23.8%
-4.4%
-4.4%
-14.3%
-16.0%
-0.1%
-16.2%
5.6%
-9.5%
21.4%
-1.5%
-6.2%
-100.0%
-100.0%
-100.0%
5.2%
-24.7%
-11.8%
-11.8%
1.6%
2.2%
2.6%
1.9%
1.9%
-18.2%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
333
3335
334
3344
335
3351
336
337
3371
3372
339
3391
3399
22
221
2211
2212
42
423
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
424
4241
4242
4243
4244
4246
4247
4248
4249
425
4251
44-45
441
4411
4412
4413
442
4421
Description
2006 Third
Quarter
99
0
965
160
337
119
340
124
88
25
448
114
333
526,226
63,316
2,534
2,534
993
940
8,223
3,404
306
512
216
1,133
62
380
250
200
344
3,775
220
82
278
2,215
77
115
158
629
1,043
1,043
26,435
1,508
1,115
36
357
752
405
Machinery Manufacturing
Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing
Computer and Electronic Product Mfg
Semiconductor and Electronic Components
Electrical Equipment and Appliances
Electric Lighting Equipment Mfg
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Furniture and Related Product Mfg
Household and Institutional Furniture
Office Furniture and Fixtures Mfg
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Medical Equipment and Supplies Mfg
Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Service-Providing Domain
Trade, Transportation and Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Power Generation and Supply
Natural Gas Distribution
Wholesale Trade
Merchant Wholesalers, Durable Goods
Motor Vehicle/Part Merchant Wholesalers
Furniture & Furnishings Merchant Whsle
Lumber and Supply Merchant Wholesalers
Commercial Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Metal and Mineral Merchant Wholesalers
Electric Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Hardware & Plumbing Merchant Wholesalers
Machinery & Supply Merchant Wholesalers
Misc Durable Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Merchant Wholesalers, Nondurable Goods
Paper/Paper Product Merchant Wholesalers
Druggists' Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Apparel/Piece Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Grocery Product Merchant Wholesalers
Chemical Merchant Wholesalers
Petroleum Merchant Wholesalers
Alcoholic Beverage Merchant Wholesalers
Misc Nondurable Goods Merchant Whsle
Electronic Markets and Agents/Brokers
Electronic Markets and Agents/Brokers
Retail Trade
Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers
Automobile Dealers
Other Motor Vehicle Dealers
Auto Parts, Accessories, and Tire Stores
Furniture and Home Furnishings Stores
Furniture Stores
B22
2007 Third
Quarter
93
40
365
192
357
0
358
94
66
0
429
86
344
539,920
65,545
2,595
2,595
1,040
942
8,786
3,381
292
479
289
1,113
58
373
243
188
345
4,270
255
0
279
2,258
82
115
99
673
1,136
1,136
27,092
1,505
1,116
33
357
806
345
Absolute
Change
-6
40
-600
32
20
-119
18
-30
-22
-25
-19
-28
11
13,694
2,229
61
61
47
2
563
-23
-14
-33
73
-20
-4
-7
-7
-12
1
495
35
-82
1
43
5
0
-59
44
93
93
657
-3
1
-3
0
54
-60
Relative
Change
-6.1%
NA
-62.2%
20.0%
5.9%
-100.0%
5.3%
-24.2%
-25.0%
-100.0%
-4.2%
-24.6%
3.3%
2.6%
3.5%
2.4%
2.4%
4.7%
0.2%
6.8%
-0.7%
-4.6%
-6.4%
33.8%
-1.8%
-6.5%
-1.8%
-2.8%
-6.0%
0.3%
13.1%
15.9%
-100.0%
0.4%
1.9%
6.5%
0.0%
-37.3%
7.0%
8.9%
8.9%
2.5%
-0.2%
0.1%
-8.3%
0.0%
7.2%
-14.8%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
4422
443
4431
444
4441
445
4451
4452
4453
446
4461
447
4471
448
4481
4482
4483
451
4511
4512
452
4521
4529
453
4531
4532
4533
4539
454
4541
4542
4543
48-49
481
4811
483
484
4841
4842
4852
4853
4855
4859
487
4871
4872
488
4881
4883
4885
Description
2006 Third
Quarter
347
911
911
1,154
1,114
6,977
5,701
501
775
2,911
2,911
459
459
5,238
3,737
745
756
1,788
766
1,022
1,916
1,702
215
2,115
389
835
370
520
706
532
0
164
26,124
6,855
6,825
19
932
355
577
182
346
160
129
1,072
401
671
3,830
927
256
765
Home Furnishings Stores
Electronics and Appliance Stores
Electronics and Appliance Stores
Building Material & Garden Supply Stores
Building Material and Supplies Dealers
Food and Beverage Stores
Grocery Stores
Specialty Food Stores
Beer, Wine, and Liquor Stores
Health and Personal Care Stores
Health and Personal Care Stores
Gasoline Stations
Gasoline Stations
Clothing and Clothing Accessories Stores
Clothing Stores
Shoe Stores
Jewelry, Luggage & Leather Goods Stores
Sporting Goods/Hobby/Book/Music Stores
Sporting Goods/Musical Instrument Stores
Book, Periodical, and Music Stores
General Merchandise Stores
Department Stores
Other General Merchandise Stores
Miscellaneous Store Retailers
Florists
Office Supply, Stationery & Gift Stores
Used Merchandise Stores
Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers
Nonstore Retailers
Electronic Shopping & Mail-Order Houses
Vending Machine Operators
Direct Selling Establishments
Transportation and Warehousing
Air Transportation
Scheduled Air Transportation
Water Transportation
Truck Transportation
General Freight Trucking
Specialized Freight Trucking
Interurban and Rural Bus Transportation
Taxi and Limousine Service
Charter Bus Industry
Other Ground Passenger Transportation
Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation
Scenic/Sightseeing Transportation, Land
Scenic/Sightseeing Transportation, Water
Support Activities for Transportation
Support Activities for Air Transport
Support Activities for Water Transport
Freight Transportation Arrangement
B23
2007 Third
Quarter
461
1,006
1,006
999
964
7,007
5,743
517
747
2,931
2,931
483
483
5,307
3,767
789
750
1,984
823
1,162
1,938
1,704
234
2,163
392
844
394
533
964
779
39
146
27,072
6,999
6,994
0
925
341
584
185
342
142
157
1,060
409
651
3,825
966
306
778
Absolute
Change
114
95
95
-155
-150
30
42
16
-28
20
20
24
24
69
30
44
-6
196
57
140
22
2
19
48
3
9
24
13
258
247
39
-18
948
144
169
-19
-7
-14
7
3
-4
-18
28
-12
8
-20
-5
39
50
13
Relative
Change
32.9%
10.4%
10.4%
-13.4%
-13.5%
0.4%
0.7%
3.2%
-3.6%
0.7%
0.7%
5.2%
5.2%
1.3%
0.8%
5.9%
-0.8%
11.0%
7.4%
13.7%
1.1%
0.1%
8.8%
2.3%
0.8%
1.1%
6.5%
2.5%
36.5%
46.4%
NA
-11.0%
3.6%
2.1%
2.5%
-100.0%
-0.8%
-3.9%
1.2%
1.6%
-1.2%
-11.3%
21.7%
-1.1%
2.0%
-3.0%
-0.1%
4.2%
19.5%
1.7%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
492
4921
4922
493
4931
51
511
5111
5112
512
5121
5122
515
5151
516
5161
517
5171
5172
5173
5179
518
5181
5182
519
5191
52
522
5221
5222
5223
523
5231
5232
5239
524
5241
5242
525
5251
5259
53
531
5311
Description
2006 Third
Quarter
1,564
1,375
189
0
0
16,198
16,198
7,793
6,637
1,156
710
652
58
3,067
2,931
797
797
2,001
1,256
169
120
0
720
156
564
1,109
1,109
85,640
73,940
18,335
14,804
2,613
918
34,630
17,031
8
17,591
17,958
14,758
3,199
2,132
118
2,014
11,700
9,387
2,417
Couriers and Messengers
Couriers
Local Messengers and Local Delivery
Warehousing and Storage
Warehousing and Storage
Information
Information
Publishing Industries
Newspaper, Book, & Directory Publishers
Software Publishers
Motion Picture & Sound Recording Ind
Motion Picture and Video Industries
Sound Recording Industries
Broadcasting (except Internet)
Radio and Television Broadcasting
Internet Publishing and Broadcasting
Internet Publishing and Broadcasting
Telecommunications
Wired Telecommunications Carriers
Wireless Telecommunications Carriers
Telecommunications Resellers
Other Telecommunications
ISPs, Search Portals, & Data Processing
ISPs and Web Search Portals
Data Processing and Related Services
Other Information Services
Other Information Services
Financial Activities
Finance and Insurance
Credit Intermediation & Related Activity
Depository Credit Intermediation
Nondepository Credit Intermediation
Activities Rel to Credit Intermediation
Financial Investment & Related Activity
Security & Commodity Investment Activity
Securities and Commodity Exchanges
Other Financial Investment Activities
Insurance Carriers & Related Activities
Insurance Carriers
Insurance Agencies, Brokerages & Support
Funds, Trusts & Other Financial Vehicles
Insurance and Employee Benefit Funds
Other Investment Pools and Funds
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
Real Estate
Lessors of Real Estate
B24
2007 Third
Quarter
1,680
1,450
229
816
816
15,751
15,751
7,470
6,476
994
741
666
75
2,799
2,669
0
0
2,014
1,748
139
0
127
505
0
505
2,222
2,222
87,436
76,042
18,740
15,202
2,710
828
37,099
16,881
5
20,213
17,808
14,356
3,452
1,496
146
1,350
11,394
9,172
2,606
Absolute
Change
116
75
40
816
816
-447
-447
-323
-161
-162
31
14
17
-268
-262
-797
-797
13
492
-30
-120
127
-215
-156
-59
1,113
1,113
1,796
2,102
405
398
97
-90
2,469
-150
-3
2,622
-150
-402
253
-636
28
-664
-306
-215
189
Relative
Change
7.4%
5.5%
21.2%
NA
NA
-2.8%
-2.8%
-4.1%
-2.4%
-14.0%
4.4%
2.1%
29.3%
-8.7%
-8.9%
-100.0%
-100.0%
0.6%
39.2%
-17.8%
-100.0%
NA
-29.9%
-100.0%
-10.5%
100.4%
100.4%
2.1%
2.8%
2.2%
2.7%
3.7%
-9.8%
7.1%
-0.9%
-37.5%
14.9%
-0.8%
-2.7%
7.9%
-29.8%
23.7%
-33.0%
-2.6%
-2.3%
7.8%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
5312
5313
532
5321
5322
5323
5324
533
5331
54
541
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
55
551
5511
56
561
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5619
562
5621
5622
5629
61
611
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
62
Description
2006 Third
Quarter
2,651
4,318
2,295
1,345
540
119
291
19
19
102,823
57,525
57,525
15,704
7,089
7,107
650
4,776
10,204
6,946
3,796
1,254
7,415
7,415
7,415
37,883
37,259
3,078
199
12,989
1,555
2,121
6,498
10,084
735
624
206
175
243
148,172
41,577
41,577
1,296
27,479
304
411
2,130
609
106,595
Offices of Real Estate Agents & Brokers
Activities Related to Real Estate
Rental and Leasing Services
Automotive Equipment Rental and Leasing
Consumer Goods Rental
General Rental Centers
Machinery & Equipment Rental & Leasing
Lessors, Nonfinancial Intangible Assets
Lessors, Nonfinancial Intangible Assets
Professional and Business Services
Professional and Technical Services
Professional and Technical Services
Legal Services
Accounting and Bookkeeping Services
Architectural and Engineering Services
Specialized Design Services
Computer Systems Design and Rel Services
Management & Technical Consulting Svc
Scientific Research and Development Svc
Advertising and Related Services
Other Professional & Technical Services
Management of Companies and Enterprises
Management of Companies and Enterprises
Management of Companies and Enterprises
Administrative and Waste Services
Administrative and Support Services
Office Administrative Services
Facilities Support Services
Employment Services
Business Support Services
Travel Arrangement & Reservation Service
Investigation and Security Services
Services to Buildings and Dwellings
Other Support Services
Waste Management and Remediation Service
Waste Collection
Waste Treatment and Disposal
Remediation and Other Waste Services
Education and Health Services
Educational Services
Educational Services
Junior Colleges
Colleges and Universities
Business, Computer & Management Training
Technical and Trade Schools
Other Schools and Instruction
Educational Support Services
Health Care and Social Assistance
B25
2007 Third
Quarter
2,479
4,088
2,201
1,282
506
116
298
0
0
106,073
58,301
58,301
16,010
7,243
6,661
736
5,293
9,607
7,286
4,111
1,354
7,197
7,197
7,197
40,575
39,983
2,973
219
15,757
1,451
2,183
6,799
9,733
868
592
232
0
242
151,981
42,112
42,112
1,334
27,827
334
491
2,197
535
109,869
Absolute
Change
-172
-230
-94
-63
-34
-3
7
-19
-19
3,250
776
776
306
154
-446
86
517
-597
340
315
100
-218
-218
-218
2,692
2,724
-105
20
2,768
-104
62
301
-351
133
-32
26
-175
-1
3,809
535
535
38
348
30
80
67
-74
3,274
Relative
Change
-6.5%
-5.3%
-4.1%
-4.7%
-6.3%
-2.5%
2.4%
-100.0%
-100.0%
3.2%
1.3%
1.3%
1.9%
2.2%
-6.3%
13.2%
10.8%
-5.9%
4.9%
8.3%
8.0%
-2.9%
-2.9%
-2.9%
7.1%
7.3%
-3.4%
10.1%
21.3%
-6.7%
2.9%
4.6%
-3.5%
18.1%
-5.1%
12.6%
-100.0%
-0.4%
2.6%
1.3%
1.3%
2.9%
1.3%
9.9%
19.5%
3.1%
-12.2%
3.1%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
621
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6219
622
6221
6222
6223
623
6231
6232
6233
6239
624
6241
6242
6243
6244
71
711
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
712
7121
713
7139
72
721
7211
7213
722
7221
7222
7223
7224
Description
2006 Third
Quarter
15,767
7,067
1,279
906
3,752
109
2,252
402
73,716
62,390
1,088
10,238
6,104
3,855
944
535
771
11,008
5,219
2,170
1,516
2,103
52,163
7,657
2,757
1,452
1,073
133
49
49
2,180
2,180
2,720
2,693
44,506
10,318
10,236
61
34,188
17,251
9,024
5,375
2,537
Ambulatory Health Care Services
Offices of Physicians
Offices of Dentists
Offices of Other Health Practitioners
Outpatient Care Centers
Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories
Home Health Care Services
Other Ambulatory Health Care Services
Hospitals
General Medical and Surgical Hospitals
Psychiatric & Substance Abuse Hospitals
Other Hospitals
Nursing and Residential Care Facilities
Nursing Care Facilities
Residential Mental Health Facilities
Community Care Facility for the Elderly
Other Residential Care Facilities
Social Assistance
Individual and Family Services
Emergency and Other Relief Services
Vocational Rehabilitation Services
Child Day Care Services
Leisure and Hospitality
Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
Performing Arts and Spectator Sports
Performing Arts Companies
Spectator Sports
Performing Arts and Sports Promoters
Agents and Managers for Public Figures
Independent Artists/Writers/Performers
Museums, Parks and Historical Sites
Museums, Parks and Historical Sites
Amusement, Gambling & Recreation Ind
Other Amusement & Recreation Industries
Accommodation and Food Services
Accommodation
Traveler Accommodation
Rooming and Boarding Houses
Food Services and Drinking Places
Full-Service Restaurants
Limited-Service Eating Places
Special Food Services
Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages)
B26
2007 Third
Quarter
15,853
7,393
1,395
882
3,096
120
2,534
434
76,567
65,019
818
10,730
6,106
3,922
952
550
681
11,343
5,724
2,057
1,557
2,005
54,314
8,218
3,190
1,355
1,220
521
60
34
2,223
2,223
2,805
2,770
46,095
10,735
10,684
0
35,361
18,600
9,757
4,826
2,177
Absolute
Change
86
326
116
-24
-656
11
282
32
2,851
2,629
-270
492
2
67
8
15
-90
335
505
-113
41
-98
2,151
561
433
-97
147
388
11
-15
43
43
85
77
1,589
417
448
-61
1,173
1,349
733
-549
-360
Relative
Change
0.5%
4.6%
9.1%
-2.6%
-17.5%
10.1%
12.5%
8.0%
3.9%
4.2%
-24.8%
4.8%
0.0%
1.7%
0.8%
2.8%
-11.7%
3.0%
9.7%
-5.2%
2.7%
-4.7%
4.1%
7.3%
15.7%
-6.7%
13.7%
291.7%
22.4%
-30.6%
2.0%
2.0%
3.1%
2.9%
3.6%
4.0%
4.4%
-100.0%
3.4%
7.8%
8.1%
-10.2%
-14.2%
Boston ES-202 Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
81
811
8111
8112
8113
8114
812
8121
8122
8123
8129
813
8131
8132
8133
8134
8139
814
8141
92
921
9211
922
9221
924
9241
925
9251
926
9261
928
9281
Description
2006 Third
Quarter
20,248
20,248
1,784
1,404
137
128
116
6,674
2,302
248
851
3,273
9,745
52
1,194
2,831
3,170
2,498
2,044
2,044
37,666
37,666
5,136
5,136
12,475
12,475
3,778
3,778
1,905
1,905
5,403
5,403
816
816
Other Services
Other Services, Ex. Public Admin
Repair and Maintenance
Automotive Repair and Maintenance
Electronic Equipment Repair/Maintenance
Commercial Machinery Repair/Maintenance
Household Goods Repair and Maintenance
Personal and Laundry Services
Personal Care Services
Death Care Services
Drycleaning and Laundry Services
Other Personal Services
Membership Organizations & Associations
Religious Organizations
Grantmaking and Giving Services
Social Advocacy Organizations
Civic and Social Organizations
Professional and Similar Organizations
Private Households
Private Households
Public Administration
Public Administration
Executive, Legislative, & Gen Government
Executive, Legislative, & Gen Government
Justice, Public Order, and Safety Activi
Justice, Public Order, and Safety Activi
Administration of Environmental Programs
Administration of Environmental Programs
Community and Housing Program Admin
Community and Housing Program Admin
Administration of Economic Programs
Administration of Economic Programs
National Security & International Affair
National Security & International Affair
B27
2007 Third
Quarter
21,282
21,282
1,785
1,393
150
120
122
6,814
2,375
237
843
3,360
10,444
49
1,217
3,439
3,100
2,640
2,239
2,239
37,539
37,539
5,133
5,133
12,479
12,479
3,522
3,522
1,953
1,953
5,542
5,542
795
795
Absolute
Change
1,034
1,034
1
-11
13
-8
6
140
73
-11
-8
87
699
-3
23
608
-70
142
195
195
-127
-127
-3
-3
4
4
-256
-256
48
48
139
139
-21
-21
Relative
Change
5.1%
5.1%
0.1%
-0.8%
9.5%
-6.3%
5.2%
2.1%
3.2%
-4.4%
-0.9%
2.7%
7.2%
-5.8%
1.9%
21.5%
-2.2%
5.7%
9.5%
9.5%
-0.3%
-0.3%
-0.1%
-0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
-6.8%
-6.8%
2.5%
2.5%
2.6%
2.6%
-2.6%
-2.6%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
11
111
1112
1113
1114
1119
112
1121
1123
1125
1129
113
1132
1133
114
1141
115
1151
1152
1153
212
2123
213
2131
23
236
2361
2362
237
2371
2372
2373
2379
238
2381
2382
2383
2389
31-33
DUR
NONDUR
311
2006 Third
Quarter
3,200,233
469,481
9,592
7,749
3,775
861
802
1,681
429
689
327
91
103
151
159
45
114
1,884
1,884
1,241
61
1,149
31
1,842
1,803
1,803
30
30
161,049
161,049
34,208
20,333
13,875
26,054
5,160
1,582
18,136
1,176
100,787
16,327
46,177
22,537
15,747
298,840
298,840
196,222
102,618
22,754
Total, all industries
Goods-Producing Domain
Natural Resources and Mining
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting
Crop Production
Vegetable and Melon Farming
Fruit and Tree Nut Farming
Greenhouse and Nursery Production
Other Crop Farming
Animal Production
Cattle Ranching and Farming
Poultry and Egg Production
Animal Aquaculture
Other Animal Production
Forestry and Logging
Forest Nursery/Gathering Forest Products
Logging
Fishing, Hunting and Trapping
Fishing
Agriculture & Forestry Support Activity
Support Activities for Crop Production
Support Activities for Animal Production
Support Activities for Forestry
Mining
Mining (except Oil and Gas)
Nonmetallic Mineral Mining and Quarrying
Support Activities for Mining
Support Activities for Mining
Construction
Construction
Construction of Buildings
Residential Building Construction
Nonresidential Building Construction
Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction
Utility System Construction
Land Subdivision
Highway, Street, and Bridge Construction
Other Heavy Construction
Specialty Trade Contractors
Building Foundation/Exterior Contractors
Building Equipment Contractors
Building Finishing Contractors
Other Specialty Trade Contractors
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Durable Goods Manufacturing
Non-Durable Goods Manufacturing
Food Manufacturing
B28
2007 Third
Quarter
3,236,217
462,133
9,112
7,518
3,806
878
856
1,710
358
648
316
77
100
137
120
11
109
1,625
1,624
1,318
61
1,225
32
1,594
1,548
1,548
37
37
158,057
158,057
33,004
19,142
13,862
25,237
5,197
1,550
17,299
1,191
99,816
15,785
45,613
22,011
16,406
294,964
294,964
195,180
99,785
22,814
Absolute
Change
35,984
-7,348
-480
-231
31
17
54
29
-71
-41
-11
-14
-3
-14
-39
-34
-5
-259
-260
77
0
76
1
-248
-255
-255
7
7
-2,992
-2,992
-1,204
-1,191
-13
-817
37
-32
-837
15
-971
-542
-564
-526
659
-3,876
-3,876
-1,042
-2,833
60
Relative
Change
1.1%
-1.6%
-5.0%
-3.0%
0.8%
2.0%
6.7%
1.7%
-16.6%
-6.0%
-3.4%
-15.4%
-2.9%
-9.3%
-24.5%
-75.6%
-4.4%
-13.7%
-13.8%
6.2%
0.0%
6.6%
3.2%
-13.5%
-14.1%
-14.1%
23.3%
23.3%
-1.9%
-1.9%
-3.5%
-5.9%
-0.1%
-3.1%
0.7%
-2.0%
-4.6%
1.3%
-1.0%
-3.3%
-1.2%
-2.3%
4.2%
-1.3%
-1.3%
-0.5%
-2.8%
0.3%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
312
3121
313
3131
3132
3133
314
3141
3149
315
3151
3152
3159
316
3161
3162
3169
321
3211
3212
3219
322
3221
3222
323
3231
324
3241
325
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3259
326
3261
3262
2006 Third
Quarter
95
614
1,619
2,122
2,910
1,974
2,391
8,513
2,517
2,733
2,733
6,051
406
2,962
2,682
2,651
1,374
1,277
3,712
47
3,219
0
2,478
86
1,479
913
3,402
256
301
2,845
12,154
3,063
9,091
16,106
16,106
1,334
1,334
16,914
1,139
2,263
117
7,886
2,000
1,272
2,237
15,732
14,542
1,190
Animal Food Manufacturing
Grain and Oilseed Milling
Sugar/Confectionery Product Manufacture
Fruit, Vegetable, & Specialty Foods Mfg
Dairy Product Manufacturing
Animal Slaughtering and Processing
Seafood Product Preparation & Packaging
Bakeries and Tortilla Manufacturing
Other Food Manufacturing
Beverage & Tobacco Product Manufacturing
Beverage Manufacturing
Textile Mills
Fiber, Yarn, and Thread Mills
Fabric Mills
Textile and Fabric Finishing and Fabric
Textile Product Mills
Textile Furnishings Mills
Other Textile Product Mills
Apparel Manufacturing
Apparel Knitting Mills
Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing
Accessories and Other Apparel Mfg
Leather and Allied Product Manufacturing
Leather and Hide Tanning and Finishing
Footwear Manufacturing
Other Leather Product Manufacturing
Wood Product Manufacturing
Sawmills and Wood Preservation
Veneer and Engineered Wood Products
Other Wood Product Manufacturing
Paper Manufacturing
Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills
Converted Paper Product Manufacturing
Printing and Related Support Activities
Printing and Related Support Activities
Petroleum & Coal Products Manufacturing
Petroleum & Coal Products Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing
Basic Chemical Manufacturing
Resin, Rubber, and Synthetic Fibers
Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical & Medicine Manufacturing
Paint, Coating, & Adhesive Manufacturing
Cleaning Compound and Toiletry Mfg
Other Chemical Preparation Manufacturing
Plastics & Rubber Products Manufacturing
Plastics Product Manufacturing
Rubber Product Manufacturing
B29
2007 Third
Quarter
0
578
1,735
1,981
2,798
2,061
2,512
8,297
2,818
2,688
2,687
5,204
241
2,541
2,423
3,120
1,152
1,968
3,013
64
2,715
234
1,698
69
1,224
405
3,040
233
323
2,484
12,028
2,923
9,105
15,759
15,759
1,121
1,121
18,353
1,164
3,147
116
9,291
1,941
1,045
1,650
13,986
12,902
1,084
Absolute
Change
-95
-36
116
-141
-112
87
121
-216
301
-45
-46
-847
-165
-421
-259
469
-222
691
-699
17
-504
234
-780
-17
-255
-508
-362
-23
22
-361
-126
-140
14
-347
-347
-213
-213
1,439
25
884
-1
1,405
-59
-227
-587
-1,746
-1,640
-106
Relative
Change
-100.0%
-5.9%
7.2%
-6.6%
-3.8%
4.4%
5.1%
-2.5%
12.0%
-1.6%
-1.7%
-14.0%
-40.6%
-14.2%
-9.7%
17.7%
-16.2%
54.1%
-18.8%
36.2%
-15.7%
NA
-31.5%
-19.8%
-17.2%
-55.6%
-10.6%
-9.0%
7.3%
-12.7%
-1.0%
-4.6%
0.2%
-2.2%
-2.2%
-16.0%
-16.0%
8.5%
2.2%
39.1%
-0.9%
17.8%
-3.0%
-17.8%
-26.2%
-11.1%
-11.3%
-8.9%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
327
3271
3272
3273
3279
331
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
332
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
333
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3339
334
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
335
3351
3352
3353
3359
336
3361
3362
3363
3364
3366
3369
2006 Third
Quarter
6,805
1,168
1,446
2,421
1,753
4,965
46
624
290
2,842
1,163
35,211
2,450
5,617
6,279
906
361
761
10,491
4,194
4,154
19,918
267
5,988
3,310
1,149
3,506
1,385
4,313
71,498
14,682
6,174
3,821
18,827
27,602
393
11,359
2,544
567
4,219
4,029
14,379
188
430
1,524
11,677
482
78
Nonmetallic Mineral Product Mfg
Clay Product & Refractory Manufacturing
Glass and Glass Product Manufacturing
Cement & Concrete Product Manufacturing
Other Nonmetallic Mineral Products
Primary Metal Manufacturing
Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloys
Purchased Steel Product Manufacturing
Alumina and Aluminum Production
Other Nonferrous Metal Production
Foundries
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
Forging and Stamping
Cutlery and Handtool Manufacturing
Architectural and Structural Metals
Boilers, Tanks, and Shipping Containers
Hardware Manufacturing
Spring and Wire Product Manufacturing
Machine Shops and Threaded Products
Coating, Engraving & Heat Treating Metal
Other Fabricated Metal Product Mfg
Machinery Manufacturing
Ag., Construction, and Mining Machinery
Industrial Machinery Manufacturing
Commercial & Service Industry Machinery
HVAC and Commercial Refrigeration Equip
Metalworking Machinery Manufacturing
Turbine and Power Transmission Equipment
Other General Purpose Machinery Mfg
Computer and Electronic Product Mfg
Computers and Peripheral Equipment
Communications Equipment Manufacturing
Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing
Semiconductor and Electronic Components
Electronic Instrument Manufacturing
Magnetic Media Manufacture & Reproducing
Electrical Equipment and Appliances
Electric Lighting Equipment Mfg
Household Appliance Manufacturing
Electrical Equipment Manufacturing
Other Electrical Equipment & Components
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Manufacturing
Motor Vehicle Body and Trailer Mfg
Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
Aerospace Product & Parts Manufacturing
Ship and Boat Building
Other Transportation Equipment Mfg
B30
2007 Third
Quarter
6,829
1,164
1,569
2,346
1,733
4,700
27
743
316
2,543
1,071
34,753
2,312
4,803
6,385
956
321
738
10,638
4,177
4,423
20,594
210
6,012
3,298
1,141
3,544
1,867
4,521
71,224
14,044
5,326
3,962
18,976
28,575
340
11,845
2,565
596
4,307
4,377
14,407
191
461
1,220
11,917
556
61
Absolute
Change
24
-4
123
-75
-20
-265
-19
119
26
-299
-92
-458
-138
-814
106
50
-40
-23
147
-17
269
676
-57
24
-12
-8
38
482
208
-274
-638
-848
141
149
973
-53
486
21
29
88
348
28
3
31
-304
240
74
-17
Relative
Change
0.4%
-0.3%
8.5%
-3.1%
-1.1%
-5.3%
-41.3%
19.1%
9.0%
-10.5%
-7.9%
-1.3%
-5.6%
-14.5%
1.7%
5.5%
-11.1%
-3.0%
1.4%
-0.4%
6.5%
3.4%
-21.3%
0.4%
-0.4%
-0.7%
1.1%
34.8%
4.8%
-0.4%
-4.3%
-13.7%
3.7%
0.8%
3.5%
-13.5%
4.3%
0.8%
5.1%
2.1%
8.6%
0.2%
1.6%
7.2%
-19.9%
2.1%
15.4%
-21.8%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
337
3371
3372
3379
339
3391
3399
22
221
2211
2212
2213
42
423
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
424
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
425
4251
44-45
441
4411
4412
4413
442
4421
4422
443
4431
444
2006 Third
Quarter
5,514
2,859
1,959
695
23,171
11,888
11,283
2,730,752
600,472
13,068
13,068
7,565
2,831
2,673
137,726
63,420
5,181
2,235
5,997
20,906
1,777
9,444
4,926
9,271
3,683
48,561
4,894
4,711
6,835
17,785
182
2,205
1,522
3,577
6,851
25,745
25,745
349,751
37,040
25,877
2,774
8,390
13,161
5,776
7,385
12,492
12,492
29,078
Furniture and Related Product Mfg
Household and Institutional Furniture
Office Furniture and Fixtures Mfg
Other Furniture Related Product Mfg
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Medical Equipment and Supplies Mfg
Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Service-Providing Domain
Trade, Transportation and Utilities
Utilities
Utilities
Power Generation and Supply
Natural Gas Distribution
Water, Sewage and Other Systems
Wholesale Trade
Merchant Wholesalers, Durable Goods
Motor Vehicle/Part Merchant Wholesalers
Furniture & Furnishings Merchant Whsle
Lumber and Supply Merchant Wholesalers
Commercial Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Metal and Mineral Merchant Wholesalers
Electric Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Hardware & Plumbing Merchant Wholesalers
Machinery & Supply Merchant Wholesalers
Misc Durable Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Merchant Wholesalers, Nondurable Goods
Paper/Paper Product Merchant Wholesalers
Druggists' Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Apparel/Piece Goods Merchant Wholesalers
Grocery Product Merchant Wholesalers
Farm Product Merchant Wholesalers
Chemical Merchant Wholesalers
Petroleum Merchant Wholesalers
Alcoholic Beverage Merchant Wholesalers
Misc Nondurable Goods Merchant Whsle
Electronic Markets and Agents/Brokers
Electronic Markets and Agents/Brokers
Retail Trade
Motor Vehicle and Parts Dealers
Automobile Dealers
Other Motor Vehicle Dealers
Auto Parts, Accessories, and Tire Stores
Furniture and Home Furnishings Stores
Furniture Stores
Home Furnishings Stores
Electronics and Appliance Stores
Electronics and Appliance Stores
Building Material & Garden Supply Stores
B31
2007 Third
Quarter
5,574
2,737
2,196
641
22,214
11,210
11,003
2,774,084
601,408
13,396
13,396
7,801
2,820
2,775
138,426
62,417
4,997
2,122
5,864
20,610
1,764
9,190
5,003
8,968
3,899
48,735
4,890
5,375
5,879
18,120
177
2,168
1,526
3,805
6,796
27,273
27,273
348,784
35,839
24,892
2,646
8,301
12,513
5,212
7,301
12,198
12,198
27,850
Absolute
Change
60
-122
237
-54
-957
-678
-280
43,332
936
328
328
236
-11
102
700
-1,003
-184
-113
-133
-296
-13
-254
77
-303
216
174
-4
664
-956
335
-5
-37
4
228
-55
1,528
1,528
-967
-1,201
-985
-128
-89
-648
-564
-84
-294
-294
-1,228
Relative
Change
1.1%
-4.3%
12.1%
-7.8%
-4.1%
-5.7%
-2.5%
1.6%
0.2%
2.5%
2.5%
3.1%
-0.4%
3.8%
0.5%
-1.6%
-3.6%
-5.1%
-2.2%
-1.4%
-0.7%
-2.7%
1.6%
-3.3%
5.9%
0.4%
-0.1%
14.1%
-14.0%
1.9%
-2.7%
-1.7%
0.3%
6.4%
-0.8%
5.9%
5.9%
-0.3%
-3.2%
-3.8%
-4.6%
-1.1%
-4.9%
-9.8%
-1.1%
-2.4%
-2.4%
-4.2%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
4441
4442
445
4451
4452
4453
446
4461
447
4471
448
4481
4482
4483
451
4511
4512
452
4521
4529
453
4531
4532
4533
4539
454
4541
4542
4543
48-49
481
4811
4812
483
4831
4832
484
4841
4842
485
4852
4853
4854
4855
4859
486
4862
487
2006 Third
Quarter
25,718
3,360
89,974
74,134
7,162
8,679
26,721
26,721
12,029
12,029
39,397
30,949
4,253
4,194
17,549
12,003
5,546
40,210
30,406
9,804
21,302
2,426
10,880
1,814
6,181
10,798
4,309
566
5,923
99,927
7,802
7,408
393
1,043
1,011
31
16,887
10,408
6,479
21,690
926
3,529
6,484
1,183
2,101
130
110
1,774
Building Material and Supplies Dealers
Lawn & Garden Equipment/Supplies Stores
Food and Beverage Stores
Grocery Stores
Specialty Food Stores
Beer, Wine, and Liquor Stores
Health and Personal Care Stores
Health and Personal Care Stores
Gasoline Stations
Gasoline Stations
Clothing and Clothing Accessories Stores
Clothing Stores
Shoe Stores
Jewelry, Luggage & Leather Goods Stores
Sporting Goods/Hobby/Book/Music Stores
Sporting Goods/Musical Instrument Stores
Book, Periodical, and Music Stores
General Merchandise Stores
Department Stores
Other General Merchandise Stores
Miscellaneous Store Retailers
Florists
Office Supply, Stationery & Gift Stores
Used Merchandise Stores
Other Miscellaneous Store Retailers
Nonstore Retailers
Electronic Shopping & Mail-Order Houses
Vending Machine Operators
Direct Selling Establishments
Transportation and Warehousing
Air Transportation
Scheduled Air Transportation
Nonscheduled Air Transportation
Water Transportation
Sea, Coastal & Great Lakes Transport
Inland Water Transportation
Truck Transportation
General Freight Trucking
Specialized Freight Trucking
Transit and Ground Passenger Transport
Interurban and Rural Bus Transportation
Taxi and Limousine Service
School and Employee Bus Transportation
Charter Bus Industry
Other Ground Passenger Transportation
Pipeline Transportation
Pipeline Transportation of Natural Gas
Scenic and Sightseeing Transportation
B32
2007 Third
Quarter
24,510
3,340
89,894
74,501
6,939
8,453
27,064
27,064
11,817
11,817
40,630
32,147
4,401
4,082
16,906
11,410
5,497
42,408
31,740
10,667
20,302
2,249
10,035
1,814
6,204
11,362
5,189
580
5,594
100,802
8,069
7,662
407
1,238
1,188
50
16,424
9,940
6,484
22,654
773
3,797
6,572
1,305
2,239
141
123
1,772
Absolute
Change
-1,208
-20
-80
367
-223
-226
343
343
-212
-212
1,233
1,198
148
-112
-643
-593
-49
2,198
1,334
863
-1,000
-177
-845
0
23
564
880
14
-329
875
267
254
14
195
177
19
-463
-468
5
964
-153
268
88
122
138
11
13
-2
Relative
Change
-4.7%
-0.6%
-0.1%
0.5%
-3.1%
-2.6%
1.3%
1.3%
-1.8%
-1.8%
3.1%
3.9%
3.5%
-2.7%
-3.7%
-4.9%
-0.9%
5.5%
4.4%
8.8%
-4.7%
-7.3%
-7.8%
0.0%
0.4%
5.2%
20.4%
2.5%
-5.6%
0.9%
3.4%
3.4%
3.6%
18.7%
17.5%
61.3%
-2.7%
-4.5%
0.1%
4.4%
-16.5%
7.6%
1.4%
10.3%
6.6%
8.5%
11.8%
-0.1%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
4871
4872
4879
488
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4889
492
4921
4922
493
4931
51
511
5111
5112
512
5121
5122
515
5151
5152
516
5161
517
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5179
518
5181
5182
519
5191
52
522
5221
5222
5223
523
5231
2006 Third
Quarter
610
1,160
0
9,109
2,652
78
446
3,182
2,244
508
11,158
10,558
600
9,069
9,069
93,745
93,745
42,254
21,041
21,213
4,752
4,569
183
5,742
5,115
627
2,347
2,347
21,314
12,049
2,721
1,252
53
5,166
74
10,109
2,765
7,345
7,227
7,227
228,028
181,868
64,121
50,187
10,228
3,706
48,589
24,468
Scenic/Sightseeing Transportation, Land
Scenic/Sightseeing Transportation, Water
Scenic/Sightseeing Transportation, Other
Support Activities for Transportation
Support Activities for Air Transport
Support Activities for Rail Transport
Support Activities for Water Transport
Support Activities, Road Transportation
Freight Transportation Arrangement
Other Support Activities for Transport
Couriers and Messengers
Couriers
Local Messengers and Local Delivery
Warehousing and Storage
Warehousing and Storage
Information
Information
Publishing Industries
Newspaper, Book, & Directory Publishers
Software Publishers
Motion Picture & Sound Recording Ind
Motion Picture and Video Industries
Sound Recording Industries
Broadcasting (except Internet)
Radio and Television Broadcasting
Cable and Other Subscription Programming
Internet Publishing and Broadcasting
Internet Publishing and Broadcasting
Telecommunications
Wired Telecommunications Carriers
Wireless Telecommunications Carriers
Telecommunications Resellers
Satellite Telecommunications
Cable and Other Program Distribution
Other Telecommunications
ISPs, Search Portals, & Data Processing
ISPs and Web Search Portals
Data Processing and Related Services
Other Information Services
Other Information Services
Financial Activities
Finance and Insurance
Credit Intermediation & Related Activity
Depository Credit Intermediation
Nondepository Credit Intermediation
Activities Rel to Credit Intermediation
Financial Investment & Related Activity
Security & Commodity Investment Activity
B33
2007 Third
Quarter
681
1,083
7
9,375
2,819
78
456
3,064
2,345
613
11,201
10,619
582
9,175
9,175
94,852
94,852
42,926
20,751
22,175
5,697
5,496
201
5,469
4,727
742
0
0
21,789
17,779
2,365
0
64
0
1,581
7,421
0
7,421
11,550
11,550
227,837
182,744
62,547
49,990
8,991
3,566
51,700
24,424
Absolute
Change
71
-77
7
266
167
0
10
-118
101
105
43
61
-18
106
106
1,107
1,107
672
-290
962
945
927
18
-273
-388
115
-2,347
-2,347
475
5,730
-356
-1,252
11
-5,166
1,507
-2,688
-2,765
76
4,323
4,323
-191
876
-1,574
-197
-1,237
-140
3,111
-44
Relative
Change
11.6%
-6.6%
NA
2.9%
6.3%
0.0%
2.2%
-3.7%
4.5%
20.7%
0.4%
0.6%
-3.0%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.6%
-1.4%
4.5%
19.9%
20.3%
9.8%
-4.8%
-7.6%
18.3%
-100.0%
-100.0%
2.2%
47.6%
-13.1%
-100.0%
20.8%
-100.0%
2036.5%
-26.6%
-100.0%
1.0%
59.8%
59.8%
-0.1%
0.5%
-2.5%
-0.4%
-12.1%
-3.8%
6.4%
-0.2%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
5232
5239
524
5241
5242
525
5251
5259
53
531
5311
5312
5313
532
5321
5322
5323
5324
533
5331
54
541
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
55
551
5511
56
561
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5619
562
5621
5622
2006 Third
Quarter
23
24,097
65,497
43,695
21,802
2,776
501
2,275
46,161
32,802
9,857
9,605
13,340
12,876
4,022
5,766
1,141
1,947
483
483
485,289
246,776
246,776
30,955
19,443
41,553
3,669
47,853
35,604
43,953
12,015
11,732
61,790
61,790
61,790
176,723
166,154
8,644
507
65,188
9,339
6,721
17,076
54,580
4,099
10,569
3,416
3,508
Securities and Commodity Exchanges
Other Financial Investment Activities
Insurance Carriers & Related Activities
Insurance Carriers
Insurance Agencies, Brokerages & Support
Funds, Trusts & Other Financial Vehicles
Insurance and Employee Benefit Funds
Other Investment Pools and Funds
Real Estate and Rental and Leasing
Real Estate
Lessors of Real Estate
Offices of Real Estate Agents & Brokers
Activities Related to Real Estate
Rental and Leasing Services
Automotive Equipment Rental and Leasing
Consumer Goods Rental
General Rental Centers
Machinery & Equipment Rental & Leasing
Lessors, Nonfinancial Intangible Assets
Lessors, Nonfinancial Intangible Assets
Professional and Business Services
Professional and Technical Services
Professional and Technical Services
Legal Services
Accounting and Bookkeeping Services
Architectural and Engineering Services
Specialized Design Services
Computer Systems Design and Rel Services
Management & Technical Consulting Svc
Scientific Research and Development Svc
Advertising and Related Services
Other Professional & Technical Services
Management of Companies and Enterprises
Management of Companies and Enterprises
Management of Companies and Enterprises
Administrative and Waste Services
Administrative and Support Services
Office Administrative Services
Facilities Support Services
Employment Services
Business Support Services
Travel Arrangement & Reservation Service
Investigation and Security Services
Services to Buildings and Dwellings
Other Support Services
Waste Management and Remediation Service
Waste Collection
Waste Treatment and Disposal
B34
2007 Third
Quarter
12
27,264
65,590
43,536
22,054
2,008
521
1,487
45,094
32,167
10,125
8,734
13,308
12,412
3,789
5,546
1,113
1,964
515
515
494,541
252,712
252,712
31,070
20,350
41,459
3,636
52,055
34,703
44,406
12,677
12,355
61,401
61,401
61,401
180,429
169,624
8,900
630
67,721
9,841
6,678
17,163
54,456
4,234
10,805
3,582
3,484
Absolute
Change
-11
3,167
93
-159
252
-768
20
-788
-1,067
-635
268
-871
-32
-464
-233
-220
-28
17
32
32
9,252
5,936
5,936
115
907
-94
-33
4,202
-901
453
662
623
-389
-389
-389
3,706
3,470
256
123
2,533
502
-43
87
-124
135
236
166
-24
Relative
Change
-47.8%
13.1%
0.1%
-0.4%
1.2%
-27.7%
4.0%
-34.6%
-2.3%
-1.9%
2.7%
-9.1%
-0.2%
-3.6%
-5.8%
-3.8%
-2.5%
0.9%
6.6%
6.6%
1.9%
2.4%
2.4%
0.4%
4.7%
-0.2%
-0.9%
8.8%
-2.5%
1.0%
5.5%
5.3%
-0.6%
-0.6%
-0.6%
2.1%
2.1%
3.0%
24.3%
3.9%
5.4%
-0.6%
0.5%
-0.2%
3.3%
2.2%
4.9%
-0.7%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
5629
61
611
6111
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
62
621
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6219
622
6221
6222
6223
623
6231
6232
6233
6239
624
6241
6242
6243
6244
71
711
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
712
7121
713
7131
7139
72
721
2006 Third
Quarter
3,645
735,463
264,293
264,293
139,468
101,163
2,056
2,258
9,421
2,855
471,170
134,770
48,937
20,724
12,082
20,723
4,420
21,277
6,607
179,771
156,217
8,771
14,784
93,825
57,088
17,711
13,296
5,731
62,804
28,530
4,935
8,478
20,862
328,920
63,976
10,348
3,542
2,644
3,512
137
513
6,290
6,290
47,338
2,174
45,032
264,944
37,544
Remediation and Other Waste Services
Education and Health Services
Educational Services
Educational Services
Elementary and Secondary Schools
Colleges and Universities
Business, Computer & Management Training
Technical and Trade Schools
Other Schools and Instruction
Educational Support Services
Health Care and Social Assistance
Ambulatory Health Care Services
Offices of Physicians
Offices of Dentists
Offices of Other Health Practitioners
Outpatient Care Centers
Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories
Home Health Care Services
Other Ambulatory Health Care Services
Hospitals
General Medical and Surgical Hospitals
Psychiatric & Substance Abuse Hospitals
Other Hospitals
Nursing and Residential Care Facilities
Nursing Care Facilities
Residential Mental Health Facilities
Community Care Facility for the Elderly
Other Residential Care Facilities
Social Assistance
Individual and Family Services
Emergency and Other Relief Services
Vocational Rehabilitation Services
Child Day Care Services
Leisure and Hospitality
Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation
Performing Arts and Spectator Sports
Performing Arts Companies
Spectator Sports
Performing Arts and Sports Promoters
Agents and Managers for Public Figures
Independent Artists/Writers/Performers
Museums, Parks and Historical Sites
Museums, Parks and Historical Sites
Amusement, Gambling & Recreation Ind
Amusement Parks and Arcades
Other Amusement & Recreation Industries
Accommodation and Food Services
Accommodation
B35
2007 Third
Quarter
3,738
757,941
269,921
269,921
142,644
103,248
2,118
2,362
9,714
2,673
488,020
140,132
50,649
20,967
12,507
21,200
4,722
23,053
7,035
185,219
161,064
8,662
15,492
96,281
57,895
18,244
13,872
6,269
66,388
30,656
5,130
9,380
21,223
333,382
64,971
11,027
3,463
2,723
4,271
145
426
6,379
6,379
47,565
2,488
44,935
268,410
38,183
Absolute
Change
93
22,478
5,628
5,628
3,176
2,085
62
104
293
-182
16,850
5,362
1,712
243
425
477
302
1,776
428
5,448
4,847
-109
708
2,456
807
533
576
538
3,584
2,126
195
902
361
4,462
995
679
-79
79
759
8
-87
89
89
227
314
-97
3,466
639
Relative
Change
2.6%
3.1%
2.1%
2.1%
2.3%
2.1%
3.0%
4.6%
3.1%
-6.4%
3.6%
4.0%
3.5%
1.2%
3.5%
2.3%
6.8%
8.3%
6.5%
3.0%
3.1%
-1.2%
4.8%
2.6%
1.4%
3.0%
4.3%
9.4%
5.7%
7.5%
4.0%
10.6%
1.7%
1.4%
1.6%
6.6%
-2.2%
3.0%
21.6%
5.8%
-17.0%
1.4%
1.4%
0.5%
14.4%
-0.2%
1.3%
1.7%
Massachusetts ES-202 Average Monthly Employment, 2006-2007
All NAICS
NAICS
Description
7211
7212
7213
722
7221
7222
7223
7224
81
811
8111
8112
8113
8114
812
8121
8122
8123
8129
813
8131
8132
8133
8134
8139
814
8141
92
921
9211
922
9221
924
9241
925
9251
926
9261
928
9281
2006 Third
Quarter
34,874
2,194
476
227,400
116,055
82,804
20,367
8,174
124,406
124,406
26,257
18,724
3,212
2,565
1,756
36,825
18,626
2,642
8,949
6,608
38,873
772
2,705
7,904
19,805
7,687
22,451
22,451
134,428
134,428
32,643
32,643
60,619
60,619
6,261
6,261
5,480
5,480
7,465
7,465
5,072
5,072
Traveler Accommodation
RV Parks and Recreational Camps
Rooming and Boarding Houses
Food Services and Drinking Places
Full-Service Restaurants
Limited-Service Eating Places
Special Food Services
Drinking Places (Alcoholic Beverages)
Other Services
Other Services, Ex. Public Admin
Repair and Maintenance
Automotive Repair and Maintenance
Electronic Equipment Repair/Maintenance
Commercial Machinery Repair/Maintenance
Household Goods Repair and Maintenance
Personal and Laundry Services
Personal Care Services
Death Care Services
Drycleaning and Laundry Services
Other Personal Services
Membership Organizations & Associations
Religious Organizations
Grantmaking and Giving Services
Social Advocacy Organizations
Civic and Social Organizations
Professional and Similar Organizations
Private Households
Private Households
Public Administration
Public Administration
Executive, Legislative, & Gen Government
Executive, Legislative, & Gen Government
Justice, Public Order, and Safety Activi
Justice, Public Order, and Safety Activi
Administration of Environmental Programs
Administration of Environmental Programs
Community and Housing Program Admin
Community and Housing Program Admin
Administration of Economic Programs
Administration of Economic Programs
National Security & International Affair
National Security & International Affair
B36
2007 Third
Quarter
35,611
2,226
346
230,227
118,979
84,601
19,120
7,527
128,741
128,741
26,020
18,345
3,516
2,504
1,654
37,735
18,789
2,655
9,437
6,854
39,848
767
2,982
8,386
19,762
7,951
25,139
25,139
135,383
135,383
32,288
32,288
61,341
61,341
6,318
6,318
5,569
5,569
7,928
7,928
4,966
4,966
Absolute
Change
737
32
-130
2,827
2,924
1,797
-1,247
-647
4,335
4,335
-237
-379
304
-61
-102
910
163
13
488
246
975
-5
277
482
-43
264
2,688
2,688
955
955
-355
-355
722
722
57
57
89
89
463
463
-106
-106
Relative
Change
2.1%
1.5%
-27.3%
1.2%
2.5%
2.2%
-6.1%
-7.9%
3.5%
3.5%
-0.9%
-2.0%
9.5%
-2.4%
-5.8%
2.5%
0.9%
0.5%
5.5%
3.7%
2.5%
-0.6%
10.2%
6.1%
-0.2%
3.4%
12.0%
12.0%
0.7%
0.7%
-1.1%
-1.1%
1.2%
1.2%
0.9%
0.9%
1.6%
1.6%
6.2%
6.2%
-2.1%
-2.1%
Appendix C:
Occupational Staffing Patterns of
Industries and Educational Attainment of
Workers by Industries and Occupations
in Massachusetts
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Occupations
Management Occupations
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Community and Social Services Occupations
Legal Occupations
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations
Healthcare Support Occupations
Protective Service Occupations
Food Preparation and Serving Occupations
Building and Grounds Cleaning Occupations
Personal Care and Service Occupations
High-Level Sales Occupations
Low-Level Sales Occupations
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Installations, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Production Occupations
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Total
Agri,Forestry,
Fishing, and
Hunting
3,012
41
0
0
289
0
33
0
0
0
0
30
110
80
484
0
164
329
4,531
10
172
54
842
10,178
Mining
88
84
28
0
102
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
80
0
0
0
154
0
330
149
231
369
1,612
C1
Non-Durable
Durable
Wholesale
Utilities Construction Manufacturing Manufacturing
Trade
Retail Trade
2,692
24,623
13,647
33,436
10,933
12,078
939
2,740
3,970
10,951
5,398
8,188
337
74
1,533
16,334
2,340
5,743
1,810
4,783
3,171
32,403
1,104
601
395
11
6,879
2,428
422
320
0
0
28
0
0
0
123
129
175
612
0
511
0
0
342
377
118
594
34
504
1,594
3,051
908
4,421
0
0
353
187
248
7,751
0
0
0
0
247
221
82
120
187
571
176
2,188
0
0
562
110
71
8,543
435
1,075
1,807
848
416
2,498
0
56
28
31
72
1,014
273
1,494
7,650
9,108
35,259
63,498
0
47
830
46
912
118,460
4,548
10,801
13,948
22,254
19,129
54,057
0
0
0
0
501
300
1,972
156,081
359
3,416
567
2,026
2,775
8,759
3,241
7,248
4,414
12,309
3,425
2,328
47,668
80,666
2,402
9,584
892
7,005
7,090
8,519
17,886
27,665
20,729
220,623
115,056
232,590
103,519
342,564
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Occupations
Management Occupations
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Community and Social Services Occupations
Legal Occupations
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations
Healthcare Support Occupations
Protective Service Occupations
Food Preparation and Serving Occupations
Building and Grounds Cleaning Occupations
Personal Care and Service Occupations
High-Level Sales Occupations
Low-Level Sales Occupations
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Installations, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Production Occupations
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Total
Management Administrative
Finanace Real Estate, Professional of Companies Support and
Transportation
Waste
and
Rental and Scientic and
and
and
Technical Enterprises Management
Leasing
Warehousing Information Insurance
6,267
17,242
35,368
15,054
38,717
1,394
9,120
1,166
2,944
49,602
3,614
36,973
1,408
5,148
231
8,870
15,467
394
41,706
413
2,399
735
3,901
308
246
26,588
34
442
123
464
689
126
18,053
0
406
0
0
207
65
83
0
114
54
555
2,099
199
31,009
144
610
107
4,354
623
0
1,152
0
347
0
13,705
1,338
37
14,568
63
1,182
145
0
1,301
33
5,116
100
1,695
0
0
38
0
498
0
1,342
828
693
977
507
308
0
9,126
107
369
0
195
69
0
327
794
502
487
4,932
478
0
40,749
2,572
441
0
599
866
38
521
1,375
7,019
23,513
22,877
6,458
159
3,169
675
2,694
8,586
2,129
1,495
0
3,946
32,985
15,473
53,958
8,232
33,091
914
17,237
0
0
0
0
42
0
81
1,194
118
71
908
1,205
82
1,790
4,088
8,033
150
2,743
1,013
182
1,938
1,435
2,414
586
125
2,451
141
3,328
45,475
1,529
288
1,443
1,184
193
6,581
100,351
91,315
195,651
64,454
263,117
5,262
111,592
C2
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Occupations
Management Occupations
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Community and Social Services Occupations
Legal Occupations
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations
Healthcare Support Occupations
Protective Service Occupations
Food Preparation and Serving Occupations
Building and Grounds Cleaning Occupations
Personal Care and Service Occupations
High-Level Sales Occupations
Low-Level Sales Occupations
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Installations, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Production Occupations
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Total
Healthcare
Educational and Social
30,596
33,796
5,864
8,906
5,862
3,958
1,277
748
7,958
13,913
7,344
28,629
491
1,300
164,557
16,428
6,542
1,179
8,440
160,666
1,533
63,689
2,843
1,896
7,641
9,047
14,206
12,681
4,067
31,385
139
134
2,798
1,896
26,323
61,317
0
0
1,399
1,210
2,635
1,344
465
3,043
1,474
2,839
304,448
460,000
C3
Arts,
Entertainment Accomodation
and Food
and
Services
Recreation
3,134
24,222
1,134
1,006
162
68
73
101
228
0
214
239
34
192
1,693
306
12,883
452
235
109
410
41
2,464
1,108
3,320
121,919
4,298
9,982
11,519
2,744
1,296
928
1,576
11,150
3,909
8,757
28
0
99
340
1,013
785
403
1,995
1,168
3,307
51,288
189,746
Other
Services
10,036
2,665
777
513
127
10,454
522
1,025
1,867
1,481
2,896
489
1,609
11,333
36,061
5,385
2,889
14,793
9
330
18,860
9,160
5,809
139,084
Public
Services
12,966
9,652
2,889
1,901
2,293
9,300
6,056
1,627
816
2,544
938
37,759
700
1,966
1,392
0
223
24,325
200
1,657
1,925
941
1,166
123,230
Total
338,414
162,387
109,581
80,735
55,223
56,674
44,842
193,647
65,141
190,400
71,850
62,347
154,696
109,641
93,885
189,730
160,513
426,526
5,691
175,158
83,772
172,840
142,718
3,146,406
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Distribution of Industry by Occupation
Occupations
Management Occupations
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Community and Social Services Occupations
Legal Occupations
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations
Healthcare Support Occupations
Protective Service Occupations
Food Preparation and Serving Occupations
Building and Grounds Cleaning Occupations
Personal Care and Service Occupations
High-Level Sales Occupations
Low-Level Sales Occupations
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Installations, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Production Occupations
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Total
Agri,Forestry,
Fishing, and
Hunting
1%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
80%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
Mining
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
C4
Non-Durable
Durable
Wholesale
Utilities Construction Manufacturing Manufacturing
Trade
Retail Trade
1%
7%
4%
10%
3%
4%
1%
2%
2%
7%
3%
5%
0%
0%
1%
15%
2%
5%
2%
6%
4%
40%
1%
1%
1%
0%
12%
4%
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
2%
5%
1%
7%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
6%
0%
1%
2%
1%
0%
2%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
4%
5%
19%
33%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
74%
1%
3%
3%
5%
4%
13%
0%
0%
0%
0%
9%
5%
1%
89%
0%
2%
0%
1%
3%
10%
4%
9%
5%
15%
2%
1%
28%
47%
1%
6%
1%
5%
5%
6%
13%
19%
1%
7%
4%
7%
3%
11%
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Distribution of Industry by Occupation
Occupations
Management Occupations
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Community and Social Services Occupations
Legal Occupations
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations
Healthcare Support Occupations
Protective Service Occupations
Food Preparation and Serving Occupations
Building and Grounds Cleaning Occupations
Personal Care and Service Occupations
High-Level Sales Occupations
Low-Level Sales Occupations
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Installations, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Production Occupations
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Total
Management Administrative
Finanace Real Estate, Professional of Companies Support and
Transportation
Waste
and
Rental and Scientic and
and
and
Technical Enterprises Management
Leasing
Warehousing Information Insurance
2%
5%
10%
4%
11%
0%
3%
1%
2%
31%
2%
23%
1%
3%
0%
8%
14%
0%
38%
0%
2%
1%
5%
0%
0%
33%
0%
1%
0%
1%
1%
0%
33%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
5%
0%
69%
0%
1%
0%
2%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
21%
2%
0%
22%
0%
2%
0%
0%
1%
0%
3%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
2%
1%
1%
2%
1%
0%
0%
15%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
37%
3%
0%
0%
1%
1%
0%
1%
1%
4%
12%
12%
3%
0%
2%
0%
2%
5%
1%
1%
0%
2%
8%
4%
13%
2%
8%
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
1%
0%
0%
1%
1%
0%
1%
5%
10%
0%
3%
1%
0%
2%
1%
1%
0%
0%
1%
0%
2%
32%
1%
0%
1%
1%
0%
5%
3%
3%
6%
2%
8%
0%
4%
C5
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Distribution of Industry by Occupation
Occupations
Management Occupations
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Community and Social Services Occupations
Legal Occupations
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations
Healthcare Support Occupations
Protective Service Occupations
Food Preparation and Serving Occupations
Building and Grounds Cleaning Occupations
Personal Care and Service Occupations
High-Level Sales Occupations
Low-Level Sales Occupations
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Installations, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Production Occupations
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Total
Healthcare
Educational and Social
9%
10%
4%
5%
5%
4%
2%
1%
14%
25%
13%
51%
1%
3%
85%
8%
10%
2%
4%
84%
2%
89%
5%
3%
5%
6%
13%
12%
4%
33%
0%
0%
2%
1%
6%
14%
0%
0%
1%
1%
3%
2%
0%
2%
1%
2%
10%
15%
C6
Arts,
Entertainment Accomodation
and Food
and
Services
Recreation
1%
7%
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
20%
1%
0%
0%
1%
0%
4%
2%
2%
79%
4%
9%
12%
3%
1%
0%
1%
7%
1%
2%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
1%
0%
1%
1%
2%
2%
6%
Other
Services
3%
2%
1%
1%
0%
18%
1%
1%
3%
1%
4%
1%
1%
10%
38%
3%
2%
3%
0%
0%
23%
5%
4%
4%
Public
Services
4%
6%
3%
2%
4%
16%
14%
1%
1%
1%
1%
61%
0%
2%
1%
0%
0%
6%
4%
1%
2%
1%
1%
4%
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Distribution of Occupation by Industry
Occupations
Management Occupations
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Community and Social Services Occupations
Legal Occupations
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations
Healthcare Support Occupations
Protective Service Occupations
Food Preparation and Serving Occupations
Building and Grounds Cleaning Occupations
Personal Care and Service Occupations
High-Level Sales Occupations
Low-Level Sales Occupations
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Installations, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Production Occupations
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Total
Agri,Forestry,
Fishing, and
Hunting
30%
0%
0%
0%
3%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
1%
5%
0%
2%
3%
45%
0%
2%
1%
8%
100%
Mining
5%
5%
2%
0%
6%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
5%
0%
0%
0%
10%
0%
20%
9%
14%
23%
100%
C7
Non-Durable
Durable
Wholesale
Utilities Construction Manufacturing Manufacturing
Trade
Retail Trade
13%
11%
12%
14%
11%
4%
5%
1%
3%
5%
5%
2%
2%
0%
1%
7%
2%
2%
9%
2%
3%
14%
1%
0%
2%
0%
6%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
1%
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
2%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
2%
2%
0%
2%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
1%
7%
4%
34%
19%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
35%
22%
5%
12%
10%
18%
16%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
10%
71%
0%
1%
1%
1%
13%
4%
3%
3%
4%
4%
17%
1%
41%
35%
2%
3%
4%
3%
6%
4%
17%
8%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Distribution of Occupation by Industry
Occupations
Management Occupations
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Community and Social Services Occupations
Legal Occupations
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations
Healthcare Support Occupations
Protective Service Occupations
Food Preparation and Serving Occupations
Building and Grounds Cleaning Occupations
Personal Care and Service Occupations
High-Level Sales Occupations
Low-Level Sales Occupations
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Installations, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Production Occupations
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Total
Management Administrative
Finanace Real Estate, Professional of Companies Support and
Transportation
Waste
and
Rental and Scientic and
and
and
Technical Enterprises Management
Leasing
Warehousing Information Insurance
6%
19%
18%
23%
15%
26%
8%
1%
3%
25%
6%
14%
27%
5%
0%
10%
8%
1%
16%
8%
2%
1%
4%
0%
0%
10%
1%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
7%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
1%
0%
12%
3%
1%
0%
5%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
15%
1%
0%
6%
1%
1%
0%
0%
1%
0%
2%
2%
2%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
1%
1%
0%
1%
0%
0%
8%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
1%
0%
8%
0%
0%
37%
3%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
0%
1%
8%
12%
35%
2%
3%
3%
1%
3%
4%
3%
1%
0%
4%
33%
17%
28%
13%
13%
17%
15%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
1%
0%
2%
2%
4%
9%
0%
4%
0%
3%
2%
1%
3%
0%
0%
1%
3%
3%
45%
2%
0%
2%
0%
4%
6%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
C8
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Distribution of Occupation by Industry
Occupations
Management Occupations
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Community and Social Services Occupations
Legal Occupations
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations
Healthcare Support Occupations
Protective Service Occupations
Food Preparation and Serving Occupations
Building and Grounds Cleaning Occupations
Personal Care and Service Occupations
High-Level Sales Occupations
Low-Level Sales Occupations
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Installations, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Production Occupations
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Total
Healthcare
Educational and Social
10%
7%
2%
2%
2%
1%
0%
0%
3%
3%
2%
6%
0%
0%
54%
4%
2%
0%
3%
35%
1%
14%
1%
0%
3%
2%
5%
3%
1%
7%
0%
0%
1%
0%
9%
13%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
100%
100%
C9
Arts,
Entertainment Accomodation
and Food
and
Services
Recreation
6%
13%
2%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
3%
0%
25%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
5%
1%
6%
64%
8%
5%
22%
1%
3%
0%
3%
6%
8%
5%
0%
0%
0%
0%
2%
0%
1%
1%
2%
2%
100%
100%
Other
Services
7%
2%
1%
0%
0%
8%
0%
1%
1%
1%
2%
0%
1%
8%
26%
4%
2%
11%
0%
0%
14%
7%
4%
100%
Public
Services
11%
8%
2%
2%
2%
8%
5%
1%
1%
2%
1%
31%
1%
2%
1%
0%
0%
20%
0%
1%
2%
1%
1%
100%
Total
11%
5%
3%
3%
2%
2%
1%
6%
2%
6%
2%
2%
5%
3%
3%
6%
5%
14%
0%
6%
3%
5%
5%
100%
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Occupations
Management Occupations
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Community and Social Services Occupations
Legal Occupations
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations
Healthcare Support Occupations
Protective Service Occupations
Food Preparation and Serving Occupations
Building and Grounds Cleaning Occupations
Personal Care and Service Occupations
High-Level Sales Occupations
Low-Level Sales Occupations
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Installations, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Production Occupations
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Total
<12 or 12,
H.S.
No H.S. Diploma/G
Diploma
ED
6,826
43,398
968
14,860
607
5,517
707
6,159
208
1,594
1,560
5,235
126
2,052
2,737
10,833
1,649
5,025
950
11,277
7,422
28,851
3,660
15,075
39,032
57,997
29,196
47,411
10,668
33,488
7,057
38,467
26,970
51,179
24,970
144,937
2,090
2,198
28,183
89,622
8,351
43,555
37,399
81,852
28,773
69,224
270,103
809,801
C10
Bachelor
Some
Degree or
College
More
69,554
218,637
32,855
113,705
18,730
84,729
18,035
55,835
4,406
49,015
9,372
40,509
5,120
37,545
22,930
157,147
13,683
44,785
59,647
118,527
28,266
7,312
23,918
19,695
42,147
15,520
24,871
8,163
32,163
17,566
52,335
91,871
43,427
38,938
165,214
91,406
673
731
41,271
16,082
24,099
7,768
38,264
15,326
31,873
12,849
802,848 1,263,655
Total
338,414
162,387
109,581
80,735
55,223
56,674
44,842
193,647
65,141
190,400
71,850
62,347
154,696
109,641
93,885
189,730
160,513
426,526
5,691
175,158
83,772
172,840
142,718
3,146,406
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Distribution of Occupation by Educational Attainment
Occupations
Management Occupations
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Community and Social Services Occupations
Legal Occupations
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations
Healthcare Support Occupations
Protective Service Occupations
Food Preparation and Serving Occupations
Building and Grounds Cleaning Occupations
Personal Care and Service Occupations
High-Level Sales Occupations
Low-Level Sales Occupations
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Installations, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Production Occupations
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Total
<12 or 12,
H.S.
Bachelor
No H.S. Diploma/ Some
Degree or
Diploma
GED
College
More
3%
5%
9%
17%
0%
2%
4%
9%
0%
1%
2%
7%
0%
1%
2%
4%
0%
0%
1%
4%
1%
1%
1%
3%
0%
0%
1%
3%
1%
1%
3%
12%
1%
1%
2%
4%
0%
1%
7%
9%
3%
4%
4%
1%
1%
2%
3%
2%
14%
7%
5%
1%
11%
6%
3%
1%
4%
4%
4%
1%
3%
5%
7%
7%
10%
6%
5%
3%
9%
18%
21%
7%
1%
0%
0%
0%
10%
11%
5%
1%
3%
5%
3%
1%
14%
10%
5%
1%
11%
9%
4%
1%
100%
100%
100%
100%
C11
Total
11%
5%
3%
3%
2%
2%
1%
6%
2%
6%
2%
2%
5%
3%
3%
6%
5%
14%
0%
6%
3%
5%
5%
100%
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Distribution of Educational Attainment by Occupation
Occupations
Management Occupations
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Community and Social Services Occupations
Legal Occupations
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Occupations
Healthcare Support Occupations
Protective Service Occupations
Food Preparation and Serving Occupations
Building and Grounds Cleaning Occupations
Personal Care and Service Occupations
High-Level Sales Occupations
Low-Level Sales Occupations
Office and Administrative Support Occupations
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations
Construction and Extraction Occupations
Installations, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Production Occupations
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations
Total
<12 or 12,
H.S.
Bachelor
No H.S. Diploma/ Some Degree or
Diploma
GED
College
More
2%
13%
21%
65%
1%
9%
20%
70%
1%
5%
17%
77%
1%
8%
22%
69%
0%
3%
8%
89%
3%
9%
17%
71%
0%
5%
11%
84%
1%
6%
12%
81%
3%
8%
21%
69%
0%
6%
31%
62%
10%
40%
39%
10%
6%
24%
38%
32%
25%
37%
27%
10%
27%
43%
23%
7%
11%
36%
34%
19%
4%
20%
28%
48%
17%
32%
27%
24%
6%
34%
39%
21%
37%
39%
12%
13%
16%
51%
24%
9%
10%
52%
29%
9%
22%
47%
22%
9%
20%
49%
22%
9%
9%
26%
26%
40%
C12
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Industry
Agri,Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting
Mining
Utilities
Construction
Non-Durable Manufacturing
Durable Manufacturing
Wholesale Trade
Retail Trade
Transportation and Warehousing
Information
Finanace and Insurance
Real Estate, Rental and Leasing
Professional, Scientic and Technical
Management of Companies and Enterprises
Administrative Support and Waste Management
Educational
Healthcare and Social
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
Accomodation and Food Services
Other Services
Public Services
Total
<12 or
12, No
H.S.
Bachelor
H.S.
Diploma/ Some Degree or
Diploma
GED
College
More
Total
2,461
3,710
1,935
2,073
10,178
428
560
320
305
1,612
943
6,938
6,722
6,127
20,729
30,218 105,087
52,648
32,671
220,623
18,567
37,973
25,692
32,825
115,056
21,652
67,577
57,953
85,409
232,590
8,417
33,090
26,885
35,127
103,519
44,338 119,678
99,740
78,809
342,564
9,208
41,679
30,759
18,705
100,351
3,936
15,150
21,713
50,518
91,315
3,301
26,735
50,147 115,469
195,651
2,981
16,087
19,815
25,573
64,454
2,185
21,858
43,104 195,970
263,117
0
964
1,192
3,107
5,262
16,511
35,642
31,983
27,457
111,592
8,674
34,019
47,466 214,291
304,448
25,745
88,589 146,502 199,164
460,000
5,757
9,872
13,581
22,078
51,288
43,422
66,141
51,625
28,559
189,746
18,689
51,488
36,789
32,119
139,084
2,675
26,970
36,282
57,304
123,230
270,103 809,801 802,848 1,263,655 3,146,406
C13
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Distribution of Industry by Educational Attainment
<12 or
12, No
H.S.
Bachelor
H.S. Diploma/ Some
Degree
Industry
Diploma GED
College or More
Agri,Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting
1%
0%
0%
0%
Mining
0%
0%
0%
0%
Utilities
0%
1%
1%
0%
Construction
11%
13%
7%
3%
Non-Durable Manufacturing
7%
5%
3%
3%
Durable Manufacturing
8%
8%
7%
7%
Wholesale Trade
3%
4%
3%
3%
Retail Trade
16%
15%
12%
6%
Transportation and Warehousing
3%
5%
4%
1%
Information
1%
2%
3%
4%
Finanace and Insurance
1%
3%
6%
9%
Real Estate, Rental and Leasing
1%
2%
2%
2%
Professional, Scientic and Technical
1%
3%
5%
16%
Management of Companies and Enterprises
0%
0%
0%
0%
Administrative Support and Waste Management
6%
4%
4%
2%
Educational
3%
4%
6%
17%
Healthcare and Social
10%
11%
18%
16%
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
2%
1%
2%
2%
Accomodation and Food Services
16%
8%
6%
2%
Other Services
7%
6%
5%
3%
Public Services
1%
3%
5%
5%
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
C14
Total
0%
0%
1%
7%
4%
7%
3%
11%
3%
3%
6%
2%
8%
0%
4%
10%
15%
2%
6%
4%
4%
100%
Employed (16+) in Massachusetts, ACS 2005-2006 Average
Distribution of Educational Attainment by Industry
<12 or
12, No
H.S.
Bachelor
H.S. Diploma/ Some
Degree
Industry
Diploma GED
College or More
Agri,Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting
24%
36%
19%
20%
Mining
27%
35%
20%
19%
Utilities
5%
33%
32%
30%
Construction
14%
48%
24%
15%
Non-Durable Manufacturing
16%
33%
22%
29%
Durable Manufacturing
9%
29%
25%
37%
Wholesale Trade
8%
32%
26%
34%
Retail Trade
13%
35%
29%
23%
Transportation and Warehousing
9%
42%
31%
19%
Information
4%
17%
24%
55%
Finanace and Insurance
2%
14%
26%
59%
Real Estate, Rental and Leasing
5%
25%
31%
40%
Professional, Scientic and Technical
1%
8%
16%
74%
Management of Companies and Enterprises
0%
18%
23%
59%
Administrative Support and Waste Management
15%
32%
29%
25%
Educational
3%
11%
16%
70%
Healthcare and Social
6%
19%
32%
43%
Arts, Entertainment and Recreation
11%
19%
26%
43%
Accomodation and Food Services
23%
35%
27%
15%
Other Services
13%
37%
26%
23%
Public Services
2%
22%
29%
47%
Total
9%
26%
26%
40%
C15
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%