92 References REFERENCES Alan Cowan, Matthew W. Ryan, Francis B. Quinn, Jr., and Matthew W. Ryan, Temporal Bone Lesions, Grand Rounds Presentation, UTMB, Dept. of Otolaryngology, 2004. Alan L. Cowan, Tomoko Makishima, Francis B. Quinn, and Matthew W. Ryan, Otosclerosis, Grand Rounds Presentation, UTMB, Dept. of Otolaryngology,2006. Alan Lipkin, Otolaryngologist, Private Practice, Denver, Colorado. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Ziev, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc., 2008. Alan T. L. Cheng, and Nancy M. Young; Symphosium: Otolaryngology, Inflammatory diseases of the ear, Indian Journal of Pediatrics ; 64, 747-753, 2007. Alexandra Borges ,Trigeminal neuralgia and facial nerve paralysis European Radiology magaz. Department of Radiology, Volume 5, PP 511-533, 2005 Ali Abo-Beih, Mohamed El-Shaier, Mohamed El-Sadik, and Hassan Allam, Staff Members of Otorhinolaryngology Dept.Faculty of Medicine Mansoura University.Mansoura, Egypt.First Edition,2007. Antonio Riera March, Sarah Connell, Peter C Belafsky, and Mark L Belafsky, Temporal Bone Fractures. Clinical Instructor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 2008. Archana B. Rao, Kelly K. Koeller, and Carol F. Adair, Paragangliomas of the Head and Neck: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation, 1999. References 93 Ayadi K., Ben Mahfoudh KH., Khannous M. and Mnif J. , American Roentgen Ray Society , King Khalid Military City Hospital Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Endolymphatic Sac Tumor and von Hippel-Lindau Disease 175:925-926, 2000. BAO -HNS ; Clinical effectiveness guidelines for acoustic neuroma. British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists, Head and Neck Surgeons. Spring 2002. Beatrix Nanai, and Ronald Lyman, Otitis media and interna: Look for neurological signs, 2006. Bhetwal N, and McConaghy J. The evaluation and treatment of children with acute otitis media. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice.;34(1), 2007. Bobby R. Alford: Review of Anatomy – Temporal Bone and Ear. Baylor College of Medicine. Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2006. Brogan M and Chakeres D : Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the normal anatomy of the temporal bone. Semin ultrasound CT MR ; 10 : 178-194, 1989. Byron J Bailey, Jonas T Johnson, Shawn D Newlands, Karen H Calhoun et al., Head and Neck Surgery, otolaryngology 4th, Chapter 36, PP 2007-2009, 2006 . Carla M. Giannoni, Osteodystrophies of the Middle Ear and Temporal Bone. Baylor college of medicine. Bobby R. Alford department of otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery. 1995. Çayli S. R. , Arachnoid cyst with spontaneous rupture into the subdural space, British Journal of Neurosurgery, Vol. 14, No. 6, Pages 568-570, 2000 94 References Ceylan N, Bayraktaroglu S, Alper H, Savaş R, Bilgen C, Kirazli T, Güzelmansur I, Ertürk SM.; Department of Radiology.; CT imaging of superior semicircular canal dehiscence: added value of reformatted images. 2010. Chandra S, Goyal M, Gandhi D, Gera S, Berry M. : Anatomy of the facial nerve in the temporal bone : HRCT. Indian J Radiol Imaging;9:5-8, 1999. Chen EY, Paladin A, Phillips G, Raske M, Vega L, Peterson D, Sie KC. : Semicircular canal dehiscence in the pediatric population. ;73(2):3217. 2008. Curry JM, King N, O'Reilly RC, Corao D. : Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.Inflammatory pseudotumor of the inner ear: are computed tomography changes pathognomonic?;120(6):1252-5. 2010. Damoiseaux R. "Antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media: time to think again". CMAJ 172 (5): 657–8, 2005. David J Abbott, J David Andrews, Miriam I Redleaf, University of Chicago Hospitals, CT Scan, Temporal Bone, 2009. Donaldson JA,Ducket LG, Lambert PM, et al : Anson-Donaldson Surgical Anatomy of the Temporal bone, 4th ed. New York,Raven Press, PP220-225, 1992. Erik Beek and Robin Smithuis, Temporal bone –anatomy, Radiology department of the University Medical center of Utrecht and the Rijnland Hospital,Leiderdorp, the Neitherlands, 2007. References 95 Fayez Bahmad, and Saumil N. Merchant, Paget Disease of the Temporal Bone. Otopathology Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A,; 28(8): 1157–1158, 2007. Foley WD. Special focus sessioin: multidetector CT : abdominal visceral imaging. Radiographics. ;22(3):701-19, 2002. Gaurano JL and Joharjy IA. Middle ear cholesteatoma: Characteristic CT findings in 64 patients. Ann Saudi Med. ;24(6):442-7, 2004. Gopen Q, Zhou G, Poe D, Kenna M, Jones D.; Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement, Children's Hospital Boston, Posterior semicircular canal dehiscence: first reported case series. ;31(2):339-44. 2010. Gray H, Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, X. The Organs of the Senses and the Common Integument, The Internal Ear or Labyrinth, 2008. Greess H, Baum U, Römer W, Tomandl B, Bautz W. ; CT and MRI of the petrous bone. Institut für Diagnostische Radiologie, FriedrichAlexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany;50(10):906-19, 2002.. Greess H, Baum U, Romer W, Tomandl B, Bautz W.: CT and MRI of the petrous bone. Institut fur Diagnostische Radiologie, FriedrichAlexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany. 50(10):906-19, 2002. Hamilton BE, Salzman KL, Patel N, Wiggins RH , Macdonald AJ, et al., Imaging and clinical characteristics of temporal bone meningioma. ;27(10):2204-9, 2006. 96 References Hansen S, and Schipper J., Petrous apex cholesterol granulomas ;88(11):73640, 2009. Henry Gray: Twentieth edition of Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body features. Thoroughly revised and re-edited by Warren H.Lewis, 2000. Henry Gray: Twentieth edition of Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body features. Thoroughly revised and re-edited by Warren H.Lewis, 2000. Holger Sudhoff, Sandeep Rajagopal, Navin Mani, Ioannis Moumoulidis, Patrick R. Axon and David Moffat, Department of Otolaryngology and Skull Base Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK, Oto Rhino Laryngology, 256 (1) 53-56 , 2007. Horton KM, Sheth S, Corl F, Fishman EK. Multidetector row CT: principles and clinical applications. Crit Rev Comput Tomogr. ;43(2):143-81, 2002. Hubert Löwenheim,Andrei Koerbel,Florian H. Ebner,Hidetaka Kumagami, Ulrike Ernemann and Marcos Tatagiba. Differentiating imaging findings in primary and secondary tumors of the jugular foramen, Neurosurgical review, volume 29, number 1, PP1-11, 2005. Jackler, Robert K.; Cho, and Michael. A New Theory to Explain the Genesis of Petrous Apex Cholesterol Granuloma, Otology & Neurotology: Volume 24 - Issue 1 - pp 96-106, 2003. Jager L., Bonell H., Liebl M., Srivastav S., Arbusow V., Hempel M., and Reiser M.: CT of the Normal Temporal Bone: Comparison of Multiand Single-Detector Row CT. Radiology; 235:133-141, 2005. Jakobs TF, Becker CR, Ohnesorge B, Flohr T et al ; Multislice helical CT of the heart with retrospective ECG gating: reduction of radiation exposure by ECG-controlled tube current modulation. Eur Radiol ; 12(5): 1081-6, 2002. References 97 Jarrah Ali Al-Tubaikh and Maximilian F. Reiser , Congenital diseases and syndromes. PP 56-58, 2009 . Jeff Kim H., Congenital Inner Ear Malformations, Baylor college of medicine. Bobby R. Alford department of otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery , 1993. Joan and Sanford I, Cornell University, Weill medical college, Weill Cornell medical associates, Mastoiditis, 2003. Joel D. Swartz The otodystrophies: Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Volume 25, Issue 4, Pages 305-318, 2008. John S. Oghalai, Otitis Externa. Baylor college of medicine. Bobby R. Alford department of otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, 1995. Kennedy RS. "General history of vestibular disorders in diving". Undersea Biomedical Research 1 (1): 73–81. PMID 4619861, 2009. Koesling S, Kunkel P and Schul T, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Halle, Germany. Vascular anomalies, sutures and small canals of the temporal bone on axial CT.;54(3):335-43, 2005. Kopp AF, Klingenbeck-Regn K, Heuschmid M, Kuttner A et al Multislice Computed Tomography: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications Electromedical 68, No 2:94-95, 2000. Köslinga S, Omenzettera M, and Bartel-Friedrichb S; Congenital malformations of the external and middle ear, European journal of radiology, Volume 69, Issue 2, Pages 269-279, 2009. Lee W. Goldman; Principles of CT: Multislice CT. Department of Radiation Therapy and Medical Physics, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, References 98 Connecticut. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology Volume 36, Number 2, 57-68 , 2008. Lemmerling MM, Stambuk HE, Mancuso AA, Antonelli PJ, Kubilis PS.: Normal and opacified middle ears: CT appearance of the stapes and incudostapedial joint. Radiology; 203:251-256, 1997. Leon Barnes , University of Pittsburgh school of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Metastases to the Head and Neck: An Overview . Head and Neck Pathology magaz, PP 217-224, 2009. Lin SJ; Ear, prominent Ear. eMedicine, 2007. Lorenz Jäger, Harald Bonell, Martin Liebl, Sudesh Srivastav, and Maximilian Reiser et al. ; CT of the Normal Temporal Bone: Comparison of Multi– and Single–Detector Row CT. Radiology journal, 2005. Ludman H and Wright T. Diseases of the Ear. ISBN: 0-340-56441-5. 1998. Ma X, Yang Y, Xia M, Li D, and Xu A. Computed tomography findings in large vestibular aqueduct syndrome.Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China. Acta Otolaryngol. ;129(7):700-8, 2009. Mafee MF, Lachenauer CS, Kumar A, et al: CT and MR imaging of intralabyrinthine schwannoma: Report of two cases and review of the literature. Radiology , 174: 395, 1990. Manstein CH ; Ear, Congenital Deformities. eMedicine, 2005. Marchetti F, Ronfani L, Nibali S, and Tamburlini G. "Delayed prescription may reduce the use of antibiotics for acute otitis media: a prospective References 99 observational study in primary care". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159 (7): 679–84, 2005. Mario J Imola, Consulting Staff, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Center for Craniofacial and Skull Base Surgery, Skull Base, Benign Tumors , 2009. Marsh M, Jenkins H., Flint PW, Haughey BH, et al. Temporal bone neoplasms and lateral cranial base surgery. Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery. 4th ed.:chap 162, 2005. Michael J Fucci, Arizona Hearing and Balance Center, Skull Base, Petrous Apex, Tumors: Treatment, 2009. Moxham BJ, Berkovitz BK et al : A textbook of head and neck anatomy, 1st ed.Wolf Medical Publication ltd , PP 320-324,1988. Naidich TP, Mann SS, and Som PM : Imaging of the osseous, membranous and perilymphatic labyrinths. Neuroimaging Clin N Am; 10(1) : 2334,2000. Nasir Aziz, and Diego A Preciado, Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Middle Ear, Inflammatory Diseases, 2010. Peter S Roland, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas, Middle Ear, Cholesteatoma, 2009. Petrus LV and Lo WWM: The anterior epitympanic recess: CT anatomy and pathology. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18:1109-1114,1997 . Prokop M. General principles of Multidtector CT. Eur J Radiol. ; 45 Supple I:S4-10, 2003. References 100 Reiser M.F., Becker C.R., Nikolaou K., et al, Multislice CT, 3rd revised ed. American Journal of Neuroradiology 30:e78, 2009. Richard J Woodcock Jr ; Temporal Bone, Fractures Consulting Radiologist, Atlanta Radiology Consultants, LLC; Consulting Radiologist and MRI Director, St Joseph's Hospita, 2009. Robert D. Hoffman, Jeffrey T. Vrabec and Francis B. Quinn ; Petrous apex lesions, 1995. Robert S. Kimura; Jennifer A. Trehey and Jessica Hutta ;Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Acta Oto-Laryngologica Volume 116, Issue 1 1996, pages 44 – 51. Robertson D : Pertinent anatomy. In Goycoolea MV, Paparella MM, Nissen RL (eds) : Atlas of Otologic Surgery.Philadelphia, WB Saunders, PP 322,1989. Roland MS, Meyerhoff WL, Judge CO, Mickey BE. Asymetric Pneumatization of the petrous apex. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990;103:80-88. Russell D. Briggs, Arun Gadre, Francis B. Quinn, Jr., MD and Matthew W. Ryan, Grand Rounds Presentation, UTMB, Dept. of Otolaryngology . Differential Diagnosis of Temporal Bone and Skull Base Lesions, 2001. Samuel Lee, and Adam J Rosh,, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital Otitis externa, 2010. Schneider AB, Ron E, Lubin J, et al ; Acoustic neuromas following childhood radiation treatment for benign conditions of the head and neck, 2007. References 101 Schuknecht HF. Pathology Of The Ear. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger; 1993. Shaffer K: Computed tomography of the temporal bone.Radiographics ; 1: 6272, 1991. Shah SM, Prabhu SS and Merchant RH ; Mondini defect.Department of Paediatrics, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India. 47(4) 272-3, 2001. Som PM and Curtin HD (eds ) : Head and Neck Imaging, 3rd ed., St.Louis, Mosby-Yearbook,PP 1305-1523, 1996. Stephanie A Moody Antonio and, Barry E Hirsch; Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School. Malignant Tumors of the Temporal Bone , 2009. Steve C Lee, Osama A Abdel Razek, and Brett E Dorfman, Consulting Staff, Department of Otolaryngology Clinical Services, Wake Medical Center, Anatomy of the Vestibular System, 2010. Steven T. Wright, Matthew Ryan, Francis B. Quinn, Jr., and Matthew W. Ryan, Temporal Bone Trauma, Grand Rounds Presentation, UTMB, Dept. of Otolaryngology, 2005. Swarkz JD and Harnsberger HR.: Imaging of the Temporal Bone,3RD ed.Thieme Medical Publishers, 1998. Swartz JD. The otodystrophies: diagnosis and differential diagnosis.25(4):30518, 2004. Texas Department of State Health Services; Birth defect risk factor series: anotia and microtia, 2007. Theresa B Kim, and Lawrence R Lustig, Middle Ear, Benign Tumors, 2008. References 102 Torizuka T, Hayakawa K, Satoh Y, et al : High-resolution CT of the temporal bone: a modified baseline. Radiology; 184:109-111, 1992. Torizuka T, Hayakawa K, Satoh Y, et al.: High resolution CT of the temporal bone: a modified baseline. Radiology; 184:109-111, 1992. Valerie E. Newton.Emerita Professor in Audiological Medicine, University of Manchester, Paediatric Audiological Medicine 2nd edition, 2009. Weise Chang, John V. Brigande, Donna M. Fekete and Doris K. Wu1 , Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, The development of semicircular canals in the inner ear: role of FGFs in sensory cristae. 2004. Westerhof JP, Rademaker J, Weber BP, Becker H.: Congenital malformations of the inner ear and the vestibulocochlear nerve in children with sensorineural hearing loss: evaluation with CT and MRI. J Ccomput Assist Tomogr; 25:719-726, 2001. William PL, Warwick R, Dyson M, et al: gray s Anatomy, 37th ed. London, Churchill Livingstone, 1989. Yates PD, Flood LM, Banerjee A, et al; CT scanning of middle ear cholesteatoma: what does the surgeon want to know? Br J Radiol.;75(898):847-52. 2002. Zeifer B, Sabini P, and Sonne J. Congenital absence of the oval window: radiologic diagnosis and associated anomalies.Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. ;21(2):322-7, 2000. Zielinski J, Brude E, Schafer D, Olert J, Hallermann C, Coerdt W, Arnemann J ; Prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with a cryptic translocation 4p;18p and Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS)Prenat Diagn .