LAB MANUAL: 11th Edition LABORATORY EXERCISE 12 BONE STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION Figure Labels FIG. 12.1 1. 2. 3. 4. Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) Spongy bone (red marrow) Medullary cavity Yellow marrow 5. Compact bone 6. 7. 8. 9. Periosteum Proximal epiphysis Diaphysis Distal epiphysis FIG. 12.2 1. Spongy bone 6. Perforating canal 2. 3. 4. 5. Compact bone Osteon Periosteum Central canal 7. 8. 9. 10. Blood vessels Nerve Canaliculus Osteocyte Critical Thinking Application Answer The closest blood supply to an osteocyte is located in the central canal of an osteon unit. Nutrients and wastes can move from one cell to another via small cellular processes located in minute tubes in the matrix called canaliculi. In this way, all of the osteocytes of one osteon are tied together to a blood source. Laboratory Report Answers PART A 1. 2. flat short 8. Hyaline cartilage covers the articular ends of a long bone. 3. long 9. 4. irregular Dense connective tissue comprises the periosteum that encloses the bone except for its articular ends 5. round or sesamoid 6. flat 10. 7. Epiphysis refers to the expanded end of a long bone; diaphysis refers to the shaft between the ends of such a bone. Periosteum forms the outer covering of a bone, whereas endosteum lines its hollow, internal chambers. PART B 1. 2. Compact bone has osteons closely packed together, and spongy bone has large spaces between thin bony plates called trabeculae. reduces the weight of the bone and provides spaces occupied by red marrow. The marrow in the medullary cavity of an adult is yellow, but marrow in the spaces of spongy bone is red. 3. Compact bone provides strength in the shaft and along the borders of the bone. Spongy bone PART C (figure 12.5a and b) 1. Epiphysis (distal) 4. Medullary cavity 2. Diaphysis 5. Compact bone 3. Epiphysis (proximal) 6. Spongy bone 16 LABORATORY EXERCISE 13 ORGANIZATION OF THE SKELETON Figure Labels FIG. 13.1a 1. 2. Cranial bones (cranium) 5. Facial bones (face) 6. 3. 4. Skull Clavicle Sternum Rib Vertebral column (vertebra) 7. 8. Coxa (hipbone) 19. Radius 9. 10. Carpals Metacarpal 13. 14. Tarsals Metatarsal 11. 12. Phalanx Patella 15. Phalanx 22. Fibula 24. Sacrum 23. Vertebral column (vertebra) 25. Coccyx FIG. 13.1b 16. Scapula 17. Humerus 20. Femur 18. Ulna 21. Tibia Critical Thinking Application Answer The largest foramen in the skull is the foramen magnum in the occipital bone. The largest foramen in the human body is the obturator foramen in the coxae (hipbones). Laboratory Report Answers PART A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. sutural bones (wormian bones) sesamoid skull hyoid coccyx 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. sternum twelve pectoral girdle ulna carpals 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. sacrum pelvis patella tarsals phalanges PART B 1. 2. c f 3. 4. a e 5. 6. g b 7. d 3. 4. g e 5. 6. b d 7. f 12. 13. Tibia Rib PART C 1. 2. c a PART D (figure 13.2) 1. Coxa (hipbone; innominate) 4. 5. Fibula Ulna 8. 9. Clavicle Humerus 2. Sternum 6. Scapula 10. Patella 3. Sacrum 7. Radius 11. Femur 17 LABORATORY EXERCISE 14 SKULL Instructional Suggestion You might want to have the students use colored pencils to color the bones in figures 14.1 and 14.2. They should use a different color for each of the individual bones in the series. This activity should cause the students to observe the figures more carefully and help them to locate the various bones that are shown from different views in the figures. The students can check their work by referring to the corresponding full-color figures in the textbook. Figure Labels FIG. 14.1 1. Parietal bone 9. Supraorbital foramen 2. Frontal bone 10. Nasal bone 3. Coronal suture 11. Sphenoid bone 4. Temporal bone 12. Zygomatic bone 5. Perpendicular plate (of ethmoid bone) 13. Middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone) 6. Infraorbital foramen 14. Inferior nasal concha 7. Vomer bone 15. Maxilla 8. Mandible 16. Mental foramen FIG. 14.2 1. Parietal bone 12. Coronal suture 2. Squamous suture 13. Frontal bone 3. Lambdoid suture 14. Sphenoid bone 4. Temporal bone 15. Lacrimal bone 5. Occipital bone 16. Nasal bone 6. Temporal process (of zygomatic bone) 17. Zygomatic bone 7. External acoustic meatus 18. Maxilla 8. Mastoid process 19. Mandible Styloid process 20. Coronoid process 9. 10. Mandibular condyle 11. Zygomatic process (of temporal bone) FIG. 14.3 1. Maxilla 8. Occipital condyle 2. Zygomatic bone 9. Temporal bone 3. Sphenoid bone 10. Palatine process (of maxilla) 4. Vomer bone 11. Palatine bone 5. Zygomatic arch 12. Foramen magnum 6. Styloid process 13. Lambdoid suture 7. Mastoid process 14. Occipital bone 18 FIG. 14.4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ethmoid bone Foramen magnum Crista galli Cribriform plate (olfactory foramina) Frontal bone 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Sella turcica Parietal bone Occipital bone FIG. 14.5 1. Coronal suture 10. Lambdoid suture 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Frontal sinus Nasal bone Maxilla Parietal bone Temporal bone 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Occipital bone Sella turcica Styloid process Sphenoidal sinus Vomer bone Mandible 9. Squamous suture Critical Thinking Application Answer The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone with numerous olfactory foramina is a weak location of the cranium. Excessive pressure on the cribiform plate could result in a skull fracture. Laboratory Report Answers PART A 1. 2. d a 4. 5. f c 7. 8. f a 10. 11. e f 3. a 6. f 9. c 12. b PART B 1. 2. coronal sagittal 4. 5. squamous frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid 3. lambdoid 6. maxillary bone PART C 1. e 4. h 7. h 10. c 2. c 5. d 8. a 11. f 3. c 6. g 9. d 12. b 3. 4. g f 5. 6. d b 7. e PART D 1. 2. c a 19 PART E (figures 14.7–14.11) FIG. 14.7 1. 2. 3. Frontal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone 6. 7. 8. Mandible Middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone) Inferior nasal concha 4. Infraorbital foramen 9. Mental foramen 5. Maxilla FIG. 14.8 1. 2. 3. Parietal bone Squamous suture Temporal bone 8. 9. 10. Mandibular condyle Coronal suture Frontal bone 4. Lambdoid suture 11. Zygomatic process (of temporal bone) 5. 6. Occipital bone External acoustic meatus 12. 13. Zygomatic bone Maxilla 7. Mastoid process 14. Mandible FIG. 14.9 1. Maxilla 7. Palatine process of maxilla 2. 3. 4. 5. Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Occipital bone 8. 9. 10. 11. Palatine bone Vomer bone Occipital condyle Foramen magnum 6. Incisive foramen FIG. 14.10 1. Frontal bone 5. Ethmoid bone 2. 3. Temporal bone Parietal bone 6. 7. Sphenoid bone Sella turcica 4. Occipital bone 8. Foramen magnum FIG. 14.11 1. Parietal bone 5. Maxilla 2. 3. 4. Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone 6. 7. Frontal bone Mandible 20 LABORATORY EXERCISE 15 VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THORACIC CAGE Figure Labels FIG. 15.1 1. Cervical vertebrae 5. Coccyx 2. Thoracic vertebrae 6. Intervertebral foramina 3. Lumbar vertebrae 7. Intervertebral discs 4. Sacrum FIG. 15.2a and b 1. Facet that articulates with occipital condyle 5. Body 2. Transverse process 6. Superior articular facet 3. Transverse foramen 7. Fovea dentis (facet for dens) 4. Dens (ordontoid proces) 8. Transverse foramen FIG. 15.3a–c 1. Lamina 6. Lamina 2. Spinous process (bifid) 7. Vertebral foramen 3. Lamina 8. Superior articular process 4. Pedicle 9. Body 5. Body 5. Superior articular process FIG. 15.4 1. Superior articular process 2. Anterior sacral foramen 6. Tubercle 3. Coccyx 7. Posterior sacral foramen 4. Sacral canal 8. Sacral hiatus Critical Thinking Application Answer The four curvatures allow more resiliency and flexibility, which will enable the vertebral column to function more like a spring instead of a rigid rod. FIG. 15.5 1. 2. 3. 4. True ribs False ribs Thoracic vertebra Manubrium 5. Body 6. 7. 8. 9. 21 Xiphoid process Sternum Costal cartilage Floating ribs Laboratory Report Answers PART A 1. spinal cord 9. axis 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 26 bodies intervertebral discs spinous process spinal nerves vertebral arteries atlas 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. dens lumbar five sacroiliac sacral promontory sacral hiatus PART B Vertebra Number Size Body Spinous Process Cervical Thoracic 7 12 Smallest Intermediate Smallest Intermediate Lumbar 5 Largest Largest C2 through C5 are forked Pointed and angled downward Short, blunt, and nearly horizontal Transverse Foramina Present Absent Absent PART C 1. 2. 3. 206 floating transverse 4. hyaline cartilage 5. 6. clavicles a. supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs b. protects visceral organs c. functions in breathing PART D (figure 15.6) 1. Spinous process 2. 3. Atlas Axis 4. 5. 6. 22 Transverse process Intervertebral disc Body (of sixth cervical vertebra) LABORATORY EXERCISE 16 PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB Figure Labels FIG. 16.1 1. Clavicle 7. Ulna 2. 3. Rib Sternum 8. 9. Radius Acromion process 4. 5. Costal cartilage Scapula 10. 11. Head Coracoid process 6. Humerus FIG. 16.2 1. Acromion process 6. Glenoid cavity 2. Coracoid process 7. Acromion process 3. Spine 8. Coracoid process 4. Supraspinous fossa 9. Glenoid cavity 5. Infraspinous fossa Critical Thinking Application Answer The clavicles brace the freely movable scapulae, helping to hold the shoulders in place. If an excessive lengthwise force occurs on this structurally weak bone, as when a person breaks a fall with an outstretched rigid upper limb, it is likely to fracture. FIG. 16.3a and b 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Deltoid tuberosity Medial epicondyle Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Capitulum Trochlea Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa FIG. 16.4 1. Head of radius 5. Trochlear notch 2. 3. Radial tuberosity Styloid process 6. 7. Coronoid process Head of ulna 4. Olecranon process FIG. 16.5 1. Olecranon process 4. Head of radius 2. Humerus 5. Radius 3. Olecranon fossa 6. Ulna 23 FIG. 16.6 1. 2. 3. 4. Scaphoid Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium 5. 6. 7. 8. Carpals (carpus) Metacarpals (metacarpus) Phalanges Lunate 9. 10. 11. 12. Triquetrum Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Laboratory Report Answers PART A 1. scapulae 5. spine 2. 3. manubrium (clavicular notch) acromion processes 6 7. acromion process coracoid process 4. clavicle 8. head PART B 1. 2. 3. 4. a b b b 5. 6. 7. 8. c d b a 9. 10. 11. 12. b e a f 13. 14. 15. 16. Metacarpals Carpals Distal phalanx Proximal phalanx 9. 10. 11. 12. Metacarpals Proximal phalanges Middle phalanges Distal phalanges PART C (figures 16.7, 16.8, and 16.9) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ulna Humerus Olecranon process Head of radius Radius 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Head of humerus Humerus Clavicle Scapula Rib 6. Acromion process 12. Phalanges 5. 6. 7. 8. Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium PART D (figure 16.10) 1. 2. 3. 4. Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform 24 LABORATORY EXERCISE 17 PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB Figure Labels FIG. 17.1 1. 2. Coxa (hipbone; pelvic bone; innominate) Sacrum 3. Coccyx FIG. 17.2a 1. Ilium 7. Ischial tuberosity 2. 3. 4. 5. Posterior superior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch 8. 9. 10. 11. Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Acetabulum Pubis 6. Ischium 12. Obturator foramen FIG. 17.2b 13. Anterior superior iliac spine 17. Iliac fossa 14. Ilium 18. Posterior superior iliac spine 15. Pubis 19. Ischial spine 16. Iliac crest 20. Ischium Critical Thinking Application Answer All the features examined are wider in the female pelvis which will result in a larger pelvic cavity and must also serve as a birth canal for a vaginal delivery. FIG. 17.3a and b 1. 2. 3. 4. Head Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Neck 5. 6. 7. 8. Lateral epicondyle Lesser trochanter Lateral condyle Medial condyle FIG. 17.4 1. Head of fibula 5. Tibial tuberosity 2. 3. 4. Fibula Lateral malleolus Medial condyle 6. 7. Tibia Medial malleolus 25 FIG. 17.5 1. Medial condyle 4. Fibula 2. Femur 5. Tibia 3. Lateral condyle FIG. 17.6 1. Calcaneus 8. Proximal phalanx 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Talus Cuboid Navicular Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Tarsals (tarsus) Metatarsals (metatarsus) Phalanges 7. Medial cuneiform Laboratory Report Answers PART A 1. 2. 3. coxae (hipbones) acetabulum ilium 4. 5. 6. ischial spines symphysis pubis iliac crest 7. 8. 9. tuberosity pubic arch obturator foramen 10. sacroiliac PART B 1. e 4. a 7. g 10. b 2. 3. a g 5. 6. f f 8. 9. f a 11. 12. d c PART C (figures 17.7, 17.8, and 17.9) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Obturator foramen Symphysis pubis Ilium Sacrum Head of femur 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Femur Tibia Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Head of fibula 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Tibia Talus Calcaneus Metatarsal Proximal phalanx 6. Pubis 12. Fibula 18. Distal phalanx PART D (figure 17.10) 1. 2. Distal phalanges Proximal phalanges 5. 6. Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform 9. 10. Middle phalanges Cuboid 3. 4. Metatarsals Medial cuneiform 7. 8. Navicular Talus 11. Calcaneus 26