Referencing
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What is referencing?
Referencing is presenting the details of a
publication so that it can be unequivocally
identified. The specific data you need to
included depends on the type of source
(book, article, website) and on the
reference style being used (IEEE, Harvard,
Oxford, APA, etc.).
Why reference?
Acknowledge the intellectual property.
Validate arguments and show influences.
Build a web of ideas.
Spread knowledge.
Avoid plagiarism.
Reference software.
Citing and referencing can be made easier
by using a reference management
software. Several tools are free and only
need to be downloaded and/or a register
made online: see Zotero
(www.zotero.org) or Mendeley
(www.mendeley.com).
Reference styles.
Reference styles are numerous and
depend on subject areas. For Engineering,
some of the styles used are IEEE, Harvard,
ASCE, Vancouver, Chicago or Oxford
(CUED does not have a specific style
adopted, so check with your supervisor).
IEEE referencing style
Printed article
[#] Initials Author, "Title of article,“
Title of Journal, vol. #, no. #,
pp. ##, Month year.
e.g.
[1] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling laser,“
Phys. Rev., vol. 134, pp. 35-46, Dec. 1965.
Printed book
[#] Initials Author, Title: subtitle,
Edition (if not the first), Vol. City:
Publisher, Year, page numbers.
e.g.
[2] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science.
Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan
Press, 1997.
Website
[#] Initials Author. “Title” Year.
[Type of Medium]. Available:
URL. [Accessed: ].
e.g.
[5] G. Sussman, "Home page" July 2002.
[Online]. Available:
http://www.comm.pdx.edu. [Accessed:
Sept. 12, 2004].
Further reading: IEEE Editorial Style Manual (starts in page 5)
http://www.ieee.org/documents/stylemanual.pdf
Harvard referencing style
Printed article
Surname, Initials., Year. “Title”,
Journal name, Vol.# No.#,
Pages.
e.g.
Guthrie, J. and Parker, L., 1997. "Editorial:
Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of
AAAJ", Accounting, Auditing & Accountability
Journal, Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8.
Printed book
Surname, Initials., Year. Title,
#ed. City: Publisher.
e.g.
Patton, M.Q., 1990. Qualitative Evaluation and
Research Methods, 2nd ed. Newbury Park: Sage.
Website
Author/source, Year. Title.
[Online] Available at: <http:// >
[Accessed date].
e.g.
Leeds Metropolitan University, 2002, Business
Start-Up@Leeds Met. [Online] Svailable at:
<www.lmu.ac.uk/city/bus_startup.htm >
[Accessed 20 January 2010].
Further reading:
Tutorial from Anglia Ruskin University Library
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm
Tutorial from Emerald
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/authors/guides/write/harvard.
htm
See also: CUED guidance on technical writing
http://to.eng.cam.ac.uk/teaching/teachoff/study
_skills/ReportWritingGuide/4_1Guidance.html
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Avoiding
plagiarism
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What is plagiarism?
“Plagiarism is defined as submitting as
one's own work, irrespective of intent
to deceive, that which derives in part
or in its entirety from the work of
others without due acknowledgement.
It is both poor scholarship and a
breach of academic integrity.”
(Cambridge University, 2011)
The University’s plagiarism-related
policy and guidance is online at:
www.cam.ac.uk/plagiarism
How to avoid plagiarism?
Examples
•
Quoting the exact words of another person’s work
- including cutting and pasting from a mix of online
sources - without due acknowledgement;
•
Paraphrasing another person’s work by changing
some of the words or their order, without due
acknowledgement;
•
Using ideas taken from someone else without
crediting the creator;
•
Submitting someone else’s work as part of your
own work without due acknowledgement –
including buying or commissioning work through
professional agencies;
•
Colluding with another person other than
permitted for joint project work without due
acknowledgement (includes receiving substantial
help with the language and style of the work).
While you are reading/writing, make
sure you clearly identify:
 Which part is your own thought and
which is taken from other authors;
 Which parts of your own writing are
a response to the argument or directly
inspired by ideas from other authors;
 Which parts are paraphrases of
another author’s ideas or works;
 Which part of your work was done
in collaboration with other people.
Further information:
www.plagiarism.org
(Cambridge University, 2011)
Further information
CUED Guide to integrity, plagiarism and referencing:
http://to.eng.cam.ac.uk/teaching/teachoff/study_skills/
ReportWritingGuide/2_2IntegrityPlagiarism.html
CUED, UG Teaching: “plagiarism, cooperating and
cheating http://teaching.eng.cam.ac.uk/node/526
Examples of good and bad paraphrasing:
https://www.indiana.edu/~istd/example1paraphrasing.
html
Reference list
University of Cambridge. (2011). University-wide statement on plagiarism.
Retrieved 10 January 2014 from
http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/plagiarism/students/statement.html
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