Trimester 1
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Honors Chemistry 2014/2015
**DO NOT ONLY RELY ON THIS STUDY GUIDE!!!**
Quiz #1
The Science of Paint
o Vocabulary
 Element:
 Purely one type of atom
 Can be single atoms or molecules
Ex) Kr, Ar, Ne, , ect.
 Mixture:
 Composed of two or more components in proportions that can vary from
sample to sample.
Ex) salt water, tea with sugar, kool-aid
 Suspension: Heterogeneous mixture that has particles large enough that they will
settle if allowed to sit
Ex) Mud
 Compound:
 Made up of more than one type of atom
 Fixed, definite proportions (the subscripts)
Ex)
, NaCl, ect.
 Solution:
 Homogenous mixture of a solute and solvent
 Aqueous Solution: A solution where water is the solvent.
 Solute:
 The minority compound of a mixture
 What is dissolved
 Solvent:
 Majority component of a mixture
 What does the dissolving
 Solubility:
 The amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent
 Based on the strength of the interaction between the different particles
 The stronger the interactions, the more the two particles will interact.
 Absorption: The process or action by which one thing absorbs or is absorbed by
another.
 Emission: The production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation.
o The two parts of paint are (1) pigments and (2) the liquid/paint vehicle
1) Pigments:
 What gives the paint its color
 Can be organic (made mostly of carbon) or a metallic compound
2) Liquid/Paint Vehicle:
 The part that allows you to spread the paint around
 Made up of many different things (water or oil based)
o As the paint dries, the liquid evaporates leaving behind the pigment and other things
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Trimester 1
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Honors Chemistry 2014/2015
**DO NOT ONLY RELY ON THIS STUDY GUIDE!!!**
Quiz #1
Evaporation: when a liquid turns into a gas at room temperature.
 NOT THE SAME AS BOILING!!!!!
 Boiling occurs only at the boiling point and throughout the substance.
 Evaporation occurs at any temperature and involved molecules escaping only from
the surface of a liquid.
o Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
 Pure substances: Made of only one component (atom or molecule) and its
composition does not vary from sample to sample.
 Two types: elements and compounds
 Element: see definitions
 Compound: see definitions
 Mixtures: see definitions
 Homogenous
 Uniform composition throughout (blended)
 Can’t separate one component from another easily (fork test)
 Separation method: distillation
Ex) Kool-aid, tea with sugar, alcohol
 Heterogeneous
 Non-uniform composition (chunks)
 Components are easily separated
 Separation methods: Decant and filtration
o Paint
 Special type of mixture called a suspension
 Suspension: see definitions
o What did the salt actually do?
 The texture that the salt created on the paintings was due to a property called
solubility
 Solubility: see definitions
 Salt is very soluble in water, so the salt and water particles interact very strongly
with each other.
 The interaction between the salt and water pushed the pigment particles out of the
watercolor mixture.
 The lack of pigment creates the white spots on the paintings.
The Science of Color (Electromagnetic Spectrum and Light)
o EM Radiation
 The light and colors we observe everyday are a form of electromagnetic radiation
 Visible light is a very small part of the electromagnetic spectrum which includes all
wavelengths of EM radiation.
 All types of EM radiation can be “seen,” it just depends on how good your detector
is.
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Trimester 1
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Honors Chemistry 2014/2015
**DO NOT ONLY RELY ON THIS STUDY GUIDE!!!**
Quiz #1
Double slit experiment (book page 301-302)
 Diffraction pattern instead of dots
 Light and dark spots showing interference
 Conclusion: light is a wave
o Photoelectric effect (book page 303)
 To get an electron to leave you must provide it energy
 If light was a wave, you could simply point a light (no matter how bright) at
something and eventually an electron would leave.
 Two important observations
 No lag time
 Threshold frequency (energy)
 Conclusion: light is a particle.
o Actual Conclusion
 EM radiation displays the properties of both a wave and a particle.
 Called wave-particle duality
 The evidence:
 Double-slit experiment: wave behavior
 Interference and diffraction
 Photoelectric effect: particle behavior
 Light energy comes in packets
 More properties of EM Radiation
 Amplitude
 Wavelength ( ) : meters
 Frequency (v): hertz (Hz) or
 Conversion
 C=
 C= 3*10^8 m/s (speed of light)
 Energy of a single proton: E=hv
 Einstein
 h= 6.626*10^-34 J*s (blanck’s constant)
 v- frequency
 E (energy) in units of joules
 E=hc/ (wavelength substitution)
Emission of Light and Atomic Models (Ohio State University Handout)
o Atoms can absorb energy in various forms (heat, electrical, radiant-radiation or light)and
subsequently emit photons
o The instrument used to view line spectra is a spectroscope
o Physical Models
 Sometimes scientists construct physical models that represents an object on a
different scale
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Trimester 1
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Honors Chemistry 2014/2015
**DO NOT ONLY RELY ON THIS STUDY GUIDE!!!**
Conceptual models
 Allows one to make predictions and makes sense of a complex system
 Atomic models are conceptual. They aim to communicate different characteristics
and make predictions for something that cannot be directly observed.
Dalton’s Billiard Ball Model
 What is the atom like? A hard sphere
 What happens when photons interact with the atom in this model? The photons
deflect off of the atom.
 For this model is there an emission spectrum? Nope
 Why do you think the Dalton model doesn’t include electrons?
 The smallest particle in Dalton’s model is the atom, which is indivisible. It
doesn’t include sub-atomic particles like electrons
 Electrons were discovered by J.J. Thomson 50 years after Dalton’s death.
Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model
 “Jell-O with fruit”

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Quiz #1
What happens when photons interact with the atom in this model?
 The electron changes position when struck by the photon
 All emitted photons have the same energy
 Is the resulting emission spectrum right? Nope
Rutherford’s Classical Solar System Model
 What is the atom like?
 There is a nucleus containing protons
 There is an electron circling the nucleus, like a planet around the sun.
 What is the shortcoming of the solar system model? The atom isn’t stable. The
electron loses energy, spirals into the nucleus and the atom is destroyed. In this
model atoms shouldn’t exist.
Bohr’s Model
 What is the atom like?
 There is a nucleus where the proton resides.
 There is an electron in motion in a circular orbit.
 There are several possible orbits the electron may follow.
 What happens when photons interact with the atom? Does the electron move?
When photons hit the electron, they bump the electron to another, higher, energy
level.
 Is the resulting emission spectrum right? The spectral lines are similar but there are
more infrared radiation (IR) lines, so nope.
 More information in the packet
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Trimester 1
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Honors Chemistry 2014/2015
**DO NOT ONLY RELY ON THIS STUDY GUIDE!!!**
Quiz #1
The de Broglie Model
 What is the atom like? How does it include waves?
 The proton (in the nucleus) is in the center of the atom
 The electron is a wave
 The electron is in motion
 What happens when photons interact with the atom? No change from the Bohr
model, when light hits the atom the electron gets promotes.
 Is the emission spectrum right? Same as the Bohr model, so nope. The spectrum still
looks the same because all he did was change the electron to a wave.
The Schrodinger Model
 What is the atom like?
 There is a nucleus.
 The position of the electron is represented in an ambiguous manner.
Different areas are shaded.
 What happens when the photons interact with the atom? The electron cloud
moves.
 Energy levels sketch: see packet (I don’t feel like putting it in here right now)
 Is the emission spectrum right? Yes!
 He added subshells and orbitals to the previous model.
What statement is true regarding eh emission of a photon from a hydrogen atom? The
emission of photons is an exothermic process so the
is negative.
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