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Chapter 2 : Cell as a Unit of Life
2.1 What is a Cell?
 What is a cell?
 Parts of microscope
 Functions of part on a microscope
 General structure of animal cells and plant cells
 The functions of cell structures
2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
 Unicellular organisms
 Multicellular organisms
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Chapter 2 : Cell as a Unit of Life
2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body
 The types and functions of human cells
 Organisation of cells
 The system of the human body and their
functions
2.4 The Human Being − a Complex Organism
 The human being − a complex organism
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2.1 What is a Cell?
A cell is the basic
unit of life
Its function is to
carry out life
processes
Its size too small
and can only be
seen with the help
of a microscope
Cell
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2.1 What is a Cell?
Eyepiece
Body tube
Arm
Objective lens
Coarse focus knob
Stage
Clip
Fine focus
knob
Diaphragm
Base
Mirror
Part of a microscope
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2.1 What is a Cell?
Functions of parts on a microscope
Parts of a
microscope
Function
Eyepiece
Magnify the specimen by 10
Arm
For holding the microscope
Coarse focus knob Change the position of the objective
lens when focusing with low-powered
objective lens
Fine focus knob
Change the position of the objective
lens slightly for fine focusing
Stage
Place the glass slide
Base
Stabilize the microscope
Continue
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2.1 What is a Cell?
Functions of parts on a microscope
Function
Part of microscope
Mirror
Reflects light up through an opening in
the stage to illuminate the specimen
Diaphragm
Control the amount of light entering
objective lens
Hold the slide on the stage
Clip
Body tube
Objective lens
Align the position of the eyepiece with
the objective lens
Magnify the size of a specimen by 4,
10 or 40
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2.1 What is a Cell?
General structure of animal cells and plant cells
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Vacuole
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Animal cell
Plant cell
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2.1 What is a Cell?
The functions of cell structures
Structures
Functions
Cell membranes
Controls the movement of substances into
or out of the cell
Supports and gives the cell a regular shape
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Vacuole
Chloroplast
The place where chemical processes take
place
Controls all activities of the cell
Salt solution and sugar solution are stored
here
Carries out photosynthesis
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2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular
Organisms
Unicellular organisms
Organisms that
consist of only one
cell
Very tiny
Only be seen under a
microscope
Live in wet places
such as the sea,
ponds and drains
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Have different body
shapes
Examples are Euglena,
Chlamydomonas,
Paramecium, Amoeba,
Pleurococcus and
yeast cell
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2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular
Organisms
Multicellular organisms
Organisms that consist of many cell
Examples Hydra, Mucor and Spirogyra
Hydra
Mucor
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Spirogyra
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2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body
The types and functions of human cells
Types of cells
Functions
Muscle cell
Enables movement
Human sperm cell
Male reproductive cell
White blood cell
Protects the body against disease
Human egg cell
Female reproductive cell
Nerve cell
Sends nerve impulses
Fat cell
Stores fat
Red blood cell
Carries oxygen to every part of body
Bone cell
Forms bones
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2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body
Organisation of cells
Tissue
Cell
• Cells of the same type
that carry out the same
function form a tissue
• There are 200 types of
cells in our body
System
• Different organs
working together
to carry out a
certain function
form a system
Organ
• Different tissues working together
to carry out a certain function form
an organ
Organism
• Different system make up the whole
organism
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2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body
The system of the human body and their functions
System
Functions
Digestive system
To digest food so that it can be easily
absorbed and used by the body
Reproductive system To produce reproductive cells
Nervous system
Respiratory system
Blood circulatory
system
Continue
To help the body respond to changes
inside and outside the body
To enable gaseous exchange to take
place
To carry oxygen and food to all parts
of the body and waste substances to
the kidneys
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2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body
Systems of the human body and their functions
System
Skeletal system
Excretory system
Muscular system
Lymphatic system
Endocrine system
Functions
To support the weight of the body and
protect soft organs
To remove toxic substances from the
body
To help the body to move
To defend the body against disease
with the help of lymphocytes
To produce hormones to control the
body’s activities and development
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2.4 The Human Being  A Complex
Organism
A human being is a complex organism because
human cells are organised into tissues, organs
and systems
Human cells are specialised. Cell specialisation
helps divide body functions among the different
types of cells
Without the organisation of the cells, life
processes cannot be carried out effectively
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The end
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Bab 2 : Sel Sebagai Unit Benda
Hidup
2.1 Apakah itu Sel?
• Apakah itu sel?
• Bahagian mikroskop
• Fungsi bahagian pada mikroskop
• Struktur sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan
• Fungsi struktur sel
2.2 Organisma Unisel dan Multisel
• Organisma unisel
• Organisma multisel
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Bab 2 : Sel Sebagai Unit Benda
Hidup
2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia
• Jenis-jenis dan fungsi sel manusia
• Organisasi sel
• Sistem badan manusia dan fungsinya
2.4 Manusia − Organisma Kompleks
• Manusia − organisma kompleks
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2.1 Apakah itu Sel?
• Sel adalah unit asas
benda hidup
• Fungsinya adalah
untuk menjalankan
proses kehidupan
• Saiznya adalah kecil
dan boleh dilihat
dengan bantuan
mikroskop
Sel
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2.1 Apakah itu Sel?
Kanta mata
Tiub badan
Gagang
Kanta objek
Pentas
Pelaras kasar
Klip
Diafragma
Pelaras halus
Tapak
Cermin
Bahagian mikroskop
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2.1 Apakah itu Sel?
Fungsi bahagian pada mikroskop
Bahagian mikroskop
Fungsi
Kanta mata
Membesarkan spesimen 10
Gagang
Memegang mikroskop
Pelaras kasar
Pentas
Mengubah kedudukan kanta objek
apabila mengfokus dengan kanta
objek berkuasa rendah
Mengubah kedudukan kanta objek
bagi mendapatkan imej yang jelas
Tempat letak slaid kaca
Tapak
Menstabilkan mikroskop
Pelaras halus
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2.1 Apakah itu Sel?
Fungsi bahagian pada mikroskop
Bahagian mikroskop
Fungsi
Cermin
Memantulkan cahaya ke arah kanta
objek
Diafragma
Mengawal jumlah cahaya yang
memasuki kanta objek
Memegang slaid pada pentas
Klip
Tiub badan
Kanta objek
Melaraskan kedudukan kanta mata
dengan kanta objek
Membesarkan saiz specimen 4, 10
atau 40
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2.1 Apakah itu Sel?
Struktur sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan
Dinding sel
Membran sel
Vakuol
Nukleus
Sitoplasma
Kloroplas
Sel haiwan
Sel tumbuhan
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2.1 Apakah itu Sel?
Fungsi struktur sel
Struktur
Membran sel
Dinding sel
Sitoplasma
Fungsi
Mengawal pergerakan bahan yang masuk
dan keluar dari sel
Menyokong dan memberi bentuk yang tetap
Nukleus
Tempat di mana proses kimia mengambil
alih
Mengawal semua aktiviti sel
Vakuol
Larutan garam dan gula disimpan di sini
Kloroplas
Menjalankan fotosintesis
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2.2 Organisma Unisel dan Multisel
Organisma unisel
• Organisma yang
• Mempunyai bentuk
yang berbeza
mengandungi satu sel
sahaja
• Contohnya Euglena,
Klamidomonas,
• Sangat halus
Paramesium, Ameba,
• Hanya boleh dilihat
Pleurokokus and yis
dengan mikroskop
• Tinggal di tempat yang
lembap seperti laut,
kolam dan longkang
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2.2 Organisma Unisel dan Multisel
Organisma multisel
• Organisma yang mengandungi banyak sel
• Contoh Hidra, Mukor and Spirogira
Hidra
Mukor
Spirogira
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2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia
Jenis-jenis dan fungsi sel manusia
Jenis-jenis sel
Sel otot
Fungsi
Membolehkan pergerakan
Sel sperma manusia Sel pembiakan lelaki
Sel darah putih
Melindungi badan melawan penyakit
Sel telur manusia
Sel pembiakan perempuan
Sel saraf
Menghantar impuls saraf
Sel lemak
Menyimpan lemak
Sel darah merah
Membawa oksigen ke setiap bahagian
badan
Membentuk tulang
Sel tulang
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2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia
Organisasi sel
Tisu
Sel
• Terdapat 200 jenis sel
dalam badan kita
Sistem
• Kumpulan organ
yang bersamasama
menjalankan
fungsi tertentu
dinamakan sistem
• Sel sama jenis yang
menjalankan fungsi yang
sama dinamakan tisu
Organ
• Kumpulan tisu yang bersama-sama
menjalankan fungsi tertentu
dinamakan organ
Organisma
• Sistem yang berbeza-beza
membentuk suatu organisma
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2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia
Sistem dalam badan manusia dan fungsinya
Sistem
Sistem pencernaan
Sistem pembiakan
Sistem saraf
Sistem pernafasan
Sistem peredaran
darah
Fungsi
Mencerna makanan supaya mudah
diserap dan digunakan oleh badan
Menghasilkan sel pembiakan
Membantu badan merangsang
perubahan di dalam dan d luar badan
Membolehkan pertukaran gas
Membawa oksigen dan makanan ke
semua bahagian badan dan bahan
buangan ke ginjal
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2.3 Organisasi Sel dalam Badan Manusia
Sistem dalam badan manusia dan fungsinya
Sistem
Sistem rangka
Sistem
perkumuhuan
Sistem otot
Sistem limfa
Sistem endokrin
Fungsi
Menyokong berat badan dan melindungi
organ yang lembut
Menyingkirkan bahan kumuh daripada
badan
Membantu badan bergerak
Mempertahankan badan melawan
penyakit
Menghasilkan hormon untuk mengawal
aktiviti badan dan pembangunan
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2.4 Manusia  Organisma
Komples
• Manusia merupakan organisma kompleks
kerana sel manusia tersusun kepada tisu, organ
dan sistem
• Sel manusia adalah istimewa. Keisitmewaan sel
ini membantu fungsi badan dalam kalangan
pelbagai jenis sel
• Tanpa organisasi sel, proses kehidupan tidak
akan berkesan
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