SPANISH
LITERATURE
SPANISH
LITERATURE
ELEMENTARY
AN
WITH
H
TAYLORIAN
MEMBER
ETC
INDICES,
BUTLER
TEACHER
CORRESPONDING
HANDBOOK
M.A.
CLARKE,
OF
SPANISH
OF
THE
SOCIEDAU
IK
REAL
THE
ECONOMICA,
OF
UNIVERSITY
ACADEMIA
DE
LA
OXFORD,
HISTORIA,
ETC.
LONDON
SWAN
NEW
SONNENSCHEIN
YORK:
MACMILLAN
1893
AND
AND
CO
CO
REAL
A
DOSA
MARtA
DEL
PILAR
V
DE
Y
L
A
CUYA
I.O
QUE
SE
ME
AMISTAD
DE
ALCANZA
DE
Y
DE
GUSTO
CUYO
DEBO
SU
LA
Y
ALGO
REFLEJAR
pAgINAS.
EN
ESTAS
LENGOA
I'AIS,
EXQUISITO
QUISIERA
HERMOSA
RECTO
JUICIO
PREFACE
the
During
of
Spanish
that
is
and
Calderon,
what
is intended
volume
position
the
this
to
occupied
several
dates
Schack
and
Wolf,
sketch
general
beginner,
hoping
be
may
and
the
at
useful
as
serve
may
I
to. the
an
divisions
that
of
up
to
their
de
los
Rios,
the
to
my
present
and
reader,
general
introduction
scheme
acknowledge
to
time
same
the
show
general
Amador
beg
present
to
treated
Ticknor,
books
whose
to
and
various
The
and
The
the
exhaustively
Antonio,
Cervantes
used.
in
asking
letters
questions,
country.
been
Nicolas
by
be
writers
great
have
obligations,
many
the
their
of
subject
great
these
answer
by
literature
should
editions
Teachership
received
besides
Spanish
in
read
to
Taylorian
frequently
have
I
the
held
have
I
Oxford,
at
there
what
of
time
to
the
extensive
more
works.
I
aware
that
no
adequate
give
can
of
am
the
the
rather
merits
of
skilful
most
than
the
a
a
idea
great
hands,
beauties
short
few
of
book,
are
of
extracts,
the
and
wont
their
of
manner
that
to
well
however
a
great
translations,
reproduce
original.
The
the
extracts
chosen,
writer
even
or
by
defects
here
UTERATURE
SPANISH
intended
printedare
short notices
relieve the monotony
to
authors,and
of
the
language and
far
as
illustrate the
to
the progress
of
books
of sufficient interest
which
from
rather
reading the
has been
given
Cid, in order
that
help of
of well-known
opening
on
allusion
an
the
subjectand,
stories,such
it is
the
aim
I have
that of the
as
del
at
may
as
beginnersin
it.
satisfy
to
of
literal
are
dictionary.My
a
than
reader
refer to
to
assist
the Roniancero
it,the
to
they are,
;
translations
to
inquiryrather
stimulate
brief outlines
The
list of
development
readers
meant
are
without
extracts
to
with
taken.
they are
and
literary,
than
induce
to
in
long
a
method
literary
characteristically
Spanish
possible,
hoped,
of
Cid, or
ing
meet-
recognise
once
his whereabouts.
If the
literature of
divisions into
I have
on
them
novel
much
as
ranges
from
century, from
the
literature
its decadence.
to
extends
the
from
beginningof
to
Garcilaso
middle
followed
As
a
be
Golden
adopted.
chapter
seventeenth
of
Age
aid
mere
short
the
to
The
first period
the fifteenth century ; the second
bringsus
Vega
; the
Golden
Age
to the death
a
memory
reaches
to
the
down
from
the
of Calderdn
; it is
which prevailed
until
periodof stagnation
late in
century
the last century ; the fifth periodincludes the last hundred
The
Spanish
language
la
all
arbitrary.
in the
dc
a
fifteenth to
earliest documents
of the sixteenth
by
the
periodsmay
somewhat
possible. The
as
period precedingthe
division into five
organic whole,
an
be
necessarily
periodsmust
avoided
the
country forms
a
eighteenth
century
has
been
passed
over
in
a
years.
few pages
ix
PREFACE
because
of the lack of
authors
contemporary
literature of the
Spanish
a
present day
booksellers
Spanish books.
with
the
rare
intention
to
vie with
cannot
that of
are
chiefly
occupied
Existing
bibliographies
editions dear
that
it took
merely appended
easilyobtainable
editions of the books
beg
I
learned
A
and
Senor
of
courteous
listof
is added
thank
to
for those
much
too
the
best
suited
For
help
of
tioned.
men-
space,
the
satisfying
list of
Murillo
original
my
all authors
up
and
cheap
for
in
a
its
the
Madrid,
liminary
prepilation
com-
most
Spanishbooksellers.
writers
principal
of the
some
a
Spanish reading.
of
was
beginnerwithout
student, I have
course
It
bibliographyof
the
confuse
collectors.
to
select
give a
to
likely
was
ignorant
entirely
generallyalmost
are
Finding, however,
and
for the
mentioned,
gloriousage.
more
English
of
been
only have
few
writings.Of
its colourless
in
originality
who
wish
Spanish literature
on
continue
to
the
study
of
the
subject.
best thanks
My
help
in
revisingproofs
for advice
Powell
have
We
due
are
and
good
reason
not
it is to be
some
one
been
be
to
Most
of
will
come
forward
and
proud
have
to
of
whose
Freeman
other
of
the
devoted
them, however,
exclusivelystudents
hoped that,without
Florence
invaluable,to
of letters who
Spanish subjects.
though
has
encouragement,
men
English-speaking
to
Miss
to
Cervantes
Mr.
York-
friends.
illustrious
themselves
are
or
primarily
Calderon
;
the greatest writers,
neglecting
to
bring
up
our
knowledge
of
SPANISH
the
illustrious
more
large
A
seek
in
a
of
amount
in
of
manuscript
the
of
parts
the
to
lie
treasures
storehouses
discovered
recently
rivals
their
of
rich
the
LITERATURE
of
of
de
Luis
will
who
have
I
Oxford,
College,
Wadham
works
the
tion.
perfec-
libraries.
great
of
of
him
for
ready
our
library
level
same
Leon,
some
.
twenty
in
Writing
was
the
in
ears,
my
If, by
containing
and
I
between
the
any
have
still
the
most
of
study
the
furthers
amply
time
is
Jean
\st
de
January
Luz,
1S93.
what
and
chivalrous,
ancient
this
of
approaching
country
own
my
degree
been
the
full
stately
most
nation
literature,
great
end,
fulfilled.
H.
St.
some
memory
my
the
of
that
hope
aiding
will
purpose
echo
the
is
in
hills, with
Spanish
and
volume
present
author's
edition
first
and
greatest,
earth.
upon
the
understanding
the
once
of
sight
still
better
a
the
kindness,
Spanish
languages
for
than
variants.
interesting
of
older
years
B.
C.
its
CONTENTS
CHAP.
1.
PAGE
Introduction
i
.......
2.
Formation
of
Spanish
Language
Spanish
the
Chronicles
4.
The
of
Literature
.
3.
Beginning
and
Romances
and
.
.10
.
.
Chivalry
of
-34
Ballads
44
.......
5.
Catalan
6.
Origin
Literature
-54
.
of
Drama
the
.
.
7.
Poetry
8.
The
Influences
Foreign
Century"
Fifteenth
THE
of
-59
.
Novel
70
So
.....
9.
Mystic
10.
History
11.
Religious
Writers
Religious
and
94
102
..."""
Poets
Secular
and
the
ok
Golden
culteranismo
113
....
12.
Works
Didactic
13.
Cervantes
14.
Lope
15.
QUEVEDO^
16.
Calderon
and
.
de
Age-
Collection
Proverbs
of
.
.
"32
.
"
Vega
139
159
.....
"74
.
.....
.
.
.
"
"85
SPANISH
LITERATURE
PAGE
CHAP.
Other
17.
Dramatists
of
Golden
the
Age
.198
"
.
i8.
Epic
Narrative
and
Poetry
in
the
Sixteenth
and
Centuries
-Seventeenth
223
.....
"
19.
From
Beginning
the
War
of
Century
Eighteenth
the
to
the
Independence
of
229
.....
20.
The
Half
First
of
Nineteenth
the
Century
240
.
21.
Contemporary
Literature
252
.....
Index
Alphabetical
FOR
Alphabetical
A
Course
List
ON
Spanish
Authors
of
a
Few
Editions
recommended
Reading
Spanish
of
of
and
of
the
.271
Principal
Authorities
278
Literature
.....
2S1
Lndex
.........
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
Remarks
History
the
on
earliest
the
Among
be
find
to
than
that
than
political
and
of
of
taken
by
Spain
and
her
of
and
other
in
of
the
the
the
of
her
free
and
of
during
the
short
herself
as
was
it were,
t
and
the
stood
the
of
by
present
of
centuries
apart
powerful
from
irregular,
affords
the
But
of
Aragon
(guilds)
Comunidades
that
contest
part
oppressors
been
liberties
of
and
sufficient
marked
proof
of
independence.
of
the
Roman
period
country
what
the
bitter
fictitiously brilliant
most
has
the
century,
sturdy
bodies
satisfactory.
of
of
the
individuals
great
liberty against
from
rather
unimportant
means
no
war
romantic
corporate
for
far
the
and
her
of
history
interesting
and
is
development
is
of
century,
beginning
the
than
struggle
provinces,
the
Except
the
municipalities,
Spanish
spirit
is
the
of
position
sixteenth
of
it would
world,
characteristic
constitutional
her
present
history
it
rather
in
the
of
interest, however,
;
spite
In
within,
from
social
nations
more
Its
deeds
ideas.
great
the
of
Time
Distirutions
Local
Vernacular.
great
one
Spain.
great
the
of
any
or
the
to
Character
and
histories
difficult
down
Spain
i?i the
Writers
Language
of
have
in
the
been
occupation,
during
world,
at
which
Spain
different
and
she
has,
times
SPANISH
of civilisation.
the
centres
her
and
struggles
the romantic
which
the minds
exercise,over
her
literature,
and
land
which
from
the
came
givenby
were
factories
fringedher
The
Roman
amongst
was
gold,and
whose
and
Greek
bloody
indeed
the
and
order
centuries
it cost
repeated rebellions
which
wars,
of
home
gave
to
In
rise
taught the
to
querors
con-
of their subjects.
respect the proud and warlike spirit
resistance became
Iberian
hopeless,the
and thoroughlyassimilated
rapidly
of the Romans.
manners
languages
Money
with Celt-Iberian
; but
the Romans
process
were
Cicero
Augustus, and
was
It is
the
carried
out
literature of the Silver
were
towns
principal
of
habitant
in-
language,laws,
side with
Latin.
in the time of
Spanish tongue unintelligible
is best
Age.
which
the
proved by
the
contributed
Spain,who
Spaniards; Latin
of the
by
thoroughnesswith
writers,natives
distinguished
Seneca,
a
the
coined
was
inscriptions
mentions
Celtic
and
certain,however, that the
still spoken side
native
the
unknown
thoroughly subdued.
never
contested
obstinately
and
to
and
traders whose
north, the traditional mountain
The
parts of the country
Latin
fabulous
elsewhere,introduced
here, as
contending elements,but
host of
a
was
Spanish liberty,
to
riches
interior remained
The
history
land of mystery, the
a
of
the Phoenician
conquest
carry it out
and
her
to
of the Blessed.
Islands
When
continues
beyond lay the great encirclingocean
them, and
other
be attributed
whom
to
own
familiar.
are
characteristics,
Land
coasts.
of her
this may
of those
most
her success,
exercised,and
national
and
art
accounts
to
of
and
the work
To
she has
firstthe Western
the
From
been
fallen alone.
or
charm
development
Her
have
failures,
her
stood
; she has
sons
LITERATURE
ising
centrallist of
to
the
Martial,Lucan,
Quintilian,
names
and
peninsula,
the
borne
by many of
works
i)ublic
gigantic
are
by which the Mistress of the World adorned and strengthenedher
empire may stillbe seen in almost every part of the country.
Once
pacifiedSpain rose rapidlyto the positionof one of
INTRODUCTION
the
most
incredible
and
fields
the
to
Imperial treasury
exhaustingher
of
mining, manufactures,
introduced
was
of Roman
and
rule
almost
of the
fate of the other Roman
Teutonic
passed through
have
left their
carve
out
under
its own
tribes
their way
on
rather armies
their
than
blood
tribes.
before
they
crossed
people amongst
not
left a
doubtful
Gothic
the
customs
if to them
words
of the
been
have
been
can
well
they had
the
ThQfuerojuzgo,
as
were
of
the
In
languages
in Gaul
language of
the
Spain they have
now
any
and
it is
of the
few
spoken
the so-called Gothic
in character.
Spain had,
the
monument,
originof
tion
popula-
adopted
they had
the laws and
by
subjects. Of
established
settled.
be traced
their
in the present
time
or
inscription
existingin
Roman
entirely
as
so-
rated.
under-
privilegedrace
conquerors
Pyrenees,and
as
whom
Teutonic
some
lost
defending
of
to
and
littletrace
for
singleTeutonic
Peninsula.
is almost
The
to
tained
generationsthey main-
some
conquering
a
part, been
civilised
more
For
remains
there
most
who
had
masters,
seems
these
people which,
importance
with
forbiddingintermarriage
of the Peninsula.
for the
Spain
of
quering
con-
of aliens that settled in the country
positionas
of laws
Gothic
of
of
remained
a
its former
the
Vandals
their level of civilisation has
as
bodies
The
the
Africa,as
numerical
The
shared
Some
empire amongst
conquerors
greatlyover-rated
land.
and, with it,the power
arms
carrying
Gothic
means
to
an
independence.
called
happy
armies
(V)andalucia.Others
in
name
Successive
the
overran
powerful protectionof
the habit of
the
among
Empire Spain
provinces.
for themselves
the
centuries
history.
no
the dismemberment
With
rank
qualifiedto
Christianity
last three
The
capable
in-
Agriculture,
flourished ;
commerce
mines
been
have
to
resources.
spread rapidly.
are
class that have
and
almost
her
yearlyfrom
seems
marvellous
The
Empire.
that flowed
of wealth
amount
the
provinces of
prosperous
code
in the
of law,
SPANISH
The
order
race, in
acted
that
absorptioninto
the
country in
number
a
the
to
allegiance
Califs
unsuited
Spain
of its native
land, and
immediately after
the
the
the
of
cave
national
traditions.
struggleended
their backs
turned
the
keys of
their houses
Cantabria,
of
its brethren.
the
band
which
Almost
in
sheltered
refugees,
of
centre
so
of the
many
seven
centuries, the
remnant
of the Moors
lastingfor
them
Africa
to
relics of their beloved
as
to
of liberation
war
Granada, carryingwith
on
the trouble
worth
fated in after times
was
the miserable
only when
habited
region,in-
fastnesses
conquest,
around
After
north
of the
mountainous
subjectionof
Saracen
Covadonga,
warm
bitter retribution for the invasion
a
begun by Pelayo'svaliant
was
the climate
that
the
from
out
nominal
less
or
Coming
the
hardy race
a
parcelledit
once
shepherds,not
their descendants
from
exact
of
germ
their
prevent
people. When,
more
Here, in the mountain
conquest.
they left the
a
found
warlike
and
at
Bagdad.
them, and
to
by rough
of
of
subject
arrived,theyconquered the
owning
states
the
picious.
sus-
proportionately
of Celt-Iberian
the Saracens
countries,the Moors
southern
of
of
be
powerless to
singlebattle,and
a
and
feeble
weakening
might
were
largerbody
whole
of
system
efforts
eighthcentury,
kings was
themselves
they
in the
into
the
on
their
All
stronger.
Gothic
of the
government
They
LITERATURE
homes
in
Spain.
rule of the Moors
The
in the south
it
to
a
affairs.
the
a
considerable
Patriotic
Christians
This
is far from
the
ninth
Alvaro
companion
share
of the
and
old
looked
have
stock
upon
being the truth.
^
complains
century
of
CcJrdovn.
of the Cid,
to
in the
historians
and
subjection,
of
endeavoured
them
An
that
Luminosum.
in Arnbic
as
enemies
found
allowed
its
show
to
held
persistently
his
signed
They
administration
Indiculum
name
harsh.
means
no
populationaccustomed
their conquerors,
*
by
was
aloof
own
that
from
throughout.
ecclesiastical writer of
his
co
"
Even
chnrnctcrs.
in
religionists
Alvar
Fufter, the
The
lurgubody
LITERATURE
SPANISH
has left its lasting
mark
centuries,
Spain duringso
many
Those
who
country.
in
the
present
of the
refugeesfrom
is the
language
works
that will
of the
it of "noblest
derives
in which
of
of the
and
for tenderness
Latin."
it
Galicia
pathos.
upon
it
of its
whole
other tongues, it is
oratorical prose, yet in
and
;
Latin
from
the
than
more
character
dignified
and
of the
bestowed
For
vocabulary,and
its
fitted for lofty
verse
peculiarly
of its grave
language
the whole
the titlethat has been
and cadenced
Sonorous
syntax.
Their
consideration in the present volume
daughter
seven-tenths
is
tract
the descendants
by
almost
cluded
in-
country
This
Spain.
back
is written
under
come
of
of Asturias.
the mountains
it deserve
well does
boundaries
the district won
roughlyequivalentto
guage,
lan-
Spanish,is spoken, with slight
foreignersas
to
Castilian
The
variations,throughout three-fourths
local
and
provincesplanted
the several
native dialects in them.
their
respectively
known
back
won
the
on
spite,
scarcelybe equalled
can
dialect of its own,
keeps a
closelyresemblingthe Portuguese,but possessinglittle or no
literature.^ In Catalonia a dialect of Provencal is stillspoken,
but
day by day
efTorts of
it is
adopting Castilian forms,
small number
a
of writers
as well
literature,
vernacular.
In
the Catalans
belong rather
Catalan
chapteron
Much
sense
can
Spanish
seek
a
false
See
as
or
national
than
been
which
description
p. 75.
The
Spain. (See
to
one
All
Caneioturo
Popular Ctalltgo
por Joii Pent
Braga. Madrid, 1886.
to
and
attempt
Galiciiin
verse
con
political
must
customs
It would
JialUsteros
a
tions
general proposi-
applyequallyto
Irish,as
l)cstcollection of modern
in
people. Only
character
should
by regarding the
caused
true.
only partially
characteristics of Scotch and
'
literature in the
a
ethnologyand language,
they be properlyso regarded.
be
necessarily
the
spiteof
Literature.)
of the Peninsula
about
to
in
as
Provence
to
misapprehensionhas
inhabitants
revive
to
in
be
as
vain
the national
to include
is contained
prdlogo
de
in
in the
Tedfilo
INTRODUCTION
Andalucian,
To
environment
upon
a
distinctive
singleportrait the
a
the
glance at
climate
The
is found
and
of burden
rainless
under
African
an
of the interior of the
winter, and
uplands
burning
a
oil in
wine, and
abundance, and
of yielding
the
help of irrigation,
the whole
less
tree-
bitter winds
yet they produce
capable,with
are
delicious fruits and
most
in
the
the
brilliant flowers.
most
inhabitants
The
in which
land
but
somewhat
this
of
live.
they
his Andalucian
heavy
and
or
his habit of
on
ing,
persever-
pride lies
him
of his claim
account
his
on
to
and
nobility,
of
men
a
subjectfor
long pedigree,
a
his
extreme
letters,
and, in
conjunction with Aragdn, the lawyersof Spain ; almost
noble
houses
The
of his
trace
Galician
largeshare
Spanish stage
is
a
he
hewer
vein of poetry
reliable withal.
their
originto
is somewhat
of wood
and
blood
the
a
all the
the montaiia.
similar
of Celtic
figuresas
with
marked
a
His
mountaineers.
provides the
now
in
possesses
the
stock,alike unconquered by Roman,
presuming
Asturias
as
compared
as
Writers of all times have made
Moor,
good-naturedridicule
poverty.
slow-witted
to
the old
from
much
as
vary
cousin, the Asturian
in his descent
Goth,
country
Brave, sober,honest, and
common
degree the qualities
He
beasts
as
in great part
in summer,
sun
date, sugarcane,
almost
forms
parched by
are
Murcia
In
sected
loftytable-land,inter-
The
which
ranges,
Asturias,
of
the
from
country.
be used
may
Peninsula, is bare, and
brown
by
camels
sky.
physical
the
to
region,producing
rice,a regionin which
; its bleak
visit
a
of Ireland.
those of the south-west
by high mountain
corn,
still,
by
productions of Galicia,and parts
and
almost
an
of
and
this will be evident
character
better
or
Asturian
of
in the influence
beheve
national
map,
unlike
not
are
those who
features
to
he
the Asturian
is
Auvergnat
drawer
; in
and
sluggish,
on
on
the French
of water, yet with
underlying his rough exterior,and
a
spite
the
stage.
strong
honest
and
SPANISH
8
Spaniard,with
The
made
have
stage
is the
the
familiar,the Spaniard
with the broad
man
Andalucian, the
has
kindness,and
of her
has
been
not
communicative, and
idle,the bulk
lovelyregionlead,so
far
their
on
have
the
left
or
and
manners
the
of the
advantage
Passionate, gay,
this
the Eastern
life,
blood,
conquerors
anything of
them
vices alike
virtues and
of
largebody
a
to moral
spring
training
depravity.
good
qualities,
bad, of the Catalan
and
industrial kind ; he is the
and
slight
very
In their
nothing either
owe
a
population of
imparting to
of
bounty
take
to
possiblefor
of
Their
heart,and
deliberate
The
mode
Orientals.
of
gravity
to
it is
as
traces, without
deep
direct from
to
existence.
beings,a butterfly
ordinaryhuman
as
slow
the
the best of life.
make
to
picturesand
of
picturesqueand brightest
figureof
most
burden, the Andalucian
EngUsh
and
hat, red sash,and guitar,
Inhabiting a country in which
the necessity
for labour
reduced
nation.
nature
the French
caricature
whose
us
painted fans,the
LITERATURE
of
are
of
manufacturer
mercial
com-
a
Spain,
fied
only in a modibetrayshis separate originby possessing,
which make
all genuineSpaniards
degree,the two qualities
and
akin ; these
sense,
and
These
a
feelingin
deep religious
are
loftyidea
two
under
present purpose
the
Mancha, and
the backbone
from
the
Catholic
of
name
of the
Extremadura
nation,the
men
men
Noble
or
and
and
stolidity,
to
who
be
once,
overran
in
included
for
country from
Le6n
Aragdn.
back
won
discovered
who
Faith, overawed
without
may
America, and who
civilised Europe.
grave
this
from
of the
particularly
prominent
are
inhabitants
Moors, the
largea part
personaldignity.
characteristics
and
Castilians,
La
of
Catholic
exclusively
an
and
as
These
our
to
form
the country
colonised
champions
the
the
so
of the
greater part of
independent in bearing,they are
courteous
in
manner
even
to
in spiteof their innate prejudices
againststrangers.
foreigners,
and thrifty,
yet neither inhospitable
They are sober, lal)orious,
INTRODUCTION
sordid.
nor
have
day,
is their
of
have
in
so
often
as
it
respect,
are
now
but
The
Diaz
de
has
summed
Bivar,
the
up
the
In
character
such
type
as
with
men
created,
well
as
varying
that
and
a
traced
the
Castilian
of
the
Cid,
virtues
it is with
the
hero
in
progress
not
far
the
nations
of
the
to
go
of
glorious
no
It
of
Cid's
the
story
the
his
chivalrous
was
by
such
Spanish
that
it
national
story
of
and
literature
begins.
and
this
that
ones
men
or
popular
elements
less
older
Rodrigo
the
form
of
lasting
strong
but
is
whom
developments
weaker
part
in
But
is
character
that
circumstances.
great
from
sterling qualities.
successive
be
may
the
made
day
only
not
far
so
and
and
amongst
by right,
in
tone.
the
been
has
have
its
haply
unfit
sceptical
classes,
taken
take,
is hers
and
and
pattern
ideal.
noble
of
only
official
and
again
which
founded
improvement
of
signs
will
that
has
apparent,
position
the
traditions,
ideal,
others,
Spain
when
Europe,
vary
in
peculation
misgovernment
the
commercial
the
as
of
Years
throughout
everywhere
distant
fancy
life.
public
to
defects,
possessors
and
is well
them
their
democratic,
and
dishonesty
how
larly
particu-
more
with
their
renders
present
show
age,
and
alike
qualities,
that
against
world
this
Ruy
of
universal
official
beautiful,
the
at
heroic
more
a
inartistic, commercial,
brought
corruption
267) which,
p.
the
of
flavour
charge
applies
of
good
Their
an
The
age.
ballads
the
old-world
excel
(see
songs
appreciation
poetry.
an
the
popular
replaced
intense
to
The
for
was
CHAPTER
FORMATION
OF
THE
II
LANGUAGE
SPANISH
centuries
eight
Latin
Spain,
by
native
the
in
works,
and
twelfth
no
is
the
from
sense
in
which
one
to
An
examination,
not
enter
into
flourished
in
hand
them
Spanish
separate
distinct
I
Sec
at
These
artistic
and
ran
their
and
it
is
currents
for
a
only
aside.
cast
literature
does
authors
who
in
East
continued
Arabic
The
but
in
to
and
distinctly
translations
rare
mingle.
the
from
and
time,
earliest
the
of
them
traditions,
parallel
and
that
immutability.^
oriental
popular
departure,
new
Arabic
to
with
brought
the
traced
volume.
the
anterior
time
a
with
do
to
we
be
were
present
with
Potsia
past
the
channels,
Sctuick,
the
of
literature
ideals
of
ture.
Litera-
vernacular
of
province
Spain
that
traditions
have
the
entirely
an
But
us.
development
Spanish-Latin
the
down
adaptations
the
in
employment
marks
purposes
to
Spanish
of
books
any
The
other.
between
the
literary
own
can
written
of
writings.
Spanish
nor
of
therefore,
little
Equally
their
the
heading
portant
im-
number
down
come
earliest
the
and
continuity,
all
the
under
them
literary
ecclesiastical, and
has
employed
language
considerable
A
in
rule
Roman
of
written
the
as
centuries,
come
almost
use
mostly
no
for
speech
abolition
the
authors.
Latin
Between
there
in
Spanish
fifth
these
after
continued
OF
LITERATURE
SPANISH
For
BEGINNING
AND
Each
has
its
or
own
methods.
y
Arttde
los
A rates,
trans.
Juan
Valero.
Madrid,
187a.
educated
Whilst
continued
developingfrom
in the
popularlanguage which
lingua
written
in
evidence
the
how
to
as
of the
mixture
a
change
went
but little
earliest
in the
But
on.
mologie
Ety-
documents
have
languages,we
two
the
as
the
as
in certain
Seville,and
of
St. Isidor
of
planted
is known
books
Except in such
rustica.
ro?nana
slowly
was
been
had
and
legionaries,
country by the Roman
vulgar,
of the
literaryLatin, Spanish
in
the
ii
despisingthe speech
men,
write
to
LANGUAGE
SPANISH
OF
FORMATION
change has taken
Spanish writingswe find that a wonderful
place. The Spanish of the thirteenth century differs but little
old Latin vocabularyis here
from the Spanish of to-day. The
almost
complete, but
Arabic
words
relatingmostly
endings
ie
their
and
gone,
tonic
the Latin
:
and
are
and
o
Spanish 11}
their
Some
filled
been
places have
therebygreatlymagnified.
fate
same
in
and
up,
with
its
place
thoroughly
century.
The
and
vastlysimplified,
from
new
verb
the
of
structure
a
it has
form
new
peculiar
suffered
been
the
the
the
old
to
express
of
the
characteristic
given
did
has
been
new
the
not
seventeenth
sentence
has
is
constructed
habere, which
instrument
new
of the
has
together until
welded
and
been
wrought
ideas
of
a
age.
^
now
the material
a
;
importance
Future
Italy;
have
we
and
whole
Latin
The
into d
disappeared,and
have
by others,whose
and
France
Infinitive
the
become
in
as
verb
of the
tenses
ue
the Latin
the
find
initial //, fl^ cl, we
Latin
of the
into
splitup
vowels
case-
by prepositions
taken
become
have
e
into ch: t between
ct has changed
initial/.-
instead
been
has
new
The
rapidlytakingthe place of
is
: h
respectively
place
the
to
transformation.
a
of
familiar Latin
The
the East.
words, however, have undergone
number
large
a
agricultureand
to
brought from
sciences
and
arts
supplemented by
The
date
of the
introduction
represented by the Spanish / (g),and
is uncertain.
Such
evidence
as
is obtainable
gutturalsound
Latin/, g, x, Ij,cl,
harsh
the
replacing
points to
the
sixteenth
century.
SPANISH
12
The
the
earliest
time
same
is the
to
work
literary
the earliest
de
Poema
about
Myo
four thousand
end
an
view
is
confirmed
not
of
The
of
its
date is that it
of its hero.
and
a
the
exhausted, when
of Alcocer
him
exacted
with
with
daughters
by
the hands
which
For
'
"
not
wo-i
Give
us
l"orn in a
wine
century,
is rude
The
lines
eighth;
with
the
is
it ;
until
employed
The
are
exceed
many
the
subjectof
king
the
proved by
quest
con-
had
who
of his
vengeance
by
were
verses
Moors
; his
of Barcelona
these
half
a
after the
is
its
to
as
the
them
at
at
one
last lines
"
si
hour
no
non
ttnedes dimros,
historyof
KotlriKo dc
hnppy
normal
Carridn, and
That
del vino
if ye have
posed
com-
was
existence.
ill-treatment received
for the
the request
In the I'oema,
he who
of
wanderingminstrels
Dai
it
ingratitude
; the marriage
Counts
it.
warrant
to
campaign againstthe
the Count
outline of the trnditionnl
an
Rallads.
"
Cid ; ^ his
of their husbands.
'
'
takes its place.
much
so
the Cid
contain
correct,
the
from
the poem
limit,and
less
This
century and
caesura
; his reconciliation
the
time recited by
a
language of
strong
a
victoryover
of Valencia
treated
My
and
which
irregular
; the
or
another
; his
about
of this
more
is the exile of
poem
maintained
probable conjecture
and
fall short
rhyme,
it comes
language or style,
language struggling into
with
syllables,
same
place in
the
The
versification is barbarous
however,
of
strong enough
written
after the death
many,
critics have
Some
geste of
de
the latter half of the twelfth
and, consequently,was
of fourteen
language,
chanson
internal evidence
most
belongs to
uncouth,
in the
epic or
consideration
and
probably at
beginningis lost,and
subjectare
; the
is
several distinct ballads.
from
its author
unknown
are
Its
by
drawn
unity in
name
short
Cid, a
agglomerationof
an
Spanish,which
existingdocument
abruptly.
but the arguments
lack
in
lines.
somewhat
that it is
LITERATURE
Bivar
"
is
(elque
money."
the Cid,
sec
the chapter
on
generallycalled
My Cid,"
kora
buen
en
fiU nado),
"
the
or
LITERATURE
SPANISH
14
Treszientas
Senos
la tornada
A
Tantos
Tantos
laman
moros
en
un
sin
de
poco
favourite
been
either have
in
language, and
barbarous
contents
the
Latin
The
Poema.
the
than
Less
in
spirited
does
myths
real
rapidly a
how
the
of
most
story
may
Chronicle
to
be
older
is written
in
most
some
it
properlycome
its
so
the Crbnica
under
Rimada.
attention
showing
popular traditions,
kind, until
at
it
as
surrounded
be
personality
may
extravagant
this
from
irregularlength;
of
Not
as
Chronicle,the
the Foerna, it deserves
of
student
of the
the hands
than
tone
the
compiled
Rhymed
does
heading of Spanish literature.
exploits
of the
the General
Chronicle
of littleinterest,
nor
are
ya.
(see p. 21), and
The
verses
C
of
supposed by
been
C
version
itself
Wise.
C
these, the Latin
which
been
have
two, has
the
of
second
same
from
the
of Alfonso
great work
e
firstof
Chronicle
source
or
information,
its
drew
Yague,
mill
muertos
The
hero.
General
the
;
Sant
compositionstreat
national
in the
andar
los cristianos
logarmoros
sangre,
en
duenos
sos
Mafomat,
very ancient
Other
found
al9ar,
e
the
Chronicle, gives practically
that
son.
e
cauallos
buenos
Cayen
of the
senos
tantos
lan9as premer
tantas
pendones.
colpes;
adagara
passar,
falssa
desmanchar,
loriga
pendones blancos salir vermeios
Tanta
Two
de
otros
foradar
Tanta
Los
fazen
que
tienen
todos
mataron,
moros
Veriedes
todos
lan9asson,
by
last it becomes
at
the purely fictitious
impossibleto distinguishbetween
the real facts which
so
powerfullyimpressed the
part and
almost
popularimagination.In
round
Pero
decked."
Vcrmucz.
of almost
find the germ
hind's
hundred
Three
apiece they
Moor
A
"
it we
arc
with
killed, each
they, each
a
with
single blow."
all the
its pennant
and
when
There
see
more.
a)x"ut
might one
many
they slew as many
they wheeled
and
thrust
shiclil
sink
a
through,
piorcwl
lances rise and
again, many
forth
red
in
white pennant come
a
corwrlcl burst and broken
many
a
many
"
"
"
"
blood,
"
Mahomet,
many
the
three hundred
a
good
horse
run
St.
Clhristians
on
Moor*
slain."
are
free without
Yague
"
in
but
a
a
niastcr.
"
The
little sixice
a
Moors
thousand
call
on
and
of
ballads
Cid
the
question
in
the
victoryover
is forced
land, would
centuries,such
twelve
submit
to
The
the
Cid
but
weigh
little with
; even
overbearing
fact that the
the
Pope
with
even
author
his
native
left his
apparently never
as
of his
peers
the
to
probably unacquainted
was
that
and
name,
and
France
of the Castilian freebooter.
insolence
15
Lozano, of the Cid's marriage,and
himself
Pope
sixteenth
fifteenth and
the
the story of Count
to
expedition
LITERATURE
SPANISH
OF
BEGINNING
such
of
a
composition.
Spanish
As
literature
celebratingheroic
of the
national
among
these
it
it were,
giving,as
The
givento
type
a
the
the
three poems
predecessors,are
unknown
from
such
sources
us
Saints, which
writers,these
the
were
and
of the
the Gesta
as
the
later
metre
stanzas
them
of
interesting
only for
Drama
(seep. 59). A
in the
now
by
the
These
lines
33).
for
to
two
of
This
have
verse
Saint
and
aiaderna
fourteen
is
the
the
same
of
mediaeval
tion.
versifica-
system
a
divided
syllables,
of
into
rhyme (see
extremely artificial
pleasedthe popular taste, as
centuries.
Drawn
Lives
and
via,
the
interesting
are
language
the
are
Holy Kings.
religiouspoems
of
the
Mary
property of
common
the
libraryof
authors,like their
name.
Three
lines,all ending with
four
but it seems
use
first appears
consistingof
extract, p.
in
Kings, a miracle-play
Romanorum
as
showing the development
chiefly
In
;
whole, preferencemay
of which
to
the Adoration
Egyptian,and
general
disputedone
a
of ApolloniusKing of Tyre, the Life of
Book
the
the
century,
Escurial,contains
date
ages, and
earlyhistoryof
the thirteenth
manuscript of
the
tJie Magian
in the middle
sides
two
the
under
of
body
a
the
to
(clerkly
poems),is
Mystery of
common
bearing on
its
clue
a
pious compositions,known
de derecia
with
poem
a
of
question of priority
is,however, unimportant. On
be
of
it continues
so
character.
of poemas
name
deeds,
thus
religious
verse,
begins appropriatelywith
and
stiff,
it continued
i6
SPANISH
The
Saint
Life of
slightlyabove
become
The
saint
a
saintlylife of
the
Mary
prosaic
the
compositions.
LITERATURE
thus
sinner
mi
Creyo "bien en
Que Dios fu6
who
the
addresses
her patroness with her
^
own
:
"
nas(;en9ia,
.
.
Mas
mucho
Tu
i yo
non
tenemos
earliest
the
is
most
in the
different
entirely
Passingby
which
character
the earlier literature of
the
to
de
Gonzalo
A
thirteenth century.
Calahorra, he
the
to
as
"
O
"
Firmly I hold
Virgin Queen,
to
"
removed
ore
our
ways."
mc
"
whole
;
"
name
I
am
we
Hin"
"
this
share
lx)th
thou
and
thou
art
Mary
matter, in
Millan,
voluminous
via
Our
to
thy birth
thy Son thou
took
the
part,
shouidst
ccrt.iin it is I should
"
and
Mary
relate
Lady,
in
l"oon,
to
come
of San
his
of
if to
Soul
first half of the
cuaderna
Himself
thy sake,
an
know.
of
Miracles
that God
ask
shouidst
"
from
Ixilicf
I l"flicvc iliat for
if thou
for mc,
pray
obtain
pardon. One
the
and
we
during the
the
saints,the
my
form
date
to religious
subjects,
using the
writings
*
gives
and
Body
clerk of the monastery
devoted
the lives of several
rhyme, however,
(seep. 44).
and
name
the
constitute
later,and
verses
flourished
Berceo
have
European countries,we
most
the firstCastilian poet whose
near
used
was
Disputationbetween
the
via.
; the system of
be paralleled,
both
easily
may
buna
amas
lines,which
eight-syllable
which
that
unlike
;
Maria,
popularSpanish metre
wholly
ml
luenye de
Mystery of the Magian Kings, we
of the
examples
.
tf
e
yo
tu
eres
Maria
Mas
Here, and
havemos
nombre
to
Virgin,contrastingthe
Virgo, reina, creyo per ti
Que si al tu fijorogares por mi,
Si tu pidesaqueste don,
Bien sse que haure perdon.
Un
afterwards
was
creyencia
tu
en
rises
general throughout these
tone
repentant
sometimes
Egyptian
I,
"
"
but
but
thou
art
far
widely different
like character.
a
de clerecia
mester
He
LITERATURE
s Lament,
Virgin!
the Mass, the
of
Sacrifice
of
SPANISH
OF
BEGINNING
first who
is the
a
verse),
(clerkly
other
and
makes
works
of
use
artificialand
more
with the free and
styleof writingas compared
17
the
correct
barbarous
mester
verse)of earlier times and popular use ;
yoglaria(minstrel's
to distinguish
Berceo speaksof his writings
as dictados (poems),
de
them
worthy of
minstrel's
the
from
the
of poetry ; it is
name
and, if here and there he
prose,
for
more
the earliest
poems
must
Spanish prose
a
to
is
verse
not
generallysimplyrhymed
rises
moment
be mentioned
and
his
into his usual
higherlevel,he quicklyfallsback
Three
but
(lays),
cantares
the
to
slightly
a
tameness.
before
of
great works
to
come
we
Alfonso
in pointof time to the founder of
Though posterior
Castilian prose, they do not share in the vast improvements in
Wise
with the
that originated
method
or
styleand literary
the practical
rather
Learned
King, who lacked so entirely
el Sabio.
"
"
"
"
known
wisdom
to
his countrymen
as
gramdtica parda (gray
grammar).
Juan Lorenzo
of a
glorification
Segura
personage
so
as
Middle
of the
Ages to
the
in time
Alexander
hero, however, though he bears this
many
poeticaltalents
far removed
his native land
himself and
from
his
devoted
famous
to
and
place
the Great.
name,
the
and
His
forms
per-
popularlyascribed in the
impossibleexploits
Macedonian
conqueror, isnot onlya Spaniard,
Spanishpaladinof the periodin which the author wrote.
In so far as Segura departsfrom genuine history,
and from the
is
tradition of the writers of the French fabliaux,his work
but
a
Alexander
interesting.
hears mass,
and
Libro de
The
visitsthe
the
not
unworthy of
depths of
Biblical
when
he
ocean.
tilian,
Cas-
with Arabic
and interspersed
characters,
expressions.This version of the story of Joseph,
from the
of Jacob, differs in important particulars
narrative.
Its interest is chieflyantiquarianand
and
son
the
attention
lusuf is an earlyspecimen of aljamia,or
written in Arabic
words
is
c
SPANISH
LITERATURE
ascribed
philological.Though
critics
some
that it is written
date, the circumstance
later
by
to
legendsconcerningthe
beautiful
Castile,the
and
tameness
it belongs
; but in
foundation
spiteof this,and
of the
of its
monotony
Castile,
of
count
the earliest version
the fact that it contains
spiteof
famous
in form
subjectand
in
is national both
in
Gonzalez, the
of Fernan-
Poem
via
in cuaderna
(seep. 15)forms of itself a strong presumption that
to a comparatively
earlyage.
The
much
a
of
some
kingdom
of
stylegreatlylessen
its interest.
the attention of the
worth
their formal
which
furnish
time
attention
and
relief that
to
also
first
win
to
uncle
the rude
the
life around
Juan
Conqueror, he
him, his life was
time
by
a
his
long series
had
claimed
and
was
actuallyelected,though
the
possessing
Alfonso
As
to
tastes
scholarly
at
annulled,found
compared
above
authors
succeeded
who
who
names,
is
Alfonso
society,
of
Manuel.
monarch
one
minor
intellectual matters, and
Don
Unfitted
Castile in 1252.
feelingof
a
giant as
Spanish
its
that
gleeman who wrote the Poema del Cid.
of Spanish prose two
names
are
specially
the Infante
Fernando
A
belong to royal persons.
Both
to
importance.
to
was
devote
to
is with
several
place among
a
later date
state
below
down
strugglethat
in the
a
for
great nation,
a
passing over
civilised
more
a
the formation
connected.
San
of real
contemporariesin
occupied by
was
hurries on,
one
the virtues of
With
poetry of
pulse of
pursuits. It
literary
to
the first author
with his
the
for the
theme
a
hardly
it not
were
deep
feeling
of the
deeply engaged
stilltoo
was
throb
the
surface
of
be
abound, and for the
of them
some
there afforded
and
opportunityhere
of literature
student
in which
quaint details
the
would
prosaicpoems
series of diffuse and
This
himself,towards
of beingforced
position
humiliating
el Sabio
eldest
the throne
for the
of misfortunes.
the titleof
his election
the end
to
of
son
of
stirring
The
Emperor,
was
of his
i)lcdgchis
wards
after-
life,in
crown.
BEGINNING
of his turbulent
violence
LITERATURE
the Moslem
king of
legalworks
him
who
Andalucia
is another
the
be
It became
World, where
New
found.
the
Alfonso,
his
on
increased
been
by
the
conquered by
his
settlers
of the
government
work
of laws
treatises
broad
The
and
tyrants is
which
and
liberal views
of
nature
Siete Partidas
siderably
subjectscon-
rights
ously
spontane-
up
reduce
to
scheme
these
for the
in his great
not
are
to
land
the
a
lection
col-
mere
rather
political
philosophy,giving proof
rare
in
even
also
a
of
the
are
tone
of
enlightenedage.
more
the
the
discuss such
rightof drivingout
quaint passages
and
details of
in
provinceof
privatelife as
a
the
princesses.
with the firstreally
great
largebody of verse,
spurious. The Tesoro, a very
a
inherent
the
sprung
his
still
may
customary
attempted
writer,departingfrom
duties of the governesses
Connected
Spaniards
possessionof
justiceis discussed,and
condescends
jurist,
is
He
recognised. Many
the
the
expressed in technical language; they are
moral
on
took
parts.
for all subsequent
warlike
had
or
greatest
seven
is seen
newly-acquiredterritory
The
legislation.
on
His
by
and
privileges
subjects
districts of
the
of its influence
uniformity,and
to
his
of
accession, found
who
father.
elements
conflicting
carried
was
formallygranted to,
among,
promulgated
Moors.
restless and
local
code
groundwork
traces
of governing his
difficulty
that had
tion
transla-
its division into
code, called,from
in Spain,and
legislation
to
the
from
ledge
of know-
part in the
settle in
to
of his
of his
of those
government
back
recentlywon
Siete Partidas.
Las
took
he
streaming southward
were
work
for the
The
son.
own
in advance
was
Fuerojuzgo (Forum Judicum),the
Fernando
San
his accession
before
of the
againstthe
Fez
consists
posterity
to
in each
understood, and
Even
age.
19
excelled, however, in every branch
; he
then
as
his
subjectsled by
important legacyleft by
most
by
SPANISH
protectionof
seek the
and
OF
some
name
of which
obscure
ture
Spanish litera-
in
is
treatise
undoubtedly
on
the
trans-
SPANISH
metals, part of which
of
mutation
unlikelythat
the
the Alchemists
written
of
authenticity
is
works
and
the
of
be
to
in the
used
of which
who
the author
his
to
came
related, and
the
the
them
among
and
cloister,
return, repentant and
for
passed unnoticed, for
pity on
one
who
her
absence.
A
patheticinterest
has
authenticity
tone, and
we
may
been
well have
judge by
may
misfortunes.
The
the
and
Querellas^
attaches
mayor^
a
metrical
form
as
which
the
of
was
the
nun,
duties
has
the
serve
example
as
their
noble
in
king himself,if
they describe
which
may
known
simple and
by
her
during
Alfonso, but
are
at
her
on
finds that her
the poems
Don
written
an
here
special devotee,
to
They
feelingwith
also
most
Virgin herself,taking
her
followingpassage
of the
use:
been
metres,
vicious life ;
a
fulfilled her
doubted.
dred
four hun-
legends are
one
the
Querellas(Complaints)of King
the
as
of the
this time
a
versos
his
specimen
de
coming
arte
into
"
*
*
been
and
appearance
be
Provengal poets
punishment, she
has
assumed
they would
the
from
hymns
strong temptation,escaped
absence
ever
his
ordered
varietyof
time led
some
fearful of
had
Castilian,here made
beautiful
who, under
his
wrote
comprisesabout
a
de
reallysatisfactory
no
well-known
Many
court.
of their
Loores
Cdntigas e
Alfonso, who
of merit, in
himself
have
Murcia, where
of
probablylearned
portress of her convent,
from
spoke severelyof
(seep, 75),and
collection
high order
a
fact that
Cathedral
The
scarcelyintelligible.
of
lyrics
of
of his poetry in
some
of the Galician dialect
use
book
the
doubtedly
un-
Wise, but it is
the
the methods
upon
scarcelydisputed,but
explanationis given
prose
Alfonso
in prose,
should
engannadores (cheats)
studies,and
Senora
Niiestra
is written
in the Partidas
who
king
as
their
The
art.
period of
the
belongs to
pursued
LITERATURE
"
To
tf Diego Perez Sarmicnto, leal
Cormano
i amigo i firme vasallo,
A
thee Diego Peres Sarmicnto
the
loyal
"
brother
and
friend and
vassal
22
SPANISH
LITERATURE
than
interesting
the Estoria
de
with
does
its facts
Christianity,
of which
sources
author.
often
and
quaintlypathetic,
which
misfortune
A
idea of it may
good
inspiredbeautiful
earlier still had
St. Isidor
and
of the Peninsula
1
Pues
esta
con
cinco
gase
e
Guadiana
tierras :
e
la tierra
Otrosi
y
es
rosa
que
dellos
uno
followingis
The
en
de
cada
las
e
se
muchas
riegacon
an
de
que
se
de
:
ca
ri^-
"^ por la bondad
:
i de
^
son
frutas,valiosa
facen, ^
de
de
abondados.
fuentes ; i
E
menester.
clla
Dios
Tajo i Guadalquevir
grandes montarias 6
frutas
arroyos
los ban
delectosa
cosas
si " el otro
grandes (5anchos
son
logar que
mieses
i
ed Ebro
tiene entre
de
el parayso
como
es
Duero
son
parte
mayor
tal
rios llevan
los
de
k de todas
leche
de
cada
el humor
abondada
bien
deximos
que
rios cabdales
pozos
of
writings
"
los valles ^ los llanos
le menguan
subjectthat
a
in the
passages
the
:
Espailala
en
chapter called
Espanna\
Makkari.
El
King'scharacter.
poeticalyet scarcelyexaggerated description
Espana
e
:
Arab
the
this
from
extract
tiene
que
its
was
melancholy
of the
the
gained from
be
than
simple and dignified,
part of the Wise
a
Spain {Los bienes
Praises of
is
other
from
and
judge
to
bearing traces
made
had
able
these works
both
styleof
The
better
are
the firstpreachingof
the Bible
from
drawn
are
we
ending with
and
Creation
the
it
Espanna, for, beginning as
nunca
otrosi
Espafia
pescados,sab-
llena dc
venados
"
ganados, lo^anade cavallos,provcchosa de mulos k.de
mulas, e segura i.abastecida de castiellos,alcgrc por buenos vinos, folgada
de plomo ^ de estaRo, e de argen
de pan, rica de metales
de abondamiento
de piedraspreciosas,
"5de platao de oro
vivo ^ de fierro i dc arambre
c
de
caza,
cubierta de
Spain of which wo spake is like unto the paradiseof
and
these
Duero
are
rivers, and
:
by five full-flowing
hath
lictwixt
it
and
each
Guadiana
and
and
:
and
Ebro
Guadalquevir
Tajo
the
and
lands
and
the
and
:
and
plains
its ncighlxjur
valleys
mighty mountains
of the soil and
the moisture
of
the
broad
and
and
:
re.xson
goodness
Ijy
are
great
Moreover
fmitful.
of
food and
are
of the rivers they bring fortli much
and
wells
fountains
brooks
and
watered
is
:
are
the
by
greater part
Spain
And
moreover
Spain
never
kicking in every place that hath need of them.
in
of corn,
in delicious
fruits,
abounds
in crops
preciousfishes, in sweet milk,
*
"
and
Now
this land
all such
flocks
cover
secure
and
with
of
for it is watered
God
tilingsas
the
well
abundance
iron, in
brass
are
earth, and
made
the
from
it ; the
statelyhorses.
deer
The
wide, the
mules,
good wines, satisfied
rouin
land
far
and
is rich
in
strong places, joyfulwith
and
of bread, rich in metals, in lead, in tin, in quicksilver
in all kinds
and
and
silver, in gold and
precious stones
furnishc-d with
in
of
BEGINNING
e
de
toda
de
tierra,e
fallan
sal
en
i de azucar,
miel
de
e
penas
tierras.
otras
en
piedra marmol,
de
manera
de
e
otros
de
Briosa
alumbrada
LITERATURE
SPANISH
OF
.
de
cuanto
alumbrada
de cera,
de
de
e
mar,
.
.
salinas de
de quantos
muchos
veneres
sirgo,e
de
sales
23
falla de
se
se
dulzor
de
olio,alegrede azafran.
esforzada
6 Espaiiasobre todas las cosas es engeiiosae aun temida e mucho
en
lid,ligeraen afan, leal al Senor, afirmada en el estudio,palanciana en
quel semeje
palabra,complida en todo bien : e non ha tierra en el mundo
en
bondad, nin se yguala ninguna a ella en fortaleza,e pocas ha en el
ella E sobre todas Espaiiaes abondada
mundo
tan
en
grandes como
granha ninguno
deza ; mas
que todas preciada por lealtad ; O Espaiia! non
bien.
tu
que pueda contar
latter part
the
During
became
authors
into
roughly
more
classes
fables.
collections
of
from
examples
the
the
Among
counted
These
the
Logic, and
of
Injunctions)
Sabio, is
the
book
a
To
Women)
and
Eastern
marble,
other
veins
of
be
must
treatise
Wise, a
the
on
and
sea
metal
.
.
Bravo, the
writers,and
"
salt from
nay
as
chieflyfrom
the fables
"
of the
some
the
Deceits
Tricks
and
are
found
under
in
e
of
from
directly
the odd
earth, salt in mountains
as
Latin
belong Engannos
fables translated
many
el
of Alfonso
son
the collection known
as
{y^2t.xmngs
learningdrawn
Dimna,
e
well
as
.
the
Mogieres (The
las
Calila
in salt of the
class
of the former
el
considerable
the latter class
sources,
seen
cuatrivio.Music, Astronomy,
Sancho
Don
of
Assayamientos de
will be
Castigos
y Documentos
Bible,the early Christian
classics.
treatises and
moral
or
be divided
may
below, frequently overlap.
Alfonso
and Metaphysics.The
Physics,
and
works
prose
learning,comprising the trivio.Grammar,
of
Rhetoric, and
of
century
as
categories,
two
mentioned
Setenario
branches
seven
didactic
:
importantbooks
most
the
Their
numerous.
two
thirteenth
the
of
other
and
many
lands.
Her
silk is her
of honey and
of sugar
pride, and sweetest
gives her light
; her wax
and
her oil gives her light,
and
the saffron
heart.
her
And
gladdens
Spain,
than
other
is
and
more
lands,
feared, and very mighty in battle,
cunning, yea
of
light-hearted in toil, loyal to her Lord, grounded in learning,courteous
speech and filled with all good things : and there is no land in all the world
like unto
her in goodness, none
that is her equal in valour
and
few of all the
world
more
so
than
great
as
she.
all others
thy praises?"
And
is she
more
leal and
than
true.
all others
O
is she
Spain, who
great and
is there
powerful,
that
can
tell
SPANISH
24
of Libra
name
The
contributed
classes.
of his time
a
time
to
as
number
a
compose
as
Lucanor, Libro
it is
from
of
good example
Storyof
the
%vhat
great Magician who
by
Toledo
to
the
time
wishes
While
dean
the
two
magician
dean
is elected
for
a
fresh honours
occasion
are
of each
be allowed
meets
with
when
his
promise he
to
a
magician
first ordered
relation
refuses the request
is attracted
art, and
Illdn.
Don
of his
The
two
showered
promotion
rcbufl".
takes
him
be
to
supper
his
to
enter
a
of
to
is
at the
he
ground
under-
prepared.
and
inform
few
days later,
The
own,
but
the
set out
now
the
upon
Don
magician
the
Illdn
to
ventures
Santiago,where
dean.
former
renews
to
On
the
his demand
to
Each
as
time
Pope,
remind
proceed againsthim
the
archbishop
new
for
begs
now
pupil's
good fortune.
Finallythe dean becomes
instructor
threatens
He
the instruction
share in his
former
dean
explainshis errand, making
his stead.
in
Illdn
the
archbishop is dead, and, presently,
that the
comes
Don
certain
A
uncle, the archbishop,is ill;
news
deanery
is the
discussing,
messengers
are
that his
of the work
the
and
the
character
of
study, having
from
Ages.
Toledo.
at
taken
the Middle
black
The
of
consisting
legendsof
promises of gratitudefor
many
de Patronio
derived
or
the
fame
receive.
to
dwelt
works, the
with
of Satitiago
Dean
a
Libra
gives
he
Oriental,some
learn
hospitablyentertained
same
and
leader,he
of his
of fables
character
styleand
the
happened to
Santiago wishes
book
a
Don
political
of which
books,
best known
is
in
local
traditions
stock of
ambitious
Enxemplos, or
This
Infante
part in the
varying length,some
of
others
.^sop,
common
A
de los
of the
Most
above-mentioned
two
and
of
the
to
variouslycalled.
stories
fifty-one
of the
turbulent
a
list in the introduction
Conde
writer,the
considerable
playing a
Though
troubles
both
to
Cats).
authors.
unknown
by
are
of the
(Book
great Spanish prose
second
Juan Manuel,
found
de los Gatos
of this class
books
LITERATURE
him
a
of
he
and
liis
heretic and
BEGINNING
SPANISH
OF
enchanter, and dismisses
him
him
for his
the money
food, he
needs
must
has
had
enchanted
^
Al
be
told
by
Patronio
Lucanor, his patron,
with
regard to
having alreadyon
the
who
Manuel
^
Este
deseando
que
"
advice
has
los homes
him
fullythe
out
en
et
allegadosa la carrera
pudiesen salvar
porque
el los enxemplos mas
aprovechososque el sopo de
los homes
puedan facer esto que dicho es.
porque
a
cualquiercosa que acaezca
cualquierhome, non
He
"
exalted
-
Don
to
composed
the
desire
profitable to
he
placed
happened,
will be
don
estados,et fuesen
las animas.
cosas
Et
Manuel,
les fuesen
que
Et
que
puso
fallare
en
en
acaescieron,
maravilla
sera
gratitude for great benefits,will show
no
was
in
closelyfollow
more
have
book
Manuel,
be
shows
"
infante
las
he
este
si de
libro
su
stillless when
great honours."
This
' '
might
And
who
which
:
et de sus
mas
point of
moral,
distinctly
tales obras
de las faciendas
aid, after
purpose
noble
muy
mundo
este
his
false in
stories is
all the
Johan, fijodel
feciesen
Count
his conduct
to
as
besought
played
carries
aprovichamientode las honras
^
remain
to
quaintcouplet
preface in the followingwords
fizo don
libro
asked
occasion
one
and
in his
ingratitude,
to
consejero(councillor)
has
tendency of
expresses
an
collection, is supposed
of the
rest
gratitude. The
Juan
in the
neighbour who
a
Don
for his
asking him
even
himself
ayudares,et noti te lo gradesciere,
ayuda habrds, desquea grant honra subiere.
story, like all the
This
been
mucho
que
Menos
to
without
him
find
to
up
illusions of
the
punish him
to
is contained
moral
The
sup.
merely
him
ordered
was
wakes
now
Ulan
give
not
magic, having
are
In order
dream.
Illan dismisses
Don
in
his honours
All
dean
Don
which
supper
The
began.
will
giving
even
Toledo.
to
Holiness
the
to
lesson
practical
a
bewitched.
to
return
the instruction
when
return
His
25
without
Rome
from
by declaringthat,as
retorts
he
necessary
LITERATURE
strange
such
in it the
so
that
should
their
that
men
any
Don
as
Johan
should
reputations
courses
most
by
men
should
do
and
son
in
of
affairs and
enable
befall any
person
prince
very noble
such
deeds
as
estates,
them
profitableexamples that
do as has
already
may
matter
the
this world
to
he
of
knew
been
of
save
set
such
a
and
might
their
souls.
things that
forth.
And
kind
that
it
he
SPANISH
26
acaescio
semejanza que
fallaren
su
no
la
pongan
entendimiento
Pero
Dios
diria
^
a
fizo para
Et
los
daqui
Lucanor
de
in
quaint
and
similar direction.
Songs, which
which
the
a
development
his
successors
did
stylewhich
lends
that
so
the
loftier
the
to
bold
nor
is
a
and
what
very
clear
of
instruction
he
us
Juan
in
himself
had
in
fame
a
Book
a
and
composed
Peiiafiel,
of
Manuel
more
are
in
distinct progress
a
it is to be
regrettedthat
lucid
and
even
quaintlypicturesquebooks
ideals cherished
and
aspirations
turbulent
times
had
he
wise.
may
in
said
read
be
in his
found
view, but
of
such
to
which
among
by
their
made
then".
of the Count
of
God
for
Lucanor
and
of
be
wit, for that
people as
unlearned
begins
who
the
Patronio,
he
.
it
very
Romance,*
would
not
prologue of the
and
the
prologue
begins thus."
"
The
text
appears
lo
Ix: wrong
here.
Either
d
or
the
preceding se
be omitted.
'
Spanish
is
frequentlycalled
Romance
by
.
made
did
not
were
in
.
given,
he
that
all his Ixjoks
the
henceforth
blame
knows
such
he made
them
And
another.
to
let the
But
to
profitable
for this cause
he
happened
books
his want
matters.
be
might
And
sign that
Examples
like it that
something
speak
(otherwise)Ik- al)le to
Book
conde
Squire,relating
the
closelythe
these
to
the
book
he
purpose
purposing that
learned
which
this
defects that
meddle
to
charm
a
the
monastery
of Don
more
copy
los
cast.
was
in
for the
not
of
spirits
author's lot
not
the
language,and
illustrate the
well
find
of the
del
is the loss of
: they mark
curiosity
literary
mere
the
cannot
works
The
Et
leerlos.
para
aspirantto
tells
in
works
quel
Juan Manuel
Don
of
an
himself
author
he founded.
than
to
arms,
fuesen
hermit, who
a
cosas.
lo
senal cierto que
es
Enxemplos
of
Especiallyunfortunate
his other
with
works
given by
graces
de
asi.
t/ie Knight and
professionof
the
laid up
of
los
de
sabidores.
muy
non
straightforwardlanguage
and
knightlyvirtues
followed
grand saber, que
muy
purely didactic
cite the Book
nin
; et esto
romance
en
el
the
may
And
non
muy
tales
en
aprovechasen
se
que
libros
sus
en
la mengua
fablar
et
letrados
prologo del Libro de
Patronio, et el prologo comienza
Among
of
libros
sus
de
legoset
we
intencion
que
ponganla a
entremeter
se
a
fiiesen
non
los
comienza
et
entencion, mas
su
atrevio
se
las menguas
por
.
.
lo fizo por
que
fizo todos
.
culpa a
las gentes que
ende
por
Et
otro.
a
porque
sabe
LITERATURE
the older writers.
must
BEGINNING
best
Juan Ruiz,
born
Hita, was
SPANISH
OF
known
about
us
which
about
relates with
in the
convents
that he
their
for
was
curiouslyminute
of the time ;
author
the
unknown
As
of the
account
known
receives
from
from
Santa
has
the
her
been
lording it
comes
Don
fightthe
wild
himself
eight hundred
Lady Lent,
and
spring the Archpriest
Ayuno
(SirFasting)letters
wide.
forth
battle with
shields
boar,the stag, and
send
him
who
(SirCarnival),
far and
their
cooking-pots,
he
the
Carnal
to
fluency
unsurpassed,and
(SaintLent) bidding
Don
; the
spiritedallegorical
Carnival
In
a
manners
and
which, as
rabbit,bacon, beef,and
partridge,
copper
side
ot
to
name
challengeand
capon,
Sir
early French.
Quaresma
challengein
year
between
hand
is
with the
up
as
and
imagination,
About
sources.
spiteof
valuable
the
wellknow
we
In
freedom
a
more
merit
literary
of
fables
many
taken
are
the
into
very
he
story-teller
a
Latin
Battle
in
him
Toledo.
fund
via with
the
from
lines of the cantares
are
cuaderna
elsewhere.
admits, he drew
His
and
superiors,
distinct
inexhaustible
an
heavy
place.
brought
writings are
they have, moreover,
of all
the
profanity,
highly-coloured
pictureof
gives fresh point to
well
his native
have
of
verse
shepherd-folkand
the
imprisoned in
his
and
possesses
handles
time
some
he tells
Archpriest
it the
In
for
frankness,coupled only
among
to
blemishes
many
that which
work
original
literature.
neighbourhoodof
mere
Castile
of
grossest indecencyand
seems
a
was
kings
most
trouble with his ecclesiastical
deserved
he
the
irregularlife
than
the
the
his love-adventures
historyof
time
that
and
greatest vivacity
the
with
frequently
too
lines,and
periodof Spanish
the earlier
Archpriestof
Cantares,a collection of
de
Libro
thousand
seven
title of
littleof his life except
or
27
thirteenth century in the
at
occasionallyby
to
in his poems
of the
the end
know
We
hunting.
the
under
neighbourhood of Madrid,
villageresorted
LITERATURE
are
the
Carnal
Don
a
noble
saucepans
hare.
array
; on
This
a
accepts
Their
hams.
for
a
of
arms
their
goodly
28
SPANISH
after
company,
the
tunny,
accompanied by champions
sardine, and
Sir
and
Bacon,
a
he
recovers
his
and
disappears,
is
the rebellion
out
Palm
his
Eve.
harsh
The
Don
Amor
book
The
their
on
of
of
he escapes
from
from
he
from
master
has
made
the
love.
his
Throughout
a
moral
one,
and
here
and
deep
good, his
devotional
of
way
for,as Menendez
hymns,
Pelayo
y
this ulterior purpose
in Provenral
or
says, he
a
Vaqueiras}
We
are
sometimes
Alms, that
Sont:;for asl'irtg
condition
of
'
For
a
Spanishuniversities
specimen
of this kind
of
of
whom
to
questionable
of
edifying
great
beauty
his intentions
were
extraordinary,
more
strani.
He
is
common
lyricpieces,
him
Student's
Trota-
concealed
effectually
most
short
to
of
that his purpose
of
consequently called
indebted
the
Carnal
introduces
he
poetry, that describe the charms
are
Don
nun
degliversi
sotio il velame
milkmaids, and
describes
than
is the
out
the firstwriter in Castilian of the
breaks
the conversion
by
feeling. If,however,
carryingthem
Lady
Amor, and
death
the
more
there
and
and
religiousdisquisitions
and
Cuaresma
maintains
writingsthe vagabond prieststoutly
is
and
captivity.
of his ways
error
penitence
Breakfast
Conventos,the Archpriest's
go-between,and
her
As
church
subjectsto
with
ends
Cantares
Carnal
in evil case,
Carnal's
Don
their
is
repentance.
latter part of the poem
return
Don
and
rule of Dona
triumphant receptiongiven by
and
himself
powerfulally,Don
a
desperate
a
hanging.
state
a
the
as
allies.
Lady Sausage
partisans,Sir
joinedby
now
After
he lies wounded
Sunday
againstthe
Easter
on
his
fate of
to
such
defeated,he
are
strength,however,
with
He
harder
brings him
on
communicates
Lunch.
Carnal
prison,where
who
confessor
by
the
meet
is visited in the
lobster.
imprisoned,whilst
be
to
red
the
of Don
strugglethe troops
condemned
banquet,is surprisedat midnight
sumptuous
a
Cuaresma
Dona
by
LITERATURE
for
servos
in the Middle
composition, see
shepherd-girls
Scrranillas
a
to
very
or
curious
illustrate the
Ages.
extract,
p. 74.
For
work
Rodrigo Yanez,
who
which
of Salado
reign which
the
the
for
-
of
describes.
poem
rhyming
in 1573
by
be
the
first to
of
purpose
Internal
its author
at
was
the great battle
the poem
and
is the
first
Yanez
of the
to
use
epic narrative;
line
alternate
every
side
point of
the central
eight syllablelines
system
Alfonso's
foughtby
forms
at
conclusivelythat
shows
evidence, however,
supposed
and
be found
to
victories it celebrates.
whose
champion
the
of
Mendoza, and
de
Hurtado
is
discovered
of Alfonso XL,
of the Poem
in passages
Diego
early Spanish poetry
inspiredthe Foe"?i of My Cid
that
spirit
free
the
in
last time
the
martial
the
renders
his
metre
which
rises to the level
long rhymed chronicle,
of battles like the following
:
poetry only in descriptions
tedious
of
LITERATURE
SPANISH
30
in his
"
^
Los
Et
perdian tierra
moros
de la sierra
el medio
Por
sobian,
el monte
por
corrian.
de sangre
Ondas
Aquesto vio el rey moro,
Mas
quisierala su fin,
El dio
voces
Llamando
\ Benamarin
Llamando
iba
Assy
;
Espanna
piedradel
la
Cobiertos
Fasta
trueno.
del
mar
midst
of the mountains
this, rather
King saw
Itenamarin
I
shouting,
"
cran
the bold
The
"
posses
burst
were
losing ground,
upon
covered
"
streams
"
had
he
his end,
were
"
contar.
the
hill they
flowing.
"
flying
were
lie roarctl aloud
as
the
does
with
"
down
to the shores
of the
scii
"
the
Moorish
bull
a
"
Alonso
"
"
dead
in
"
When
his war-cry,
Spain I the king Don
lx)lt from
thundercloud
mountain
as
a
a
Shouting
the
que
up
of blood
seen
:
los muertos
Que siempre avria
were
:
los puertos
cran
las aguas
Atantos
Moors
!
rronpiola monlanna
Como
"The
!
Alonso, el bueno
El rrey don
'
toro
un
como
"
.
So
.
many
.
BEGINNING
Desian
Et
which
is
Death
caballero !
noble
Dios, que
buen
lidiador
i Val
Dios, que
real
bra9ero!
in France
the
equallywith paintersand
favour
in
appears
Spanish literature
of all ages
persons
This
revels.
morbid
and
found
Renaissance, and
the
of it
version
A
poets,
of the Danza
name
de
Muerte^ in which
the weirdness
and
horror
treated with great
animation, and
the
interest is sustained
la
and
graphictouches
Italian became
and
There
poetry.
of
who
note
included
belongs,however,
followed
and
national
the
chapter.
lived
courtier who
Enrique II.,and Juan
I.
the council
to
appointed
once
in
in
the
were
king
and
"
God,
*
how
The
slain
"
Lopez
is therefore
de
Ayala
during the reignsof
the
whom
the vicissitudes of
Portugalafter
noble
Pero
was
rose
that
one
knight
royallyhe
might
count
is he
smites
!
"
!
"
the
to
for
ever
God,
which
"
.
how
.
I.,
of
a
.
he
the
dignity
had
some
prisonerof
and
Aljubarrota,
Najera,in
Great
Pedro
member
a
life,
being twice
a
was
kingdom during
he
the battle of
writer
period one
and
traditions,
administer
after the battle of
England
by
of Castilian
his lofty
positionhe
Notwithstanding
experienceof
war,
this
to
Subsequentlyhe
minorityof Enrique III.,under
of Chancellor.
subjectare
cal
century the influence of Proven-
strong, to the great detriment
in the present
nobleman
of the
verse.
of the fourteenth
the end
At
fluent
a
Macabre^ in
Dance
grotesque
with
under
created
Ages
gruesome
the
to
periodthat preceded
of the
the
as
societyto join his
thoroughly suited
subject was
!
Middle
the
representedas callingupon
all classes of
31
!
sennor
i Val
known
fantastic allegory,
taste
buen
; j que
i que
LITERATURE
popular imagination of
The
and
SPANISH
OF
once
fought on
They said, How
mighty in battle
good
!
"
a
Great
*
above extract
is composed of stanzas
1691, 1715, 1776,1771 of the poem.
They
selected for the purpose
of illustration,together with
others, by the late Don
Francisco Sanchez de Castro, Professor of Literature at Madrid.
of
I have altered some
the lines to the better readings of the edition of the Autores
EspaHoUs.
were
SPANISH
side
the
de
Enrique
of
LITERATURE
Trastamara.
chronicler,the historyof his
colouringthan
Italian
which
books,
is best
he
Palacio,a
the
well
as
of about
is written
mayor
is also
which
it is
in
comes
commandments,
then
Works.
four
now
poem
with elaborate
estrofade
and
the Seven
by chapters of
for
Nine
Matters
by which
Prayers, hymns
often
"
of
the
of the King
considerable
of
and
of
find the Fechos
the Government
the Potuer
ten
the
justice,
merchants, lawyers,and
on
of
(Affairs
Men, Admonitions
the
tone, and
and
war
we
Palace)followed
arte
Spiritual.
secular
more
tax-gatherers
; after a long prayer
the
of
with
songs
Sins
Mortal
of the state, of
amusing satires
and
body
explanationof
Seven
a
by
eight syllables.After
and
assumes
the administration
speaks of
hymns
The
the
the Five Senses and
of Mercy,
The
lines.
The
the
the work
Palacio,or Libro de
but
in lines of
follows
But
via,
version
a
de
thousand
cuaderna
interspersedare
Works
Riinado
used.
occasionally
the introduction
Seven
is the
detail and
more
parts of Livy.
some
known
poem
poem
as
official
as
predecessors(seep. 35); he
Fall of Princes,and other
Boccaccio's
translated,moreover,
wrote,
times,with
own
usual with his
was
He
del Palacio
Advice
ah
to
Republic,and
be
may
recognised.
and
beauty
"
the
moral
lessons,supported by examples taken from the Bible,form the
second
as
and
largerhalf
study of
a
the time of the
Chronicles
curious
a
form
vein
palacesand
*
"A
of
of
courts
Grant
A
*
the
chiefly
interesting
the country by a native,at
which Ayala's
and Froissart's
fervour
religious
satire.
He
speaksthus
viila
terrcnalcs
Rfcat part of my life I
lord" of the earth ;
diligencethe
for
is
principalauthorities.
tiempo dc mi
sennoics
of
state
events
stirring
mixture
strong
social
the
book, which
of the
"
who
worldlywisdom
had
of them
seen
this
runs
much
so
in his old age
of
:
"
mal despendicndo,
pas"5
grant
con
badly
now
and
Throughout
cura
spent and
do I sue and
syrvicndu,
wasted,
"
am
come
scrvinp with
to
the
all
under-
Agora
lo
ya
quien
Que
Las
Quanto
Los
en
el
Si
mill
Disen
Si
ellos
por
Disen
Si
a
mundo
Fallo
Fallo
porteros
todo
Que
llego
Sy
a
that
standing
endured,
the
they
"
labours
of
the
to
If
for
a
"
I
say
have
If
for
is
self-sought.
their
I
broken
return,
I
say
I
suffer
If
I
even
and
as
colder
it
find,
:
I,
who
If
are
I
come
"
"
'Tis
I
born
to
in
an
loss.
heavier
the
Who
find
soul,
the
day
one
I
say
am
visit
affairs
gate,
unhappy
me,
who
would
palace.
have
cry
'
out,
hour,"
all
my
New
.
Who
is
berlains
cham-
the
palace
there?'
'
"
."
,
wards,
after-
influence
"
"
they
undoing
my
when,
changed,
the
in
and
"
have
position
my
"
"
house,
my
die,
hands.
their
fool
a
estate
to
come
at
be
must
and
goods
"
and
to
that
labour
chastisement
they
"
and
"
to
the
y
have
serve,
and
I
is
snow
unknown
will
permission
hap,
may
than
"
:
?
nas^y.
to
I
care,
them
dia
damnation
treatment
and
of
sy
esta
suffering
the
years
grief
ask
por
"
and
"
vando,
conos9i.
Quien
"
harsh
cuando,
ando.
tener
this
All
?
thousand
nin
mi
mal
in
peresco.
demando,
nunca
i
meresco.
padesco
palacio
en
que
more
kings
body
deserved
sake
up,
themselves
Sirs,"
who
courts
danger
stake.
at
ever
he
"
imagine
can
disen
yo,
les
como
quieren
puerta
digo,
se
que
palacio
la
fallesco,
culpa
les
su
nueuos,
el
Sennores
en
pasar,
aventurar.
trastornado
nieve
que
mi
nin
?
pensar
condenar,
penas
por
rebuelto,
frio
mas
de
dia
un
lijen^ia
tornada,
ha
cuydados
e
casa
la
podra
lo
e
nesjio
mi
a
yr
por
cuytas
como
Despues
e
las
alma
siempre
males
en
que
el
syrvo
muchos
que
omne
i
perdiendo.
yra
quien
el
algo
las
annos
mas
l
reyes
cuerpo
33
entendiendo,
vo
trabajo
el
e
LITERATURE
trabaja
los
^
bienes
lo
mds
y
mal
Perigros
i
veo
de
cortes
E
SPANISH
OF
BEGINNING
Good
to
CHAPTER
CHRONICLES
In
the
reading
of
of
did."
These
they
carefully brought
thereby
In
before
ones
period
has
that
the
chronicler
true
aspect
the
office
Isabel,
38),
two
without
in
of
account
eye-witness.
but
the
a
which
years
by
break
down
before
the
Even
the
stirring
an
the
to
of
Pulgar
taking
of
of
events
this
falsified
the
class
unsophisticated
of
of
age
succeed
abruptly
himself
he
writings
the
"
one
and
Fernando
regularly
;
exercised
secretary,
Granada,
which
The
Sage.
These
(the
were
conduct
regularly
reign
later, chroniclers
merits
in
time,
kings.
del
for
undutiful
the
two
untrustworthy,
unfortunate
Alfonso's
successive
Hernando
slender
possible only
after
was,
the
of
the
this
necessity,
palliate
to
sons
of
or
of
moreover,
probably
is
us
his
after
of
account,
willingly
other
appointed
persons
another
his
and
chronicler
The
model
pass
that
his
to
noble
to
and
reign
Alfonso
country
the
allowed
his
order
and
example
were
to
his
others
personal
the
element.
of
the
to
that
arms
which
social
enjoined
table,
at
of
history
the
of
down
in
the
or
written.
affairs
deeds
is
it
19)
p.
throughout
years
has, either
(see
great
good
history
come
successor
of
this
of
was
of
the
down
many
the
succeeding
by
spite
furnished,
death
of
of
CHIVALRY
listen, whilst
should
political
the
OF
Wise
chronicles,
the
are
time.
own
the
histories
"
greatly outweighs
himself
Alfonso
that
the
ROMANCES
AND
Partidas
knights
upon
III
are
see
p.
closes
was
an
appointed,
such
as
are
historiographi
''
CHRONICLES
of
the
ROMANCES
AND
seventeenth
century
CHIVALRY
OF
historians
are
35
rather
than
as
literary
chroniclers.
works
they
;
notable
and
official chronicles
of the
Few
de
The
and
the Cruel
by Lopez
Ayala,the
The
author
modelled
authorityas
second
followingpassage
fair
specimen
unworthy
not
^
E
de
beviese,e
of its great central
dia muy
otro
el cuerpo
of the best narrative
Nuestro
traxeronle
Senor,
Alvaro
styleof
of Don
Juan
Luna, affords
de
the
is
period,and
"
oyo
demando
e
by
rated
figure:
amanesciendo,
en
court
of Castilian prose.
the chronicle
XL, and describingthe death of Don
a
the
to
certain of the Romances
models
from
composed
latter has been
only to
taken
Don
Falacio, and
de
is attributed
the best ancient
the
of
reignsof
Rimado
The
events
those
on
successors,
of the
of which
of
interspersedwith
are
those of the
are
(seep. 75).
Chivalryamong
relations
his three immediate
poet, Juan de Mena
of
best
Juan II.,part
that of Don
competent
most,
improbable speeches
classical historians.
Pedro
or, at
mention
bald
generallymerely
are
feats of arms,
inflated and
deserve
misa
devotamente
muy
le diesen
que
rescibio
e
alguna
que
cosa
platode guindas,de las cuales comio muy pocas e
bevio una
de vino puro.
E despues que
fue hecho, cavalgo en
taza
esto
caballeros
le acompanaban, e
una
mula, e Diego Destuniga e muchos
que
iban los pregoneros
la justicia
Esta
es
pregonando en altas voces
:
que
manda
hacer el Rey nuestro
Seiior a este
cruel tirano y usurpador de la
real : en pena de sus
maldades
mandale
corona
degollarpor ello." E asi
lo llevaron por la cal de Francos, " por la Costanilla,hasta
Uegaron a
que
la plazadonde
estaba hecho
cadahalso
alto de madera
los
un
; e todavia
Fraylesiban juntoscon el,esforzandole que muriese con Dios ; " desque
un
"
^
'
and
'
And
drink
; and
drank
a
mule,
as
the
our
of
the
be
unmixed
did
the
lord
Hillside
scaffold of wood
And
Diego Destuniga
criers
:
'
cut.
wine.
went
commands
kingly crown
throat
up
it was
dawn
as
day so soon
and
bid
Body of Our
Lord,
him
dish
of
a
they brought
plums
he
the
cup
also
; and
King
the next
on
received
in
of
this
was
gentlemen
many
proclaiming loudly This is
'
to
be
done
upon
this
cruel
they came
; and
ever
unto
the Friars
the
the
by
bore
his side
and
on
him
and
of
was
the
the
usurper
that
Franks
raised
exhortinghim
a
pany
com-
justice that
commands
street
few
mounted
tyrant
he
but
ate
he
that
market-placewhere
walked
very
him
he
done,
and
devoutly,
something to
mass
give
which
punishment of his wickedness
thus they led him
through the
And
until
after
heard
them
of
his
and
a
lofty
to
die
LITERA
SPANISH
36
TURE
llegoal cadahalso, hizieronle descavalgar,^ desque subio encima,
tapete tendido, e
una
delante,
cruz
garavato de fierro fincado
la craz,
E
despues levantose
e
dio
alii el Maestre
la mula
al
tiempo
llevaba,e un sombrero, e
puedes recibir,"el cual lo
"
le dixo
:
recibio
con
muy
estas
en
cosas,
dan
me
a
; yo
sacaba
cordel."
una
cintilla de
; so
when
he
was
come
his eyes
again
to
gave
he
said
and
much
were
deed
wail
answered
done
that
the
Friars
thus
even
the
he
at
were
but
was
Holy Martyrs.
to
of
Master
that
thou
than
already the
bid
the
the
doing, assuring
sjH-aking still
King
headsman
asked
him
'
my
was
What
lord
my
lord Imlli
drawing
wouldst
district
and
that
to
a
do
cord
?
'
to
to
And
on
ber
remem-
And
he
at
the
my
and
said
'
Bind
mc
with
this ; and
I
beg
thee
to
sec
that
:
a
me.'
and
hands,
headsman
to
to
servants
bind
hands
with this cord.'
The
Master
said to him
Sir, I would
your
and
thus,' and ns he s.'iidthis, he took off a ribbon from
his breast
him
he
death
not
it to
was
called
given
his
bind
he
matters
his
Ix;
see
began
his faith
prince,and
conmiandcd
forth
thou
he
he
to
down,
these
looking
give unto
hat,
a
in the windows
that
of
the
given
and
his side bidding hini not
as
a
good Christian.
And
Prince
Master
die
them
;
rose
of me,' and
and
up
beam
the
had
that
pace
cross
a
a
and
there
receive
canst
hamlets
in
cross
he
te
yo
dismount,
and
his hand,
on
market-place
all the
they saw
lordship
wore
that thou
in the
from
when
he
con
manos
him
whom
to
same
**,;Que
:
"ta, "
the
And
verdugo
estoquit6se
fixed
to
scaffold.
'
reward
the Master
'
and
obeisance
the
Morales,
come
the
ever
the
And
las
spread
hook
iron
an
el
ya
con
carpet
que
mejor gualardon
they made
a
made
across
weeping.
these
and
last favour
had
beheld
that
signet-ring
a
:
Principee
pregunto
Atame
scaffold
alight and
twice
"
hacia,
la mucrte
diciendole
his eyes and
beheld
the ecjuerry of the
IJiirrasa,
said :
Conic
hither, Rirrasa : thou art here
I beg thee
And
and
the
it, he
down
the
that
estate
of
reached
named
'Take
:
and
better
him
paced
much
; and
great
them
like to that
him
knelt
people
aloud
his
raised
him
to
he
dismounted,
it with
received
when
of his pages
one
when
mule
to
and
his feet and
to
diogela,k dixole
up
upon
certain torches
straightwayhe
and
:
e
hablando
E
E
le
hagas asi,"e
No
Frayles
estado
Quiero, Seiior,ataros
:
"
al Maestre
del
de
mi."
a
el Maestre
e
"
plazay en
lugares
su
aqui mirando
dar
mi
de
los
Martires.
los Santos
Principemi seiior que
las manos,
pechos, e
God
El
seiior, mando
le dixo
de
mano
gran
les respondioque asi lo
; tu estas
verdugo le dixo
El
El Maestre
los
mi
le atar
to
reconciled
digasal
la
todavia los
Barrasa, caballerizo
a
Barrasa
aca,
que
para
?"
este
before
:
cordel
un
ojos
Ven
quel Rey,
quiereshacer
the
"
la
en
dado
que
todos
e
acordase
se
paresciaa
6 vido
llanto ;
gran
e
en
desque vieron
cuales
christiano.
la fe
en
los
te ruego
criados
sus
and
alzo
i dixole
llamole
buen
como
ciertos que
fuesen
que
e
muriese
de
un
e
adoro
quien habia
Y
venido
un
el cadahalso.
por
a
llanto.
gran
a ver
aquel acto : los
aquellacomarca
de hacer muy
andar
paseando comenzaron
el diciendole que
estaban juntos con
no
e
veces
Morales,
habian
de
seiiorio
las rodillas
sortijade sellar que
el postrimero bien
Toma
infinitas gentes que
habia
las ventanas
paseose
descavalgo,una
que
dos
Uamado
suyo
page
encendidas,
antorchas
luego finco
; e
pie,y
en
un
a
madero
un
en
ciertas
e
vido
said
'
Do
gave
thou
SPANISH
38
LITERATURE
Princes
of
that
rapidlyobscured
so
well
Lara),as
of
the germs
as
the
almost
personalityof
all the
the
myths
of
Conqueror
Valencia.
the
Among
of
graphicand picturesqueof
more
particular
persons
died
who
and
Europe
his
in
carried
southern
differ from
book
out
The
and
Chronicle
The
the
to
noble
tells
probably
which
"
on
deep
a
this
the
to
appears
of
How
rugged
public
story of
he
plundering
the
and
additional
English
nations
"
quaintstyle
colour
to
the
evidentlywritten
was
affection and
greatlyfrom
knew
and
reallygreat and,
the
in
fact that
him
well.
singularcharm
de Luna's
; for Alvaro
man
suffered
Its
curious
most
Christian
givesa patheticinterest
generous
Games.
the
purpose
The
lends
him
tragichistoryof
and
de
of the
Alvaro de Luna
of Don
circumstance
by
leader.
bore
who
one
some
recorded
all other
concerned.
his beloved
of
exploits
This
One
which
to
man-at-arms
in
soldier both in
and
chapter also
opposed
are
adventures, both
Diez
his
successfully
coast.
faithful
the
by
nobleman
is that
most
to those
interesting
of
a
Nino,
Pero
Africa,are
rovingexpeditionto England, in
Count's
the
of Northern
coasts
the life of
the
of
passages
that of Don
manifold
whose
realistic.
privateis strikingly
in
have
cited
standard-bearer,Gutierre
of
description
is
the
alferezor
and
and
1453,
on
be
must
these chronicles
respects,
some
reputationhas
his
historywas
written after his fall.
The
de
last of the chronicles
Cordova, the Great
written
by
Pulgar,who
the
of
same
honourable
he it was
and
a
his
not
name.
whom
Herndn
soldier
is
distinguishedby
(He
of the
commemorated
by
to
the door
certain
del
the
and
Exploits)
who, during the siege of Granada, entered
Maria
Perez
was
with the officialchronicler
be confounded
The
historyof
admirer
titleof El de las Hazafias
nailed the Ave
deed
and
is that of Gonzalo
men
short
Captain,a
fellow-soldier
must
of great
the
of the great mosque
conferred
privileges
on
city
"
him
CHRONICLES
the
at
this
the
taking of
curious
Chronicle
in 1403
de
Paso
Timur
the famous
character
to
condition
of
of
with
Orbigo
In
comers.
certain
this
weary
it an
enterprisehe
breakingmany
language the
event,
it
helps
absurdities
to
us
taken
of
Chronicles
which
were
Chronicle
as
that
however
fact and
of Don
found
their
of
fabulous
and
The
Trojan war
different
materially
these
books
Crbnica
the
Paso
So
principalparts
knew
are
such
as
be
not
for
an
facts
some
famous
these
are
of Spain,in
of
so
popular were
upon
with
gives
from
simple
extraordinary
who
drawn
others
Troyana
Honroso
and
Chivalry would
the Destruction
side with
bridge
time, the extravagant
own
mingled, and
inextricably
by
the
as
companions
this
histories such
character.
of
of the
those
to
imagination was
every
the
keep
givingin plain
how,
on
knights
seventy-eight
preclude interest.
to
Rodrigo
side
made
nine
eye-witnessof
realise
knight,had
to
usually associated
of
fancy are
are
an
We
he accepts
his
and
Chronicle
but
Romances
Examples
name.
The
place in
the
entirelyincredible
the
of
account
have
thingsto
lances.
purely
a
thirtydays againstall
times with
work,
literary
scarcelya
for
Lifeof
1434.
his vow,
engagement
was
minute
of
arms
iron chain
lady an
of
Castile,
with
place in
famous
companions
successful,
tilting
many
prove
of
It took
Quinones, a
release from
of
title of
recounts
passage
de
how, grown
Samarcand
to
the odd
book
record.
the
are
of his adventures
under
former
for the love of his
wear
Thursday, and
is
to
Itineraryof Ruy
embassy
account
on
Suero
century
Enrique III., King
His
The
the
an
on
probably the greatest
told how
vow
went
the fifteenth century
is
chivalrous
and
Honroso
Beg.
the great Tamorldn.
and
39
his descendants
fifteenth
the
carry presents from
to
detail what
of
who
Clavijo,
publishedin
a
CHIVALRY
enjoyed by
and
city,
works
the
of
Gonzalez
are
OF
day.
Other
to
ROMANCES
AND
the
which
historical personages
a
purelymythical
account
that of Homer.
of
In
the
both
played by knights-errant
of
LITERATURE
SPANISH
40
the
of this character
heroes
From
Chivalry,though
of
Romances
attained,like the chronicles
country,
popularityand
fifteenth and
the
originto
sixteenth
centuries.
for
chronicles.
taste
To
its fantastic creations
who
men
the codes
from
sprang
fiction
of
scarcelyan
was
and
Unknown
the
when,
bringsthe
often
as
invention
the
it is
have
chivalrous
been
kindled
he
spent
Happily one
at
the
which
in
pensable
indis-
are
fancy of
authors
nothing less
them.
When
the
by
that
reading
only of
universe,
the
riot.
ran
in the
wild
society,
the
spark
Valdds
these
the books
the
Authors
a
cold
and
taken
the
of
successes
the
interest that may
of
of their
dangers and
regret the
lying
of
improbability
result is
invariable
harrowing tales
"
a
imagination,unchecked
the
de
than
once
class of
lower
a
has
sicklysentimentality
out
the
created,and when, through
another
might Juan
difficulties. Well
that
been
love, and
effectually
stamp
heroes
exuberant
heroes, and
which
that
Urganda
character.
release
can
one
their
repulsivepicturein
place of
adventures.
absurdities
many
to
paled
events
tribe of enchanters
happens, the
govern
surpass
exploitsof
and
foreign countries, of history,and
that
physicallaws
attempted to
their
owe
of
the typical
knight-errant
chivalry,
be wondered
of
by knowledge
probably
superhuman
the
it reached
printing,
of
scarcelyto
of the
with
literature had
for such
taste
their
of the
supernaturalintervention
the
Imagination stepped in
into situations from
heroes
ordinary
extra-
Spain during
They
extravagant
rest
ballads, an
in
the
peculiar to
real persons
and
familiar
were
Pahnerines
and
not
and
development
and
supply the place of history,
before
Amadises
caballerias.
de
natural.
the transition is short and
The
the
to
libros
the
of
accomplished type
most
fables
"
of this class calls
ten
years
(jnentiras).
for special
mention.
The
date
French
from
romances
of
the
chivalry,
the thirteenth century, may
be
earliest of which
divided
into
two
AND
ROMANCES
OF
those connected
with the
legend of
CHRONICLES
classes
and
:
those
connected
Round
Table.
shadow
of
Both
their authors
Celtic
were
marking
The
the end
Vasco
de
form
of
Lopez
p.
and
at
he
be, Amadis
the
of
to the
famous
says the
barber,
be
says the
as
"
all the books
should
the
in his
of the kind
"and
priest,
The
very different
the
of his innumerable
so
"
This
deserves
evil
a
tion
condemna-
sect."
"
"
composed,
and
for that
reason
Torcuato
the
No,"
say that it is the best of
been
its life is
The
the
was
"
of
false
this may
of its unique position.""
author
(see
speakingof
account
learned
(seep. 135),and
have
Spain, for
However
hand, says,
also heard
that
some
Quixote'sbooks
Don
propagandistof
for I have
that
Palacio
says,
of
original
an
to
listening
enemy
scrutinyof
its
negativepraisebestowed
the
avowed
the book
pardoned on
present."
in
time
chivalryprintedin Spain and
flames
was
de
in 1407,
In
hundred
a
still earlier in
Rimado
of
lost work
now
Lobeyra
best
de Montalvo
lived about
of
age
than
more
priest,
speakingwith
firstbook
Ordonez
Amadis and Lancelot."
by Cervantes, the
In
dialect,
uncertain.
by
of the
much
and
the class.
Amadis
advanced
wasted
deserves
him
Valencian
Gaiila, the first and
de
author
an
"
vain stories of
tribe.
in the
story existed
Ayala, the
died
French
know, but it is beyond doubt
Amadis
the
de
the
cannot
youth,that
upon
is written
the
Chivalry printed in
of
made
translation,
a
Whether
we
31),who
his
first Romance
Lobeyra, a Portuguese who
not
or
familiar with
the fifteenth century, of the
of
years earlier.
the
so
Castilian, is somewhat
it is
some
though
of the Amadis
present form
have
the
purelyimaginarypersonages,
Not
foreignoriginof
in
and
Spanish
Blanch)
the
books
about
lo
source
these
work
The
Great,
earlier
doubt
no
legends.
Spain {Tirant
thus
deal with
the
Arthur
legendary stories
these
of
41
Charles
legend of King
the
historical foundation.
which
romances,
with
CHIVALRY
spared
Dialogue on
in
True,"
for the
Languages
Tasso, regarded the Amadis
pointsof view, yet they agree
thus it
from
praisingit in
no
LITERATURE
SPANISH
42
measured
wish
terms
perhaps the
and
profitable
story
most
chronology
for the
are
enough
to
represent
brave.
events
the
Arthur."
of
definite
a
of
personages
time
bygone
the
characters
who
throng
subjectis the
and
trials through which
last
happilymarried.
is
or
book
;
"
the
they have
so
hero
up
with
himself,is worse
romances
are
by
King
"Gaula"
; but
mentioned
are
The
manners
principal
clearlydrawn.
they are
made
the
of
use
interest
is
bestowed
be
praise can
he
the troubles
before
pass
of minor
host
the
his
of
at
to
a
the
enchanters.
most
famous
must
not
the father
stead," says Cervantes, and
the
not, like his descendants,
and
of this
successors
goodness of
to
diminish
to
as
this
and
of
England.
supernaturalis
reallya
of
time
Amadis and Oriana, and
of
is
"between
well and
are
pages
bolstered
none
imitations and
the
The
not
feeble creature
Little
loves
but
story. Amadis
a
which
true, tender
Perion, but
his father
The
large extent,
objectof
Amadis, his lady Oriana,
are
no
ably
admir-
are
represent the
to
is
yet they
foreignlands.
of
or
story
Galaor, and
brother
author
the
by
book
extreme,
the
Bristol
and
the
feeling. The
happen
to
laid in
mostly
; Windsor
is made
attempt
the
be
can
plot,and
true
and
Christianity
of
is
scene
is undoubtedly Wales
no
of
book
a
supposed
are
founding
The
of
purposes
that
characters
in the
wild
are
beautiful
most
real
perfectknight, loyal and
the
The
of
time
geography
and
; the
in passages
it abounds
drawn, and
a
all who
by
Throughout
; it contains
of adventures
rambling series
mere
read
of its kind
deserved.
well
sustained
fairly
the interest is
be
that it is the
latter,
the
praise is
This
read.
says it should
former
Spanish;
learn
to
the
:
right.
on
and
stand
Each
of
the
popular
the
sons
in
ginning
them, be-
Sfrf;asde Esplandidn written by Montalvo
the
than
much
the
last.
prized by
The
earlier editions of these
book-collectors
on
account
of
read.
but they are
seldom
Florisando, Lisuarte,
rarity,
Xmadis of Greece, Florisel,
Felixmarte,and Primale6n, differ
their
in
only
size
the
hard
the
on
notable
exception;
popular
was
at
monster
religious
the
of
on
a
the
form
in
of
Mancha
blow,
such
of
a
that
books
It
as
is
death
used
was
the
evident
feeble
these
natural
it
Don
that
inanition.
by
makes
ironical.
the
Celestial
creatures
from
he
the
of
purpose
Chivalry
when
they
a
So
slew
Quixote
for
It
bestowed
are
of
loves.
which
words
until
degree
and
of
his
43
the
praise
England,
fiction,
Heaven.
smote
and
slay
extravagant
indeed
of
CHIVALRY
adventures
of
unless
allegory
point
the
single
they
colourless
Palmerin
this
Conqueror
La
their
OF
giants
understand
to
Cervantes
the
of
of
improbability
is
ROMANCES
AND
CHRONICLES
the
were
and
knight
already
CHAPTER
IV
BALLADS
THE
vernacular
and
the
to
written
are
continuous
with
metres,
the
earlier
of
side.
called
asonante
displaced
is
Account
full
by
the
of
last
tonic
the
syllables rhymed,
standing
dec'ta
which
they
use
villa
Such
dar.
in
la
to
arc
of
a
the
in
y
but
of
vowels
a
The
whole
vowels
is
prometib
is
;
ballad.
cambio
identical
in
the
rhyming
of
asonante
To
o,
e,
niarcos
only
in
and
is
with
these
cristianos
to
to
marked
the
follow
be
assonant
possible
strongly
same
a,
till
centuries.
and
bear
sanctions
ballads
the
thirteenth
should
Vowels
the
on
chatisons
French
that
hallando
as
authority
all
spite
in
view,
to
and
only
rhyme
are
Spanish.
throughout
to
of
and
invariable
the
and
of
or
octosyllabic
other
critics
twelfth
strong
Thus
eighth
common
custom
the
setlor
system
the
the
former
old
gitligj:
line,
the
the
line.
the
alone.
;
in
vowels
containing
diphthongs
vowels
in
accent
in
rhyme
taken
rhyme
of
it existed
;
by
romances
second
the
authors,
forward
system
of
form
consisting
after
favour
to
The
as
in
particular
a
every
ccesura
Castilian
brought
The
in
analogy
writers, go
arguments
other
with
regarded
only
The
of
the
restricted
composed.
are
strong
a
rhyme.
popular
so
practice
is
with
syllables
sixteen
signified
be
to
come
ballads
be
may
syllablesKvith
rhyme
eight
of
they
which
lines
in
which
in
metre
has
or
poems
times
earlier
in
Latin,
to
heroic
short
to
which
romance,
opposed
as
meaning
of
word
Spanish
The
van
;
a
as
ears
to
language
pure
frequently
foreign
;
as
made
this, the
books)ballads by
the
which
and
Rome
of
and
those
the
the
from
Bernardo
fabulous.
marriage between
the
his mother
into
prison.
the
But
grown
to
Bernardo
man,
in
him
the
spite of
king'sbattles,and
Finallyhe
is driven
that his uncle intends
to
his
enters
victor
he
an
kills Roland
of
he
bore
When
his
to
to leave
despair,and
birth,and
His
the
kingdom
the
great legendarybattle
with his
own
hand
and
he
fights
saves
his
on
hearing
by will
Bernardo
Arag(5nand
at
request
of Castile
Groat.
of
loyal;
revolts
him,
already
occasion
one
alliance with the Moors
in the
his uncle's
at
generalfavourite.
remains
than
more
powerfulneighbour,Charles
into
his father
the liberation of his father.
on
parents
without
and
love
secret
is roughly refused,but he nevertheless
life.
married
bastard.
a
the
learns
His
court.
a
secret
a
the Chaste, and
brought up
was
certainly
of
son
though
and
;
used
different
very
convent
a
was
that he
suppose
immediatelydemands
the
the
of the
made
qualities
king, his uncle,
him
allowed
Bernardo
{Infantes)
exploits are
sister of Alfonso
retired into
his noble
court, where
a
of the Poema
represented as
Jimena, the
permission
;
cast
is
is
that
:
legends is
royal displeasurefor having
the
fell under
was
ballads
of Saldaiia,a nobleman
Count
word
historical,his
is
Princes
to
Spanish
great
ballad-makers
the
are
way
history and
Three
The
rough champion
himself
Bernardo
heroes.
the
every
national
the
Cid.
of
Cid
in
that of the Seven
Carpio ;
that of the
advisedly,for
person
national
the
del
and
legends,legends
valuable
most
especially
popular with
of Bernardo
Lara;
The
episodes in
relatingto
legends were
of
of Moorish
here
are
histories
history,
Spanish history,lives of saints,
Greece,
exploitsof
the
ballads,of
comparativelymodern,
they treat
subjects.
other
best modern
The
historyof chivalry,sacred
fabulous
the
of
found.
are
(Madrid, 1861). The
majorityare
vast
according as
divided
authors
known
is that of Duran
collection
a
LITERATURE
SPANISH
46
appears
now
as
Roncesvalles, where
delivers the country
BALLADS
THE
the
French.
to
him, but
from
father
The
is
body
mockery
Sancho
senor
de
Saldana.
De
Don
Tan
Por
sus
hermana.
Sino
sus
aborrecida
y
momentos
Apenas
entre
I Como
a
^
' '
is
Diaz
his
told
moment
aloud
thou
king,
"
luckless
heart's
blood
"
be,
"
find
by
"
sad
beard
on
wore
What
indifference
hast
by
the blood
wilt illjudge my cause.
that his
it is not
enough
"
is
against him.
for
not
chains
"
All
since
thou
failest me,
old
man
"
dost
Pardon
weep,
"
son?
me
dost
deliver
not
me
and
"
Don
Alfonso
long
so
are
"
When
"
I came
"
since
and
should
and
Don
this was
"
"
where
hold
for whom
"
the Count
"
for my
sins
I see
it
How
does
it not
cry
need
is ?
Doubtless
now
gave,
My enemies
foes
callas.
mine.
of
"
they who
thy father,
and
or
thou, a
son,
relief, for I like an
"
viejolloro,
hateful
succour
"
palabras,
solitaryweeping
so
gray
chin^and
thy mother
las
against the king
"
hairs
to
ser,
ofendo,
he sheds
his
sacas,
faltas.
ausente
which
is this, my
"
hierros
me
en
como
amidst
"
of mine
no
si te
como
captivity
my
these
scarce
"
bad
"
of
tienen
me
estos
d'ellos
yo
tu
his son,
Bernardo,
scan
hazarias,
tus
en
descanso
the tears
And
"
thou
if it be
I in these
am
me
thou
blood
art restrained
of the
the
that
"
I
"
with
"
of Saldaiia.
years
to
white."
and
long
his fetters
'The
"
tu
Y
againstDon
sister.
every
into this castle
mia
basta
no
lo
padre debo de
mal hijo,me
Que
Que
falta ?
the lord
"
and
tienes
bathing
"
complaint
his
no
contraries,
aqui
de
Perdoname
hijo?
causa.
tu
pues
O
mi
Rey
padre no.
(_para quien las guardas ?
Mal
te llama
donde
He
Sancho
este,
es
que
socorrer
Y,
la del
de
cuentan
Aqui estoy
pecados
voces
sangre
castillo
y blanca.
descuido
iQue
de
los que
Dime
barbas,
mis
crecida
veo
La
en
lines
propiasentraiias.
Si para
canas.
este
con
por
agora
La
lo dicen
tristes
entr^
Me
larga,
with
alcanzas
re
contrarios
Todos
prision
me
mis
Cuando
A
y
mi
anos
ends
desdichado
un
in
over
"
tres sois mis
Que
Aquestas
Y
Todos
a
de
Los
prison.
prison:
mad
tu
ser
por
Que
su
his
te detiene
Juzgaras mal
se
rey Alfonso
Del
de
quejaba
Bernardo, su hijo,
suerte
in
que
que
Que
soledad,
el llanto y
entre
D'esta
"
Diaz
don
duda
La
derrama
conde
Ese
Sin
in
ballads
Saldana
prisiones
lagrimasque
El
Y
las
esta
faith,he first
handed
so
his
up
followingbeautiful
The
of Count
bad
of
series
of vengeance.
vows
Banando
Con
The
give
to
Count
horseback, and
on
the lamentations
contain
his usual
the
by killing
Bernardo.
Bernardo's
^
placed
to
promises
now
acting with
familyhonour
his
avenges
Alfonso
47
that
is the
blood
for to
ye all three,
him
his
treat
ill,
very
are
"
"
here
thou
me,
"
tell
"
keep
a
bad
me
of
them?
father
thy
"
ploits,
ex-
Here
must
I
if I wrong
for in words
I
thee,
like
thou
the absent
art silent.'
"
"
LITERATURE
SPANISH
48
The
Mudarra
ties
does
the
as
contain
not
Ruy Velazquez
Lara, marries
quiteso
Lambra,
Dona
come
nephews, the infantes,
not
attend
to
of
the better
The
knights.
The
Salido.
youngest
hoarding,of
which
breaking
few
a
the
oppositeparty,and
Lambra
Dona
kill
who
him,
is led
by
sends
their
induces
his wife
on
of her
one
the
making
to
are
with the
tablado,or
the
ground
only succeeded
in
by
the
infantesare
determines
thus
the
set
upon
relation of the bride is slain in the melee.
a
now
hunting party,
His
of it through their tutor,
knights have
The
planks.
of
Dona
kinsmen
whose
to
the
to
other
and
into the listsand
comes
hurls
bride
:
advised
are
quarrels. During
the
hear
infantes
great house
but
wedding,
as
infantes,
follows
as
high position.
of
between
out
of his lance
first throw
the
to
the
Sancha, the mother
Nuno
lady
a
improbabiU-
are
of the
festivities for fear of
the
dispute breaks
jousts a
inherent
many
nobleman
Rodrigo, a
or
the Bastard
and
outlines of this story
The
foregoing.
of Lara
Princes
Seven
of the
legend
servants
quarrelworse.
Gonzalo
a
insult the Laras,
to
betrayhis nephews
father, Don
and, during
vengeance
Ruy Velazquez
to
Bustos,
embassy to Almanzor, king of Cdrdova, with
the
Moors.
on
a
He
pretended
orders that he is to
leads the
kept in captivity.Subsequentlyhe treacherously
seven
princes into an ambuscade, and they all die fighting
be
bravelytogetherwith
are
their father
presentedto
is in
prisona
is born
son
loves
king,who secretly
and
his bastard
of his
birth,avenges
Lambra, and
Dofta
Don
Gonzalo
for the
causes
a
him.
the
which
to
of
bringingthe
be
is
lies
by
now
the sister of the Moorish
Bustos
is
at
lengthreleased,
his half-brothers
head
an
old
by burning
but
man,
his power.
resemblance
greatlybeloved
secret
Ruy Velazquez
of
beyond
his
heads
Bustos
Don
Mudarra, learningthe
famous
Christian,and
him
Don
the death
Whilst
Almanzor.
him
to
Bustos, who
vengeance
becomes
sons
son,
by
Their
their tutor.
Salido
Nuno
by
to
to
stillpines
Mudarra
one
of
her
his father's wife.
BALLADS
THE
describes
followingspiritedpassage
The
the feud:
^
bien
Alii salio
Cordoba
Bohordo
hacia
una
Alii hablara
D'esta
Cada
en
los de
Oidolo
la
de
De
No
Mas
"
No
debeis
forth
tries and
knight
hoarding,
wise
did
she
he
speak.
for better
best,
another
those
did
well
"
then
of
"
is
his
cast
Bestow
'
"
but
"
C6rdova
of
tomo
en
un
a
Vido
estar
Que
nadie
lance.
el
la silla
en
hurl
"
hurled
bride
ladies,
spoke
each
"
Then
aright.
he
plain,
love, my
your
plaza:
lo derribara.
en
the
la
alii el tablado
"
Then
"
caballo
el suelo daba.
could
the
hijo,
lanza,
una
derecho
none
of
ruego,
"
antes
Con
:
mi
salgaisa la plaza.
quiso hacer Gonzalo,
Enderezose
"
One
a
os
Vase
escuchada,
ser
hijosparistes
encenagada.
puerca
Como
' '
vos
siete
Que
^
!
lo contara
se
Caballero
"
Sancha
lo
?
triste,
ayo
Gonzalo
mucho
no
No
digaiseso, senora.
digadestal palabra,
Porque hoy os desposaron
Con
don Rodrigo de Lara.
i Callad, Doila
el ayo
Que
No
venis
"
Mas
:
;
baranda,
una
le rogo
Que
llama
se
quien os enojara?
I
Tanto
Sancha
hablara
manera
menor
lo hallo
i Como
"
tablas.
d'ellos,
Gonzalez
pechos a
Deci
liana,
Lara.
Dona
era
las
a
el
:
posada :
jugando
su
estaban
Recostado
ni treinta
casa
no
caballero
un
habia
D'esta
Gonzalo
lugar,
veinte
no
De
novia,
criaba
salido,
a
Infantes
hablara.
Cordoba
fue
que
Los
amad
habia
se
se
Si
su
vale
los de
Que
la
alii
Hallo
tirara.
senoras,
una
mas
De
of
el ayo
los Infantes
a
Triste
liana,
el tablado
manera
Amad,
Que
De
la
bien
vara
Que
bohordaba.
caballero
un
los de
Oidolo habia
tiran otros,
unos,
Ninguno
Y
the firstoutbreak
"
Tiran
De
49
came
towards
out
one
the
in
"
this
likes
as
her
of the plain, than
singleknight of those of Cdrdova
house
of Lara.'
Dona
heard
Sancha
twenty or thirtyknights of the noble
her words,
in this wise did she speak
such
not
not
Speak
so, lady,
say
words
for this day were
as
wedded
Don
de
those,
Lara.'
to
Rodrigo
you
Hold
Sancha
thou oughtest not
have
thy peace. Dona
a
hearing seven
;
"
a
"
"
"
"
'
"
"
"
"
"
"
'
"
"
hast
sons
the
tutor
place,
"
tables
who
'
How
;
"
you
earnestlybegged
"
"
down,
"
he
him
:
"
so
that
sow
lodging,
"
the
except
he
found
Gonzalo
charge
youngest
master?
Say,
his
who
'
that
ye go not forth to the lists
his lance in hand
and he mounted
there
he
saw
straightened himself
the
in the
hoarding
saddle,
"
stand,
and
on
:
"
is
the window-
injured you?'
But I beg from
would
not give
"
'
"
for
hurled
at
"
name
his horse,
on
"
whose
arms
has
words
left the
the Princes,
"
Gonzalo
"
These
"
found
them
told his tale
that the master
"
with
"
"
he
of
mud.'
straightwayhe
:"
there
and
leaning out
sad, dear
in
wallows
in his
Princes
his
to
playing,
come
lists he went
a
the
"
my heart, my
son,
heed
but he seized
the
like
had
withdrew
were
Gonzalez
"
So
borne"
"
sadly he
they
Gonzalo
sill.
thou
heard
none
"
had
forth
cast
to
it
it to the ground."
SPANISH
50
Cid
The
of
the
LITERA
the
son
of
devoted
his
to
insulted by
grievously
wealthy nobleman.
His
barbarous
but
his
effective
Lozano,
proud
affront he
mines
deter-
This
shows
beg
and
out
his
him
spirit
by threateninghim,
father's avenger.
Lozano.
desist,but
to
the
Jimena, the daughter of
and
Rodrigo
in
the
order
stay the
to
pilgrimageto Santiago;
to
him
in the
form
of
his
on
feud.
humanity, and promises him
of Castile
champion
with
in
claims
Emperor
the
contest
demand.
The
the Cid
is
that than
of
Castile the
but,
King
his
he
sovereign,
highestplace. For
of
course,
like
pardoned. Jimena
readily
continual
absence
his
to
of her
a
now
have
gained
undertakes
Lazarus
has
appears
shown
great
Chosen
as
Calahorra
of the listsvictorious.
mentioned
master
to
before
scribed
de-
or
When
from
over-lordship
his
refuse
the
the
the
Pope;
Fernando, and, findingthe
appear
placed in
of France
between
which, by
in
career.
are
encourages
cited
Conde
uniformlysuccessful.
recognitionof
partiesare
he
out
Moors
Cid
his
as
Rodrigo
possessionof
comes
accompaniesthe king Don
of the
;
the
Castile,the Cid
of
throne
these
whom
prosperous
expeditionsagainst the
and
King
a
Aragonese knight,he
an
Many
the
to
journeySaint
leper to
a
sons
Count, loudlydemands
marriage is broughtabout
a
by
youngest,
slays the
begins his militaryexploitsby the famous battle
conquering five Moorish kings,he is supposed to
the title of "my Cid" (Arab.seid=\ox6). He now
a
elder
is chosen
thus
Rodrigo challengesand
justiceof the king,and
her
The
Rodrigo,
and
he does
bitingtheir fingers,
of
which, at his bidding,theyplace in his mouth.
cry
is the
a
sons.
method
Cid
father in his old
his
over
of
spirit
the
exploits. He
the Conde
Brooding
trial of the
make
to
the
little from
Diego Lainez,a knight oi Burgos.
age has been
and
differs but
Romancero
specialChronicle
of
TURK
hurls
a
dignified
position
more
it down
and
claims
for
cated
this outrage he is excommuni-
good Catholic
writes
a
letter
submits
and
complaining of
answered
husband, and is wittily
is
the
by
BALLADS
THE
the
king to
it was
whom
dividinghis kingdom
of
town
Zamora
romantic
Sancho
the
him
love.
to
beware
time
deliver up
though
his
pronounces
curse
Ordoiiez
Diego
his death.
and
his sons,
of
horse
the
three of whom
is freed from
in
part in the
are
the
slain
by
up
which
of
Sancho
Arias
Gonzalo
The
and
succeeds
offended
him
bolt and
a
Sancho's
death.
wooden
to
the throne.
by exactingfrom
crossbow"
The
Cid
his
He
him
that he
submits
to
ordeal
their cause,
the
outside the limits
from
outlaws
had
oath
no
and
challenger's
prescribedby
Alfonso, the
captivity
among
an
of
Don
Ordonez.
goodness
the
spurs.
accusing them
by
this
him,
with
ride without
reproachof treacheryby
Sancho, escapes
by
king'scamp,
the
come
Zamorans,
act
has
judges,thus leavingthe victoryundecided.
Moors
has
siege,pursues
knights who
accidentally
carryinghim
brother of Don
has
proves
the
warns
in his power
Cid, who
The
challengeis accepted by
The
the
to
layssiegeto
himself
to
cityand, failing
all
conduct
who
Dolfos, the traitor,
in the treacherous
battle,however,
Zamora
Gonzalo, determine
city,puts
challengesthe
having taken part
met
on
Urraca
requitesher
he
of Zamora,
is present
active
the gates of the
is afterwards
proaches
bitterlyre-
into exile and
him.
and
favour
to
taking an
not
to
Arias
Don
king nevertheless,putting faith
the
treacherouslyslain by
returned
traitor
Bellido
of
the walls ; the
promise to
is
and
by
Gonzalo, the defender
forth from
in his
led
Cid, drives him
the
besiegersto
gone
which
a
war
of
Doiia
request
their
king,who, unjustlyattributing
Arias
of
He
refuses,and
with
ingratitude
for the
of
instigation
city.
outbreak
the
to
She
people of Zamora,
The
resist the
the
Sancho
sell Zamora.
or
cherishes
who
consequentlysuccessful.
king Don
the
by
exchange
to
is
who
eldest,
sent
On
leaving the
brothers, Rodrigo takes the part
three
the
Cid.
and
sons,
daughter Urraca,
the
dies after
Fernando
King
his three
among
for
affection
between
addressed.
his
to
51
the
"
on
the
Cid, who
an
iron
part in Don
his sentence,
though
SPANISH
52
powerful enough
himself
have
resisted
from
the
to
kingdom
a
LITERATURE
now
dispensewith
to
state, sendingrich presents
his vassal's
of Carrion
Counts
for insults
king,who
in
time
Some
themselves
avenge
before the
semi-independent
return
Sol,
Doiia
wedding, the
wives
by maltreatingtheir
defend
king to
cowardice.
their
the
arranges
after the
throughtheir own
them
Cid
The
Elvira and
daughters,Dona
broughtupon
summoned
are
services,recalls him.
the
to
of Carrion.
with the Counts
self
who, findinghim-
dwells there in
Valencia, and
conquers
marriage of
his
successful,he
When
Alfonso
Don
for
forth to win
sets
Moors.
recognisesthe overlordshipof
unable
it,and
They
by
cause
arms,
are condemned
and, beingdefeated by the champions of the ladies,
to
pay
their
compensation to
the
daughters to
who
father-in-law,
Valencia, and there he dies.
returns
to
should
be victorious after death
Moors, who
sightof
the hero's corpse
his
own
carried
finally
to
the monastery.
defend
to
Jew, who
itself. It
in
inspires
de
the dead
Even
attempts
Pedro
starts
into life
The
the
the
of
at
it is laid in
champion
is able
insulted
is the
such
once
of the Cid
body
again when
infidel that he
the wretched
by
flight
Cardena, where
body
of the
rout
to
he
horse,lance in hand,
pluck the beard,^and
to
the
put
dying instructions.
San
by
are
his
on
Cid
prophecy that
is fulfilled
mounted
his
The
Aragon,
The
besiegingValencia,and
are
accordingto
is
and
Navarre
princesof
marries
now
by
terror
becomes
a
a
it
good
Christian.
The
ballads of this
and throughout the whole
series,
of
the
merit.
and in literary
Rotnancero, vary greatlyin date, in interest,
of
Some
heroes
the
of
character
artificialand
which
*
;
of
are
history,
others
euphuistictaste
of the
wjis
reforcncos
inttri'slinK
held
are
to
bo found
were
to
in the
the
with
infected
seventeenth
composed.
de
Alyo CiJ.
the
century, in
The
nrverence
superstitious
Poetna
the
purely imaginativeor
deeply
are
the greater part of them
Numerous
the beard
and
romance
pastoral in
with
beautiful of them, unconnected
most
ballads
in wliich
CHAPTER
V
CATALAN
passing
Before
a
words
few
union
Castile
of
in
flourished
Lemosin
with
honour
the
having
of
of
province
behind
them
amatory
few
in
The
the
Floral
work
have
encouraged
Caslilian
interest
a
to
poetry
take
was
chiefly
Courts
by
both
their
and
in
up
their
that
until
the
the
subject
the
at
list
of
the
of
and
the
Cataldn
of
form
of
poets
court.
their
from
time
pco[)le
;
Very
noticeable,
Proven9al
residence
for
its
except
is
of
Love.
and
tone
left
chiefly
long
the
matter
poetry,
Castilian
written
upon
the
the
troubadours.
distinguished
frivolous
by
of
rather
have
consisting
the
race,
within
come
They
among
sharply
introduced
was
mention
and
are
example
by
cultivated
Games
light
writings,
of
by
belongs
they
literature.
Spanish
special
throughout
;
no
it
when
its
kind
contemporaries
religious kind,
we
the
troubadours
Castilian
their
of
of
body
large
deserve
names
victors
history
a
belong
Italy
exists,
thus
and
them,
native
writers
and
now
the
their
connected
France
it
before
monarchs,
these
were
as
drama,
the
who,
used
that
with
Spain,
to
produced
a
verse
still
;
and
true
of
Catholic
the
and
Spain,
tradition
literary
Castile
is
It
tongue.
to
writers
Spain,
of
and
novel
the
under
north-east
than
and
language,
than
the
the
of
about
Aragdn
and
Provence
to
said
Valencian
or
rather
be
must
history
the
to
on
LITERATURE
a
purely
of
which
Juan
who
The
depended
poetry
II.,
were
older
for
was
CATALAN
written
LITERATURE
specialclass,and sought to shine
but exceedingly
Castilian is rich in ballads,
by a specialclass
its form.
by
chiefly
for
characteristics which, up
between
sympathy
look
of
sentiments
the
to
to
Provencal,
distinction
The
all real
under
unevenly yoked
thus
above
ethnological
hindered
the present, have
one
poetry for the general expression
individual
an
the
stronglymarked
the
nations
two
who
Those
crown.
in which
poetry, excelled.
Galician
probablyin
originated
noticed
of
a
in the metrical combination
poor
like the
55
of
or
will
people
a
ever
of the men
of the uplands of
preferthe rough and manly verses
of the descendants
Central Spain to the polishedbut vapid lyrics
of the troubadours
In
altered times
spiteof
Ausias
March
fantastical and
has
believe
Songs of Love
elaborate
To
in the
and
March
of
to
him
to
of the
the constable
Ausias
elevado
Menendez
be, we
for
her,
-sounding
forth with
most
metaphors.
The
him
a
write in
Pelayo, Historia,
de
in
Santillana,
contained
in his letter
highly,saying,
"
Mosen
great troubadour, and
{gran trovador
verdict
avoiding
school of which
de
Marques
with
agrees
who
Spanish critics,^
to
the credit of
the
distinguishes
is still alive,is
happened
y
hollow
similes and
is also due
Portugal,rates
espirttu).This
who
his affection
Provencalschool
loftymind"
very
learned of modern
^
of
March, who
of
man
devoted
A
this may
passionis set
the chief ornament.
account
a
belongsthe gloryof being the greatest master
the extravagant hyperbolethat
the brief
was
shado^vylady,whose
somewhat
abstruse
of
his somewhat
However
but
stately
Death, where
of his native tongue ;
he forms
a
genuineness of
accompaniment
Ausias
He
compatriots.
to
doubted.
it is in the
expressed as
his
by
Petrarch,he addressed
been
works
changed ideals,the
metaphysicalverses
real existence
cannot
provinces.
flourished in the fifteenth century.
imitator of
and
the north-eastern
and
still read
are
Valencian,and
admirer
inhabited
who
hombre
e
de
that of the
him
treats
as
a
asaz
most
sopher
philo-
verse.
las Ideas
estiticas
en
EspaHa,
a
vol. i.
SPANISH
56
Roig
Jaume
the Ladies'' Book
wrote
in his native Valencian
which
women,
on
the Middle
form
largea part
so
is somewhat
class
of the
by
it introduces.
details that
well
as
licentiousness,
the
faults
verse
lively
satires
of the many
one
stock
literary
worthy of
of
reason
and
of the
more
Its
the
as
in short
It is
language.
Ages, and
books
most
LITERATURE
attention than
quaint local
many
its
are
of
unsuitability
of
obscurityand
its measure
to
so
long a composition.^
Catalonia
lo
Tirant
produced
celebrated
a
Blanch, the work
of
highlypraised by Cervantes, in
books, it
which
kind
little merit
has
as
of
scrutiny
book
a
Martorell.
Joanot
the
of
is the almost
unique qualityof
abuse
supernaturalelement, the
an
of which
Though
Quixote's
Don
entertainment.
it from
favourablydistinguishes
most
Chivalry,
of
Romance
That
others of the
entire absence
forms
same
of the
of the
one
worst
features of the class.
Cataldn
The
chronicles
execution
literary
and
specialnotice.
Aragon,
interest.
first is the
The
el
surnamed
the monarch
dramatic
himself, and
death
preceding his
Two
Chronicle
Conquistador.
It
deserve
En
Jaime of
in
Written
to
by
composed
was
up
1276.
of them
of
continued
Castilian in
the
superior to
are
ately
period immedi-
a
with
frank
and
and
details,it
abounding in interesting
manly simplicity,
of its
brings out with great vividness the striking
personality
author
who
is
with which
at
the
the great
is trulycharming.
document
almost
carry
The
above
'
The
princedescribes
as
interesting
the great
second
The
the
second
Cid, who
exploitwhich
chronicle
is,like that
his
figure. The
to
of En
gave
which
Jaime,the
as
En
the first to
Jaime
reference
work
of
historical
man
is
successfully
his
has
a
a
of Valencia
conqueror
was
candour
publicand privatelife
value of these memoirs
The
is very great.
as
out
time itscentral
same
surname.
been
made
of action.
cent. )reiiKirks on this pecuPelegrinoCurioso (sixteenth
liarity,
feet of moles, club-fooled men
or
hedgehogs."
likeningKoig'sverse to
nuthor
of the
"
CATALAN
Its author, Ramon
in
valiantly
He
LITERATURE
de Muntaner,
the
waged by
wars
tells of the great
his
and fighting,
and
feasting
which
he lived.
The
the less
The
successors
time, of
his pen
and
in
day
followed
his
he led
youth
into
The
cancer.
he
went, and
written in
consist
these is Lo
and
the
poet and
his life
Desconort
a
which
hermit.
Blanquema,
and
in all classes of
Had
it
wrote
*
An
early version
Marqu6s
lama
ni
for the
the
of
Santillana
face floxa
el
the hands
at
martyr
of
a
His
y
of
work
monotonous
dialoguebetween
of
at
the
novel
allegorical
is
every
meant
period of
Renaissance,there
this
; it is
espada
with
union
celebrated
follows
as
en
la
mano
Castile,which
is littledoubt
life
Pelayo, Historia
took
that
Cervantes
saying, which
quotes in a
of the
preface to the Proverbs
in the
:
La
del
sciencia
embota
no
el ^erro
caballero.
"^
Menendez
literary
best known
The
kind
of
originally
were
translated.
virtue
different form, is to be found
de
a
of its hero, which
name
he
thoughts;
society.
been
not
place shortlyafter
somewhat
as
a
the
hideous
a
ever
Holy Land, studyingwher-
takes the form
portray the ideal of Christian
to
serious
to
and
from
attracted
violent that the young
so
afterwards
also
one
importunities
by suddenly
a long
(Despair),
He
Majorca,
beauty had
works
philosophical
were
Lull, "the
Ramon
chieflyof religious
poems.
heavy verse,
called
mind
pirates. His
Latin, but
of his
his
ended
was
troubadour, novelist
and
feelingwas
through Europe
the Moorish
works
turned
faithful
lance
bosom, disfiguredby
her
in
ready.
was
lady whose
a
revulsion of
gallantforthwith
travelled
him
the
thoughtlesslife. Having
she ridded herself
attention,
uncoveringbefore
in
church
a
some
land
sunny
in 1235, in the island of
gay and
a
camps,
like
us
of
spirit
Lullius,or
born
Jaime.
and
before
and
En
^
ascetic
of philosophy,
knight-errant
missionary,"-was
of
good Christian,whose
Raimundus
and
the
birth,and fought
courts
times
breathes
whole
sharp because
celebrated
the
chapterspass
soldier,loyalgentleman,and
not
of noble
chivalrous
of the
pageant
gorgeous
was
of his
men
57
de las Ideas
estiticas
en
EspaHa.
de la
SPANISH
58
influence
the
of
something
into
unification
A
revival
former
and
of
late
dignity,
savours
distinguishing
their
Spain,
the
of
of
the
name
to
something
done
is
the
the
rather
be
erudite
character.
closely
literature
but
;
to
"provincialism"
Catalan
were
national
ceased
movement
somewhat
feature
of
language
has
years
but
their
worthy
truly
Catalans
the
developed
have
more
of
which
with
Italy,
would
connected,
LITERATURE
a
with
literary
restore
than
that
to
the
one.
it
its
popular,
forms
a
CHAPTER
ORIGIN
of the oldest
One
the
of
existence
the
belief that
form
of dramatic
some
classical
tradition
Alfonso
draws
Wise
the
refers
of
nature
of
small
to
mentions
for
the
dramatic
mentions
acciones
of
the
in
his
With
Bishops.
same
a
comic
regard
the
as
forbids
profane
them
Chronicle
The
The
allegories.
comicas, and
Don
century, in
his
(Ordinancesof Knighthood) declares
dignityof a knight to take part in momos
be
to
under
of
take
be
de
given
referringapparently
of
de
Doctrinal
in
intendence
super-
Alvaro
afterwards
Alonso
the
played
the
Don
here
to
not
and
Nativity
Chronicle
it
calls
the representations
to
a
name
(interludes),
character, but
he
indecent
of the
them
places
the
Fartidas,
latter,which
the
from
utterly
religiousand
spectators, because
hire, and
entrenieses
pieces of
to
bishop
as
performances.
villagesor
short
or
(see p. i86), he
of
Luna
in
that
religioussubjects, such
Resurrection
been
been
had
subject
between
the
warrant
Spain, although
Seneca
the
to
Besides
play.
enough proof to
in
fragment
a
(scurrilous
plays),the clergy must
actors
such
is
representationhad
distinction
juegos por escarnio
as
is
Spanish
miracle
a
represented by
as
representations,ordaining
part either
in
continually practised
marked
a
DRAMA
Reyes Magos,
piece,there
times
and
THE
of this
classical
lost.
OF
documents
literary
de los
Misterio
VI
Juan
II.
Cartagena,
de
Caballeros
unsuited
(farces).No
a
to
the
specimen
6o
SPANISH
LITERATURE
of the
compositionsreferred
down
to
be
but, judging
us,
they were
sure
The
of
a
from
fifteenth century
those
unfitted
had
suggested it,and certainly
developingthe theatre from its rude
comedia
name
comedieta
or
be
fairly
cannot
literary
historyof
Comedieta
Navarre
in
de Fofiza
and
Aragdn
togetherwith
well versed
ends
the
gloriesthat
The
most
of
author
such
an
and
such
Man
national
drama
honour
of
Kncina,
a
He
and
being the
graduate
musician,*who
from
the
enjoyed
de
and
Musical
agreed
speakers,
is
the
naturally
"
The
future
the
are
transition from
gradual.
datingthe definite rise
year which
saw
World.
New
assigned to Juan
famous
protectionof
SigloiXV.
and
of which
The
of the
di.scovery
is
Celes-
Rodrigo Cota, the
to
is very
in
"
comedy
reverse.
Love, both
the eventful
de los
the
promises
the
subsequentlytook orders,made
Sec the CantioHtro
kingsof
Mingo Revu/go,
ascribed
the
the Genoese
by
are
who
Salamanca, and
the
in the
Doivnfallof Princes.
first dramatist
of
bably
pro-
subject of
Boccaccio,who
regulardrama
are
was
landmark
Castile
of the first part of the Celestina.
the
short
a
exceptingthe
dialogues,
Old
are
and
and
discussed,
Coplas
and
well
Santillana,
de
capture of the
potentates
the
verse
spirited
conquest of (Iranada
'
The
for the present
importantof
Contemporary authors
Alva.
period.
the
as
shall compensate
compositionsto
of the
of
apparitionof Fortune,
Dialogue between
written in
these
matters
(see p. 81),are
tina
kind
a
infanteof
of the battle is
news
with
drama
as
forms
the
dialogue,
acting,may
Marques
a
defeat
in
in the title of
the
Santillana himself and
in such
disastrous
and
wives
The
1435.
is the
for
occurs
this obscure
may
condition.
considered
but
represented,
never
date, we
considerable influence in
poeticalcompositionin dialogueby
which
come
primitivecharacter.
have
The
later
a
has
names
several works
produced
mostly allegorical,
which, though
of
and
rough
very
the above
to under
y XVI,
a
poet
first Duke
the
The
del
and
of
pilgrimageto
Madrid, 1890.
62
SPANISH
Encina
which
on
LITERATURE
his pretty
composed
in
verses
praise of
a
country life.
with Encina
Contemporary
and
light. The
his works
former,
the
his native
examples ;
Comedieta
de
language.
Vicente
; his
master,
idea
as
of the
be
may
which
turns
which
he
cultivated
of
inability
shall marry
of two
little that
is
first appliedto
dramas.
brief sketch
one
that
so
to
of
serve
which
Four
after the
One
of
the Saviour's
of
the
relate
a
to
one
which
another
the
Dramatic
work.s
Encina
more
poets
worthy of
in Rome
; he had
him.
now
propheciesof
to
of the
at
been
to
give a
to
in
Nativity,
this time
of
rushes
plaining,
com-
and
the
in his lamentations,
rouses
the
in
to
two
Naharro
are
the songs
memory
and
and, singing
the new-born
numerous,
a
announcing
by
the event,
adore
now
the stage
informed
Torres
a
brought
afterwards
recall
tains
enter-
cultivated with
Whilst
more
attention.
he
comedia
name
on
he has been
become
now
of whom
afterwards
shepherd
carol,they start for Bethlehem
up his mind
kind, of the weather
with
shepherds
The
(Widower),
make
bitter
particularly
another
of
birth,
angels.
play
Viudo
condition
his
that of
as
while,however,
by lunching,and
to
in their game
is
who
them,
sleepingcompanion
engaged
the
shepherds come
of their
himself
consoles
Calderon
manner
into
in his native
Fernandez
in honour
of the
specimen
a
success.
crops.
It is worth
of his autos
of drama
form
much
as
Lucas
the stage, except
to
new
his
sisters for each
affection.
evenly balanced
an
have
; in the
Valencian
rude
as
gallantto
a
guese
Portu-
we
peculiarity
speaks
plotof
the
of
some
and profane subjects
religious
almost
was
from
seen
the
on
art
both
to
century introduces
next
Boccaccio
(p. 60)
Ponza
wrote
partlyin
and
Castilian,
play Latin,Italian,
same
order
Encina,
this
Of
writer of the
a
of
recentlycome
language,some
Castilian.
partlyin
Vicente,a Portuguese,
have
imitator
close
a
in
entirely
and
other
works
Fernandez, whose
Lucas
Gil
were
and
had
Christ.
their
known
captive in Algiers,
and, like
ORIGIN
so
of
many
THE
OF
DRAMA
men
Spanish literary
the
became
he
subsequent time,
them
be
to
are
plot is drawn
and
attaches
and
execution,but
the Comedia
to
Tinelaria
Of these the characters
than either the
or
own
The
of
scene
a
to
raise troops
him
enlisted and
to
whom
the
the would-be
of
are
Soldadesca.
the earlier
Soldadesca
natural
dramatists,
A
but
soldiers,
goes
the
has
The
of service
a
off with
to
short
quarrel breaks
is settled
a
out
commission
drummer
A
various
to
is
recruits,
speech explaining
between
by the captain.
his fellows
meets
captain offers
accepts.
makes
Rome.
fortune ; he
Pope.
he
terms
captainafterwards
duties.
is laid in
his bad
of
which
the
announces
and
enlists,
farmer
ones
expected,more
him, and who
to
lieutenant
their future
friar
Cotncdia
for the army
placeas
a
the
is known
captainwho
and
historical personages.
Spaniard,complains
a
be
might
as
into
undoubtedly
the Comedia
carol-singing
shepherds of
the author's
Guzman,
are,
and
historical
a
the
argument
an
interest
most
draws
divided
playsare
acts
best in form
the
an
those of which
{jornadas\and each opens with
Of the eightplays,the
prologue {intrbito).
five
the
mark
Naharro
art.
His
imagination.
from
a
He
under
1517,
eight plays which
historical dramas
between
of
First-fruits
of Genius.
in the dramatic
importantimprovement
distinction
found
the
and
own
his death.
in
Naples
at
high-soundingtitleof Propaladia,or
Amongst
his
of
priestbefore
a
published his poeticalworks
63
A
the
of
two
runaway
house
of
a
who
thus givingrise to a good deal
speaks only Italian,
of misapprehension. The
soldiers behave
in a high-handed
and orderingthe household
girl,
way, making love to the servant
about ; the
them.
Two
robbery.
of
The
farmer, aided by
the
farmer
he has received.
him
and
his friend
marches
off
to
soldiers
a
discuss
complains to
The
a
the
plan
of
captainof
They accept,
carol.
From
and
to
chastise
desertion
captainpacifieshim,
enlist.
singinga
friend,
proposes
ment
the ill-treat-
and
persuades
the whole
the above
and
pany
com-
it
analysis,
64
SPANISH
will be
that
seen
introduced
of
but became
Seville,
a
company
nature, and
to
is known
Valencia.
who
have
to
him
seen
Encina, and
without
played
real
situations
valuable
dialogue.
entitled The
comes
be
Olives
of wood
; his
pairbegin to
the
instructions
in
the while
says
upon
the
and
Perez,
Rueda
has
the
These
latter
the
character
plot of
asks
it is
called
the
; this
beat her ;
The
natural
of these
of
one
old
them,
farmer,
represents his house, bearinga
if he has
him
so, and
to
be
in,and
at
a
pricenamed
only exasperates
mother
price,her
produce,
their
gives her
father all
is excessive ; Mencigiiela
each
in turn
her parents, who
a neighbour comes
finally
persuadesthe
forthwith
disposed of;
her
certain
replanted
of the
both parties
by promisingto
satisfy
the noise,and
kind,
developed in
are
of
farcical
of his work.
probable amount
sell the olives
she is bid
her and
and
a
verse.
that he has done
which
that
protesting
tries to
as
to
in
some
idea
An
wife,Agueda,
discuss
manner
piecesof
gathered from
is
daughter,Mencigiiela,
do
early
Spain,and
Antonio
{Las Aceitunas).Torrubio, an
the olive garden ; he
and
and
importantpart
stage, which
the
to
on
and
reallycomic,
often
are
compositions can
the
of
1567. Lope de
short
or
in prose and
plot,some
animated
load
died about
He
act.
in the
usual
the south
over
manager
Cordova, Granada,
Seville,
at
twenty pasos,
the most
and
travelled
He
and
actor
of functions
signifies
after the fashion of those of
comedtas, coloquios
pastoriles,
left us
form
time, an
same
is praisedby both Cervantes
He
had
the
which
alitor,a word
combination
a
"
of the theatre.
days
by
true
in the fact
terms.
dramatic
a
is,at
playswho
writer of
of
to
of the
Among the primitivedramatists,Lope de Rueda
occupies
unique and importantplace. He was by trade a gold-beater
a
a
Its merit consists
lifelikeand
are
unaffected
speak in simple and
fulfil any
to
; it is merely a series of disconnected
the stage.
reproduced on
that the persons
claim
piece cannot
this
the drama
requirementsof
scenes
LITERATURE
distracted
fall
in,attracted
family that
it is
ORIGIN
somewhat
comedias
The
of
Lope
distinct improvement upon
but
into scenes,
dramatic
extremelyalike
so
persons
They
the Italian.
their
In
that
also may
Here
so
marked
be
found
works
Rueda, whose
de
Lope
he
the
two
than
playsare
the
founded
all his
; almost
coarse
neither in form
which
popularity
clue
to
Such
the
did he contribute
matter
he
which, under
Lope
de
Vega, became
others of
bookish
voluminous.
arbiter in
supreme
more
mind
wrote
Of
imitatingclassical models.
correctly,
their works
stamp of the forms
by
Drama, which
side
of
to
peculiar
with
will be
greatest exponent.
are
Of
the
merit,and
slight
the
treated in the
flourished
what
some-
such
not
are
(see
bear the
in after-times.
the
chapter on
earlyreligious
plays many
F
matters
de Virues
do
Spanishdrama
secular
national
a
populartaste,
the
Luperciode Argensola(seep. 122)and Cristobal
Side
of
important and
both
consulted
playwrights
(seep. 166);
225),but
ment
improve-
the
to
laid the foundation
become
to
above-mentioned
more
the stage ;
on
of
only by reason
undoubtedlyenjoyed,and which gives
the writers who
were
dramatic
scuffle
languageis
of his time.
taste
destined
drama
a
his
drama, and he deserves mention
of the
the
in
nor
with
pieces end
which
on
his
wildlyextravagant ;
often
are
or
less
less worth-
incidents
The
his works.
of
rest
He
Auto
an
is somewhat
mystery, called the Lost Sheep,which
close
a
published.
composed Fasos, Farces, Comedies, Eniremeses, and
p.
the
mistaken
continually
they are
sometimes, also,by the spectators.
Juan de Timoneda, a bookseller of Valencia,was
friend of
The
a
their friends ;
by
a
one
divided
are
Spanish writers,of
to
a
alreadyget a
plotswe
subsequentlyforms
Spanish drama.
dear
so
expedient,
feature of the
poor
acts.
the least.
at
of the earlier writers ;
the work
which
intricacy
of the
trace
into
not
fruit that
Rueda, four in number, mark
de
is imitated from
least of them
at
priceof
five years
lapseof
before the
be grown
cannot
65
the
quarrelabout
to
premature
DRAMA
THE
OF
Religious
Calderon, its
specimens
LITERATURE
SPANISH
66
interestingis
most
Miranda, which
de
Luis
Frodiga, by
Comedia
the
of
One
preserved.
been
have
illustrates the
favourite story of the Prodigal Son, with many
graphic details
imagination than
its author's
from
rather
drawn
the
sacred
from
writ.
well
touch
to
costumes,
primitive
On
these
works
Rueda, says
'
is contained
in the
his immediate
predecessorLope
de
"
Spanishactor, the
of this celebrated
in
contained
(seep. 64) was
sack, and
a
whole
apparatus
of
an
consisted of four white
sheepskins
wigs,
figuresto
and
four false beards
giltleather,togetherwith
with
trimmed
disposal.
:
In the time
autor
and
life,
of
Cervantes,^in the preface to
writers.
plays,speaking of
it will be
their
"property"at
information
abundant
particulars
of contemporary
own
and
scenes,
earlydrama,
actors, their way
positionof
the
on
the
his
the
complete this brief sketch of
To
There
less.
were
no
or
shepherd'scrooks, more
the
of the earth, or the space beneath
come
popping up from the centre
composed of four benches, forming a square,
stage. The stage itselfwas
with four or six planks placed upon
them, so as to be raised about four
less did clouds containingangelsor
Much
from the ground.
handsbreadths
and
four
.
down
come
spirits
of
an
from
which
old blanket
.
.
which
consisted
of the theatre
sky. The back scene
could be pulledby cords to
the
side
one
or
other,and
the
the musicians
stood
singingsome
Lope de Rueda
oldballadjwithoutevenaguitarto
accompany
in the part of cowardly
famous
Naharro, a native of Toledo, who was
came
raised the standard of theatrical adornment, exchangbully. He somewhat
this formed
the green-room,
behind
After
them.
.
^
Vol.
Comedias
y Entremeiei
i. Prdlogo al Lector.
'
En
"
Comedias
el
tiempo de
se
encerraban
gtiamecidos de
cayados, jxko
"alir del
bancos
ccntro
en
este
en
de
costal, y
un
guadaniecf dorado
niAs 6
dc
quadro
mcnos.
.
; y
.
.
No
en
se
cifraban
quatro
hav(a
quatro palmos ; ni menos
clcl Theatro
El adorno
baxaban
era
una
manta
Cielo
en
cuatro
barbas
de
un
1749.
Autor
de
pellicosblancos
cabelleras, y quatro
y
saliesse 6 pareciesse
que
al qual componfan quatro
figura
del Thcatro,
la ticrra por lo hucco
scis
tabl.is
6
encima, con
y quatro
del
Marin, Madrid,
los aparatos
E^paftol,todos
c^lebre
.
Cervantes.
dt
Miguel
.
nubcs
vieja,tirada
levantaba
se
que
Angeles, 6
con
dos
con
del suelo
con
cordelcs
almas.
de
una
los
vestuario, dctras de la qual estaban
parte k oira, cjuc hacfa lo que Ilaman
!Succcdi6
d Lope
sin guitarra algun romance
Miisicos cantando
anliguo.
haccr la figura
en
dc Kucda,
Naharro, natural dc Toledo, el qual fu6 famoso
.
de
un
rufiAn cobardc.
Este levant(Salg^n tanto
mAs
.
el adorno
.
de las Comedias,
ORIGIN
THE
OF
DRAMA
67
He
ing the sack which used to contain the dresses,for chests and trunks.
brought out the musicians who formerlysang behind the blanket, to the
the beards of the comic
actors, for,up to
publicgaze ; he also abolished
he made
them
all play
that time, nobody played without
a false beard, and
old
without preliminary
adjustment; except those who had to represent
men,
it
who
duced
introwhich
of
He
other
features.
was
or
requireda change
parts
and
and
thunder
battles,but
machinery, clouds,
lightning,duels,
it has reached
all this had not yet come
which
to the pitch of perfection
nowadays.
At first no
being taken
of the
Rueda, who
wherewith
had
be
the standard
by
documents
scandals
gained
the
and
in
king
actors, comprising no
and
lives,
; secular
convents
Sundays
for the purpose.
to
the
sky and
formed
the
charitable
el costal
detras
de
hasta
nubes, truenos
en
que
vestidos
la manta,
entonces
representassen
viejos,li otras
punto
de
h. curena
figuras
y
que
the
to
is this
memorial
placein
played in
of
among
escaped convicts.
The
churches
air
the open
spectators.
exercised the
en
baules
:
of
Such
on
rangles
quad-
and
religious
allowed
privilege
sac6
la musica,
Theatro
que antes
los Far-
de
publico : quit6 las barbas
ninguno representaba sin barba postiza ; y
rasa,
the
remedy
persons,
least,the property
sino
era
pidiessen mudanza
reldmpagos, desaffos
estd abora."
in
often took
for the
cofres y
en
al
Actors
period,nor
truth
auto
set apart
places specially
merely quadrangles{corrales)
open
the
windows
of which
by houses,
costlyseats
at
Lope
in
or
which
associations,
y mud6
que
were
in Madrid
cantaba
todos
inns
surrounded
most
were,
santes,
These
later
even
pieceswere
in
holidays,
or
for
Corpus Christi.
thousand
one
of religious
dramas
representations
and
judge
to
by fortywanderingcompanies
less than
of abandoned
which
for the best
1645, begging him
outrages caused
drama
secular
provided
prizeoffered
is any
parts
stillexisting
in the
dresses
tilla much
at, if there
the
to
men
silken
outcasts
as
wondered
presented
them
the
celebrate the festival of
to
considered
were
of
simplicity
as
of Seville mention
the stage, the female
on
for
religious
performances,
archives
to
The
by boys.
not, however, be taken
must
de
appeared
women
los que
de
haWan
rostro
y batallas ; pero
esto
de
:
representar
inventd
no
hizo
que
los
tramoyas,
Ilegdal
sublime
SPANISH
68
heavilytaxingfor pious purposes
law of
by
of the
sites of
The
actors.
quadrangles are
marked
now
spiteof
these
at
persecution
the
seem
actors
have
to
life.
hard
his
by
of the
two
the hands
led
de
Augustin
religious
authorities,
of the
free and
a
notwithstanding
joyous,though squalid
Rojas, himself
actor, gives in
an
"
amusing
of the various
account
by slang
distinguished
profession.This
midway
; their
weep
and
meses,
the
carry
is how
he
consists of
number
of
in
status
Carambaleo, which
the
"
who
woman
five
sings,and
who
men
play,two auios, three or four
of clothes which a spidermight carry ; sometimes
their backs, sometimes
in a chair : they give
baggage comprises one
bundle
a
woman
at
on
for
homesteads
loaf
a
the
importance:
of
one
companies,
the
lower
higher or
describes
graphicand
a
"
dramatic
of
according to
their
in the order
Carambaleo
kinds
names
they contained, and
actors
^
of these
theatres
principal
ViagejEnfreiem'do (Diverting
Journey) 1603
stood
receipts
celebrated
most
and
disadvantages,
many
occasional
and
of the
two
the meagre
Spanishcapital.
of the
In
LITERATURE
of
bread,
bunch
six
; in
of
enire-
they
sentations
repreand
grapes,
a
piece of sausage,
they charge
farthings,
villages
else may
happen to be offered,countingeverything
In hamlets
to their net.
as fish that comes
they stay four or six days ;
and, if the landlady takes a fancy to any of
they hire a bed for the woman,
she giveshim a sackful of straw, and
he sleepsin the
them
a blanket, and
abode.
At midday they
kitchen.
In winter the straw-loft is their constant
of broth
eat their olla of beef and six platefuls
apiece; they all sit at the
table,or sometimes on the bed ; the woman
same
portionsout the dinner,
cabbage
a
hank
^
tracn
lo
de
stew
of
' '
es
llcv.ir
manos
;
arafta
una
; cobran
:
llevan
6 cuatro
A ratos
hombres
entremescs,
que
un
k la mujer A cuestas
los
en
los
en
y cinco
canta
que
trcs
autos,
rcprcscntan
berzas
mujer
una
dos
comedia,
puede
a
whatever
Carambaleo
una
olla de
flax,or
or
lloran
l(o de
:
ropa,
estos
que
silla
en
y otras
de uvas
racimo
y
cortijospor hogaza de pan,
pueblos d scis maravediscs, pedazo
de
longanizn,
sin que se deseche
dc lino y todo lo dcmas
ripio ;
ccrro
((uc viene aventurero,
6 scis dfas ; alquilan para
la mujer una
estAn en los lugarcs cuatro
cama,
y
la hiicspcda dale un
costal dc paja, una
manta
el que ticne amislad
con
y
la cocina : y en invicrno. el paj-ircs su habitacii^n cterna
ducrme
rn
; (5stos d
mcdiod(a
ansc
todos
su
comcn
h
una
oUii dc
mesa,
y
vaca,
otr:is
y cada
vcccs
uno
sobre
scis
la
escudillas
cama
dc
; rcparte
caldo
la
;
si"^nt-
mujer
la
CHAPTER
POETRY
OF
THE
VII
FIFTEENTH
CENTURY
FOREIGN
"
INFLUENCES
In
of
treating
been
has
Don
the
Manuel
branches
of
collected
and
produced
during
to
a
the
the
to
all-powerful
old
Alfonso
be
and
or
may
ceasing
weakest
the
are
that
have
love-songs
the
taken
of
The
an
with
place
artificial
petrified
become
series
of
the
is less
of
the
have
the
Poem
of
begin
to
grave
old
kind
the
;
has
models
tone
the
kind.
influence
classical
the
in
were
their
ends
general
have
truly popular
century.
Italian, and
placed
position
of
foreign
still
were
might
Age
be
were
have
ballads
to
ballads
to
true
the
other
and
tie
versos
ousted
^
rough
but
celebrated
reign
and
of
When
and
but
their
the
chivalry
Golden
religious epic
imitated,
forms
the
to
fifteenth
Provencal,
The
idea
and
Lyric
earnest.
the
heroic
and
of
as
find
we
the
XI.
studied
arte
poetry,
of
in
the
of
many
by
represented
Hita
of
romances
works
chivalry
period
century,
rapidly
during
Spanish
that
seventeenth
were
of
that
true
literature.
of
romances
Turning
is
and
great
the
it
chivalry,
of
romances
Archpriest
impression
wrong
by printing they
later
the
It
the
of
beyond
far
and
printed,
scheme
general
and
go
literature.
alongside
led
to
necessary
Juan
them
ballads
the
by
glowing
Cancionero
order
taste
of
of
of
accounts
de
Juan
this
II.
battles
Baena,
of
spiritual or
compiled
Castile,
time, during
which
gives
the
physical.
during
a
very
court
the
correct
was
the
POETRY
his
and
Baena, from
de
himself
was
name,
Alvaro de
favourite,Don
Alfonso
Juan
CENTURY
XV.
THE
hundred
verse
; his
its
takes
contains
book
compositions by
seventy-six
and
being poets.
collection
the
himself
king
both
Luna,
whom
writer of
a
71
feeble
the elegantand
activity,
literary
of
centre
OF
five
sixty-twopoets,
with hymns
but interspersed
consistingchieflyof love-songs,
satires.
and
mechanical
artificialand
Poetry
attained
working
to
the
and
by
expressedin
is
the in-breathed
upon
make, order, and
feet and
arts
variouslyand
such
intellect
properlyknown
of very loftyand
and
books
such
and
to
by its rhymes
strangelynamed
and
subtile wit
know
writings,and
courts, and
associated
affairs,and
with
and
and
seen
all
great
and
and
deep
read
beheld
it,
how
it
by its
by cunning
belongs to
and
well
or
invention,and
subtle
and
art
learned
healthyand
heard
and
measure
accents,
be
unerringjudgment,
and
many
diverse
have
languages,and
men,
and
sends
aright,know
this
it cannot
of very
"
grants and
moreover
of very
man
have
must
one
who
God
polish,scan,
and
syllables
that
discretion,and
pure
a
the
by
save
:
:
possessed,received,
is
wisely,cunningly and
it,and
such
and
Lord
our
and
well
compose
and
pauses,
of
grace
who,
those
(he says)
Science
Gay
entertained
art
Introduction
Baena's
is
general effect
the
ideal of
purelyformal
in the
great advance
a
-making, but
verse
frigid.The
the school
by
of
part
marks
Cancionero
This
and
frequented king's
taken part in worldly
and
sedate,
gentle birth, courteous
have
in
his
and
and
polished,humorous, polite,
witty,
composition honey
and
of reasoning;
and
and
and
manner
a good presence
salt,
witty
sugar
finallyhe
he
moreover
it,for
wise
many
must
be also
must
have
men
of
be
a
lover
and
make
ever
considered
and
a
affirmed
loves whom
he ought and
to say who
is
with
all
doctrine.^
endowed
good
ought,
It
the
is,however, necessary
authors
of
account
their
exercised
on
Alfonso
much
^
the
works
mention
make
up
the
names
of
also because
the poetry of
Alvarez de
a
of the
influence
Villasandino
de Baena,
where
some
long
which
of
on
after
they
later age.
was
a
mercenary
appreciatedduringthe reignsof Juan
Cancionero
and
Cancionero,both
even
is
who
man
ought
as
the
pretence of
he
popularitythat they enjoyed
time, and
own
maker,
whose
to
and
that every
in love, that is
he
show
p. 9.
Rivadeneyra, Madrid,
verse-
II. and
1851.
his
LITERATURE
SPANISH
72
predecessors. He
immediate
other
compUmentary
admirers
diffident
were
genius to worthilycelebrate
a
series of satires
of the
many
on
afforded
they were
written.
hymns
the
the
to
Francisco
Micer
admirer
of
Imperial was
whom
Dante,
he
in form, without
subjectand
speaking of
Santillana
him
in this
attempted
at
his best in the
secular poets
birth and
by
of
his
by
I would
"
says,
an
both
imitate
to
in
in either.
attaininggreat success
contemporaries;
bard
call him
not
poet, for it is certain that,
region hath
western
those for whom
to
Genoese
a
but
minstrel {trovador)
or
{(iecidor)
if any
and
strong religiousspirit
a
however, highly esteemed
was,
point of
courtlylife.
artificialexterior of
underlyingthe
He
of
wrote
cleverlyturned
are
he, like other
frequentlygives proof
age,
poetic
also
The
is,however,
which
He
court.
amusement
Villasandino
Virgin,in
subject.
the
lost,but they
undoubtedly have
must
about
a
powerful
their
of
adequacy
great
so
persons
latter is
the
to
as
and
sonnets
rich and
ladies whose
to
verses
for hire
composed
merited
the reward
of the
triumphalgarland it is he."
The
name
his earliest years
up from
that
a
of
during
student
his lifetime he
of the
black
books
priceless
of the
evil
wide ; he
which
they might
translated
tongue, and
Labours
was
wrote
study ;
looked
was
a
art, and
after his death
burned,
without
contain.
heavy
well
his best
His
celebrated
in the
an
title to
Marcjucs
preserved contains
de
some
form
knowledge
suspicionas
his
collection
sympathies were
literary
Cicero into his native
pedanticallegorycalled
and
as
himself
examination, for fear
of Carving.
Art
place in
a
poetry of his country is his Arte de Trovar^
poetry, addressed
with
upon
Villena,is
gave
his
great was
so
parts of Vergiland
of Hercules^ as
giveshim
great nobleman
This
to
de
Aragon, Marques
mention.
deservingof
more
de
Enrique
of
of
a
Santillana.
curious
the
a
letter to
The
information
work
The
historyof
brief treatise
his
nephew,
fragment
about
the
that
the
the
on
the
is
Con-
POETRY
OF
modelled
carefully
avoid
to
the
who
of
Marques
rather
el
another, he
put into
was
his ardent
his native
Galician
his successful
rival slew him
the window.
Few
poet, but
the
Villena
as
seventeenth
his
Don
the
theme
el
Enrique
A
poet
proverbs.
life of
political
poem
in
mentioned
his
in
differe
in-
an
in
Gongora
proverbial,his
Spanish writers,and
of
owed
introduction
in
didactic works, both
precepts, addressed
To
doncel de
an
his
to
of
one
the
uncouth
on
and
sonnet
and
or
Centiloquio,
the
of Santil-
with
the
in the
Infante
merit,among
the
to
Don
to
pose
com-
which
Spanish, but
fashion.
hundred
is a
Mossen
el Sabio
Alfonso
incorrect
one
with
militaryand
crowning of
into
early
connection
leisure in his old age
uneven
him
Marquds
again in
important part
of books
troubadour.
this form
was
served,
pre-
widelyseparated
connection
mention
must
time,he found
Jordi,the
handles
been
have
as
is the
name
praiseof Villena,and
the
in
love
persistence,
(seep. 249) novel. El
of the
takingan
largenumber
a
his
tinguish
ex-
by hurling a javelin
became
name
not
sing his
to
faithful lover
all the great
Larra's
drama, and
After
did
Doliente,in the present century.
have
we
the
His
almost
of
marriage to
in the fifteenth and
master
worthy
more
lana,whom
historyof
by
to
after her
verses
inspiredpoets
century.
story is alluded
formed
his
Remaining
Confinement
in his cell
only of
his fate
retainer of the
poet.
a
Exasperated by
tongue.
in
but he is known
verse-writer,
and, judging by them, the
in date
Galician
continued
he
its
that had
one
refugein Catalonia
a
prison.
passion;
was
Albigenses.
the
Enamorado,
a
academy
bringing together the
a
to
through
in
mainly
was
This
taken
himself
Villena,was
author
subject for poetry than as
the lady of his affections,
even
as
faithful
had
persecutionof
Macias, surnamed
73
celebrated
more
it succeeded
Provengal troubadours
order
the
Barcelona.
after the
Toulouse, and
at
which
the
instrumental
CENTURY
XV.
Gay Science
in founding at
sistoryof
seat
THE
is
he
His
proverbial
Enrique,
and
his
SPANISH
74
Doctrinal
de
Privados
and
dignified
of
a
LITERATURE
in
correct
tone
of the world.
man
;
theycontain
latter is
The
Alvaro de Luna, whom
fate of
de Santillana
Marques
Santillana
(seep. 28),addressed
Serranilla
Finojosa,is the
to
which
best that exists in the
^
entitles it to
Moza
vi
Come
De
en
la
vaquera
Non
Santa
Vencido
Por
Perdi
la
Si
Non
De
la
Su mucha
En
un
De
rosas
Finojosa.
verde prad'o
So
pretty
"
other
was
spring
from
"
gazed
But
"
so
milkmaid
are
so
"
I said
I h"ve
placedby
her
pretty
of
great
beauty,
"
that
niy"clfobliged to
"
"her
does not
the
make
and
I
"
so
la
of
she
might
saw
I
speak
Finojosa,*
not
"
left
had
Icom
the
that
"
who
n\e
was
With
the
"
herd
I believe
could
punctudlionhere.
tcnite.
tending
"
down
milkmaid
I the
believe
"
milkmaid
that
josa.
of la Fino-
"
weighed
"
scarce
1 cannot
"
"
the paaaage
that
"
milkmaid
ilowers
Finojosa.
(as she) nor her equals.
My pretty maid,'
Finojosa."
Sanchex
qui^nera
Marfa
there
"
and
she
a
Santa
to
way,
was
as
"
roses
"
'
found
of
"
of la
beautiful
on
dixe, donosa,
saber
I,
saw
1 lost my
"
so
"
ne'er
Calateveiio
green
"
beforehand
much
of la
meadow
shepherds,
a
land
rocky
In a
"
I known
"
the border
"
in the
sleep,
with
"
creyera
a
dejara
Aquella vaquera
De la Finojosa.
"
that she
had
fermosa
apenas
of la Finojosa
of
pastores,
Por
beldad,
me
libertad.
mi
Mas
girl on
Journeying along
"
"
"
En
ganado
mirara
tanto
Porque
" flores
otros
Que
with
Daquella vaquera
De la Finojosa,
carrera
vi tan
manera.
glosa
supiera
antes
vi la vaquera
Con
rosas
sin
Do
La
of its
charm
fermosas
tal
de
del
fragosa
las
tan
Nin
sueiSo,
closely
primavera
Fablando
Guardando
^
la
Maria
tierra
While
Finojosa.
creo
Sean
Calateveiio
A
la
De
la via
La
of
{vaquerd)
fuese vaquera
Que
De
His
Spanishanthology.
every
Finojosa.
Faciendo
De
place in
that the
fame.
to
and
simplicity
a
la frontera
una
lighterkind
a
language.
fermosa
tan
Non
a
always strongly
milkmaid
a
imitatingProvencal models, it has
own,
had
highestclaim
attains his
the
probablyinspiredby
is,however, in poetry of
It
opposed.
are
Favourites),
the wide experience
Court
(Warnings to
in
"
the
"
jest,
"
I had
my
"
"
roses
not
liberty.
that
maid
milk-
full stop
as
POETRY
Santillana has
of
Portugal.
This
author's poems
the
one
Galician
to
and
the
than
in
this
practiceof
other
any
to
a
of
of
its
copy
his
interesting
contemporaries
ascribes
that he
"
science
(poetical)
It
is certain that
was
general
more
province of Spain ;
region or
much
Speaking
Portuguese influences.
says,
Pedro
Don
gives an
were
noticed
Constable
Prince
the young
Peninsula, he
of this district of the
here
be
the
to
accompanied
poets who
is to
75
important literary
most
it Santillana
In
1445.
several of the
importance
of the
by request
predecessors. It
or
left
CENTURY
XV.
brief treatise
sent
year
of
account
THE
time, in his Letter
his
documents
about
also
OF
much
so
so
all bards {decidores)
and minstrels (trovadores)
that,until lately,
of
all their works
Extremadura, composed
Juan de
Juan
his
In
and
his works
contain
for
they enjoyed
work
added
equal
the
by
the
days
the form
; the
into space,
a
dream
where
the
he beholds
So
orders of the
obscure,indeed,are
The
years.
is said
to
have
Tresctentas,by his bedside.
its
from
names
-five
sixty
in order
a
the poem
enigmatical
in
afterwards
were
make
to
the
number
well suited
whim
to
the
It is written in
deals.
three circles
a
magic
car
representingseverally
This
vision
affords
an
pedantic style
classed accordingto
mysteriousand
various historical personages,
seven
popularity
hundred
poet is transportedin
opportunityfor commenting
"
is distinctively
wide
the
patron, and
Present,the Past,and the Future.
upon
of
sities,
in the Italian univer-
two
of the year,
in which
of
these
to
king'srequest
that of the
time
contained
the fact that it originally
from
conceits
astrological
the
or
of
tongue."
of the
poet
nothingthat
than
friend and
stanzas;
court
understand
his Laberinto,
second
hundred
to
littleor
takes the first of its two
obscurity;
three
to
in the Galician
studied
had
more
Mena's
was
habituallykept
This
he
youth
It is difficult
king himself
erudite
an
was
II.
Spanish.
which
Mena
natives
Andalucians, or
Castilians,
country, whether
our
who
are
planets,"and their supposed influences.
the
verses
that
a
lengthycommentary
76
SPANISH
them
on
published shortlyafter
was
celebrated
LITERATURE
scholar,Fernan
Nunez, surnamed
his
Griego. Juan
de Mena
makes
pedanticby the
wholesale
introduction
the
entirely
foreignto
In this
he
particular
is not
undoubtedly did
Besides
cibn de
the
The
verses,
of Latin
much
to
^
his
wrote
words,and
of
structions
con-
language.
the vicious habit.
panegyricor
a
the Seven
on
Mortal
Corona-
Sins,and
of the least obscure
some
of his
lady :
"
Oiga tu merced y
; Ay de quien nunca
Hombre
que
Nunca
Ya
and
heavy
the Castilian
promote
followingis a specimen
to
the
Comendador
stylestill more
geniusof
Mena
Trescientas,
Cancibn
a
the
by
the firstoffender,but his great reputation
Santillana,a poem
songs.
their appearance
tu
puede
vea
perdido.
virtud,
Fermosura
sin
Es
bien
todo
vido !
te
gesto
ser
la tu sola
mi
crea,
medida,
y vida
Con
de salud :
esfueripo
Quien tu vista ver dessea
Fablara
no
en
fingido,
Hombre
que
Nunca
puede
Pues
Pues
Tu
lUen
Sin
gesto
me
fuerte ;
tu saiia tan
que,
vea
perdido.
salu6,
ser
vista
tu
Cesse
tu
seRora, de
muerte
figurame libro,
dira qualquierque
temor
Hombre
de
que
Nunca
tu
puede
sea,
vcncido,
ser
gesto vea
perdido.
ser
beg thee, and believe ; alas for him who never saw thee ! the
l)e undone.
that once
never
can
perties
proThy wondrous
xnax\
thy face beholds
and
life
wealth
Oh
alone,
beauty without peer I form my whole
will say in
health ;
would
all my
he who
and
see
strenuous
thy countenance
bo
undone,
the man
that once
beholds
never
face
can
5ol"cr cjirncst,
thy
let thy fierce an^er
that redcenjcd
Since
it was
cease
;
me,
thy countenance
well can
men
death
"incc, lady mine, from
say,
thy face hath freed me,
that once
whoever
thy face
they be, and fear no contradiction, the man
1
"
Listen
I
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
beholds
"
can
never
t)c undone."
LITERATURE
SPANISH
78
el
Quan presto se va
Como
despues de
dolor
Da
Como
acordado
parecer
de
Aquel
Cualquieratiempo passado
Fue mejor.
Amado
vidas
Que
Que
Alli
dar
a
van
Derechos
a
;
rios
Alli los
otros
No
Y
Despu(!sque
puso
Tantas
por
manos
sus
el camino
Este
mundo
Para
el otro, que
es
Sin pesar
andar
Para
Sin
veces
Andamos
Y
buen
tener
tino
quando
as
nacemos
lordlyones
streams
with
labour
the
who
other,
would
life
decease
;
so
good,
"
is
we
into
ended
size
this
the
world
when
esteemed
die
"
"
"
by
we
have
his
fellows,
"
the
crown
knows
well
often for his
and
all be told"
"
of
"
creed
"
as
what
on
of
a
sort
Nor
right:
fail, in Ocafia
"
.
;
"
so
his
many
would
setting
of
hour
our
of the
"
"
I extol
When
"
"
Rodrigo
renowned,
why
their
worth,
had
staked
he
faithful service
mighty
town
take
.
deeds
after such
own
who
constable
they wcre.r"
throw
"
.
the
he
is the
Protector
"
mighty
"
to the king,"
without
rest.
mighty
towards
"
must
the
at
the
those
road
birth
"
lives
go
the
"
a
to
Our
equal
heed
Our
goal
our
"
Thither
good
"
reach
"
are
how
"
"
thither
;
is but
fail.
without
and
we
but
grief;
up.
all
pain;
sweet.
"
This
"
"
one
is
is death
There
"
rich.
"
which
"
OcaSa
d llamar
more
swallowed
"
for every
hid life BO
cierta,
puerta,
su
was
"
valiant knight,
his
Manrique of high fame,
here?
I praisethem
should
they arc known.
"
puede
la muerte
the rills.
"
on,
sea
and
"
journey
journey
high
the
free from
"
gone
are
and
"
and
"
home
it is that
for virtue
"
a
accomplish
in
"
be
hands,
which
forth,
years
of smaller
their
hazana
"
that
rey
:
afterwards, the thought of it
flow
straightto
"
others
"
su
villa de
su
A
that
"
Vino
vivimos
of the
any
rivers
the
la
bien servida
bastar
Cuenta
"
seeming,
no
que
En
ley
su
tanta
de
Despues
jomada
quicklypleasureflies, how,
arc
de
corona
En
la vida
tan
que
Verdadero
quando
allegamos
our
La
morada
es
:
esta
"
sabe
tablero,
Despues
errar.
Partimos
caros,
fueron.
Quales
viven por
cumple
;
todo
el mundo
Al
Mas
los vieron
quiero hazer
los
Pues
los ricos.
Y
valiente,
iguales
Allegados son
que
Ni
chicos.
mas
tan
tan
Pues
medianos
famoso
grandes hechos y claros
cumple que los alabe,
Sus
caudales,
Alli los
Rodrigo
don
maestre
consumir.
Y
la gente,
Y
acabar
se
virtuoso
Manrrique
mar
los senorios
van
Los
la
en
el morir
es
El
los rios
son
abrigo.
buenos
por
De
Nuestras
;
Descansamos.
;
nuestro
a
tiempo que fenecemos
Asi que quando morimos
Al
placer,
came
deeds
"
death
"
to
not
they can-
to
him
POETRY
Diciendo
buen
:
Dexad
al
Muestre
En
este
la
Por
sufrir
Para
Que
Asl,
hicistis
tal
Cercado
De
de
vivir,
No
es
que
con
gana
se
perdurable,
Dio
estados
El
alma
cual
le
Y
deleitable
vida
con
Donde
Nos
knocked
and
let
Since
cup
of
valour
thy
bold
thy
life
thy
"
let
gate-~saying,
not
"
health
and
thee
bold
The
Hfe
which
is
eternal
is
from
hell
;
life
but
the
though
ease
leave
this
faithful
famous
Thus,
then,
by
his
him
to
he
deceitful
thou
anchorites
for
renown,
and
its
"
harsh
with
knights
died
who
to
in
strong
wife,
his
mortal
such
it ;
may
"
life
he
"
by
labours
and
their
faith,
"
abound
sprung
and
prayers
all
he
his
faculties
place
it in
the
he
dependents,
heavens
"
and
"
left
to
banish
vain
regrets
the
against
unimpaired,
"
and
"
their
"
heaviness
"
brethren,
of
wealth
or
pomp
sins
"
and
sons
"
gave
by
"
their
it
"
claim.
"
hideous
gain
bitter
"
madest
sentence
where
world
this
courageously
"
"
the
surrounded
soul
of
murio,
consuelo
"
"
infidel.
"
the
"
and
tears,
by
nor
"
;
memoria.
gained
not
"
world,
cielo
el
"
store
the
vida
.
this
his
so
endure
to
"
httle
la
dio,
la
se
en
harto
drink
to
"
"
.
.
fail
"
make
knight,
brave
heart
quien
gloria
su
a
Su
his
on
"
vain,
and
"
hermanos
y
ponga
dexo
Infernales,
muger
a
en
Aunque
pecados
los
moran
su
criados,
el
Mundanales,
Ni
humanos
hijos
sus
Y
El
entender,
sentidos
Conservados,
llama.
vos
aflicciones
y
moros.
con
Todos
afrenta
esta
famosos
trabajos
virtud
la
lloros,
con
salud
y
fama,
Esfu^rceos
oraciones
Contra
vida
cuenta
poca
Con
famoso
religiosos
cavalleros
trago.
de
que
Los
acero
esfuerzo
su
buenos
con
Y
de
79
Gananlo
enganoso
corazon
Tan
los
Mas
halago,
Vuestro
Pues
CENTURY
XV.
cavallero,
mundo
Con
THE
OF
his
"
in
"
gave
glory;
memory."
CHAPTER
VIII
THE
During
the
monarchs
and
evident
that
period
the
that,
literary composition
less
adequate
and
it
imitation
the
uncongenial
written
and
becoming
which
live
these
popular
taste
rise
of
both
the
is
form
examined
the
and
traceable
in
class
as
of
in
counted
as
of
fantastic
found
to
and
books
the
it continues
as
are
world
by
by
the
must
so
of
the
distinctly
throughout
pastoral
be
ments.
develop-
literature
is
the
ever,
how-
traces,
later
influence
The
saw
these
and
the
;
all-
larger
a
which
Spain
in
mortals
exploits.
their
in
still
are
heroes
the
period
in
tone,
rendered
play
monstrous
Italian
known
and
volume
understand
centuries,
their
unaided
earlier,
everywhere
beginning,
and
drama
the
in
inhabited
new
of
be
almost
each
histories
order
sixteenth
the
and
may
in
novel,
fifteenth
justly
that
strength,
superhuman
who
beings,
and
something
chivalry
but
is
of
less
has
of
it
forms
for
models
read,
like
the
metaphysical
books
human
less
ever
literature
demand
Italian
;
Catholic
becoming
are
and
widely
like
less
novel
either
of
be
to
extravagant
century
large
the
enchanters
sixteenth
In
and
is
with
powerful
briefly
classical
and
less
unendowed
in
to
erudite
of
continue
they
part
become
has
Poetry
new.
the
widens,
increasing
the
supply
to
horizon
cultivated
hitherto
of
Spanish
of
Age
national
reign
the
preceded
Golden
the
as
NOVEL
novels.
the
But
the
Spaniardscreated
the
Peninsula,though
writers of
by
This
earliest
in its originto
of story peculiar
kind
are
a
who
part ; but it launches
of which
love is
is roused
neither of the
of
the
libre de
Siervo
hermit
in the
Holy
dream, in
Discretion
tions
abstrac-
which
important
play an
chivalry,
of
regularromance
the ill-starredloves and
Liesa.
and
Land.
imitation
In
originality.
a
a
natural
super-
book
The
is
into three
from
his trance, and
purely pastoral novels
lover's despair,
conclude this
book
Another
of
of
fifteenth century.
representedas
his
torturing
in person
Here, by
a
tyrant who
votaries.
styleof the
times, expressiveof a
de
means
San
a
series of
In the affairs of
unhappy end, being slain by
has
1492
alike in the
to
a
usual
poet
Atnor
of
the
Love
vision,
his minister
Desire
in
of these the author
one
to
the upper
adventures, meets
coldness
of his
at
world,
last
an
lady,whose
unjustlybeen called in question.
publisheda book of real originality,
important
most
was
historyof
the celebrated
the
de
Cdrcel
Pedro,
of the
employs
fantastic
ill-toldstory.
is the
intervenes ; the lover is restored
and, after
It is said
later
like character
a
in the
verses
tedious and
(Prisonof Love), by Diego
In
of
a
by
more
honour
of
periods,accordingas the author's
and extinguished. Finally
reciprocated,
disregarded,
divided
arbitrarily
is
books
offshoot
of
first is the
a
Ardanlier
of
kind
of less
into
out
plotis formed
the
adventures
he
his life as
ended
Understanding and
as
Sage.
Love),by Rodriguezdel Padron,
it is written in the form
such
success
Le
the
except
we
a
of the
of littlemerit and
work
of Dante
of
Slave
Free
troubadour
It is
classes,but
chivalry. One
(The
notably by
they belong to
above-mentioned
Amor
if
Spanish novels,
;
of
great
or
"rogue story."
picaresca
in form
are
chivalry,
allegorical
romance
imitated with
afterwards
and
nationalities,
other
is the novela
The
a
8i
NOVEL
THE
the
Celestina
have
been
or
novel
and
of the drama.
Tragicomediade
begun by Rodrigo de
G
This
is
Calisto y Melibea.
Cota
and
finished
SPANISH
82
Fernando
by
LITERATURE
Rojas, but, in spiteof
de
the
opinion
de
Valdds, who
says that the wit of the firstauthor
to
that of him
who
distinctive
very
name
of
more
appears
make
to
style,and
one
in
acrostic
questionableincidents
is
Fernando
the
at
end,
in which
for theatrical
that it was
the word
time.
The
well
the rules which
The
Traglcomedia,
is
would
the
a
long
it
scanty stage
tirades which
the
of
advises
him
love,who
to
English one.
or
go-between,whose
makes
contrives
a
to
hard
the
lovc-token
a
a
confession
arranged between
want
of
purportingto
she
repeatingher visit,
Melibea
is dismissed
the
is
of her
She
house
love
and
lovers,
social
afiair,
Pleberio,the
harshlyby
she
for Calisto.
witch,
fully
success-
the
somewhat
from
who
subsequently
of
successful,and
more
been
undertakes
success,
come
half
before
her services.
herself into the
Melibea,but
superiorin
old woman,
often
Melibea,
Sempronio,
servant
Celestina
bargainfor
lady. Concealingher
Calisto
his
has
agency
lovers.
introduce
rich father of
by
his
an
apply to Celestina,
employed by
and
is somewhat
unsafe,
Spanish audience
a
French
a
and
improbable
It is however
tastes
its
of
occur,
it
ends, make
purpose.
apply to
is comforted
he
position
;
half
his
lady of
adapted
great length,moreover,
the
as
well
not
In the firstchapterCalisto is scornfully
rejectedby
the
plot
unhappy ending.
an
form, the work
later,to gauge
seen
wished
least,for the
at
abounds.
with
comedy
a
written with such
will be
the
Rojas,whose
well have
may
the work
reflections with which
moral
by
the
acts, as
twenty-one
de
representation,
especiallywith
appliances of
as
be
to
its
title,is justified
by the author, who
its dramatic
spiteof
the
the
book
the
declares
In
in
appears
of
evenness
in part
responsible,
in dialogue,
and
developed entirely
which
superior
thorough consistencyof
person.
else
one
some
Juan
it difficult to believe that it is the
than
an
latter part, the
the
throughout,make
characters
work
the
wrote
is
of
to
presents
Melibea.
On
obtains
from
A
Melibea's virtue
meeting
is
yieldswith
83
NOVEL
THE
that unhappily is
extraordinary
facility
an
stories.
But
with
associates,
whom
Calisto
spoil.
is
attempting to
by leaping
his escape.
make
from
she
Spanish
interview
an
before
is
dered
mur-
quarrelledover
by
with
his
which
he
commits
Melibea
lofty tower
a
has
the ladder
by fallingfrom
in
rare
Celestina
hand.
at
surprisedduring
is killed
mistress,and
is
is
her
by
the
swift retribution
not
the
suicide
her
of
eyes
father.
followingdialogue which
The
and
while
awaitingtheir
likeness
striking
the
cloak and
'
^
Ya
Semp.
sintiendo
hace,
bullicio,el
Bien
muerte,
tanto
hablas,
somos
que
buen
ni dormir
adelante
porque
no
el temor
"
estamos,
Dejale hacer
if
Thou
haldas
needest
hear
we
stead.
Farm.
medio
Let
en
y
si mal
que,
Wise
death, for
ruidos
; ; Oh
si
no
Dios
creo
que
me
las
indeed,
and
after
still young
:
from
springs rather
my
own
pues
es
cobardia,
desean
no
locura
mas
vieses,hermano,
seria
como
piernas,el pieizquierdo
arrollada
fuese
longer,Parmeno,
be, for
words
son
:
no
locos ;
la victoria y vencimiento
tanto
aman
cinta,la adarga
en
fear
y
la
haga, huyamos
se
ni matar
y
we
so
un
como
for
the swiftness of our
uproar,
if he does ill,'tis he who
any
him
Pleberio
lado, abiertas
: que
por
de
estar
tengo
aqui.
Semp.
morir
de
no
que
asi
;
querer
cuestiones
empache
me
que
and,
from
huida, las
en
estas
y contienda
A
!
no
que
como
guerra
estoy, placer habri'as
good
in
century.
desviados
de valer.
corazon
escuderos
enemigos
la continua
como
:
Estos
pelea con
esperar
way
harto
que
ha
nos
mi
en
mozos
natural.
comer
'
huir
similar situations
a
el lo pagara.
Farm.
sino
Parmeno,
buen
enliven
of the seventeenth
plays
temas,
no
which
'
sword
Pleberio's house, bears
outside
master
those
to
Sempronio
of Calisto,
servinggentlemen {escuderos)
the two
Parmeno,
between
passes
are
el
sobaco,
gamo
well out
heels will
stand
will pay for it.
heart ; so be it ; let
kill
segun
of the
us
us
in
flee
or
is not
unwillingness
a
kindly disposition. These
serving
gentlemen of Pleberio are madmen
drinking are less dear to them
; eating and
than quarrels and
strife ; we
should
be even
mad
than they, were
more
we
to
await a struggle with enemies
whose
is
rather
continual
and
war
object
sition
oppothan victory and
the discomfiture
of their adversaries.
Oh, gossip, it
would
do thy heart good to see
attitude !
Facing half round ; legs well
my
cowardice
but
we
apart ; left foot
and
should
tucked
go
are
forward
under
off like
my
a
to
run
arm
buck,
such
so
; my
that
is the
to
to be
killed
skirts in my
belt ; my
target rolled up
it may
hinder
not
me
; by heaven, I
fear I have
of remaining here.
84
SPANISH
Semp. Mejor estoy
correas
porque
Pami.
de
me
que
A
?
de
casa
parescian
me
Parmeno
Celestina,no
de alcanzar
I Si ban
Semp.
importunidad ; que
pesadas. Escucha, escucha
muy
muertos
;
atajenpor
nos
Parm.
No
muerto
se,
a
nuestro
digasnada
no
Beta
somos.
nuestra
; i
echa
presto ;
casa.
Oh, pecador de
si
!
mi
ban
nos
?
amo
el
y calla ; que
corre
:
las rehusaba
huir
Huye, huye, que corres
poco
el
todo.
broquel y
; deja
Parm.
la
con
llevar.en
tengo que
bien
para
andan
malas
espada
capilla.
la
en
harto
liviano,que
per ir mas
heciste vestir por
el
broquel y
ella ?
en
las verti
traer, porque
hacia
traias
el
y el caxquete
al correr,
cayga
TURE
tengo liado
yo, que
piedrasque
Todas
corazas
I oyes,
es
se
las
IY
Semp.
estas
no
LITERA
cuidado
menor
mio
ese.
callando, que no es sino la gente
Semp. Ce, ce, Parmeno
; torna, torna
del alguacil
estruendo
que pasaba haciendo
por otra calle.
Miralo
Parm.
bien : no
fies en los ojos que se les antoja muchas
te
No
habian
me
veces
uno
dejado gota de sangre : tragadatenia
por otro.
iban dando
estas espaldasgolpes.
en
paresci'a
que me
ya la muerte, que me
mi
En
vida
he
aunque
acuerdo
me
andado
steel cap
Parm,
y otros
los
a
straps
so
tal afrenta
en
verme
tiempo, y en lugares de
de Guadalupe, que mil veces
frayles
nunca
; pero
ni
temor,
gran
harto
agenas
better
even
the
tan
esta
como
prepared, for
that they may
I have
tied
fall
not
my
I
as
1 have
:
sword
and
buckler
run
nos
de morir,
miedo
hube
vez
harto
got my
in the hood
of my
cloak.
that
of the stones
What
I threw
Semp.
have
casas
afios servi
trabajo; que nueve
apuiieabamos yo
Semp. I am
togetherwith
haber
much
too
them
to
broughtest in
that I might go
all away
so
this buff
with
carry
it ?
thou
thou
that
coat
the
it is I
lighter. As
madest
me
by thy
wear
to me
to object to
obstinacy ; how right I was
bring it, for it seemed
very
for
in
hark
Dost
thou
Parmeno
!
!
not
?
hear,
Hark,
heavy
running away
Throw
untoward
is
dead
Something
men.
quickly :
taking place ; we are
make
for Cclestina's
think
if
they were
Semp. I wonder
the least of my
Semp.
the
watch
bitter
this
others'
if
nor
that
do
:
Drop
have
slain
buckler
own.
our
poorly.
thy
Ah
sinner
!
that
and
everything.
hold
thy tongue,
I
!
am
master.
our
speak
not
was
a
Trust
drop
draught of death
back
!
off from
us
but
; run,
and
in silence, for
Parmeno, turn thee about
tramping noisilyalong the other end of the
well.
Not
of
to have
houscH
friurs of
us
they
not
! hist !
Ix"ok
Parm.
afraid,
they cut
runnest
for that is
cares.
Hist
for another.
the
lest
catch
to
I know
Parm.
but
house
Flee, flee,for thou
Parm.
and
mine.
in
Guadclu|x:;
but never,
as
:
in
so
thousand
now,
was
to
that
me
life do
my
much
situations
n
in
they take one thing
already swallowed
were
ling
already pummelthey
I remember
danger, though
most
laborious.
times
I in
nouglit
street.
for often do
eyes
left in me
; I had
was
it seemed
Never
l)een
thine
not
of blood
it is
I
perilof
came
my
for
Nint;
to
life.
to
long
have
I have
ye;irs
been
dwelt
1 served
fisticulTs with
thus
my
in
the
panions,
com-
86
SPANISH
"
"
of the
which
to
food
literary
the
inspiredby, if
Italian
celebrated
in Leon,
lovers
and
leading a
The
from, the Arcadia
celebrate
life.
of
game
re-arrangedin pairsby
cross
in the
Montemayor'swork
On
the
Cervantes,who
"
Let all that
water
be
cut
of verse,
honour
Two
of
and
of
says,
let it
profitingby
publishedin
though
somewhat
with
the
the
of
all the
It
1564.
was
One
of them
written
Montemayor, who
prose
and
is called the
left his work
with
the
desirous
first. Both
in accordance
had
priest,
enchanted
their appearance,
the
of
longer passages
welcome, the
of
popularity
of
inflated
of the
speedilymade
great
chanted
en-
judgment
mouth
Felicia and
almost
old
chief merit
of its class."
the year
del Salavtantino.
of
the
The
firstof the books
Dianas
and
inhabitingan
and
agree
retain,and
personages
until shuffled
speakingthrough the
togetherwith
being the
more
may
of the wise
treats
out,
we
roundings,
sur-
their
lament
or
nerveless
neighbourhood.
liesin its correct
whole
courtly
a
Felicia,"a benevolent
lady, possessingsupernaturalpowers
palace
shepherd-
station and
love
-purposes
wise
"the
and
the river Esla
of
They speak in
These
verse.
Monte-
published
lackadaisical
of
most
Castilian
first
was
is the banks
their successful
indifferent
provoking
prose.
first and
partlyin
are
of the
by Jorge de
language,and
unnatural
most
The
Enamorada,
scene
in the
this class
of
their
style,entirelyunbefitting
in very
a
works
is written
It
be found
probablyto
region infested by troops
and
play
is
insipidcharacter.
more
(sixteenth
century).
in 1545.
affected
woes
and
Spanish
the author's native
a
adaptations
destroythe popular
not
imitated
directly
not
Portuguese.
Madrid
at
the
of these is the Diana
a
partlyin
milder
a
pastoralnovel
Sannazaro
mayor,
of
writers,but
late Greek
did
Celestina
of the
originof
The
the
rise.
success
for
taste
and
editions,translations,
imitations,
it gave
The
popularityis proved by
Its
novel.
picaresque
innumerable
LITERATURE
were
Si'i:^/nda
the
structio
in-
unfinished,
NOVEL
THE
Alonso
by
Perez,
other is the Diana
modelled
carefully
are
better
certainly
distinction
and
between
that the
other
the
pleading indirectly
cause
of
his
specialmention
made
in
the
both
writings. For
de
books
the other
than
another
speaking of
by Montalvo,
with
characters
shepherd,but
like
and
songs
Spain
and
coarse
of the
by saying
particleof
kind
by
Suarez
de
up
another
the
art
be
is
called
so
better
to
worse
of
los
the
shepherds of
"
He
de Filida
that all these
in them."
of
books
de
of
must
are
Vega,
de Oro
romance,
different that, if the
entirely
novels, novel
that
mean
of
of
the
is
composition,
the
with
pure
no
Cervantes
rustic
who
reality,
in
the
airs
and
cludes
con-
imagination,
idle,but without
celebrated
Sigh
critic
preserved
pastoralnovels,
Other
the
be
savages,
of the
by Lope
writers
certain
shepherds
amusement
praises
"This
says,
Perros) contrasts
the
that,
note
of
incompatibility
this artificialkind
of
Lope
modern
a
his
to
nor
Pastor
make
would
is,however,
Figueroa,and
class
probably
was
his great rival
kind, the
side with the novelists of the
by
He
It is curious
little better than
the Arcadia
are
Side
truth
It
manners
written for the
are
flames
preserved "as
courtier ; let him
{Coloquiode
sometimes
are
graces
and
discreet
very
he
elsewhere
the
Galatea, of which
and
surroundings.
the weakness
clearlysaw
for
their
a
marked
a
chapter devoted
it,namely, the
preciousjewel."
a
which
circumstance
condemn
disposed to
this
of
novel
Perez, but
admired, Cervantes
Lope also greatly
which
it for the very
this class.
of
to
be
neither
published pastoralnovels
Vega
of Polo
such
one
own
himself
Cervantes
these works
and
draws
should
The
verses
Montemayor
Apollo himself."
of
will be
The
condemning
two,
the work
it were
of
Cervantes
why
the
recommending
though
those
understand
to
Both
the firstDiana.
on
than
of Salamanca.
of Gil Polo.
Enamorada
are
it is hard
medicine
of
doctor
a
87
books
Constante
by
of
works
little else
the
Amarilis
Balbuena.
pastoral school
whose
a
grew
conceptionof
of both
than
a
are
work
to
of
88
SPANISH
imaginationin
stories.
Galatea
be best
with the
books
included
picarescathe
form
very
a
the
model
The
reason
"
in
source
traced
in the
to
for
great
one
the
among
and
one,
the
varietyof
infinite
an
both
of the novela
case
genuinely national
a
the
stories,"
equally
rogue
be
parative
com-
at
Cortadillo.
story gives rise
the
class
read
But
name.
was
either
common
a
the
and
have
The
had
picaresque
who
those
great similarity
may
under
of
y
cases.
pastoralromances,
in both
branches,
possessed by
judged by
in both
same
work, and
both
his Rinconete
and
this is the
interest
of
the writers of the
were
cultivated
Cervantes
present day may
his
These
prose.
degree
LITERATURE
episode.
The
model
referred
is the Lazarillo
to
though seemingly without proof of
de
Mendoza,
good
old
Charles
his chief
title
thirtyyears
whose
a
the
later
poet of the
during
during
his
which, if reallyhis,would
It
reign of
the
university
constitute
first publishedanonymously
was
Antwerp.
like ihepicaros(rogues)
Lazarillo,
celebrated
in the
at
other
books
of
the
kind,
enters
boy of disreputable
parentage, who successively
service of persons
of all classes of society,
and manages,
poor
to
and
resource
becomes
blind
live in
nicer
of
in
beggar, his
the book
is
surroundings,
book
not
are
of
He
less
finally
him.
Lazarillo
The
most
himself; the
"pardoner,"the amusing
unscrupulous proceedingsbrought down
the wrath
a
persons
it is in that honourable
story leaves
first master;
whose
gentleman,
Toledo, and
the
to
honour, be intolerable.
unfinished
the
characters
of
description
of
vices of
the
partlyby flattering
positionsthat would,
sense
town-crier
position that
amusing
cheating and
adroit
his masters,
poor
historian,and
written
have
to
Tormes, ascribed,
kind, to Diego Hurtado
flourished
who
novel
fame.
to
are
exploits
partlyby
on
is said
He
(1520-23)the
career
is
soldier,statesman,
a
Spanish type,
V.
any
de
of the
the
Liquisition
; and
the
csaidero^or
type which, though modified
yet wholly extinct in Spain.
by
altered
Its
most
distinctive features
passage
^
:
Un
su
"
habiamos
que
hacienda,
su
tierra
no
de
mas
"
Senor
admirably summed
are
following
dijome ser
y
si tiene,y tambien
y tenia
mas
mi
a
comedirse
Si es, y
"
le
veces'yo se
cuantas
alguna y
el
"
quitaba."
de
; mas
errabades
no
vos
que
lo
os
vecino.
cabal lero, su
un
a
el tambien
decis que
fuera malo
quitabaprimero,no
bonete
decis
quitaba el
lo
me
de
lo que
"
algo contento,
Vieja,y que habia dejado
Castilla la
quitar el
no
por
y estaba
razonablemente
comido
si el era
dijeyo
quitarselo
primero, pues
en
in the
up
"
d(a
contome
89
NOVEL
THE
la
por
ganarme
mano
el
hoy, es
caudal de los hombres
de bien
Mayormente no soy tan pobre que no
tengo en mi tierra un solar de casas, que a estar ellas en pie y bien labradas
mil maravedis, segun
valdrfan
de doscientos
se
podrian hacer
mas
sientes
no
...
las
la honra
de
cosas
.
.
.
en
el dia
que,
todo
de
.
.
.
grandes
esta, daria
cada
hallaria
aiio
de
tocaba
.
para
servir y contentar
suyo
pienso que fuese,y
bien
^
he
One
"
told
had
day
left his
you,
'
said
to
take
his
he
first,it would
which
forestall
to
not
am
as
was
Castile
to
a
good spirits,
that
he
gentleman,
his
and
you
'
to
well
you
the whole
know
me
;
but, with
him
for
nought
.
all the
to
have
of
these
nunca
:
"
been
.
in
he
men-
mucho
say, a gentleman, and
in taking it off to him
first,for you
is and
has more
than
He
you."
off his hat
.
and
off his cap
take
to
was,
wrong
off to
have
me
yo sabria
mundo
Old
privado
gran
mejores del
native of
a
was
not
as
hat
times
richer
admit
I, and
I took
sometimes
been
of
matters
so
honour
.
so
.
.
and, if they were
And
I have
maravedis, so large and good could they be made.
200,000
dovecote
which, if it had not been
pulled down, would
produce yearly more
.
than
pigeons
200
abandoned
thinkingthat
with
I
a
such
thousand
of title he
and
serve
I would
services
; for
amazingly.
be the
to
find
one,
a
best
1 would
in the
other
consideration
I should
gentleman
fitted
not
find
besides
;
of
out
it
of honourable
over
Moreresources
men
up
site
for
but
that
I
have
in
own
a
houses,
poor
my
country
be worth
erected
well built
than
and
more
they would
make
nowadays
I
to
he
if he
'
take
moreover
off to him
politeas
used
so
I
las
habilidad
mi
en
; reillehia
maravillas
reasonably well
that
doing
not
were
you
that he used
only
'
Sir
hay
no
que
seiior
un
con
el topase muy
con
fuesen
no
dined
saying
si
las mil
agradallea
had
we
country
neighbour.
than
that
his story,
me
pensando
hombre
un
ventura
por
Dios
Por
?
donaires y costumbres, aunque
sus
asienta
callo
me
que
ciudad
esta
a
cosas
mil servicios le hiciese ; porque
que
otro, y
como
cuando
otras
.
estos
a
y vine
:
laceria ; pues
su
pasa
honra
Ya
.
de titulo todavia
tilletan
mi
a
derribado, como
estar
un
asiento
buen
un
palomar que a no
doscientos
palominos,y
tengo
mas
lo que
deje por
que
Y
buenas.
y
that
matters
for
.
my
.
may
to
I could
at
I do
not
;
and
honour
good position.
a
make
laugh
world
.
When
.
.
mention.
I
came
a
man
All
to
takes
a
this
this
I
city
service
Am
hardships : What
say you ?
to
delight such persons?
By heaven, if I were
him
a
myself his prime favourite and render
lies as well as another, and
tell him
please him
his habits, though they might not
his quips and
; I would
stomach
never
his
say
anything that might displeasehim,
SPANISH
90
decille
en
su
cosa
que
no
le pesase,
que
dicho
en
persona
el
habia de
ver
de
lo que
afforded
by
the
takes
understand
absurd
givesan
in
the
of Lazarillo
shape
than
of
fish.
Luna
This
in 1620.
is
it contains
and
is,in parts, coarselyindecent.
in the
time
and
make
this he
the avowed
his
though it were
to
he
givesplay to
esteemed
very careful of all that
of the kind, such
by
their owners."
"
and
:
would
and
his
now
and
amusing
of the
original,
the
finance
ment
depart-
in his Guzmdn
picaro serve
moral
a
His
de
is
hero
a
relish
from
so
not
followinghis
evil
moralisingtendencies
;
I would
trouble
him
and
.
be very
myself to
.
customary in great
too
that
exhibit
he
about
diligent
do
his servants
scold
.
arc
idio
and
questionableadventures, with
I would
concerned
as
considerably
of
relates with much
who
his ffrcnt adv.nntage to do
his [Krrson in word
and
deed,
he
would
that
not
see
things
npp"*ar
the
objectof dissuadingothers
When
courses.
than
more
own
Second Fart
a
tone
fullysuccessful.
not
was
to
the
of
teacher
are
Felipe II.,attempted
of
contemptiblepersonage
unction
in
employed
Alfarache (Madrid, 1599) to
In
A
book
a
told,but it lacks the brisk and natural
was
its
by
submarine
; its styleis correct
the last named
Aleman, who
left
entirelyfails
produced
well
prosy and
satire
anonymous
of the hero's
tunny
a
of the stories which
some
purpose.
favour
professesto continue,
he
account
Paris named
de Tormes
merit
dull
an
been
He
Antwerp.
at
by
it had
of the book
and
Spanishlanguagein
Mateo
found
and
imagination
Lazarillo
story where
the
up
the character
adventures
bien."
chapters,is
short
once
esta
host of imitators eager
a
field for
of the
originalauthor, appeared
matic ;
It at
extreme.
of the wide
continuation
a
1555
more
only nine
porque
galasde
de el parecen
senores
cosas
its simple form.
who
writer,
and
los
a
las
servicio
y muchas
.
.
diligente
muy
bien
la gente de
.
y
ser
hacer
no
por
con
generalpublic,and produced
avail themselves
In
renir
el tocaba
a
Palacio
en
cumpliese;
matar
me
a
y ponerme
;
in
and interesting
lively
to
no
;
le
of
story, consisting
whole
with the
mucho
aunque
y hecho
pareciesegran cuidado
calidad,que hoy se usan
The
LITERATURE
many
houses
well the
1
might
plishments
accom-
and
are
NOVEL
THE
is
His
frequentlyintroduces.
is
produce disgust.Guzman
the book
with which
interest
to
as
'
the
also he held
in his
contempt
the
Second
is the
During the
kind
of
Lujan
of the
worse
Picara
imitation
Marcos
of the
de
in Flanders
became
a
Gardufia
Tacafio
devoted
the
Ubeda, which
de
that the
in
own
chequered
y
all
by
their authors.
base
Tolosa
de
book, by
career
Salorzano
belong
to
the student
as
a
the
of
soldier
subsequently
by
form
Gerdnimo
(1654),and
this class ; the
"
;
Vicente
of the metrical
Hablador
and
Cortadillo,
To
a
gives a wittyaccount
reputed inventor
Quevedo,
Cortes
Spain. Espinel,who
de Sevilla
are
relates the story
readable
author
notice
Manzatiares,
mentioned
Cervantes, will be specially
to
the faults and
worthy of
most
espinelas. El Donado
the Rinconete
as
of
of
in his
series of stories of this
whole
; Lazarillo
of his
the
de
"
de
the
vagabond
or
well
them
a
well-written and
which
is
priest,
Alcala,La
continuations
forgercalls himself,
the
originalLazarillo,
by Juan
called decimas
Gran
century
Celestina
Obregon,a
and
to
two.
of the adventures
many
part
say that Aleman,
to
Saavedra, as
Justina,by Lopez
Espinel (1618),in
as
de
seventeenth
daughter of
a
two
Al/arache,exaggerates
published. Among
was
spurioussecond
Of these
enough
a
forestalled ; like
was
scanty merits of his first attempt ; and
the
of Mateo
work
de
of Guzman
Part
minimises
La
story it is
he
the
of
illustrate
to
serve
own
Quixote^ promised
like him
continuation.
own
their
succeedingcentury.
his Don
the author
up
worn-out
of the
in
part of his book, and
second
of
'
drama
like Cervantes
Aleman,
him
sword
and
cloak
coloured
-
it may
fail
cannot
contemporariesin
a
sermons
highly
exaggeratedand
Italy. Properlyused
in
country and
out, it
cut
are
often
but
Lazarillo,
If,however, the
tastes.
of the life of the author's
account
amusing
like
gay scamp
is interlarded
somewhat
a
be
to
attempts
no
of very low
cantingscoundrel
stories which
episodical
also in the
dull,as
always intolerably
he
91
the
latter,
novels of adventure
in the
chapters
of the social
history
SPANISH
92
which
of the age
works
as
of
popularitydied
curious
attempts
novel.
The
at,
rather
or
first is the
the
familyof
his
the chivalrous
alcaide
short
well- written
and
prisoneron
placed in
with him
the
The
second
or
the Moor
Villegas
Roma?uero,
his way
on
the
knight of
to
de
Narvaez,
Antiquera.
his
generouslyreleases
himself
a
pay
worthy of
the
fidence
con-
bringing
by returningto captivity,
after which
is the
de
the
by
Moorish
a
alcaide
shows
his honour
lady ;
Antonio
us
the
Story of
of the fortress of
governor
the
distress,
parole;
to
of two
historical
of, the
captured by Rodrigo
lady,was
his
Taking pityon
the first
on
be made
must
Abencerrages,while
nightlyvisit to
;
lackingin
and
return,
forerunners
(1565). This is the legend,known
and probablyfounded
on
fact,of how
noble
to
never
beautiful
Jarifa,by
the
Abencerrajeand
out,
invaluable
are
generallytame
novel, mention
the
speaking of
books
novel.
of the modern
appearance
TURK
these
produced them,
imaginationthey are
interest ; their
While
LITERA
the
happilymarried.
pairare
of Granada, by
Wars
Gines
de
Perez
Hita
{FirstPart Saragassa, 1595),consistingof two books of
The
almost
first is an
purely
entirelydifferent character.
imaginary account
the
internal troubles
Granada
at
periodprecedingits conquest (1492). The
handed
fightsin
between
the
the
and
great detail
total
to
as
ignoranceof
accuracy.
of the
rule of
The
is often
knightsand ladies,and
in
costume
and
Oriental
customs
second
part
the
but
the
In the
Felipe II.
even
gallantshows
described
facts,and
servingas
of the
of
suppression
he
apparentlywith
celebrated
obligedmerely to repeat
this
largely
upon
did
the
in
with
disregardfor historical
and
here he draws
city
champions, the
the
city,are
manners,
treats
doughty single-
plain outside
Christian
during
rebellion
oppressed Aloriscos (subjectMoors) againstthe
part ; but
for his
and
Moslem
celebrated
tournaments
fertile
or
z'ega
chivalrous
loves of the Moorish
took
the
of
an
rumour
the
rising
his
inferior
harsh
author
imagination
he
capacity,
of the camp
as
to
IX
CHAPTER
MYSTIC
in
Mysticism
all in the
above
cultivated
about
of
some
at
writingsdistinct
faith and
science,"^ is the direct
always
mystic
of
a
not
as
and
in
can
*
must
the
Santa
which
dry land,
which
prayer
state
a
from
with
immediate.
allegory,in
the
describes
be
its characteristic
of
This
its God.
detached
but
is
the
things
Divine
the
of
of
purified
becomes
world,
before
more
the
compared
or
the
stages
y
Pelayo, Historia
de las Idtas
esUticas
en
lowing
folto
of
highest
be reached.
Mcnendcz
the
reward
this
of
degrees
passed through
the
become
is
is
feature
soul
means
God
three
different
sure
Love
Teresa, by
the
regarded by
the
as
As
the
grace
and
considerably in
vary
state,
are
Mysticism,
of asceticism
perfection.
of
degree
we
Lull, in whose
communication
supernatural
more
more
water
with
its intercourse
does
and
a
direct
the
ideal,or
certain
more
so
its
with
soul
in
belief
a
Its details
was
understanding, between
outcome
countries, but
different
and
ages
the authors
be found.
belief and
half-way between
and
it
Germany
Ramon
spiritmay
'*
religionsof
Aquinas,
In
produced
of this
life.
the
as
previous to
had
Spain
traces
old
as
Christi.
standing
contemplative
is
Plato, in St. Thomas
early date, and
an
mention
to
its forms
Imitatione
De
WRITERS
RELIGIOUS
in
it appears
East;
the
AND
EspaHa,
MYSTIC
^
Pues
ahora
veamos
lo que
mos
hemos
nuestro
la
y el
trabajoque
tienipose ha de
tanto
que
de cuatro
maneras
u
;
trabajo; u con
algunasveces),es
;
agua
de
u
rio
un
la tierra de agua,
mucho
u
arroyo,
no
y
del hortelano
ninguno
Ahora
al caso,
en
que
Plega a
su
bondad
personas
esto
que
meses
mijor
y ansi sin
me
engolfaraen
ciere desatino
The
aun
ella
la
^
then
understand
let
whether
that
gain
watering may
well
which
it with
a
de
more
be
what
act,
greater,
be
of
a
gotas, mas
saturated
with
of the
gardener
us
what
how
long
to
better than
;
it thus
giving water
be
lost, my
the
wherewith
this
more
is
and
needful
to
do
toil of ours,
Applying
garden must
hope that
my
be
who
months
to
profitableto
has brought in
the
gained
in seventeen
of the
until
be
Lord
possessor
now
is
drenched
smiles at my
years
He
only
with
manner
:
this
waters
vouchsafed
it
by
of
He
the
in
one
four
hath
ordained
garden in
drops, yet
that
help of the Lord :
explanation, if it seems
is less
or
from
the
earth
rain
these
bounty
I succeed
bid
me
greater
four
has
in
write
manners
manners
is the
to
him
absurd."
of
sometimes
declaring it
in
this book, and
than
without
; but
the
that soon
progress
I shall rejoiceif that
and
it will
learned
advancement
thus
the
is incomparably
four
be
a
is
the
which
which
may
better, and
all the
such
His
of
us,
draws
this
often, and
so
and
then
to
cost
which
done,
it
order
refreshed, for otherwise
of those
it be
in
it appears
from
water
a
the
abundant
by
or
any
itself
me
cups
is better
such
whom
le pare-
morbid
once),
thereby drawn
;
something
that
;
pronto
que
than
is and
purpose
the four degrees of prayer
in which the Lord
soul.
it
placed my
please His goodness
May
wise
las
aguas
it will
To
by drawing
watering
said.
labour
ours.
water-wheel
water
without
have
we
be
myself
more
it is not
and
earth
all that
alma.
dispuesto
ria,si
se
de
cuatro
en
cuatro
watering
of
it will
greatlylightened ;
the
estas
me
de
uno
somewhat
of
manners
amount
the
by
and
water,
water
mi
expected,reveals
; either
ways
or
drawn
way
is
a
hase
:
mi
grades
de suerte
va
and
the
are
in four
done
other
or
be
nervous
and
(by channels),thus
of
todas
ha
se
que
el declarar.
see
must
the
stream
sends
Lord
now
sin
trabajo
trabajo
queda
traido el Seiior
del Seiior ; y gustare que
persons
heavy toil to
windlass
(I have
than
or
labour
la ha
diez y siete afios
en
le da sino
se
is
toilsome
river
us
we
the
agua,
mas
harta
que
de
a
mas
declarar
yo estaba
ayuda
con
manera
how
sacase
menos
es
es
torno
un
lo que
of mysticism,as might
spirit
So
"
de
maneras
ella
escribir,
que
que
no
frequentlyin
most
y
se
que
que
con
lo
trabajosuyo riegaeste verjelcon
la postrera
aunque
mandaron
adelante
mas
pozo,
saca
se
menudo,
a
que
cuatro
se
el
harto
un
la
mayor
mi
a
perderse ha, es
parecidoque
podra
algo de cuatro
Senor
ha puesto algunas veces
por su bondad
atine a decirlo,de manera
que aproveche a
y ha
oracion
mucho,
sin
huerto, porque
este
de
es
riegael Senor
comparacion mijor que todo lo
sin
muy
Pareceme
el agua
entenda-
que
costar, si
tener.
tan
regar
aplicadasestas
pues,
sustentar
hace
es
para
menos
trabajoque
y
riegamuy mijor,que queda
se
Hover
de
95
estotro
menster
con
u
;
nuestro, y
dicho.
ha
se
regar
arcaduces, que
y
a
esto
ha
nos
sacar
con
noria
gran
puede
se
que
manera
la he sacado
(yo
se
de
WRITERS
RELIGIOUS
de hacer
hasta
ganancia,u
puede regar
de
AND
I
labour
fourth
it will
person
SPANISH
96
with
disposition,
The
fervid and
LITERATURE
bodies
down
worn
by fastingand
characteristic
passionatetemperament,
great body of the Spanish nation,influenced
which
exigencies
offered
suitable soil for
a
sixteenth
writers
kind
of them
many
to
have
had
foot
and
the
unchallenged.
recantation
during the
towards
have
to
certain
a
the persons,
direct
inspiration
miracles
worked
Teresa
couraged
dis-
generallyresulted
incurred
much
allowed
not
the
in
to
pass
it was
and
suspicion,
last years of her life that her claims
set
examination.
under
were
or
state
a
were
searchinginquiries
of the person
of Santa
She
series
a
up
mysticism of
claimed
Inquisition. These
miracles
during the
supernaturalpretensionswere
and
authorities,
the
the
by
submission
Even
kind, and
in their bodies while in
manifested
Such
trance.
by
stated
were
miracles
of ecstatic
on
religion,
peculiarly
Spanish development.
a
who
illiterate,
entirely
hesitating.Some
was
of the Catholic
firstthe attitude of the Church
At
the
political
there sprung
that
regarded as
by
of
the
of this
centuries
remarkable
so
be
almost
may
champion
growth
a
seventeenth
and
mystic
of
it the
made
penance.
only
sanctitywere
to
fullyacknowledged.
It is
Ramdn
remarkable
a
Lull
them,
element
onward
not
were
its
dreamers, but
mere
for the advancement
of the
belonged,and
severally
in
Some
the
Spanish mysticismthat
the
devotees,even
in their character.
schemes.
of
feature
had
proved
negotiationsthey
or
worked
themselves
shrewd
with
jealousy with
members
with
which
of rival orders.
suspicion
ui)on
them
superiorsanctity. Another
the adherents
they
were
often
The
Jesuitsmore
and
upon
able
charit-
matists
diploin
the hatred
regarded by
the
looked
especially
their indirect claims
qualitypossessed in
of this school is an
they
persons
skilfully
disarmingor renderingineffective
authority,
and
hard
which
of
perfecting
conducted
of
strong practical
a
religious
congregationto
for the initiation
even
favoured
most
all of them
Almost
from
to
by
of expression
extraordinary
gift
common
and
command
the
only class
these faults and
often beautiful
ecstatic
inadequateto
in the
describe.
of
writings
It
language changed
the present
themselves
which
since
expressing
then, that
ings
feel-
ordinarylanguage is
instrument
literary
a
when
free from
natural tone,
in the seventeenth
was
time
a
century and
mystics that Spanish prose
the
highestdevelopment as
the
At
transcendental
allegories
of mind
states
keep
simpleand
a
97
rife,the mystics are
were
of writers who
preserve
and
by striking
and
language.
classical affectation
pedantry and
almost
their native
over
WRITERS
RELIGIOUS
AND
MYSTIC
reached
; and
littlehas
so
novelist and
a
its
critic of
and justly
day,^whose styleis universally
admired,
the
points proudly to
writers
religious
this
of
period as
his
models.
The
first of
adviser
religious
showed
series is
the
Juan
of Santa Teresa.
in order
undergo
to
afterwards
and
took
a
youth upwards
He
withdrew
his
and
well known,
was
at
persecution
of several
moral
and
of
is the
divided
but
Cartas
religious
orders, to
to
wilful
their hands.
He
noblemen.
and
nuns
They
the poor,
a
is the author
most
remarkable
of
letters
to the clergy
respectively
young
contain
women,
to
married
rules for the conduct
considerations ; this world
on
entirely
religious
and the only happinessthat can
place of probation,
attained in it results from
^
See
the communion
prefaceto Pepita limenez
H
not
ation
misrepresent-
of life based
but
; the
this did
a collection
Espirituales,
addressed
years.
Church
even
the
treatises,
theological
into four parts, and
and
studylaw,
extraordinary
by his refusal
in the
enemies, and he suffered much
actual
which
shown
he
from the
of three
with
preaching met
to
disinterestedness was
perfect
high positionsoffered to him
saintliness of his life
disarm
to
sent
self-inflicted penance
His
of all the
women,
his
had been
he
friend and
orders,divided his goods among
dedicatinghimself
success.
and
From
fervour.
religious
extraordinary
of Salamanca, whither
University
He
Avila,the
de
of the soul with
by Juan
Valera.
is
be
God,
SPANISH
98
which
all the
presupposes
of
portraits
with the
another
world.
allowed
to
His
easy
; his
to
contain
Santa
Castile
de
Jesus
year
15 15.
Teresa
in the
in
simplicity
the
she
command
by
wrote
were
persons
in
punctilious
of
the
long,however, before
years of age she
in her
life-long
vows,
native
health
she
suffering
In the
ailments
from
the
showed
herself
with
she reckons
many
The
in
the heart
be
to
by
the
vagariesof
the
It
when
she
of the
In
had
spiteof
a
not
was
only sixteen
later she took
the
entered
her
upon
Carmelite
bitter
provoked
order.
acute
resolution.
unflinching
to
interruptedneither
and
this
writingof
years.
years
she considered
many
to
ceases
misgivingsthe Augustine
heroic fortitude and
what
what
some-
deeply religiousgroundwork
Three
extension
and
parents
exceedingly
never
apparent, and
place.
jealousiesshe
attacked.
rebellion
later life she
which
Her
surroundingsproduced
of
spirit
In
in Old
which
Life),
her
duties.
religious
of her
to
admirable
but throughoutlong periodsof
delicate,
was
nor
of
and
frigid,
shortlyafterwards
dischargeof
allowed
told with
apparentlyinnocent
entered
and
all
others
cityof Avila
(Book
the serious and
great task,the reform
Her
and
became
of her character
convent
in the
there
and
it.
the age of fourteen
chivalryat
here
advisers.
spiritual
character
her life,among
of
found
Vida
su
of her
for the
styleis
in
lost
seems
gaze
historyis
Her
reaction
reproach herself
romance
born
was
passionate girl.
period of
had
dischargeof
a
strong lines,and
any
onlythoughtis to persuade
the
early youth
a
loose, for he cared nothing for
good family,severe,
in
represent
and
de
formal
These
whose
of
and
harsh
Libro
ing
perfectkeep-
fluent
he himself
happinesswhere
seek
is in
himself.
man
foretaste of the
and
careless
become
of his works
the form
had
the
dreamy contemplative eyes,
with
givesa
virtues and
delicate
face,too
grave
TURK
Juan de Avila'sbook
eternal life.
better and
sweet
LITERA
be
her
by
her
duty
she
physical
persecutionsresulting
and
the
prejudicesshe
the cruel misconstruction
put upon
AND
MYSTIC
her actions
for
by
reformed
the order
of
her friends.
and
merits
p.
had
the
in which
esteem
make
she
jointpatron
her
of
reckoned
many
passed
which
recognition
her
beatification
Her
curious
A
is furnished
held
herself
occurred
great saint had
a
in 1622.
was
teen
seven-
by
up
now
for the
Rome
canonisation
her
founded
death, which
were
thoroughly deserved.
so
by
with
Spain along
was
testimony
by the attempt
Santiago (see
181).
Teresa's moral
Santa
after her
have
and
death
world-wide
a
of
prejudices
obtained
such
directness
miracles
which
and
countries
pretensionsto
in
follow
to
singularfavour
evident
of which
good
she
the
of
aspirations
path by
from
the
for whom
faith with which
believed
she drew
her
herself
for the
under
her
well
show
concerningher life,
which
acted as
character,
the shrewd
and
probablyhave
consuming
works
the
literary
become
will be mentioned
a
check
in another
on
as
her soul,
herself
madness.
chapter.
the
recounts
do
object,and
so,
preclude
the hearts of the
The
rules
administration
many
would
Her
of
anecdotes
practicalside
what
for
wonderful
the
to
and
government
a
The
intended.
charge,as
convents
they
to
she
she
be
to
writingswere
up
which
high.
on
publishedonly when commanded
to
suspicionsof fraud,and went
straight
which
down
learning or
she
pious folk
mediatel
im-
which
reputation,
clearness,the ardent
others
urges
gainedalmost
kind, she describes in language,admirable
any
its simplicity
and
and
Catholic
Without
day.
works
mystic
preserved in Roman
present
all
belonged,and
her
sheer
twelve years she
activity.In
Immediately after
opposition
objectby
in her
regulationsdrawn
new
they appliedto
succeeded
to
she
99
direct
even
succeeded
whom
1582, her admirers,among
her former
enemies, agreed that
away,
to
the
under
convents
in
which
to
and
coolness
and business-like
force of character
WRITERS
have looked
might reasonably
she
highestquarters,she
the
and
whom
to
spiteof
in
help,and
from
those
RELIGIOUS
of
her
otherwise
poetical
LITERATURE
SPANISH
loo
A
of the
contemporary
of Luis de
above-mentioned
two
Leon, with whose
this short notice of
name
and importantclass ends, was
interesting
Twelve
which
his
took
he
that she
de Granada
After
an
long and
a
Luis
and
Granada
the miseries
believer
With
on
Hurtado
reputationof
died
he
a
was
this side
His
human
the unrivalled
as
will be
Sinners
made
de
mentioned.
and
'I'hismay
and
follow
to
the
Prayer
Imitation
I^dn
and
equal to
seen
his
(sec
burning
In
he
deplores
of the true
on
the
p.
other.
figureof
the
the loftiest and
Him.
In
the
highest pitch
of
correct
and, as devotional
and
Meditation
are
of Christ.
as
a
qualities
poet
126). Remarkable
it in merit.
than
theologian
be
subtle
on
and
flowing,
graceful,
elsewhere
is his verse, his prose is
thoroughscholar
rises
in
surpassedonly by
mention
not
as
to
stillwidelyread
writingsare
life of Lufs
his
eighty-three.
God.
appeal to
an
heart
of
the
of
the
points to
by
books, his Guide
Of
unfortunate
power
well
as
grave
he
expressinghimself
inspiration,
language.
spent in
was
votaries with the rewards
object he
his great
order,
the fleeting
world, contrasting
joys
Redeemer, exhortingmankind
pursuitof
and
sweetness
was
of
provincial
it is
to
de
great preacher.
age
winning souls
of the
the
the
at
theologian,but
fortunate
of
feelings
Mendoza, who
better the lot of the
to
newly-
Marques
a
passionateearnestness
noblest
de
the
the
of the present
its most
even
of
liberality
poor
specialcharge.
Dominican
eloquentphrasesof great
and
their
needy
so
of the
city. Joiningthe
that he relies for
arguments
the doors
at
cityfrom
widow,
a
became
land, he finally
Lisbon, where
de
was
in the
a largepart of which
life,
active
of his native
in
order
won
soon
the
Diego
of the
convert
to
attempt
Moriscos
of
of
that time governor
Luis
bread
the
to
born
was
most
a
de Granada.
Fray Luis
mother
made
his education
Mond^jar, the father
at
His
name.
which
convents
owed
he
obligedto beg her
was
founded
He
after its conquest
years
writers and also
the other
in his treatise on
He
is
a
more
mysticsalready
the Names
of
X
CHAPTER
HISTORY
Chronicle
The
Catholic
Pulgar,is
del
Hernando
the
of
the last of
the transition stage between
that
during
Crbnica
who
of
de
this
work
are
widely
considerable
later historians
but
In
the
1547
first appointed
so
much
Moorish
which
and
out
an
official
the earlier
fruitless
invasion, Zurita
point it
continued
was,
and
tillthe year
pared
com-
Ocampo
in the
treme,
ex-
tales of
mere
Gerdnimo
had
his
cost
his
it down
to
the
death, taken
up
by
1705.
of
their choice
beginning
brought
after his
of
kingdom
industrious
period, which
labour,
already
and
works
with
aims
earlier
has
uncritical
of the
chronicler,and
and
and
canons
day, the
author
dynastiesin chronologicalorder.
Assembly
the learned
happily upon
Leaving
General
the
themselves
longer content
fallof
by
and
credulous
it was
the
science
new
a
the
of
those
true
Ocampo,
the scope
But
historical
Judged
It is
period,where
from
of the present
of the rise and
battles and
that
appear
they no
V.
of
traces
de
by Sandoval,
different
strides.
with the methods
and
Charles
it is evident
Floridn
to
the Roman
afterwards
reign of
bears
compilation of
the
V.
secretary,
history.
and
entrusted
to
and
the
chronicles,and
made
down
by Morales,
up
Charles
their
and
series,
a
chronicle
Espaiia was
his work
historyof
a
reign of
General
brought
taken
of
the
Sovereigns by
Zurita's
work
Aragon
fell most
dc
Zurita.
predecessors
historyat
year
his
the
15 10, at
successors
marks
a
new
HISTORY
extreme, he
practiceof
their
from
copy
long journey
His
is
Annals
form
on
was
a
While
stillvery
in Rome,
took
later
Spain
century, but
additions
in
and
In
of
Latin
1609 he brought
This
corrections.
The
at
out
a
end
is the
in the number
of
of
have
criticism,
when
For
the Roman
many
we
of his age,
custom
of
son
period also,a
Japheth,
increase
vast
documents, togetherwith improved methods
rendered
he reaches later times
full his great
with
of it is somewhat
Tubal,
Spain.
history
with which
work
beginswith
settled in
Spain
sixteenth
of the
the
which
to
death, which
translation
earlier part
period at
philosophy
Mariana's
age.
the
Society of
Toledo, where
of his
for Mariana, accordingto
uninteresting,
the fabulous
the
he returned
time
at
University
of Toledo.
scholastic
1574
old
the
canons
house
religious
a
in extreme
chieflyconcerned.
are
at
member
a
taught theologyand
on
1623,
in
scarcely
can
Mariana, the greatest
juniorby one generation.
of the
one
became
published in
was
subject of
de
continuouslytill the
in
place
of
interest; his
dramatic
his education
owed
he
his abode
up
his
account
the
form
material,but
Juan
at the Sorbonne.
and
which
of
most
conceptionof history
artist ; his
no
Zurita's
charity of
young
lived almost
took
of
the
to
Jesus,and
and
is
was
foundling,and
of Alcala
one
work.
literary
a
who
Spanishhistorians,
He
he
as
his
was
splendidcollection
a
than
more
subjectand period;
lacking in
different in character
Very
his
picturesqueevents
and
satisfied
is still by far the
Aragbn
Zurita
But
is colourless
be looked
of
liberal.
and
his book
de
doning
Aban-
consultingoriginaldocuments.
of
and
impartial,
and
correct
and
stirring
the
sake
authorityon
trustworthy
useful and
is broad
for the
been
had
undertook
he
predecessors,
in the
exact
tradition.
mere
who
historians,
former
de la Corona
Anales
judgment
satisfied with
rest
cannot
the
to
writingof history; painstakingand
in the
epoch
103
genius.
His
Mariana's
that
we
work
are
styleis of
able
obsolete.
to
It is only
appreciateto
the purest and
most
the
facile,
SPANISH
I04
descriptionsanimated
his
of character
he is
speecheswhich,
in imitation of classical
them,
In
produced.
author's shrewd
in
himself
transferring
wrote, and
of
motives
enlightened views,
is very
he
religiousmatters
where
by
related
rightlyregarded,ceases
peculiarity,
the better
toward
over
and
limitations
his great
great value
of
well
how
a
the
qualifiedhe
the necessary
thoughtfulpieceof
'
Pero
tornado
'
after
d
csta
work
costuml)rc
rcvocar,
jxir ser
But this custom
"
a
lapse of
spectaclesand
was
a
are
at
of and
judge
to
the
nunca
nuestra
either
se
of
as
a
tracts
of economic
and
worked
when
memorial
on
is
representations
valuable
Kspafia,ti con
muy
lost In
the
order ;
a
information.
raise
a
smile
"
quito en
never
full the
is still
the national sport :
alicionada d
tiempo se ha
este espcctaculo,
el
again been revived
people for such
caused
bulls,
by the
Spanish
Spain,or
affection
years, by
the extraordinaryferocityof
reason
the
show
bull -fightwould
nacion
influence
These
His
hand.
containingmuch
on
for which
wide
a
has
dramatic
and
this
defect, for it helps
a
he
conscientiously
how
Even
published several
a
of what
{aficionados)
followers
among
be
to
was
documents
followingpassage
saints
of
and religious
matters.
political
on
is
criticism.
Mariana
history,
subjectof publicshows
The
be
the times
he is above
questions,and
political
he had
all he
of his age, country, and
Spanishprose,
Besides
particularly
evidence.
Mariana
historian,
As
writer of
respects
many
Above
beliefs exercised
such
conduct.
defects
he
contending
of
miracles
to
understandingof
in which
he wrote, and
views
gift
of which
uncritical,more
undoubted
restingon
historical facts
wonderful
a
greatest good faith,side by side with
with the
him
and
legends and
Christian historian,and
has
concerned.
are
great deal of their
a
broad, and in
his
however, of
parties. In spite,
importance,
real
a
the times
imaginationto
the
realising
apocryphal
the life-likeeffect thereby
Mariana
views.
political
painting
authors,he frequently
is revealed
moreover,
the
Even
have
of historical persons
their artisticvalue and
from
resulting
in the
and
brilliant,
and
probablyunsurpassed.
puts into the mouth
of
LITERATURE
of
has
our
HISTORY
siendo
los toros
sequedad
de
bravos
Espaiia mas
en
la tierra
y
de
105
otras
en
que
donde
los pastes, por
partes,a
lo
la
habia
mas
que
de
causa
de
apartar destos
juegos, que es no ver despedazar a los hombres, eso los
enciende
mas
a apetecellos,
a las armas
son, aficionades
y a
por ser, como
derramar
de
bravos
mas
son
genio inquieto,tanto que cuanto
sangre,
los toros
da
hombres
el
tanto
contento
: y si
mas
juego
matan,
y mas
liviano 6 ninguno ;
en
ninguno hieren, el deleite y placer es muy
todos los toreadores salen de su voluntad
al coso, al
nuestros
juegos
derredor
del cual hay muchas
barreras
se
recogen
y escondrijosdonde
dentro
el toro
tras
ellos,de suerte
no
puede entrar
seguramente, porque
si algunos perecen,
es
no
culpa de los que gobiernan,
que
parece
que
...
.
sino
de
los que
.
.
locamente
se
atrevieron
a
huir
parte de
en
ponerse
los
donde
no
caballo
pudiesen
Principalmente a
seguramente.
que
les
corre
ningun peligro,a 16 menos
; solo la gente baja
pequeno,
muy
tiene peligro,y por causa
dellos se trata
si conviene
esta
dificultad,
que
el tal peligro se quite como
los demas
6 si
este juego por
espectaculos,
estas
sera
mejor que se use con fin de deleitar el pueblo, y con
peleas y
fiestas ejercitalle
las
verdaderas
peleas.
para
Considering the
is
liberal-minded
a
of
controversy
foundations
of
in
he
his
age
thinker
his views.
tract,entitled De
of
conditions
Rege
In
et
under
which
torean
he
1598 he
published
that
RegisInstttutione,
throughout Europe.
it he
In
and with
regal authority,
the
justifies
lived,Mariana
exceedinglybold
and
a
a
at
in the
Toledo
created
a
storm
a
examines
the
unknown
boldness
slaughterof tyrants
pression
ex-
in
extreme
about
that that
dryness of the land, and of their pastures ; and so it comes
which
torn
ought chieflyto repel in such sports, namely the sight of men
lo
for which
pieces, is the very reason
they are sought after. For the Spaniard
loves weapons,
and
bloodshed
and
is restless by nature
such
to
a
degree that
the greater the ferocityof the bulls and
the number
of men
that they slay, the
he is pleased with the sport : and
if nobody is wounded
more
his pleasureand
is
but
in our
all
slightor disappears altogether ;
enjoyment
sports
the bull-fighters
into the ring of their own
free will, and
come
round
about
it
abundance
of barriers and
are
which
withdraw
in
t
o
lurking-places
they
safety,
...
for thither
to
be
who
the
through
expose
More
bull
the
cannot
fault of
themselves
in
them
pursue
;
the rulers, but
so
that, if any
...
are
slain, it
seems
not
owing to the foolhardiness of those
such positionsthat they cannot
obtain
safetyby flight.
of danger, or their risk is
are
out
fighton horseback
especiallythose who
but slightf it is only the common
people that are in danger, and for their sakes
discuss
the question whether
we
it behoves
that this sport should
hke
other
be
abolished
public spectacles
of the aforesaid
it
by reason
danger, or whether
is better that it should
continue
for the delight of the vulgar and
in order
that
the people may
be trained and exercised
for real warfare
by such fightingsand
festivities."
io6
SPANISH
This
cases.
work
LITERATURE
burned
was
executioner,and brought odium
order.
coin
of the
review
have
of
his
intended
for
we
the
his
upon
of the
His
king.
scarcelysuppose
can
with
met
publication,
religioussuperiors and
and
of the
debasement
imprisoned by
was
hands
its author
upon
Societyof Jesus,which
been
the
by
vigorousprotest againstthe
reahn, Mariana
of the
to
the
censure
brought speedy punishment
its author,
upon
Hurtado
Diego
as
his
For
Paris
at
the
He
supposed
the
was
the
a
to
After
1503.
year
Mond^jar,
of
service
rendered
important services
the
Republic
of
Venice,
subsequentlyappointed
Council
Trent, where
land.
in the
was
he
of
wars
to the state
governor
represent Spain
to
first
Salamanca
made
was
the
Granada, and
studyingat
active
much
saw
Lima, and
his native
de
Marques
mentioned
(seep. 88).
Tornies
He
Emperor.
of
de
newly-conqueredkingdom
soldier and
ambassador
already been
has
of Lazarillo
the
of
there in the
became
Mendoza
author
son
of the
governor
born
de
as
of
the
at
manfully defended the interests of
he brought upon
quite an old man
he
When
himself,by his hot temper, the displeasureof Felipe H. and
banished
was
latter
with
he
the
As
days.
the great
showed
Granada, where
to
writers,both
Sultan,whom
he had
of Greek
collection
of Arabic
of
library
livingin
the
for the
and
In
Hebrew
Italian,of his time
and
Mendoza's
classics is
passages
still preserved. While
and
which
prose,
his
works, he presented to the
the Rebellion
clearlyseen.
models, and in certain
by obtaining from
(about 1571),he
of events
;
an
ant
importobligation,
an
they are
Granada
at
account
associated
manuscripts,which, togetherwith
History of
Moriscos^an
laid under
Escorial,where
retirement
title of
1568-70.
Spanish
he
scholar
a
his interest in classical studies
collection
the
of letters and
man
a
he spent the greater part of his
as
Chastisement
and
of
in the
occurred
in his verse,
Tacitus
wrote, under
tfie
years
his affection
Sallust
his imitation of them
is
arc
so
his
close
HISTORY
that it is hard
facts for the
believe
to
sake
has been
As
It
and
some
descriptivepassages,
styleis
the
are
frequent,and
the
latter fault the
accountable.
the
upon
been
it
incorrect
matical
of
some
prose books
As
the
somewhat
confused
frankness
and
has
with the
Don
John
fairness and
the
remarkable
and
unfortunate
The
Cortes
subjectwell
last
when
of
remnant
conquest
and
whose
his
epigramdifficult
most
a
of the
small
fitted
to
Austria
with
and
those who
of
the
fought
of
event
an
distinguished
particularly
which
struggleshe
the
he
records.
of the
This
is
exaggeratedhatred
himself,
once
powerfulnation.
vast
country
of Mexico
band
inspireSpanish
speaks
succeedinggeneration,
Cervantes
devoted
celebrate
to
account
writers of the
but
though
greatest merit lies in his
His
is
was
which
about
strikingone
a
consider
we
liberal-minded
the
even
and
events
writes, not
of
humanity
with which
contempt
When
good qualities
; he
unbiassed
give an
to
Moriscos
and
the
of
one
many
in its details.
unhappy
more
why
reason
it,with the exception
people and
importance. He
great political
the
abrupt
an
picturehe paints is
militarygloriesof
by
had
crept into the text, and
with
impartiality.He
him, but
who
Spanish tongue.
thoroughlyconversant
he wrote, and
reflections
after his death.
had
Quevedo's works,
in the
degree
some
serious
Latinisms, make
Mendoza
historian,
a
under
in
in
probably the
years
punctuation,combined
styleabounding
of
this is
set
For
extremelyobscure.
contained
mistakes
finally
appeared,many
brilliant
few
a
important personages
engaged in the war, and
not
published until some
it was
Granada
de
pedantic,repetitions
undoubtedly
several
of
the steps of his
Guerra
and
are
are
historical
vigorous apocryphal
few
book
Mendoza's
the
laboured
editors
conduct
closelyin
contains
certainly
passages
many
distorted
not
work
literary
a
vastlyoverrated.
speeches,but
has
that he
followingmore
of
favourite authors.
I07
of
writers.
treat
Hernan
by
heroes
It
the
was
found
a
a
SPANISH
io8
historian
worthy
also
was
he finds his
the
of
Indies.
book, in addition
His
of the
picturesqueaccount
Solis
givingan
to
which
events
it
has, like that of Mariana, published nearly a
the advantage
earlier,
of the
models
his
language
fellow-countrymendo,
it is
Mejico,that
it
of the
any
To
de la
of Solis' Historia
surpassed by
not
written.
was
regard him
whether
we
are
great.
very
did the
of
denied
Mariana.
to
to
other
mannerisms,
spiritof
end.
the
characters
It
of
settingof
the
which
he
describes in
make
his work
enters
worthy
In
books
to
be
compared
i)e
names
of famous
epic
men
of
attain
is far from
set
the
speeches
this and
thoroughly into
is readable
that
all but
from
cannot
and
the
end
to
fail
to
strongly
These, in the
unknown
glowing terms,
great artistic
early historyof
the
mentioned,
as
he
country
combine
to
and
perfection,
with Schiller's Thirty Vinrs' War.
with
value
literary
to
putting into
collision.
then
and
stately
prose
connection
must
into
magnificentand
a
historian,
date, his historyis
of
out
considerations
brought
merits,
subject,was
alone
Solis represents great passions at work
interest,
marked
a
period delight. In spiteof
tone.
historical
Besides
fashion
quite
dc
interval that separates
the
it recounts, and
events
as
his
of
nature
wide
now
in
wonderfully modern
his
of their adversaries the
and
historians of the
in which
the
as
great histories
for him
easy
for the
continues
say,
point of view, relatingas
this consideration
But
of his heroes
mouths
or
prose
years, it was
few
account
Solis
two.
writer of
unitywhich, by
being enough
the
a
a
the latter
From
events
dramatic
the
as
great
Conquista
is certainlyextravagant praise,but
antiquity,
of
of
in which
rates,
nar-
century
of the
being undoubtedly one
of
to
author, but it is in historythat
dramatic
a
vocation.
true
and
accurate
and
Solis,privatesecretary
de
chronicler
afterwards
poet
a
of it in Antonio
and
Felipe IV.,
LITERATURE
on
as
account
of action.
much
on
account
America
of
of their connection
The
three
their intrinsic
with the
firstis the collection of
SPANISH
edad
en
tuyas
Las
dio
Indias
las
tii
:
atamientos
te
el flie contento,
de que
la tierra.
maravillosamente
parte de
son
que
adonde
repartiste
la
de
oceana
mar
las Haves
cobraste
LITERATURE
y
te dio
estaban
que
fuiste obedescido
fama.
honrada
tan
la tierra
plugo y
te
cadenas
con
el y
en
las dio
ello.
para
tierras,
y de
a
.
ricas,te
poder
tantas
en
tu nombre
sonar
tan
cerrados
Tornate
.
.
hizo
los
fuertes
tan
los cristianos
ya tu yerro
conoce
por
De
; su
vejezno impedira a toda cosa grande : muchas
Tv'i llamas
heredades
tiene el grandisimas.
incierto :
socorro
por
ha
Dios
6
el
mundo
Los
tanto
?
afligido
responde i quien te
veces,
y tantas
las
da
el
al
va
Dios, no
quebranta.
privilegios
pie de
que
y promesas
la letra ; todo
lo que
el promete
: ^estoes
cumple con acrescentamiento
misericordia
infinita
es
tu
:
.
.
.
.
?
Dicho
tengo lo que
Ahora
medio
muestra
uso
sirviendo
a
galardon de
el
otros."
Yo
escritas
estan
:
of
reports
has
pasado
mas
todas
sin
tuve
no
confia
no
almost
:
respuesta
yo
el de fablar
simple and
direct ; in
quien
Levanteme
cuando
interest is formed
the
to
Queen
and
by
the
to
literarypretensions,his style is
plainand soldierly
language he narrates
no
he took
in which
Bartolom^
.
.
de las
leadingpart.
a
Casas, deservedlycalled the Apostle
in
Indies, described
words
glowing
of
the
good
He
made
to sound
to Him,
wondrously throughout the world.
thy name
thee for thy own
Indies, the richest region of the earth, He
gave
; thou
The
didst portion them
out
Of the confines of the
to
gave
thee
His
say
The
1 have
?
now
told
what
thee
reveals
He
licfnilen thee
as
the
to
after nine
.ire
days
to
writ
there
words
others.'
lie were,
on
uimc
true,
age
culm.
art
.
.
and
thus
hath
this
Thus
.save
not
..."
God
not
:
'
in vain.'
Kear
"
:
vain
the
or
many
help :
world?
transgress.
clanger
in stupor
that I bewailed
thus
admit
and
a
He
.
.
.
interest ; do others
and
doth
for all.
for thee
toil and
thee.
dom
Christen-
deeds
great
"
does
sunk
Him
to
fulfils with
done
of
in
and
calling for
often,
He
He
granted
mighty chains,
thee
debar
not
eloquent,
He
lands
many
Turn
Thou
.
power
with
and
.
.
shall
finishetl
rock, and
a
.
promises
Creator
so
in
vouchsafes
God
the reward
of
were
name.
thy old
thy
thee
servant
nought to answer
who
spake, whoever
these Iribulation.s
and
a
:
closed
obeyed
wast
promises that
privilegesand
Kvcn
he
thou
fulfilment is .strict; jUI that He
His
had
ocean-sea
is infinite
mercy
thy pleasure, this
which
honourable
so
to
in God's
hand.
great l)cquestsare
thee
thus
who
hath
afflicted
then,
and
so
:
according
keys, and
didst win
thou
thy fault
the
a
tribulaciones
estas
causa."
equal
Cortes
has
Cortds
Fray
of
Hernan
events
peligrosque
yerros.
temas,
y
todos.
Acab6
.
Emperor.
the great
mis
con
di'as hizo bonanza.
nueve
collection
Another
the
de
al cabo
pude, y
"No
piedra marmol,
en
oi todo,
.
ti y hace
por
afanes y
estos
llorar por
diciendo
fecho
ha
asi amortecido
ciertas,salvo
palabrastan
quieraque fuese
Criador
tu
.
my
not,
I rose
which
1 lu-ard
so
have
all, but
faults.
but
soon
And
trust
I
;
all
might,
HISTORY
with
his
natives under
the
time
same
how
if the
completed
reUgiouscharge
fatal
Relacibn
king did
de
the
History of
General
interests would
the
how
de
las
at
be
the
rapidlyit would
be
it.
interposeto prevent
not
which
to
subjected,showing
were
and
Destruicion
la
cruelties
Spanish
to
of the native races,
extermination
his
hideous
indignation,the
honest
III
Besides
Indias, he
wrote
a
is still
Indies, which, unfortunately,
unpublished.
Antonio
and
but his Letters
of their form
are
both
interesting,
so
that he
contents,
ought
familyconnections,backed
king,Perez
the
employed
was
of his master's
that he
himself
made
of
possessor
objectionable. Eager
his
the life of Perez
he
suddenly
reach
him
by
was
fled
Saragossa,who
Antonio
interference.
then
considered
Paris, and
to
associate of Essex
bounty of
hatred
the
Perez
then
and
enemies
of
to
his
sought
to
numerous
entrap
1
See
immediate
him.
Professor
fled first to
certain
that
persecution,
the
among
the
of his country.
a
from
Essay
sank
on
the
cunning
into
such
Beam,
became
years
the
Antonio
by
the
pensioner on
For
Perez's
Finallyhe
he
people
of
court
where
England,
as
Bacon, living
Froude's
a
of
cause
invaded
privileges
escapes
the
king attempted to
the Inquisition.This
rebellion
and
pursued him relentlessly,
proved by
of
the
of
their
had
who
Felipe picked
astute
after years of
long arm
a
the
tions
opera-
himself
danger when,
proceeding,however, provoked
of
rid
in
of the
means
and
is little doubt
person
to
Here
at
darkest
mystery.^It is,however,
Arag6n.
wit
place
a
to
passed
privatesecretary to
one
secretary, the
former
still remains
the
account
be
to
a
there
least
history,
on
ready
a
of the
some
policy,and
tortuous
dangerous secrets,
quarrel with
which
in
guiltyof murdering at
was
by
office of
Holding the
FelipeII.
of
not
for him
unscrupulous audacity,earlygained
court
writer of
properlyspeaking,a
Reports
and
Good
over.
is not,
Perez
is
emissaries
the
king's
amply
who
obscurity,and
Perez.
SPANISH
died
at
form
a
Paris
in
author's
wife
former
appropriate
in
assured
their
to
tone,
historical
they
They
written
are
affectionate
is
times
Spanish
rendered
almost
clear
and
again
self-
and
the
are
As
language.
worthless
constitutional
and
with
again calm, they
in the
the
of
gossip
singularly
pathetic
and
are
bias
evident
and
; at
passionate
now
documents
author's
their
subjects
exile,
parts.
life,and
of
language
epistolary writing
of
models
familiar
Their
in
his
dignified arraignments
and
to
master,
during
published
he
in all stations
grave
children.
and
best
which
persons
styles, from
all
in
to
letters, written
His
1611.
large collection,
addressed
are
LITERATURE
by
disregard
of
truth.
Deserving
remarkable
Centbn
during
the
greatest
proved
of
kind
it
of
the
II. for
by
of
scribe
no
the
See
Adolfo
doctor,
an
de
and
at
so
un.scrupulous
passages
Castro,
physician
Sobre
when
in which
el Centdn
good
and
to
to
lived
the
inquiry
the
ance
import-
find
to
his
the
royal
doctrine, the
detect
Caitbn
Epistolario.
Juan
of
the
indeed
and
the
the
forgeriesof
faithfullyattached
master,
of
chiefly from
It is sad
wisdom
the
of
further
magnifying
time
as
one
until
prose
is the
who
considered
of
a
work
great persons
was
purpose
worldly
full of
so
of
old
the
to
uncommon.
means
quaintly pathetic
*
the
known
the
production, compiled
particular family
a
patient, and
wily
Juan
letters
and
be
to
early Spanish
late
a
^
Cibdareal,
century,
of
be
to
de
literarymerit,
century
purporting
hundred
a
fifteenth
were
place
of
monuments
chronicle
in
Gomez
Fernan
its
of
reason
seventeenth
and
Epistolario,
It consists
II.
the
of
forgery
Bachiller
by
of mention,
fraud
abounds.
Sevilla,
1875.
in
CHAPTER
AND
RELIGIOUS
XI
OF
POETS
SECULAR
THE
GOLDEN
AGE
"
CULTERANISMO
separate
Jorge Manrique
from
is
one,
(d.1536)
Vega
contained
the
flourished
list of the poets who
The
in it is
only
long
a
Granada
and
of classical
the
and
period,we
half of the
time
of such
that,on
learningof
opening
begin
of
with
redound
the
time
took
culture
to
it seemed
the
to
showed
and
a
of
During
first as
the
and
to
the latter
for the first
Learning
though
pedantry
marked
affectation.
works
of
notes
and
and
ture
cul-
this
to
that
authors
ballad
or
the
rate
degene-
It is onlyhere and
some
was
intentional
tendency
second-rate
forth in
detect the firstlow
of the
at
of
verse
for
disadvantageof literature,
the form
shines
spirit
inspiredsong
home.
stereotyped
vision
a
ot
imitation
so
volume
a
taking
The
Sovereigns,Spain
genuine national
of
World.
continues, and
at
names
the writers
the
as
the Catholic
the voluminous
indeed
events
reign of
into false sentiment
hard
inspirationto
the New
peace
la
Religious subjects are
real
it to
de
of the
one
mythology.
obscurity,whilst
among
Garcilaso
allegoryand
greatlyincreased, but
to
scarce
that
fifty
years
full of
enjoyed securityand
destined
the
and
great
writers
Italian
straightwayexpect
be crammed
but
any
discovery of
has poetry become
Boscan
mention.
that furnished
ones
lived in the midst
who
of
worthy
during
there
that
hymn.
prelude the great
the
It is
burst
out-
crowning period of Spanish poetry.
LITERATURE
SPANISH
114
cultivated
by Spanish poets
Wise, who
the
found
are
of blank
and
is
the
literature of his
country
verse, and
This
Garcilaso
was
de la
the learned
and
he
courtlyage,
for
the valour
of
the
which
Turks
struggleagainstthe
time
he
in
which
a
was
win
to
Goleta
and
young
man,
assault
on
at
him
a
on
works, which
a
He
took
the
Danube.
of
brilliant
a
campaigns
part in the
gallant
Banished
in that river.
for
was
Here
from
some
it was
collection of
that
verses
the greatest poets of his
Turin, Ke
head
and
personalbeauty and
privatequarrel,he
the
of
forms
distinguished
several of the
place among
battle of
blow
of
part of the small
a
the castle of
togetherwith
a
having
of
friend of Boscan
himself
distinguishing
the
by
on
island
an
considerable
After
country.
His
of
consequence
imprisoned on
wrote
V.
historyof
elaborate
for his
displayedin
he
Charles
Emperor
Naples
celebrated
was
utterly
are
the
picturesquefigurein
A
some
in the Italian
many
member
intimate
Juan de Valdi^s.
age.
reallygreat poet.
Vega, a
and
family,and contemporary
a
the
middle
at
place in
elegant and
with
about
circumstances
the
to
good
and wholly lacking
frigid,
his
owes
more
his connection
to
died
the
make
Barcelona
of them
most
but
correct
author
introduced
first to
collection of poems,
but
inspiration.Their
or
at
century, and
in
revived
the
of great merit,and
are
; their tone
worthless
Imperial
Juan Boscan, however,
born
was
measure,
of these
None
style.
these
of Francisco
been
miscellaneous
national
in the short
compositionsin
having
sixteenth
a
the
of
the
him
To
of Alfonso
having thoroughly naturalised
Boscan
left behind
:
occasionally
of
verse.
beginning of
He
Santillana.
honour
the
Italian measures,
use
the time
the works
among
de
Marques
belongs
since
ever
been
had
sonnet
the first to attempt them
was
exotic forms
and
the
and
verse
Eleven-syllable
the
at
was
from
taking of
killed,while
a
stone
I^
yet
during
a
an
Frejus.
were
those of her
first publishedby Boscdn's
husband, consist
of tlirec
widow
eclogues.
POETS'
five
elegies,
two
indeed
of those
the Castilian
suited
first
tongue
it,no
to
would
rise,when
can
better
example
which
the
eclogue,of
be
are
few
belongsto
Vergiland
with
pitchof grandeur
subjectand
can
verse
fallen below
which
what
to
see
imitator in
an
seldom
vie with
to
forty
Italian authors, but
and
honour
an
ventured
have
those who
To
Petrarch.
models,
his
who
about
of his
passages
Latin
from
directly
perfectionof
the
Whole
singularpraiseof having
the
he deserves
is
Garcilaso
manner.
of the word.
almost
translated
115
and
an
epistle,
(canciones),
odes
sonnets, all in the Italian
the fullest sense
AGE
GOLDEN
THE
OF
cited
followingpassage
alike
verse
are
than
Garcilaso's
may
serve
a
as
specimen :
"
^
I
Quien
me
Elisa,vida mia,
dijera,
en
aqueste valle al fresco viento
Cuando
flores,
cogiendo tiernas
Andabamos
Que
hahi'a de
Venir
el triste y solitario dia
diese amargo
fin a mis amores
Que
El cielo
ver
mis
en
'
.
'
largoapartamiento
con
?
dolores
la
tanto
niano
Cargo
Que a sempiternoUanto
Y
a
triste soledad
Y
lo que
siento
ha condenado.
me
mas
es
atado
verme
pesada vida y enojosa,
Solo, desamparado,
Ciego sin lumbre en carcel tenebrosa
A
la
Como
Y
^
"Who
I should
see
the
"
en
negra
De
do
have
walked
we
"
partirdel sol la
cayendo su rayo se
La
could
fresh breeze,
al
viene
told
and
coming
escuridad
Elisa
me,
gathered
of
the
sad
que
mine,
tender
and
when
"
"
lonely day
woe
"
But
alone, bereft
"
As
.
chief
.
.
there
at
of all my
of help,
"
black
blind
to
be
bound
"
"
so
to
and
life
"
"
valley in
long
put
a
charged
it has
dreary
deprived of light in my
shadows
departure
lengthen and, as
darkness
the
whence
earth,
covering
"
the sun's
rises up
griefs is
this
which
"
solitude
"
"
in
that after
tiowers,
"
me.
cubre,
espanta
nos
all my
love?
Heaven
in fillingmy
of
cup
brim
that to never-ending tears
mournful
and
to
crece,
levanta
el mundo
que
el temor
sombra
dim
the
absence
bitter end
it
to
the
condemned
and
wearisome
prison-house.
his beam
declines,
springsthe fear
by
1 1
NISH
SPA
6
la medrosa
Y
forma
Su
que
de
Noche
y hermosa
Hasta
Que
a
y de
temor
que
muerte
el
ver
el deseado
de
Cual
tu clara vista
suele
las
duro
hijuelosentre
estaba
la dulce
noche
de
mi
dolor
y asi
la dureza
de
suelto
"
of
sun
hiding
she
fecb
her
"
at
song
sympathy
as
"
witness
ibc
and
and
I set
among
"
"
so
"
beloved
"
which
in which
Even
nest
"
her
"
crueltyof unrelentingdeath."
not
restrain
of
throat
"
appear
by
my
things
"
light:
"
shadows
and
by
the
harsh
the
of all its tender
the silent night does
her
but calls to testify
I do
he
longed-for
tive
nightingalewith plain-
bough;
sweet
does
beauteous
toward
the
as
the well-loved
from
"
and
"
decide
forth*
sweet
complaint,
the stars,
in
form
"
leaves, complains
from
irreparableloss
her
hour
the
lingered absent
her
reveals
well
constantlyin
living
soldier,and
a
"
presence
the air resounds,
sublime,"and
awe-inspiring
the
treacherously"dfspoiledher
"
"
his pure and
sun
I
of lliydeix-irture too remain
till death
thy radiant
song,
other great poets of his country,
the
the
"
vano
airada.
la muerte
until the
"
"
quejo en
me
:
la rienda
yo
callingGarcilaso
"
"
las estrellas
testigoy
Though
querellas,
sus
pena
manera
night
by
darkness
gloomy
tormented,
fears
su
Desta
the
in the
so
refrena
no
oficio y
cielo por
alarmed,
arc
el aire suena,
canto
su
Cervantes, Lope, and
wc
;
tanta
lamentable
name.
ausente
garganta
a
la callada
De
tanto
siente
que
Por
y
y dulce
ramo
diferencia
A
which
nido
del amado
Al
shrouded
cautamente
los tiernos
Trayendo
the
hojas escondido,
De
Su
merit
triste canto
con
caro
Y
in
encamine,
me
despojo su
Despide
agreed
tiempo determine
Le
Con
quedado
atomientado,
labrador, que
Que
Y aquel dolor
are
he
que
el ruiseiior
Quejarse,entre
Del
:
partir,en
tu
sombra
Sol
encubre,
nos
la tenebrosa
es
De
ofrece
se
que
el sol descubre
luz pura
Tal
en
la noche
Aquello que
Hasta
A TURE
LITER
"
"
not
rustic
brood
and
all the
pours
out,
refuse
grief
grief,so
"
"
who
while
mean-
griefshe
and
her
the heaven
I lament
with
duteous
itself
in vain
SPANISH
ii8
his
of
literature
the
as
better
given
appliedby
defenders
of
of
what
(pp. 88,
in
historian,was
national
and
marked
of
Italian
well
Horace, whose
echoed
in his
of
when
his
but
metres,
octosyllabic
having something
beside
his
of
must
be
verse
on
principal
during
the
and
generally erotic
him
led
to
feebly
somewhat
writes
He
a
attainingany
without
scholarlytastes
degree
as
cultivated both
worldlyphilosophyis
certain
a
to
world
political
is
Odes.
Torm'es
de
of the
one
He
poetry
already
referred
again
verse
Epistlesand
with
Lazarillo
FelipeII.
forms
has
name
of the
as
mythologicalin character;
the
been
Mendoza's
admire
whose
Boscan, and
V. and
success.
sometimes
have
none
capable
are
with
has
as
literary
Carlos
reignsof
the
friend
a
the
figuresof
selves
them-
ranged
school
its methods
connection
who
06), and
1
traditional
the
Mendoza,
de
mentioned
been
who
poet.
true
Hurtado
Diego
those
Among
country.
proof
a
LITERATURE
correctlyand
in
particularly
brilliancy,
considered
which
for his
depend
to
in
fortunate
reputation.
Among
deserves
a
the
greatest Spanish poets Fernando
very
high,if
in
and lived
Sevilla,
A
great admirer
elaborate
and
drew
the
of his
Bible.
The
best.
When
result
is
same
Herrera
all his wealth
in which
imitates
must
he addressed
chosen
as
Don
published an
ecclesiastic,
an
was
this is
classical and
as
the
be
to
classed
he
the
verses
Dulcinea
the
sonnets
Gelvcs,whom
in much
as
his
declamatory.
numerous
his
are
models
and
of
Quixote chose
imagery from
Italian
the Countess
objectof
of
evident
most
hollow-sounding, commonplace,
to have
he
Vega,
city.
works, citingparallelpassages
and
inspiration
the latter kind
manner
la
de
born
was
strictly
speaking,a religiouspoet,
works
he
and odes which
seems
his
on
is not,
most
Among
of Garcilaso
He
Herrera
life in his native
studious
classical authors.
he
though
highest,place.
retired and
commentary
Italian and
from
a
the
not
de
the
he
the
objectof
his affections.
send
whom
lady to
either
by
wrong
his
religious
superiorswished
names
the
get
we
in his
victoryof Lepanto
was
of the Old
the infidel who
for
so
in
first eclogue of
in his time
almost
in almost
work
and
somewhat
there the
of
standard
this is in his Perdida
more
fate
as
had
found
its mighty
of the
sacrificed in
a
tones
soldier
a
led
been
a
he had
del
in
the
fitof reckless
to swell
Church
song
over
conception
bad
the
work
the
of
deserving
most
taste
which
hand, speaks
de San
Fernando,
y
a
bearinghere
only did
Sebastian
a
su
Herrera
Lepanto ;
Ejercito.
battlingagainstthe
arms
the
the
monuments
not
upper
Once
responsiveecho
of its
side with
created in his Cancibn
Christian
went
of
by
astray by the
Don
great
cadence
noblest
of the
hand.
Rey
these
as
worthy
artificial in tone, but
master
a
everywhere
perpetualmenace.
side
of the Cancibn
terms
in
of Christendom
and
placed
one
Ltiz, he
Lepanto is the
a
gained the
entirely
great victoryof the
Moslem
Cancibn
be
to
frigidand
traces
whom,
to
The
solemn
and equallyhappy
spirit,
Vega,
enthusiastic
approach the
The
and
grand
Spanish tongue. This, however, was
which his contemporaries considered
de
had
in strains
years had
Garcilaso
praise. Lope
of
be
real power.
him
The
many
execution,it deserves
Herrera
by
sung
victoryof Spain
Thoroughly Christian
of the
Herrera's
Testament.
for the
for any
subjectssuch
of
an
his poems
passionmay
treatment
in their
importance,echoing
triumph
his affected
insightinto
an
lady
their hands
they had ready to
It is not
detected.
the
with
love
a
Leonora, Eliodora, Lumbre, and
of
of
unreality
the
priestto
reallyin
not
was
directs his verses,
and
lady in
but, had
strain,
under
of
address
a
he
books
considered
not
was
for
proof that
that
expressed
in Herrera's time
amorous
which
It
seeminglyequallyunreal.
are
119
sentiments
The
his odes.
address
to
AGE
to
required a lady to whom
knight-errant
his good rightarm
; the poet required a
The
captivesof
the
GOLDEN
THE
OF
POETS
in
his
verse, and
dirgethat
and
of
the
enthusiasm.
religious
mourned
once
the
gallantarmy
SPANISH
followingextract, though short,
The
'
i
de
Ay
los que
En
sus
caballos
De
sus
carros,
Y
No
alzaron
De
eterna
Se
fuerzas
mas
sin volver
Con
yerto cuello
Solo
atendieron
Y
el Santo
Y
los
dejo,y
Dios
a
Los
ufano,
los
a
Israel abrio
y el caballo
fuertes los
despojos!
su
mano
despeiiadero
en
cayo
y caballero.
^stos por ventura
I Son
cierta
ojos,
sus
corazon
y
siempre
de
El carro,
soberbia
con
la incierta
ofrecieron
Vitoria,y
"
enganados,
a aquellacumbre
esperanza
luz ;
:
ti, Libia desierta,
en
su
power
than
la muchedumbre
en
y
give better
confiados
pasaron
vigory
su
en
will
idea of Herrera's
descriptionsome
mere
any
LITERATURE
los
famosos,
beligerosvarones
furor la tierra,
con
Que conturbaron
Que sacudieron reinos poderosos,
las horridas naciones,
Que domaron
desierto
cruda guerra
en
Que pusieron
el
Cuanto
,!Do
el
asi
Y
lejosde
No
"
' '
Alas for them
of
"
y
en
?
perdieron
solo
dia ;
un
patriaderribados,
fueron justamentcsepultados?
who
su
forth
went
confiding
"
thee, desert
chariots, to
their
y la osadia
acabaron
se
heroico valor
Tanto
destruyeron ?
seguro
corazon
I Como
encierra,
ciudades
soberbias
Y
indo
mar
in their horses and
Africa,
in the multitude
by their strength and
of light
the pinnacle
and
"
of hope to
raised not
a
astray,
prayer
eternal ; but with reckless pride promised themselves
the doubtful
victory,
with stiffened necks
and
and
their eyes,
turning not to God
proud hearts,
led
might
"
"
"
"
"
thought only
and
let them
horse and
and
the
that
the
"
dauntless
"
of
the
"
fall and
who
"
overcame
Indian
seas
hearts and
.
whose
fury
Holy
ihoy
these
surround,
bravery?
"
"
and
Mow
Israel
cnished
"
the famous
Ix- then
the
overset
earth,
"
and
opened
the
chariot
ones,
shook
"
the
"
the
mighty
niiglitykingdoms,
"
"
"
"
"
anil
and
and
in a day ;
all this heroic courage
shattered, far off from
lie?
it not righttheir graves should
For these were
waa
land,
his hand
all
by harsh warfare laid waste
cities?
of
What
their
spoiledstately
it to be thus brought low and lost,
came
nations,
savage
of
One
steep
Can
.
.
"
the
the
down
the horscrman
warriors,
And
spoilI
"
their
even
native
as
the
THE
OF
POETS
^stos,cual
Tales ya fueron
Las
Y
lo criaron
aguas
Sus
belleza
con
ramos
extendiendo
Las
en
Y
hizo
:
sustenta
hojas las fieras
sus
igualoen celsitud
Jamas arbol alguno a
elevose
Pero
de
Sevillian
and
accident
to
the
school,others
authors
such
him
round
imitators
The
others
class-names
above
beauteous
of
cedar
"
towering
high
on
mentioned
allows
the
;
"
waters
about
"
with
it in its pride,
fed
leading.
mis-
not
became
at
manner.
only in
most
of
and
boughs
high
large
a
leaves,
above
the
and, as its
branches,
strength it multiplied its stately
home
is heaven's
vault,
built
by the birds whose
amidst
and
and
its leaves the wild beasts bred,
it made
a shady covering
much
folk ;
of form
to
by any other
unequalled in loftiness and in beauty
its
But as
tree.
rose
crown
high, pride swelled its heart," boastful it
green
and
was
lordly height. And
overweening, esteeming nothing but its own
tallest trees,
and
"
widened,
shadow
in its
if
his
grown
"
common
whom
consideration
the
clothed
lofty Lebanon,
useful
are
the
he collected
arose
of
Aragon,
upon
useless
are
great author
a
of
more
unconsciously reflected
of which
the scope
them,
the
to
features
admirers, some
of
while
works
and
number
a
marked
any
under
Undoubtedly when
Salamanca,
these,founded
as
upon
included
of
school
the
to
than
locality
of
Age, assigningsome
Golden
Divisions
forth.
so
the
of
sought to classify
have
Spanish literature
historians of
lyricpoets
the
deshecho,
lo derribo
la raiz cortado.
Por
Many
confiado,
y
impios y ajenosentregado,
los
A
cima,
alteza solo estima.
su
Dios
eso
figura.
su
presuncionsu pecho,
todo
Desvanecido
Haciendo
hermosura
en
y
verde
su
con
la
sublimo
velo ;
gente umbroso
mucha
a
anidaron
se
grande cielo,
engendraron,
el
No
Por
crecido,
sombra,
su
que
aves
Y
Y
:
en
grandeza
multiplicaron
se
Y
alteza
poderoso,
empifiadosarboles
Sobre
hermoso
excelsa
hojas,con
ramos,
AGE
vestido
del alto Libano
Cedro
De
GOLDEN
nests
"
were
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
thus
the
God
shattered
stranger,
"
cut
it and
off
even
cast
to
it down
the
root."
"
and
gave
it over
to
the
infidel and
SPANISH
number
it is
of minor
enough
to
LITERATURE
poets.
For
continue
to
the purpose
of the present
distinguishbetween
study
authors
who
espoused the losingcause
of
the old national
forms
and
to
the erudite
foreign school,
those
who
warning the
belonged
beforehand
reader
line of demarcation
both methods.
belongs
two
or
determined
A
under
wrote
His
works
have
life that
for
assumed
one,
them
and
also called
was
titleof Ser'wr de la Torre
however, have made
Torre
is
author
of the work
it
assumed
no
a
few
skill in
handling
champion,
they lack
of
the
to
simple
spiteof
and
how
of
feeble
the
persuade
are
verses
the
the
de
la
the
identify
the
who
sixteenth
only
give proof of great
made
himself
tender
the
passages,
establish his claim
to
great
bore
to
his talents
mythologicalcompositions.
critics could
correct
he
an
of Boscan
frequentlydevotes
moreover
was
cancioneros
gracefuland
many
name
priestin
poems
his
of
that Francisco
friend
of which
inspiration
necessary
poet ; he
see
forms
professed
investigations,
in contemporary
Bachelor's
verse
themselves
It
the
to
is
that these
production of Quevedo,
are
laboured
brilliancy
artificialantithesis.
The
were
the
in
the
a
strongly-markedcharacteristics
whose
and
but
production
hard
The
this
Recent
the
his life as
him
who
it is difficult to
Yet
questionwith
ended
verses.
Abad.
Juan
of
de la Torre.
Francisco,and
certain
practically
leavingbehind
rough
name
de
name.
in
fought in Italyand
century,
school
personalityof
the
concealed
himself,who
that
supposed
was
whom
Spanish
little is known
accidentally.So
it
long
essayed
to
the
Francisco
Bachelor
rigid
a
be mentioned.
must
ones
publishedin 1631 by Quevedo,
were
found
satirist
of the
name
in
verse
metre,
can
writers
many
of the old-fashioned
adherent
the
finest
secular
more
here
even
religious
poets,
the
to
the
of
not
seeingthat
coming
large a part
language,one
to
be drawn,
Before
so
that
and
of
principalwriters
the brothers
of
the
Lupercio and
so-called
Leonardo
Aragonese school
de
Argensola,who
POETS
flourished
during the
AGE
GOLDEN
THE
OF
sixteenth
latter part of the
of the seventeenth
centuries.
he
became
secretary
Felipe
to
importantpositionin
occupied an
the
Leonardo, the
younger,
who
survived
Church
earlyage
and
rose
at
an
chronicler
Saragossa and
brothers
Both
pastime. The
his verses,
The
elder
and
did
of both
works
translations and
in
model
the
and
a
a
already
Seneca
they
been
failed
probably never
Poets
of
a
not
so
close
them, both in
might
of
of
kingdom
Aragon.
poetry merely as
his death
;
them.
good
epistlesof
elegiesin
and
the Italian
their
language,but
of the Castilian
is that
of
The
men.
being
and
neat
brother,as
elder
three
wrote
a
burn
to
they are
tragedies,taking
is artificial and
erudite,and
indeed
Manuel
But
de
poets
is the
matter
to
the
Argensolas,though
are
classical,
exclusively
so
it impossible,
well
as
;
Canon
popular favour, which
reallypretty
lines.
syllable
ones
the
similar character
Esquilache and
some
dignityof
they
courted.
less stiffand
make
cultivated
; their tone
obtain
to
deserve
mentioned,
his model
as
the
thorough appreciationof
very
highest praise they
has
the
and
odes, satires,
sonnets
masterlyknowledge
scholarlyexercises by
brother,entered
cultivated
imitations of the
prove
Naples.
destroya large portion of
fact
Horace, togetherwith certain
style. They
of
his
very similar in character
are
afterwards
and
III.
attempted before
even
ginning
be-
the
were
government
his native
of
scholars,and
were
to
and
gentlemen of
himself to public
They
good family, Lupercio,the elder,dedicated
life;
123
Villegas,the
imitations
of
at
this time
as
unnecessary,
between
similarity
and
what
some-
the Prince
latter of whom
in
Anacreon
are
so
to
numerous
mention
the works
form, that the above
brief
of
duced
proseven-
as
to
the minor
of
many
of
descriptions
be
of writers,who,
applied to a considerable number
themes afforded by their national history
neglectingthe stirring
both during their own
time and in the past, sought their heroes
in Greek
and
Roman
mythologies,the
beauties
of which
they
SPANISH
124
miserablytravestied.
the
name,
bearer
bad
for all the
decadence
The
best
infinite
of
This
in the poems
time
As
went
the writers of
its shadow
the
was
the
or
politics
from
the
false
Gdngora
has
has been
coined
departurefrom
held
to
the
weed
found
a
its
worst
For
suitable
known
great talents
kind, and
in
called
own
ations
exagger-
and
to
the
in France
the
exaggeratingin
for the introduction of many
and
no
resulted
bad
taste,
which
arc
prccieuscs.For
as
literary
heresy
a
his works
of the
in
men
unnecessary
sentence,
doubt
country
gongorismo
of the
service of
of its adherents, (Jongora is
the great
cultcranismo
the word
violent
of
which
Spain
savours
soil,
away.
left the
all the mischief
ordinaryform
among
producing great
of
all that
metaphor,
school
in and
set
and
rank that under
growth so
a
sixteenth
greatest minds
and
responsible,
denote
of
the
the
degradinghis
had
doctrine
literary
abuse
affectation,
as
during
perished by
the power
literature.
been
to
reaction
without
and
either
well
complicated
died
pined and finally
euphuisticschool
over,
exhausted
of the
reignof Juan
of the
euphuisticschool,
the
with
seeking
of the
Spain the
flourished
sonorous
militarygloryof Spain had alreadywaned,
the
common
In
ment
conceal-
is already
brilliancy,
at
exaggerated and
all but
the old literature
When
effort
Europe.
up and
sprung
over
in the
intentional
an
the
Gongora.
facilitiesfor the
courtlyschool
its fatal influence
centuries
about
its rich vocabulary
turgid;
attempt
it became
on
exercised
seventeenth
and
of the
de
synonym
high-soundingand
extraordinaryaberrations
the
which
and
under
laboured
a
a
tendency,even
tendency,togetherwith
and
obscurity
evident
idea
of
is Luis
a
give great
resources
poverty
periods.
with
This
bombastic
become
to
fault and
own
eventuallybrought
that
tendencies
really
great
a
become
irony of fortune, has
Spanish language has
stately
and
II.
which, partlythrough his
Spanish literature.
of
hands,
after
list,
however, ends with
The
of
the
partlythrough
LITERATURE
the
gances
extrava-
accountable,as
words
foreign
and
126
SPANISH
FelipeIII.
his
where
He
reputationwas
better understood
poet has
No
periods.
limitations of the short
first period. His
form
full of
and
notable
and
and
simplicity
and
sense,
yo
His
Polyphemus,
of
been
they that,though
be
Los
as
alreadybeen
he
soon
obtained
the
affectation
Dineros
del
the
Sacristan,
and
amorous
did
disdain
not
his
Fable
his
master
his
to
judgment
obscure
the select circle
set
by the
work
to
religiouspoets,
two
laid the
the chair
of
of
the greatest prose
among
born
was
to
admiring disciples.
and undoubtedly the
first,
He
of
of the
incomprehensibleeven
once
In
graceful
intricate and
applauseby
and
Gracian.
of the
at
forms
sound
found
So
sent
lawyerof good position,
where
many
prefer mere
sink when
can
show
which
spirit
lastingmemorials
are
mentioned
The
among
His
of Lerma,
series of four
a
are
inexplicablethe
he
priest,
a
commentators
the great
to
come
reputation.He
of the
of national
sofi, and
with
found
famous, is Fray Luis de Leon.
of Salamanca
to
the Duke
received
writers of their country.
His father,a
led
thoroughlyperverted.
of
explainthe writings
have
more
can
Soledades
cultivated;learned
whom
trace
initiated,
they were
now
the
the
systematisedby
reallygood poet
a
are
We
Gdngora
verse.
use
apostle of
the
no
his
and
once
most
was
pieces such
has
of the
he
Panegyric of
which
depths to
distinct
very
ballads
of
in the
success
riskylyricswhich, though
write.
1627.
the ro??iancero, and
to
ca/iente,
Milagrosde Corte
somewhat
to
works
wittyauthor
in
and
capabilities
of
appreciation
and
afterwards
was
Gdngora's later
Ande
which
become
to
obscuritywhich
and
His
grace.
render
subjects,
change by
sudden
to
merits,and his
national
appliedto
the
earlier writers of this kind
the
two
place,
are
{letri/las)
madrigalsand lyrics
perfect in
thorough comprehension
animated
there
than the
Spanish metres
the finest of the later contributions
a
died
into
off
marked
his native
to
age
great, and
very
be
may
middle
in
returned
life
literary
His
LITERATURE
him
in the year
to
foundation
the
of
most
1528.
University
a
and
philosophy,
brilliant
subsc-
POETS
of
quentlythat
the
His
theology.
jealousyand
GOLDEN
THE
OF
127
however, had provoked
success,
he had
whom
of those
hatred
AGE
defeated
in the
publicarguments and discussions appointedby statute for
the claims of rival candidates
purpose of decidingbetween
His
distinctions.
university
with
pitfalls
the
denounced
was
the
to
the
opinion that
an
in which
the
to
attitude
of
belief in all the
request of
his
treacheryof
of
thrown
into
continual
we
the
and
tribunal
documents
know
that when
his
the
was
Madrid, and
oath
to
have
been
his
and
in
were
of
1576
de
Leon
be in future
expressed,to
observe
tribunal,and
to
bear
more
he
written
to
his trial
public by
the
abide
the
was,
He
the
was
subjectto
of
all
still extant,
are
the
torturingtheir
evidence.
This
tribunal
supreme
absolved
at
froni the
however, obligedto take
circumspectas
as
by
pronounced
was
declared
was
malice
the
persecutionsof
obtainingfurther
; he
at
stood.
still in favour
strict silence
no
Church, his regret
made
sentence
fortunately
quashed by
Luis
in person
for four years,
relatingto
purpose
secrecy
immediately
He
Solomon
which
he remained
judges
the
appear
to
willingness
before
chargesbrought againsthim
an
of
examinations
severe
to
in
him
Jewish blood.
with
on
of the
Song
enemies, and
The
prisonerfor
the
prisonwhere
majorityof
decision
inherited
of
character.
place
to
cited
doctrines
should
friend
a
sentence
of
doctrines
complete submission, declaring his
absolute
translation
the
made
was
he
1
in certain
was
purelysecular
he had
57
translation of the
a
its familiars.
of
an
and
time
he
Inquisition,
adopted
kinds.
Vulgate
of
1
regarded
dis-
having expressed an
written
poem
same
formed
court
a
his
for
preliminaryinquiriescarried
many
customary
that
a
beset ; in
path was
the
for
fearless character
departed from
lightby showing that
odious
before
of
he
the
at
was
his
having
it as
by treating
attempt
After
for
and
Office
translation
of Solomon,
the Church
An
which
Holy
respects defective,and
Song
frank
the
to
the
againsthis
to
the
opinions he
proceedingsof
accusers.
the
During
SPANISH
128
LITERATURE
long imprisonment his chair in the Universityhad not
been filled. On resuming his lectures crowds flocked to him,
his
hear
expectingto
undergone,but
"
preamble
consider
we
defence.
the
sentence
opinion too
cruelties and
as
a
great poet
esteemed
by
it not
had
as
its author
been
for
All
expressionto
deep
by suffering.
that he could
a
of
love
:
who
and
and
nature
His
he
long
spent the
author's
writer
was
to
probably have
rank
lightly
so
perished
publishedit. Many
of the
touches
finishing
of
divided into three books,two
of
one
of the
profane,and
of
one
original
and beauty. They give
feeling
contemplativeand
illustrative of the
Retirement
are
instinct with
are
which
court
entitle Luis de Leon
in need
They
sacred
one
translations,
poems.
him
his favour
great prose
a
Quevedo,
hand.
the master's
in his
concurrence
health,and
that it would
undoubtedly stand
verses
a
which
lyrics
well
as
whole
of his life in strict retirement.
remaining years
collection of
his
in his
in the
againstthe
him.
indignities
upon
affected
imprisonment seriously
The
shown
from
wrung
when
showed
excited the greatest odium
heaped
fourteen
he
resource
stronglyin
so
was
or
without
admirable
more
Fray Luis, as
either affected
easilyhave
had
of
had
better instance of
a
forbids the belief that his
life,
was
Public
find
to
learningand
vast
character
The
of his
course
difficult
submission, and it is the
Catholic
he
sufferings
place and began
sayingyesterday..."
were
we
the
to
in his
simply rose
probably be
It would
true
he
As
"
bitter allusion
some
mind
scholarly
of solitude.
manner
The
are
taken
Oh
dcscado
inspiredby
followinglines
from
the Ode
to
"
'
1 Oh
ya scguro
mi
Do
Uin
I'ara reparo
Del
grave
pucrlo
error!
lucnfji)
cicrto
mal
pasado
reposado !
i Reposo dulce, alejjrc,
Tccho
"
"
"
from
Oh
port
ills now
secure
"
pajiwjailonde
long wanderings ; and much desired
I
sweet
rest, and brighttranquillity
after
past ;
"
"
"
as
refuge sure
Thatched
roof,
POETS
ni
Cuidado,
Invidia
Ni
esconde
se
amigo,
rostro
en
perjurani mortal
voz
Sierra que
Altisima,y
Que
que
el
el
muchedumbre,
El
trabajarperdido,
La
falsa paz, el mal
No
otra
falte tu
me
del
Cuanto
to
Calm
a
Immortality; that
amado,
ciegoerror
Night
translation of
magnificentOde
The
with
of our
to
Music
the
Intimations
Lord
is full of
and
exquisite
simplicity
of
deep
grace.
and parts of the Book
of the Psalms
some
comparisonwith
well bear
may
to
similarity
feelingcombined
religious
The
cudiciado.
es
the Ascension
to
!
asiento,
remarkable
points of
y ciento
vez
best passages.
Wordsworth's
merecido.
no
puerto deseado
falte cuanto
Y
has
huyo perseguido
; que
errada
Ay,
fuego,
cumbre,
La
Otras, seguro
Ode
tu
en
vivo
en
Recibeme
i
sosiego
suelo,
ardiendo
Recibeme
The
del
vulgo ciego
el morir
Ama
testigo.
al cielo
vas
gozas
conoce
no
Adonde
129
enemigo
el
hizo morada
Jamas
AGE
GOLDEN
THE
OF
of
thoroughlyFray Luis appreciatedtheir sublime
and impressivepoem
on
a
grandeur. A wonderfullyspirited
national subjectis the Prophecy of the Tagus; the passage
Job
show
how
which
describes
Spain
to
the
the
avenge
the reader
away
beneath
whose
ill-starred love
its irresistibleand
by
shade
there
"
in amicable
guise, nor
envy
Mountains
that rise to heaven
never
me
from
to
"
where
your
labour
hundred
heights,
"
receive
vain,
times
peace
and then
"
"
be
thy resting-place
error
blind
mankind
loves and
mine
dwelt
aloft, and
"
"
loves
the
that
death
infidel hosts
taste
and
Rodrigo carries
harmonious
flow.
This,
nor
care
lurking
; nor
death-dealingtreachery.
"
"
"
such
burns
peace
in
"
"
peace,
and
is unknown
as
"
erringcrowds,
evils undeserved.
"
"
;
so
Oh
"
! yet a
I pray
desired
and
much
port secure
my
let all else be taken from
all that blind
me,
again,
"
on
living fire, receive
hard-pressed fugitive from
is no
towards
of Don
malicious
lips forsworn,
"
earth,
the
of
movement
"
"
covets."
K
SPANISH
I30
like many
LITERA
of its author's
Horace, but
best
de
translates,Luis
Leon
is
poems,
imitates
he
where
even
TURE
be
may
inspireddirectlyby
or
closely,
most
read
with
frankly
pleasure for
his sober yet splendid style,
and
statelyversification,
and
charming lightswhich he so often throws
the
his
new
his
upon
models.
life of
the
Of
when
given
combined
works
prose
attitude
to
seems
the defects
be
purposely assumed
glosas,a
form
short
introduction
into such
at
rhymed
of the
in the
originallines
of rustic and
by
popular
artificial
Spanish
most
applicationof
intervals.
these she breathes
compositionsas
trifling
This
proverb, with
or
stated
at
to
in her carols,which
cultivated
paradox,
tion
forma-
childish.
and
amplification
motto,
which
unaffected
her best in the somewhat
the
the
form
mysticism
almost
merits
composition
of
consistingof
poets, and
the
as
is,however,
She
songs.
well
it becomes
was
everywhere
verse
mother-wit
times
as
her
and
at
degree that
a
which
styleis simple and
Her
character.
her
outline
an
poetess she devoted
a
devotion
ardent
strangelywith homely
so
of
some
Jesus
part of her writings. As
spiritof
the
reveals
have
the
de
and
wholly to religioussubjects,
herself
such
Teresa
of
spoke
we
valuable
most
Santa
the
Even
something
A good
and strong individuality.
spirit
religious
example is her glosson the lines
of her fervent
"
^
muero
the last line forms
Here
en
de Le(5n and
he
lent
important aid
the
Carmelite
reforming
"
I cannot
I live a lifebeside
die."
niuero.
the refrain of each
imitator of Luis
whom
no
porque
Cruz, another
Juan
mi,
espero
de la
San
'
alta vida
tan
Que
an
sin vivir
Vivo
Y
in
saintlyand
a
"
The
mystic poet,
friend of Santa
her
carryingout
order.
myself,
verse.
lifeI
It is in
hope
the
is life so
Teresa, to
scheme
works
high,
"
was
of
of
this
I die because
POETS
writer
to
where
heights
the
of
the
from
gathered
title
his
mystics
he
possessed
tongue,
and
to
Malon
principal
into
which
writers
lines
of
have
stirring;
are
intended.
harsh
are
a
of
for
the
intolerant
free.
life
other
his
native
tender
and
His
devotee.
imitated
origin,
with
handles
human
great
love
is made
that
His
order
of
of
St.
Luis
is
Santa
Teresa
edifying
book
spirit, from
Saint
Augustine.
Mary
Magdalene,
and
the
purpose
can
which
de
in
be
the
those
but
delicacy
life
of
for
which
traced
other
other
but
Leon,
is correct,
verse
of
Like
heard
not
beauty
details
the
and
imitated
he
real
Cruz
introduced.
are
ring
giving
the
prose
mentioned.
others
remarkably
which
la
of
verses
hollow
Throughout
and
the
school
passages
ill -chosen
in
the
of
He
by
the
of
oriental
of
de
monk
his
same
often
by
followed
with
effect
great
be
may
conferred
was
common
Solomon.
Juan
is
of
already
masters
which
transports
allegory
a
work
most
the
of
the
Chaide,
de
His
the
writings
command
metaphors
with
Contemporary
was
of
his
feelings.
divine.
the
portray
In
with
uses
of
soaring
the
express
Extdtico,
wonderful
Song
delicacy
and
skill
the
from
generally
he
with
luxuriant
is
style
this
to
and
contemporaries.
131
development,
powerless
Doctor
a
AGE
extreme
himself
of
descriptions
passionate
is
saint
by
him
on
its
language
character
GOLDEN
THE
reaches
mysticism
that
The
OF
of
often
saint
they
a
the
seldom
are
the
his
that
were
somewhat
mystic
writers
CHAPTER
DIDACTIC
WORKS
mind
Spanish
The
springingfrom
as
such.
considerable
order
to
theology were
place in Spanish literature.
of
Feyjoo, who
during
up
the
their
fellow-countrymento
Rome,
heart
than
others
by
to
sufficed
persons
the
the
in
such
on
Latin, and
local
last century, and
mental
the
are
of
to
any
subjects,
thus
have
reputations
Balm^s
Jaime
towards
bringing
philosophy among
the level of that of other
the intellect ; the fate of Luis
to
check
of orthodox
baneful effects of the
and
works
sities,
univer-
European
Spanish theologianshave always commanded
respect
but the greatest religious
writers appeal rather to the
nations.
at
Merely
physicaland
of
Scholastic
attained
did something
recently,
more
knowledge
the
pomorphic
anthro-
Spaniard
be written
no
and
in the
lastingreputation ;
to
that authors
earnestlystudied
and
continued
dreams
be counted
their ideas.
express
least,no
at
singularly
sublime
metaphors
former
(seep. 247),who
all times
at
it is noticeable
the
long
moreover,
PROVERBS
indeed
unless
concrete
to
in
allegories
but, in
been
department
recourse
philosophyand
OF
religiouscontemplation can
in this
have
continually
have
to
thought,
ecstatic
Even
COLLECTION
AND
seems
abstract
to
averse
XII
state
of
last century,
candid
criticism
opinions.
To
de Ledn
in this
and
many
direction,
even
attribute
solelyto
the
the decay of Spanish literature,
Inquisition
lethargyinto
is to
which
ignore
many
the
country sank
other
during
equally powerful
LITERATURE
SPANISH
134
spoiledby
effort
Fajardo
Saavedra
with
Entrusted
IV.
travelled
Fajardo
in
his
it would
be
in which
public and
the book
only of
precepts which
Fajardo
takingas
to
whom
historical
skill as
arts
that
fitted
to
author
the
of
and
unnatural
the
express
He
greater
borne
them
from
prince.
a
the
is
by
the
is done
This
is the form
its
;
styleis
reallyadmirable
Spanish
the
the
Fernando
he
in health and
the
his
In
in
Ferdinand,
astute
was
for which
popular
so
it is used
Here
disease,
Literary Republic
vision which
writers.
Don
In
with
wittyjudgments
upon
the
of the great writers of
some
followingestimate
a
some
introducingthe author's conceptionof
of
The
King
works.
enlightenedviews
and
wanting.
to
recourse
other
perfectruler
attributes broad
evidence
several
political
body
he
his country.
with
mottoes
deduce
to
the Catholic
example of
his
and
is affected
his
means
a
and
it.
the
polish it,but
to
if written
arms
by
it contains.
wiselyof
with
resource
the
text
Political
write
freshness,for it
is the
has
Fajardo
time
to
and
ingenuity
Statecraft
of
Policy and
discourses
his
His
of
lofty,well
and
pure
foreigncourts,
privateduties
considerable
with
reignof Felipe
to
he chose
preface that he lacked
considerablyimproved
as
churchman
a
Prince, is defaced
families,he proceeds
well-known
whole
missions
Christian
Ideal
simplicity.Taking
the
great part of Europe.
a
exceedinglyartificialform
says
Guevara,
during
important
over
Undertakings,or
like
was,
flourished
diplomatist.He
a
laboured
a
acquirebrilliant effect.
to
Diego
and
displayof learningand
unnecessary
an
Gdngora
of
is brief and
pointed:
"
*
En
nueslros
ticmix)srcnaci^
G6ngorft,
requicbrodc las
*
In our
days was
the darlinfj of
Ci(Sngora,
artut
"
in the Castilian
the
tongue
cordoWs
Marcial
y corifco dc las
musas
born
un
at
C6rdova
Muses
and,
and
more
a
second
gracios,
gran
Martial
coryphieus of
th:n)
miw
don
en
in
Lufs
artificede la
Lufs
don
tiie (iniccs,
i.tiut
de
.Killed
a
in
de
mighty
playing
WORKS
DIDACTIC
135
ella,y descubrir los donaires
lengua castellana,
y quien mejor supo jugarcon
las veras
de sus
en
deja
equivocos con incomparable agudeza. Cuando
natural, es culto y puro, sin que la sutileza de su ingenio haga
correr
su
le sucedio despues queriendo retirarse
impenetrablessus conceptos, como
del vulgo y afectar escuridad : error
se
disculpacon que aun en esto
que
mismo
salio
grande y
Tal
imitable.
nunca
Polifemo; pero gano pasos de gloria. Si
estimado cuanto
hallo despues tanto mas
con
ingeniosy explicaronsus agudezas.
The
Gbtica is,as its
Corona
perdio en
se
their
of literature
school
his
Didlogo
when
century
it in his
It
to
the
best
incorrect
it and
When
he
does
the
supremacy
from
want
he
went
the
more
out
and
of
subtiltyof
of
Italian friends
two
make
his mind
in his attempt
which
is
he
to
light ;
wandering
esteemed
explained
but
in
for
he
his
the
his wit."
We
was
must
care
with
the
are
locutors.
interas
which, in spiteof his
language.
The
Didlogo
incomparable
wit.
full
here
even
he
which
he
his
the
high
found,
on
men
the
won
that
admit
already on
Wilderness
Castellana.
play, he is polished and pure, nor
his quips unintelligible,
to
as
happened
intentional
faults
triviality
by
obscurity,
plead that,
can
unchallenged.
of
avoid
royal
vulgarisms and
many
of
in the
have
to
wrote
of its author's views
account
root
his real nature
point that
lengthydiscussion,
somewhat
a
some
expression,
since taken
traditional
learned
Lengua
revealing its graceful mystificationswith
allows
afterward
in excuse
la
literary
style,condemning
forms
upon
and
informal
givesan
protests, have
him
himself
Valdes
of
of the
published till last
Siscar, the
y
upon
treatise
interesting
not
was
Origenesde
Didlogo takes the form
in which
It
language.
point
celebrated
this
at
was
and
curious
a
Gregorio Mayans
inserted
librarian,
The
Lengua,
Castilian
the
upon
la
de
his
correspondentof Erasmus,
Valdes, the learned
de
Juan
work
and
simple
its height. It
at
was
the
to
champions
the
a
style.
Spaniards began
euphuisticand
artificial and
new
narrative
controversy between
The
Vocabulario.
los
narrative of
historical
a
Lebrija published
language, and
own
from
su
se
le buscaron
implies,a
name
luz
Sohdades
sus
cuidado
mas
period of Spanish history. Valueless
of easy
of view, it is a charming model
In the sixteenth century the
falta de
tropezo por
vez
of
first
place and
his
Polyphemus stumbled
to
glory. When
road
his
return,
genius
had
that
he
sought
was
him
SPANISH
136
has
no
not
to
LITERATURE
be exhaustive
to
pretensions
Castihans,but
native
into which
himself
allowed
faults
pointed out
by
are
no
spiteof
made
of its precepts
is
Castilian style of
best
the
inapplicableat
extremelyvaluable
those
to
best
the
discusses.
and
to
The
again in
be found
masterlyreview
of
questions that
were
sixteenth
A
characterise
stylethat
pure
sterlinggood
same
Valdes'
writer very famous
admitted
among
those
Ingenio.
consists
in
an
and
j)aradoxes,
is,from
that its author
which
the
on
he
judgment,
correct
language
de Mercurio
men's
and
clear
the
matters
sense,
are
Car6?i,a
y
religious
during the
minds
one
made
its methods
doctrine
flow
elaborate
of
to
himself
The
in
reading and
the
rule in his
metaphors.
The
champion
Agudeza
y
perfectionof style
object of writing
call forth the admiration
to
subversive
interest him
and
obscurity
in what
arc
principles
with great elaboration of classification in the
pedanticlanguage.
wide
him
startling
ingenious antitheses,
rather than
heretical and
radicallyfrom
by
first
the
must
brilliancy
whose
is that the
pointof view, to
for his author
These
contemporariesof
Backed
he
ingenuity,
His
even
Gracidn's
the reader
says.
the
differ
who
Gracian.
Baltasar
reducing
conceptismo,
del
his
century, and
by
even
considerable wit and
Arte
would
century.
opinions,was
of
in
have
day, the
appreciate
social,and
political,
uppermost
embody
the present
shows
his essay
of the
of usage
period;
Didlogo
of the
some
half of the seventeenth
be
best
who
who
elegantlanguage in which it is written
well qualified
to give a verdict on
was
which
to
interesting
part
the fact that modifications
In
Didlogo
those
exclusively
the least
the
latitude,and
he discusses the authors
his views.
speech
of
errors
of
amount
Not
learning
of
betrayed. Vald^s, however,
means
liable.
is that in which
many
be
to
considerable
a
only are
foreigners
book
liable
they are
againstcertain
addressed,
be
desirous
foreigners
to
them
language,warning
the
; it affects to
most
laboured
set
of
he
forth
affected and
of
insipidity
Gracian's
to
COLLECTION
OF
poeticalworks
ought to
danger of puttinghis system
In
another
branch
thanks
to
canons
literary
found
allows himself
be natural.
the
Spanish writers
the greatest of
Spanish
and
in
is richer
the lower
Among
only
in
the
its other
to
works
of
The
en
{evangelios
that of the
Conde
before
is
de
dry and
Panza's
a
and
language.
trated
concen-
affection for
caricature
of the
directness,Spanish
The
charms
language
peculiarwit
somewhat
this
of
form, which
quaintnessof
the
words
age.
celebrated
Spanish writers
are
"
Infante
the
Don
plays,and
are
the
freelyspiced
miniature
called
made
Santillana,
the
regarded
verdicts of the
expressionin
publishedearlyin
this date
their
fellow-countrymen. Not
point
as
?ninatura),
they
Marques
much
adorned
continually
means
his
titles of many
best
were
as
was
other
any
oldest collection of these
the fifteenth and
long
bygone
of the
most
with them.
a
the
form
the
Ordailo
They
well
of other nations.
its readiest
finds
expressionsof
Proverbs
by
in
also
sententious,and
natives
held
superiorto those
are
adds
frequently
and
but
number,
proverbs
itselfis
they are
than
no
noble
moralists.
Sancho
ages."
called,is by
as
refranes,
they are
in which
of
land.
Gracian
terse
^
of his
defects,as
and
"
its
long enjoyed
conversation
by these
wisdom
practical
esteem
and
proverbs
orders
enforced
arguments
native
sympatheticecho, and
a
after the
lacking
maxims
their
where
Criticbn
His
somewhat
life,
author's
greater
forgetshis
then
and
sonorous
languages
many
popularityin France,
merits,found
human
but
hollow
into
translated
now
outside
favour
attained
Gracian
to
as
practice.
Pilgrim's Progress, but
simplicity.The
his admirers
warned
into
of Hterature
allegoryof
the
of
137
the fact that he
and
well studied
a
fashion
as
have
the
success,
is
PROVERBS
"
gospels
by Quevedo,
in the
is
beginningof
followingcentury
; but
Juan Manuel, in his
Lticanor,quoted the pithy "sayings of the old wives
^
Cervantes, Don
Quixote, cap.
39.
SPANISH
138
Castile."
of
Since
and
apace,
That
the
by
up
the
is
is
people
and
forms
pendant
los
the
For
refranes
no
full
of
y
las
obras
time
{coplas,
mouths
p.
the
of
who
would
from
books
of
perusal
see
able
consisting
letters
the
these
was
Those
in
of
Garay
character
than
poetry
view
the
the
to
267)
these
which
them.
on
que
in
Castilian
the
popular
to
information
that
stock
brought
century,
In
long
century
was
last
at
three
published.
number
the
grown
sixteenth
exhausted.
means
their
the
the
the
yet
of
employ
proverbs,
^
by
the
has
been
thousand.^
write
Even
peculiarities
better
cannot
in
wondered
to
century
probably
the
study
be
to
proverbs
have
during
twenty-four
proverbs.
of
them
and
Iriarte,
scarcely
sixteenth
entirely
of
in
Griego
de
total
it
of
proverbs,
Juan
astonishing
in
collections
thousand
Don
figures,
interest
the
Comendador
six
contains
then
various
of
LITERATURE
the
tratan
subject
de
ellos.
see
Sbarbi
(J.
4to.
Madrid,
M.),
Monografia
1891.
sobre
XIII
CHAPTER
CERVANTES
Miguel
honour
disputedthe
Spaniards,but
of
with
9th
its "famous
de
and
Henares
cities have
Other
1547.
being the birthplaceof
of
the
famous
most
together
entry in the baptismal register,
the
he
Alcala
always speaks of
suffice
Henares," should
Cervantes'
decide
to
chieftains
the well-known
couplet
north, to whom
of the
and
the controversy.
noble, tracing its pedigree back
familywas
kings and
old
October
of
affection with which
the
at Alcald
born
was
the
baptizedon
there
^
Cervantes
de
the
to
in
alludes
Lope
"
^
nacimiento
noble
Para
Hay
Espana tres partes ;
Galicia, Vizcaya, Asturias,
O
Some
militaryorders.
Miguel was
The
evidence.
to
In
after
Of
had
the
his
life Cervantes
from
at
a
Salamanca
the
members
and
name
of
Saavedra
same
there are
three
Birthplacesof noble families
the
Asturias, or
mountain-region, as it is called."
in
"
"
two
boys.
insufficient
on
know
we
his
to
and
celebrated
most
rests
' '
"
of the noble
and
girls
education
of the
held
gentleman,
poor
children,two
early life
added
members
been
Cervantes, like
young
other
great writer had
of the
but
was
of four
time, studied
distinguish himself
^
ancestors
father
the youngest
his
le llamen.
montana
the state, or
His
legend that
of
^
ya
of the immediate
worthy positionsin
men
en
own
little
in order
family.
Spain ; Galicia, Biscay,
"
Premio
del bien
hablar.
LITERATURE
SPANISH
140
that
except
of
he
he contributed
schoolfellows,
lamented
Nor
of Isabel of
death
this Cervantes'
was
himself
At
him
into such
he
as
and
the
greatest books.
world's
Papal Legate,occupied
in search
man
Legate to
life of
a
that time
great churchman's
Acquaviva,
household
find
in 1570 we
and
spirit,
enterprising
regiment of Moncada,
servingin the renowned
a
privatesoldier
In
followingyear.
had
he
to be
pricehe paid for
to which
*
in
At
one
felt a
that sweet
deep
and
the
cruel wound
*
"A
csla
Con
Y
with
I,unfortunate,stood
and
dulce
la una
sangrc
other
my
sa7.6n yo,
dc
la otra
pecho nilo
Scntia Uagado
Kl
Estabd
left hand
mnno
dc
por
blood
the
dc
la
ran
was
Naples
at
he
of the
it was,
as
that
ceased
never
pride,in spiteof
glory. For, speakingof
from
whilst
the
the idle
October
part, humble
with honest
moment
young
with which
the
heavy
the battle in lines
defects givepathos,he
literary
the
even
hand,
his
him
greatest victoryof the age
him
regardedby
a
But
in the
Lepanto
after life the
in the
taken
at
the
ill-suited to his bold
was
and
fought as
to
necessary
one
affairs of
on
chamberlain.
capacityof
in the
Rome
productionof
in Madrid
then
sympathies
subsequentlyaccompanied
He
of fortune.
a
become,
to
his
Cardinal
In
the patron
found
state, Cervantes
at
was
the wandering
societyand
for the
experience necessary
the
which
strange adventures, and,
misfortune," widened
in
for he
verse,
commenced
with all classes of
says, "versed
gave
of
mix
to
the
lost.
now
Cervantes
by causinghim
at
pieces,among
of other
brought
that,like others of his
elegiespublished on
the age of twenty-two
life which
master
school-
a
Valois,the third wife of FelipeII.
called Filena,
pastoralpoem
the
to
Hoyos,
only youthfulattempt
mention
makes
de
Lopez
Madrid, and
in
fame
some
of
pupil
a
was
says
sword
down
:
"
graspedfirmly
; in
my
breast
I
shattered into fragments.
tristc,cstaba
cspada assida,
dorraniaba.
profuTida lu'rid.i
y la sinicstrn mnno
mil partes ya rompida."
L4tter to Mateo
Vatquet.
142
SPANISH
importance,and
a
than
his
from
it was
he
his
ships,and
at
the
that,but
murderer
bold
; and
man
of the
whole
human
career
by
from
captive,which
in
himself
that
he
these
"
ransomed
exertions
stillfurther the
placed in
in order
to
the hands
to
in fortune
he
"
nay,
on
that
a
Don
Quixote,
tells
that,
us
his
master
fact
of
responsibility
brother
sum,
only through
an
absence
turned
the payment
of the
services and
his release he had
of
good
defend
was
of which
family,was
at
ten
This
took
year Cervantes
same
years, littlebettered
him
of the
account
a
himself
fund
of
perience
ex-
Algeriancorsairs
in many
sufferings
gained him
to
it
Redemptionist Fathers,
of the
manners
to
Miguel, was
and
captivity,
bringingwith
and
of
brother's release.
the end
prospects, but
afterwards
writings. His
elder
of the devoted
of the characters
which
story of the
miscarried
often
slightresources
towards
Spain after
or
win
to
as
escape,
the whole
the younger
procure
place in 1580,and
returned
of the
notwithstandingthe
comparativelyshort
a
partlythrough his
reduced
this
so
Cervantes,the
after
the
Saavedra,"he
at
his
told that he
such
In
the
as
treacheryof accomplices.
or
de
stand
under-
to
answers
episodes of
assume
that
daring enterprises
Rodrigo
the
harshly,and
to
short
cut
are
clever
his attempts
to
we
;
brutal.
certain
a
accustomed
was
the cowardice
last
as
not
were
qualities
of
one
many
wont
was
is difficult
It
race,"did
most
notorietyof
him
treated
Pasha
bearing and
the
forms
the
spiteof
never
the bold
out
carry
impartialwitness
an
speedy execution
a
to
fellow-captives,
Quixote is described
Cervantes'
even
speaking of
his
taken
his
Spaniard,his prisoners,
safe.
in Don
indeed
admiration
be
city would
have
to
seems
Hassan
for the one-handed
impressed by
was
He
is from
that
statement
who
slave's
for his liberation
attempted
It
escape.
why Hassan,
"
and
planned
who
have
we
declare
demanded
was
prominent positionamong
daring attempts
that
largersum
worldlypositionwarranted.
the firsta
and
LITERATURE
no
of
his
promotion
againstenemies
CERVANTES
him
accused
who
before
after
returned
as
joined
the
Moncada
regiment,he
next
years
he
had
latter
such
good
above
the
positionof
the
mother
lived
Isabel,who
became
The
life
his wife
rival
little is
was
and
shared
had
a
de
Miguel ;
lady
a
of
for
than
daughter
in
the
no
rose
Portugal
She
only child,
and
age,
wards
after-
in his
to
the
believe
the
perhaps be
his natural
daughter to
that he
enjoyed.
him
children,
live under
her
by
wife
carelessness
or
not
the
The
daughter.
happened
That
she
the fact
the roof
in
little family,consisting
of
struggling
Andrea, and
was
no
inferred from
husband, his daughter Isabel,his
young
Of
domestic
of his life.
end
author's
not, like his great
writingsto
to
our
his first book.
does
may
that sheltered the
in
husband, she bore
trials
his many
as
never
and
father's old
Cervantes
reason
her
kindlycharacter
when,
In
position.
herself, her
door
by land, in
he
Whilst
publicationof
have
we
younger
the young
the
during
both
importantevents
allude
Vega,
that she allowed
Madrid
the
known,
happiness which
She
her
the
nun.
marriage and
Lope
lot of
his natural
comfort
to
in
as
gained promotion, but
affections of
of
again
off the Azores.
sea,
privatesoldier.
1584 brought two
year
his
"
a
the
to
a
the
gained
Cervantes
became
fell
fortune
by
brother
elder
his
campaign
He
well
as
service
active
Portuguese campaign, and
the
prisoners
Moslems.
among
previouslyserved,and
much
saw
Inquisition,
the faith of such
purityof
residence
long
of the
Figueroa regiment, in which,
the
two
commission
the
appointedto inquireinto
143
sufficient
than
more
to
little dower
keep
once,
elder
sister
brought
the wolf
from
the
Cervantes' characteristic
dishonestyof agents brought him
into
financial troubles.
The
a
work
to
pastoralnovel
in another
books
which
we
of the
same
chapter.
of the
same
have
referred above
character
It is neither
class,and
as
better
only
here
is the
the Diana
nor
and
worse
there
Galatea,
mentioned
than
does
other
the
SPANISH
144
knowledge
to
detect
his
sparkle of
some
the wearisome
amid
its author
of
have
we
LITERATURE
which, though
the
subject.
but
unconnected
with
it in
Canto
de
the
writers
principal
praisehere expressedis sincere
for the purpose
of gaining the
Probably the
addressed.
one
partakingof
the
defects
the
unreal
but
the
each
of the
induced
become
one
and
to
the
approaches
would
him
to
necessities of
and
life,
Government,
the
provisionsfor
the forces.
during
its
middle
to
those
of
well
ridiculed
probably
as
this
was
profession,
a
who
thronged
ever,
alone, how-
littlefamilywith the bare
a
included
occasional
numerous
knew
(seep. 87),
Literature
obtained
which
mixed
small post under
the
pieces,Cervantes
wrote
The
theatre was
still in
thirtydramas.
more
only slightly
appliancesat its disposal
described
(see p. 66). Judging from the
above
playspreserved,Cervantes did something towards
development ; but his specificclaims of having been the
its
only two
to
the
reduce
number
in the
of
purchase
age
infancy,with
than
provide the
Cervantes
duties
it
it is
a
elsewhere
authors
the gate of fame.
to
suffice
not
In addition
has
literature
innumerable
of the
merely
whom
to
sicklysentiment
adopt
to
the extravagant
Cervantes
proved successful,and
book,
time, entitled the
those
elements.
their
the
inspiredit was
; he
by
poeticalreview, or
a
of
that
pastoralnovel
that
success
of these
into
of the
favour
prose
tame
bestowed
or
ironical,
or
motive
shepherds and
Galatea
and
verse
judge whether
to
us
quaint humour
Introduced
subject,is
It is hard
Caliope.
and
harmonious, is rendered
and
of
insipidity
eulogy,of
enable
sources
of second-rate
the
rather
other
brightwit
monotony
correct
from
number
of
acts
from
and
Spanish theatre),
be disallowed.
personages,
must
remarkable
is the
city under
Scipio
by
extravagantly,
Numancia,
Africanus.
German
five
to
introduce
Of these
dealingwith
It has
but
critics,
been
even
three
to
two
the
first
(the usual
allegorical
playsthe
siege of
most
that
praised,perhaps
those who
cannot
CERVANTES
it is
which
A
grand.
is the
fall
conceived,as well
tragedyof the
of a cityand
lacks almost
merely
and
city,
worked
the
of
methods
taken
scenes
with
of the author
for all admirers
the
from
there is
of the
life of
unityin
no
the
its plan,
and
province,limitations,
the
specialinterest
a
Quixote,for
of Do?i
it is the first
it echoed
givesan insightinto his genius,and
deepest feelingsof the national heart.
which
work
It
pathos,
glowingimagination,
has, however,
It
drama.
truly
are
composition,being
dramatic
warm
no
on
its inhabitants.
of
massacre
feeling.But
patriotic
plot,no true conception of
and
scale
harrowingkind, its catastrophe
the
out
that the
certain of the scenes,
as
essential of
every
admit
must
most
assemblageof
an
doomed
their verdict
with
whollyagree
145
When
one
Palafox
armies
holding Saragossaagainstthe victorious French
during the great struggle for Spanish independence, the
was
Nutnancia
cityin
order
recall
to
Spaniardshad
times gone by.
dared
in
Its
other
at
found
citizens of
those of
outside
times
here
a
the
their
shattered
and
throughout the night in
dramatic
drama, the
which
characters appears
the
the
"
their escape
whose
from
less bold
The
than
their gates, and
cool
weird
a
frenzyof joy to
de
Trato
experienceof
piece takes
its
Spanishsoldier
aided
disposition
and
response.
natural,
un-
Argel (Lifein
In it Cervantes
one.
his sad
use
and
jota.
narrow
more
patriotism,
strained
not
cause
walls,sick,half starved,and wounded,
interest of the other
cityfrom
cheerful
reckless
and
fortunate
sacred
same
from
Numancia, drove the besiegers
is a
Algiers),
to
for the
done
beleaguered
the
starvinginhabitants
might have sounded
and
ready appreciation
the strain of the national
turn
of the
glowingverse
more
Saragossa,
they danced
The
and
of
defenders
the minds
to
what
which
the
played by
was
his
name.
called
companions
daringso
bondage. Many
L
a
often
to
attemptedto
life in
captive's
Among the
whose
Saavedra,"
bear
fortunes,
their mis-
nearlybroughtabout
of the
scenes
must
have
SPANISH
146
part of which
whom,
introduced
to
Even
his
to
successful
a
began
fame
spread
his attention
better fitted
to
with
its
the
of
rise.
The
Rinconete
through
already run
find
at
moods,
have
are
and
various
the
driven
Novelas
them.
whose
Vega,
turned
he
was
Seville.
In
thieves'
"
or
vivid
a
the
of
editions.
them
by
we
They
and
finish,
style,
in
an
with the
correctness
age
a
in which
which
to
best, were
not
probably
were
must
often
They
Quixote,
Don
of
could
in many
fortune.
greatlysurpass
coarseness
they
Quixote had
Cervantes
adverse
the
short stories of
exceptionof
the
piece.
master-
expression
defect,they are, with the exception
of whicli has
authenticity
this score.
on
unobjectionable
entirely
the
and
until their author
see
pockets,
pick-
still unsurpassed
firstpart of Don
laid
and
assassins
taught,are
one
the
Guadalquivir.
the
imitations
is
latin,"
pictureof
Monipodio,
nearlyto despairby
scarcelyconsidered
of one,
de
Ejemplares,or
the
several
the best of all his works
Written
was
was
playwrightwere
yet always wearing a bold face,although he
been
in
stage
livingin
was
famous
numerous
periods and
publisherfor
a
the
that
us
Cervantes
bright cityof
Cortadillo
y
and
thievingwas
publisheduntil 1613, when
written
Cervantes
president,the
one
any
given
which
tells
literature in which
organisedguild of
artistic
in which
by
when
time
of
1588
life of the
of
descriptions
have
In
the
expressionsin germania
criminal
school
the
fruit of his observations
gives the
The
about
excel.
to
containing many
and
indeed
first
had
cumbered.
Cervantes
writingfor
"
verse,
frigidallegorical
of Lope
fertility
department
a
and
"
the
and
Cortadillo,a story written in picaresquestyle,
Riticonete y
low
dramatist
unless
profession,
to
the
heavy
they so awkwardly
with the marvellous
endowed
of
the
proudly imagined,he
favourablyreceived
lucrative
a
Cervantes
as
relieve
to
mouth
the stage which
plays were
not
into the
is put
personages
something
does
talent
story-teller's
and
personal recollections,
author's
the
from
drawn
been
LITERATURE
been
Their
disputed,almost
range
of
subject
CERVANTES
is wide, but
of
simple story
the
of
its innate
La
Gitanilla
seiiores de
Somos
montes,
vinas
y los vedados
las
casas
y
cuevas
relampagos
para
de
las
ofrecen
aire
inclemencias
los duros
nuestros
"
los
potros
del si al no,
:
bestias
las
ciudades
a
nos
cielo
sirve
de
springs
se
que
lords of the
are
of
and
los
en
que
campos,
de
ave
son
de
oreos,
los
blandas
arnes
le tuercen
ni
le doman
siempre
;
nosotros
para
:
no
conviene
nos
crian
se
las
las
en
faltriqueras
rapiila
que mas
presto se
nosotros
abalanzamos
nos
the fields,of the forests,of the gioves,
afford
wood
us
gratis,the trees
groves
springs water,
stuff,the
los
quiebras,
plains,of
rivers ; the
the
otra
ofrece,que
le
cortan
agua,
impenetrable
ni la
impiden grilles,
cuando
se
y
los
balde,
hachas
y
colchones
de confesores
hay aguila,ni ninguna
la presa
a
We
' '
carga
no
:
balance
1
de
martires
de
preciamos mas
nos
diferencia
hacemos
no
de
las
truenos,
terrenos
cuerpos
fresco
del
nuestra
a
:
selvas,de
lena
la
no
lijereza
detienen barrancos, ni la contrastan
paredes: a nuestro animo
garruchas,ni le ahogan tocas,
cordeles,ni le menoscaban
defiende
nos
que
sents
repre-
hortaliza,las fuentes
lluvia,miisicas
la
son
de
curtido
cuero
use
:
nos
las penas,
las
nosotros
nosotros
para
:
el
:
:
Esmeralda
sembrados,
los monies
:
sombras
caza,
prose
las huertas
uvas,
nieves, baiios
las
refrigerio
plumas
los rios
frutas,las
rios paces,
de los
los campos,
y de
made
degradingsurroundings.
most
of Cervantes'
de las fuentes
los arboles
Hugo's
probably
followingpraisesof gipsy life,
ably
prob-
the
the finest passage
1
the
purityamidst
contains
is found,
of
yet womanly spiritpreservingmuch
untamed
same
with all the charm
has since been
Victor
literature.
every
La
collection,
of the
one
heroine
time, a character which
first
of in almost
forms
the
life.
contemporary
told
dancing girl,
a
style. In
Cervantes' narrative
for the
from
scenes
which
(The Gipsy-girl),
Gitanilla
is the
all
they are
147
the
a
las
of the
fruit,
rivers
fish,
shade, the gorges fresh breezes, and the caves
for us
the inclemency of the sky is refreshment, the snow
houses
coolness,
:
the lightninga torch : for us the
the rain our
music, and
bath, the thunder
the
vines
and
the
hard
grapes,
the
is
a
bed
green
the rocks
pariesgame,
earth
gardens
of soft feathers
; the
tanned
of
leather
; neither
our
bodies
serves
us
fetters
of defence
nor
precipicescheck
impenetrable armour
be bent
do walls confine
us
nor
spiritcannot
our
by bonds
; our
agilitynor
stifled
the
block
nor
the
nor
torture,
rack,
vanquished
by
by
;
conquered by
when
it is to our
and
no
we
advantage ;
distinguishbut little between
yes
of
our
pride is rather to be martyrs than confessors ; for us the beasts
in the cities ; no
cut
burden
bred
the plain, and
are
are
on
eagle
purses
as
an
'
or
other
to
seize
bird
the
of
prey
is
opportunity
more
which
swift
may
'
'
'
to
pounce
result in
our
the
upon
gain
:
many
than
quarry
in short are
we
the
SPANISH
148
ocasiones
habilidades
decir a\-isamos
nos
prometen
perder la
de
ni
ni
al cielo
dormimos
las que
a
la noche
de
son
la esterilidad
vivimos
que
:
lo que
con
6
al
con
que
antiguo
nos
pues
y
hielo,
entremetcrnos
los Perros
the
(Dialogueof
of the writer's rough and
much
contains
al sol que
el
and,
subjectBurns's masterpiece,
its titleand
siempre
del dia
son
queremos,
y
los
a
paso
casi
gente
lo que
real,tenemos
cada
las que
y
riscos
conclusion, sonios
en
:
cuadros
por
como
hacemos
rostro
pico,y sin
y
casa
sabemos
:
y suntu-
levantados
a
ni
con-
tenemos.
Co/oquiode
The
mismo
un
.
industria
6 viar,
refran,iglesia,
tentamos
.
.
horas
la abundancia
a
nuestra
por
todas
descubierto,a
techos
ranches
barracas
estas
palaciosestimamos
los
da
la naturaleza
Flandes
en
esos
paisesde
que nos
tendidos
nevadas
prados y espesos bosques que
peiias,
muestran
:
somos
astrologosrusticos,porque
ojosse nos
osos
:
del
memoriales,
dorados
por
y movibles
hacienda
la ambicion
dar
a
en
mejor
por
su
pone
desvela
madrugamos
:
cantamos,
hurtamos, y
donde
nos
solicitar favores
a
la carcel
en
noche
de mirar
honra,
bandos,
ni
magnates,
acompanar
de
muchas
finalmente, tenemos
y
; porque
trabajamos,y
ni sustentamos
:
:
viva descuidado
nadie
que
senalen
nos
nos
dia
fatigael temor
acrecentarla
a
felice fin
que
callamos, de
el potro
no
interes
algun
que
LITERATURE
Cervantes
of life.
like the Twa
Dogs,
ready practical
philosophy
clearlythe
saw
Dogs) recalls by
weaknesses
his
of
fellow-men, but neither their failings
nor
the
harsh
treatment
which
the
sweet
singleness
he received
his
of
character,
chivalrous
which
to
are
we
are
of
loss
awake
warning
a
petitions,
the
attend
eyes
;
nor
content
sea,
with
not
lcv"5es,or
those
and
or
the
what
that
*
trouble
beg
nature
we
l)yday
our
resource,
and
for
huts
and
mood
:
desire
the
:
neither
are,
for, as
scaffold
correctly,
the
does
or
by night,
in
short
littlewc
we
fear
we
.
.
have
profeuionsluitable for
a
heat
.
people
the old
what
before
ever
always sleepunder
neither
are
reck of
liave
we
almost
we
that
jjroverb
we
have."
I.". the three
the
an
of
which
deep woods,
king's household,' * ycl
we
gaining
increasing it keep us
rise early to present
do we
nor
us,
favours : precious to us as gilded roofs
and
movable
tents
picturesand
; our
offers in these
loftypeaks and snow-
nor
us,
these
astronomers
plentyaffect
of
and
mislay their projxirty
to
most
seen.
ever
advancement,
upon
tell the hour
can
cunning
the
not
men
meadows
untaught
sky, we
own
arc
rocks, broad
and
happy end ; for in prisonwe sing, on
steal or, to speak more
work, by night we
palaces arc
landscapes
want
or
to
sumptuous
covered
our
we
has
bravest
the
of
a
reputationweigh
party feeling does
or
Dutch
to
for
of
of
:
and
look
silent, by day
we
spoiled one
or
dreams
we
altered
that the world
natures
Cervantes'
arts
their hands
at
gentleman.
want
'
cold,
nor
live
the
for
by
our
church
we
are
SPANISH
I50
its author's
theory
contradicts
hidden
meaning, and
merely
was
abolish
to
distinct
his reiterated
the
of
directed
not
his purpose
books
of
the
clergy,he
grudge,which
members
probably had
its
book
analyse a
IngeniousKnight
observations
must
lightin
which
the
be
would
author
it would
that
felt.
He
not
it is
attach
Quixote is
a
much
not
the
He
writingwhat
may
be
was
have
a
world-wide
importance to
only book
brilliant future,
and,
he
than
already
was
that his
once
but
reputation,
must
we
statements, for Don
these
the author
its success
prophesied
assured, this
"
was
"
withered, wrinkled, capriciouschild of his genius does
have
to
been
the carelessness
without
from
tone
that it was
"
not
in which
so
nobody
of which
men
is
a
of the time
also,both from
remain
much
so
writers
for years
in need, and
speak of
the
book,
of it,and
speak slightingly
probablyby
feature of his
sillyenough
to
not
be written with any serious purpose.
Vega, influenced
salient
it stood
contemporary
to
It is clear
the firstpart
allowed
supposed
of the great
L()I)cdo
formed
which
the corrections
the
"Some
his favourite.
a
his heart
as
and
life,
write
to
was
wrote
more
for which
when
even
question
the former
to
side of
declares
widely about
far
mirth ; but
cheerful
general
how
life. As
human
of old age.
too
he
few
tendency,and
that Cervantes' intention
seen
to
in
sad
that
provoke
not
A
stillthe controversy
regarded,and
or
the
useless,for its merits
for authorities differ
it is gay
should
had
be
to
of
allegory
is destined
seem
a
individual
to
History of
the
as
than
worse
made,
certain
the verge
book
a
an
seem
book
on
cherished
dislike
in its generalplan.
conscious
was
be
to
be
whether
to
as
taken
originin
well known
so
lie rather in its details than
rages
have
to
certain
a
of these classes.
To
the
indeed
seems
of
viduals.
against indi-
Against innkeepers,duennas, moriscos,and
class
such
any
mischievous
and
was
denial
assertion that
absurd
satire
Cervantes'
chivalry.
LITERATURE
to
the
jealousy which
character,says in
praiseDon
Quixote."
a
letter,
Even
if
"
CERVANTES
the
is
allegorical
meaning
that commended
admitted, it
book
the
151
vulgar and
the
to
been
have
cannot
this
its
caused
precedented
un-
success.
At
the end
"
sprung
of
of the
drama, had become
novel
was
to
up
create
himself.
of
a
been
is
admitting that
it
popularitywas
Don
was
attribute
singlebook
no
real
of the
secret
with
the
order
of this kind
contemporary
public\ they wrote
mutual
gain
to
Cervantes'
his
swayed
represent
that did
him
behind
not
a
had
and
reader
be amused
It
takes
amount
of minute
secret
of this great
the
continually
and
delightin
study of
the
passions that
book,
for it is all
mood
of the
have
world
a
experiencehad taught
almost
can
and
meant
not
was
battlingwith
nothing is
hope
things to
reader,and
fact that
and
pitiable,
buffetingshe
its pages
in
their time
impossibleto ignorethe
grotesque
copied
common
nothing is utterlybad, and
seems
is sometimes
creator
Its author's
he
according to
were
himself
character
what
Cervantes
types that
Quixote
noble
it.
understand
that in this world
his hero
Don
lines in
laudatorysonnets.
general
and
be
to
lost touch
conventional
and
motives
ance
appear-
Quixote is
class.
literary
from
lie the
pure
thoroughlygood.
his
the
to
a
and
life,
in all ages.
men
impossibleto
reprinted. The
or
day ; they bear stronglythe impress of
own
country, but
to
is
of authors
certain
longerto
any
goodwilland pleasureof
from
body
while
the death-blow
gave
of Don
success
on
brought
venture
his characters
Cervantes
and
wane,
written
was
commendations
wanted, and he refused
the
the
on
Quixote who
in the fact that the great
found
romances
his influence the fact that after his
solelyto
esque
picar-
genius had
no
possessed by
lineageof Amadis,"it
the "innumerable
"
ception
ex-
intimate
extraordinarily
the
them
of
yet
as
popular the
How
proved by
great number
this
But
form.
new
a
the
stereotyped; even
losingits freshness,and
chivalryhad
knowledge
to
with the
century, literature,
sixteenth
of the
receives.
to
discover
all men,
that
No
the
ing
reflect-
conveyingto
him
SPANISH
152
more
the
so
less
or
En
este
mundo,
No
hay
ni verdad
Que
todo
Del
cristal
first part of
if
little,
it
the
the
these
was
do
we
his pen
of acceptance
(idngora,the
had
it.
At
any
into the
as
he
ranks
'
"
In
attention
of the
with
of the
his
received
he
de
Lope
undermining
his
his
to
works, for it
no
appeared.
good sirs there is
fjlnss
through which
neither
we
truth
look."
in
nor
an
defending
in
difficulty
the
years
EjemplarcSy
Of the
show
some
of
attacked
during
was
and
reputationthan
had
have
claims, with
"
of the
Vega
who
Argensolas,had
the
now
their author
this world,
In the colour"
seems
in copying
great authors
Those
Viage del Parnaso^ and the Comedias
for which
the
established
161 5 that the first editions of the Novelas
to
of
nature
characters
now
the
needlework
it
writing,
indeed.
and
seems
findingpublishersfor
1613
firm
had
but
small
was
Quevedo
rate
the
as
negotiated
time, againsthim, his chance
interest in
more
such
friends,
its bold
with
the
for
as
;
case
appeared
and
wrote
What
murder
his
malignantattacks prompted by jealousy,
idols of the
impartialjudgment
"
contributed
but
his friends,
certainly
had
He
age.
a
of his household
Cervantes
rather of
took the form
Bejar,to
languish in poverty.
Valladolid under Felipe
depositionsin
the
literary
man,
a
of
privateaffairs during
family.
employed
Duke
to
to
his
know
not
legal documents.
reputationas
The
learn that he
we
of the
"
likelythat
him
fame,
,
that his womenfolk
maintenance
affairs
cityby
to
gave
him
Madrid
other members
From
and
affairs,"
than
its author
mira.
se
que
insightis given into
he and
witnesses.
con
mentira,
el color
en
Quixote
from
court
in the latter
in which
ni
dedicated, allowed
an
residence
Do?i
esta
seiiores,
pecuniary profit.
any,
was
followed
III.,and
"
Even
"
whom
to
capacity.
Spanish peasant sings:
The
He
his mental
meaning accordingto
1
but
LITERATURE
Nmu'las,
of
reason,
falsehood,
"
all lies
CERVANTES
the
In
adventure,
of
novel
of the
proved kind.
seldom
who
had
and
there does
so
she vouchsafe
candid
general plan is,with
book
bearing the
secondary merit.
calls
given proof of
his fondness
good
to
and
second-rate
by
monotony
which
was
to
even
use
brave, generous,
Viage del
been
who
his last
by
it
who
seek
nature
that
a
what
good
from
slyirony
allowed
itself
brutally.
most
in
the
inspiredthem,
in which
one
his works
precious.
most
work, it is the
upon
of
all lovers of its writer,
to
be
always
breach
a
bestows
heart
wounded
To
chivalrous
will
Parnaso
exceptionof
had
ment
judg-
his poem
quaint rich fancy,and
arightand
and
Quixote,
candid
He
redeems
that the kind
generally
Don
considered
he lived.
already
if it
criticism,
serious
He
worth.
literary
him
know
and
precluded a
moreover
authors.
againstthose
those who
had
mild
Caliope,in
de
the
drivingout
Cervantes
indulgingin
have
only weapon
for its
of
for the purpose
praisewith equal lavishness
flashes of
the
So much
of
merit ;
extravagant
us
upon
poet
in the age in which
manners
seems
Italian
by Caporali,an
nature
form, would
adverse
an
a
Canto
good
of contemporary
took
Its
from
for
in the
His
elsewhere.
old admirer.
acknowledgments, taken
the Hill of the Muses.
laudatorycriticism
and
only here
long poem
her
to
the
author, appealed to by Apollo for help,
The
togetherthe good poets
poetasters from
and
title
same
smile
a
this
In
wooed,
often
so
made.
sought
more
once
he had
whom
of the
already been
has
Cervantes
poetic muse
in CastiHan
specimens
brief mention
a
to Parnassus
Voyage
favour
the first
being
the distinction of
153
With
learn
we
the
the
most
of
and the long struggle
that
himself, his ideals,his aspirations,
so
seldom
The
sought
six comedias
to
gain
playwrightsby
they are
not
from
wrung
never
value them
a
him
a
bitter word.
wherewith
Cervantes
the
place among
whom
acted
the theatre
and
seldom
highly. Not
so
was
ever
for
-
increasingcrowd
beset,are
read ;
the second
even
of
time
of
slightmerit
their author
the six farces which
;
did
appeared
SPANISH
154
togetherwith
LITERATURE
them.
These
written
are
taste, and
in
is coarser
than is generalwith Cervantes.
natural
more
rapid movement,
recall the
and
admired
them
are
many
such
and
had
but he
life,
wide
and
and
with
than
of
some
the
the
whom
the habits
could
treat
of Maritornes
haunts
class
of
low
and
ways
them
with
indeed
had
those
who,
ambiguous.
been
encouraged him,
Success
passages
friend
and
Cervantes
his book
admirer
there
of
literary
quarrel Lope's
"
ungenerous
even
Juan
a
de
feud
part, though
Mcna."
^
*
of
at
its
I'remio
and
churchman,
equal in
by
these
del bitn hablar.
he
wisdom
this
In
known
made
a
and
whom
long standing.
other times
its
infer
may
to
occasionallyto play a
rival as
Guided
a
well
jealousy,"
him
caused
was
we
Vega, between
de
universal
ranking his great
known, but
that he
Lope
existed
contemporaries,had
had
Who
of Avellaneda.
be
probably never
of
work.
to
set
preface to the novels,there appeared a
the probablyfictitious name
title-page
from
he
published at Tarragona, bearing on
part
will
and
are
already partlywritten,and
was
in the
spurious second
was
to
part is uncertain, for his final words
announced
author
pirated
out
concluding it,intended
Cervantes, on
his continuation
When
into
gone
it belonged
whom
to
frequentlyhappened, brought
as
second
Quixote had
of jDo?i
both those
booksellers,
the
pockets of
publish a
and
too, of
seen
leaning towards
perverse
creator
profitsof the firstpart
Whether
once
had
is named.
nobility
{hidalgos)
classes,and
poorer
delicacy.The
editions.
and
better
gallantsafter
Quevedo's
the
Cervantes
scenes,
knew
thoroughlyintimate
was
of form, the^
simplicity
The
the minor
with
and
sprightly
sympathies.
The
the
sworded
not
thinking of
tenderness
before.
their author
as
that deal
Cervantes
of
years
popular
; their humour
In their
Lope de Rueda, whom
of
of the cloaked
dramas
in their artless
and
work
the comedies
than
tone
suit the
to
his
mean
amends,
to
"Cicero
an
slightindications,
CERVANTES
of
English Cervantist
that the book
least,with
his
neither view
Of
into contempt.
and
ingenuity
of
historyof
literary
Cervantes.
It
admitted
be
part
utterlyfailed
story he attempted
that of
breaks
animositycontinually
his
to
should
produce
unfair
an
be
16
1
Cervantes
with
the great wrong
attack.
The
that had
real
Avellaneda
Its
rival
only
humour,
the
more
in
been
weary;
the
book
part has
studied,more
wit, and
the
nearlyseventy
Quixote.
deed
in-
nor
pathos
are
gone,
an
not
de
years
of age,
have
Vega.
in
here
seems
he deserves,
developed
most
the freshness
of
artificial.
more
and
the
there
grow
since
broad
the
but
to
for
fund
pieces in
same,
it
personal
increased
first part;
the
and
we
enemy,
the brutal
correct, and
line is the
which
characters,
age
dignityretaliates
pulled to
are
the second
own
same
part, and
second
and
one
Lope
to
him, and
done
is
light-heartedness
author, now
but
had
genuine
his work
its
literary
worse,
nor
his counterfeit with the contempt
masterlystyle. But
the first; it is
the
that
Sancho, overflowingwith
and
Spain
of "picaresque"stories.
generality
perfectgood temper
proverbs,treats
and
of another's
expected
Avellaneda's
the
in
not
the first in
not
was
that Cervantes
appeared
5
the
personal attacks in the
part is neither better
might safelyattribute
In
does
geniusescapable of writingDon
sure
the
of
spiritof
the
two
the
loves
he
Cervantes,againstwhom
advantage
be
to
forgeryto
author
not
than
indecent,
could
we
as
was
spurious second
more
If
it
and
success,
The
take
to
attempt
much
grasp
in
out
Avellaneda
But
possibletaste.
worst
to
the
the
Mr.
knowledge
trace
continue,and that his book
to
comparison with
bear
as
that
may
spurious second
any way
time,fail to
the
at
its author
proof.
intimate
by
apparently dislikes
he
whom
Lope,
sufficient
we
backed
industry,
Watts'
the
have
himself,or,
bring
and
work
theory
a
that its purpose
consent, and
and
knowledge
started
has
the great dramatist
by
to spoilCervantes'
deliberately
was
of
highest merit
the
written
was
155
the
a
conscious
un-
the
little
book
156
SPANISH
began, are
here
when
day
and
stereotyped,
with
pleasantly,
the
second
and
successful,
of effort his
head
full of
was
book
was
Fersiles y
and
he
roam
until
they
are
last
geography of
are
the book
and
the argument
of
a
a
astonishing. For
he well
brave
and
penned
of
knew,
the
to
characters
man
so
a
was
dropsy, but
was
same
to
he
the
changes
of
so
This
wealth
of
his end
worked
disease,
till the
on
his
before
of the
; his
death
last,
he
to the Count
the second
most
part
ciiaracter-
works, he had alreadybid good-bye
resignationin
quips; good-bye to
aimlessly
it reads rather like
addressed
Prologue,one
are
chronology and
of his last work
he had
of his whole
am
near
fotes
broken, is indeed
and
weeks
Three
whom
In the
the
their adventures
and
now
best
It is neither.
somewhat
The
worn,
in hand
either the
"
complete story.
old,
Cervantes
been
whom
the world
touchingdedication
friends ; for I
be
intentionally
hazy ;
are
than
lifewith cheerful
to
It had
to
happily united.
book
Quixote.
istic passages
about
unrepining.
I-emos,the
of Don
lovers
are
finish his
ing
fast-approach-
back
Spanish."
in
affections.
his
lived to
plotso complicated,that
the
imaginationin
as
beat
completed.
his
part of
second
high place in
a
After
and
appreciated,
last
at
He
esteem.
accustomed.
was
said that it would
rapid,the
so
numerous,
be
Segismunda
who
scene
he
of entertainment
adverse, and
at
strongly-
thoroughly
was
great
written,but Cervantes
never
book
worst
in
held
genius was
still held
time, and
Persiles
seeking the
their
out
Quixote
now
that
to
until it should
some
the
Dofi
Sigismunda, strugglingto
death
or
discoursing
them, and
includinga
literary
projects,
Galatea, which
for
forth
bring
to
of
was
but
poor,
fifty
years
This
before
were
part
Cervantes
still very
the
salUed
individuality.
contrasted
was
which
adventures
But
world
the whole
the
help regretting
cannot
we
squire first
and
knight
unknown
LITERATURE
cranks
and
a-dying,
the
simple words
"
:
bye
Good-
good-bye to light-hearted
in
longingto meet you soon
;
SPANISH
158
"
aquiline
bright
bore
fellows,
him
the
and
pleasure
as
and
to
will
light-hearted,
the
foolish,
most
the
treasures,
harsh
with
weep
and
food
that
the
for
See
the
-
See
Prologue
the
to
Prologue
Novelas
the
to
Don
his
of
left
will
thought
Ejemplares.
Quixote.
fulness
cheer-
behind
with
laugh
despondent,
wisest.^
^
brow,
treatment
forgiveness
book
a
wrinkled
un
uncomplaining
with
great-hearted
of
world's
who
and
neglect,
token
a
the
of
one
gay
poverty,
and
smooth
^
beard,"
silvery
and
hair,
chestnut
profile,
eyes,
LITERATURE
even
afford
to
the
XIV
CHAPTER
the drama
though powerful efforts
crude
the somewhat
After
passed at
VEGA
DE
LOPE
into the hands
once
form
departments,but by
the
rather
his work
other
only
not
eclipsedall
ancient
modern
or
received
were
early infancyof
school
his
before
written
country
with
he
one
of
his
de
At
in the
Cruz
long
entered
the household
in the
Of
but
of Don
the
the
At
thirteen he
back
but
affection,
respectflil
so
of
men
Imperial
proof
first
plays
ran
and
from
away
by
kindly
a
under
served
of
the
Portuguese
and
African
Cervantes.
He
did
Madrid,
to
stripling
poet
a
1562, and
his age
Jerdnimo Manrique,
grave
of
roving and
Madrid
to
and
the
he
writer
but fell into the hands
returned
his first patron
of
gave
The
of
enlisted
during
army,
Avila,
who wiselysent
studies.
His
regiment with
same
remain
versification.
sent
he
fifteen
Santa
he
companions,
was
merits
founded
newly
years old.
him.
in
Madrid
authoritythat
twelve
was
police at Astorga and
campaigns
his
facultyfor
strong within
magistrate.
of
own
the
by
all its
in
voluminous
in
the
spiritcharacteristic
was
Marques
in
than
most
born
was
his
it on
have
We
adventurous
the
times,
excelled
man,
dramatists.
Spanish
early education
his
College.
amount
Vega Carpio,the
Felix de
Lope
in
gave
remarkable
a
and
it its final
who
of
of Cervantes
to
Alcala
always speaks
centre
was
where
the
to
in
not
he
bishop
continue
terms
of
ill-suited to the
i6o
is the
firstimportantwork
remarkable
that
the
it contains
figuresin
its
his
it
worthless
and
favourable
a
at
moment
one
he married
Dona
duel
with
a
Madrid.
took
He
de Castro.
illness in
an
"
him
the
the
in his
de
of
the
the
he
the
death.
work
circumstances
by
again
he
some
mourned
for
artificialthat
so
then
being
brother
the
was
fitted
killed,
publicmisfortunes
Encouraged probably by
attained
poem,
and
by
Lufs
whiled
composition
possessingsuch
of
a
probablyreallyfelt.
service and
military
was
nor
spend
to
and
took
which
verses.
the
of
his wife's
of
its
being
of
merit
a
the
Barahona
higrimas de Angc/ica,Lope conceived
his voyage
he
leave
centre
He
expeditionhis
been
winds,
obligedto
in time
her
privatebereavement
that had
the
ridiculed in
had
heard
he
griefthat
up he
flow of his
Angelica^a
with
almost
Shortlyafterwards
full of mannerisms
continuing Ariosto's great
hours
stitutes
con-
take orders.
thoughts to
whom
back
before
this disastrous
partialsuccess
Soto
and
preparingto
Valencia
at
Invincible Armada,
but neither this
checked
he
poets includingin their number
hurried
company
Eclogue,"so
During
out.
when
rapidlyin Lope's
was
seriously,
and
While
being broken
home
joined
fact
life under
grotesque
a
refuge in Valencia, then
fails to express
it utterly
His
the
surroundings
another
one
gentleman
a
Madrid, and
in her
her in
of
wise
no
of
sprightliness
unnatural
Isabel de Urbina.
brilliant circle of dramatists
months
unusual
all his grave
publicand, having wounded
Guillen
its author's
find him
we
affection threw
new
fought
and
habituallyadopts
specimen
succeeded
adventures
and
life,
a
their
in
class.
Love
But
amidst
shepherds
he
His
name.
its verse,
of
writings; the
own
"
*'
episodes
many
of that
pastoralnovel
a
of
facility
Belardo, which
of
name
the
for
except
Arcadia^
the Duke
to
secretary
great nobleman
of the
Alva, grandson
TURE
became
he
and
soldier-poet,
gay young
of
LITERA
SPANISH
away
La
as
a
the
de
plan
of
dreary
Ifcrmosura
is consistent
continuation
of
the
work
of
hastilywritten by
and
great poet
a
i6i
VEGA
DE
LOPE
a
very
young
author.^
his
On
return
lived
son
him, but died
to
shortlyafterwards
Lope
littleson, Carlillos
as
dear
him, and
to
riches had
come
to
him
Lope
which
and
priest
a
In the fulfilment of the
says,
continued
in his littlehouse
own
to
grave
Inquisition.
from
he
had
by
year the immense
now,
as
their author
occupied in
works
of
that age
though
had
blameless.
stamped
not
Great
for
a
time
at
lived alone
charityand
his
from
is sad to
"
passions and
to
that,
gether
least,not alto-
sought the friendshipof
populace,the prodigyof nature
naturakza),as he was called,and broughtwith
the
mass
passions,and
his
out
personages
the idol of the
retirement
tinuing
con-
documents, latelybrought to light,go
priest.
Lope's life was,
a
was
Cervantes
tending the littlegarden which we know so well
and those of his contemporaries. It
descriptions
show
brother
offices he
prevent him
not
grow, while
in Madrid,
relate that certain
la
did
Year
nearlymonopolised."
of his works
in
they
write for the stage which
to
"
but
duties of these
he
member,
a
was
was
Francis,a
order of St.
familiar of the
a
even
whom
her
and
convent,
joinedthe
now
and
ver)'
work, but he
his great rival Cervantes
and afterwards became
punctiliously
exact,
been
daughter,Marcela,
Trinitarian
His
widower.
he
soldier.
congregationof
years, and
seven
calls him, had
affectionately
feltthe blow most
deeply. Fame
a
A
for the stage.
of
after years of hard
to
appears
he
fondlyloved, entered
a
time
again a
himself
found
of the
remnant
some
the age
at
alone in the world, for his natural
became
for
quietlyand happily,working hard
born
was
and
againmarried,
Lope
great fleet,
have
the shattered
Spain with
to
struggles of
the
"
(monstruo de
them
into his
outer
world.
Certain it is that
the
^
For
before the end.
fortunes,
MisLope repentedbitterly
precisenature of which we do not know, overtook
Lope's
other
epic
and
mock
epic poems,
Poetry,pp. 223-228.
M
see
the
chapter
on
Epic
SPANISH
i62
his old
had
and
age
relapsed into
he
been
always
died
He
which
in
he
and
1635, worn
out
a
the end
to
with
converse
he
continued
on
them, chiefly
much
as
submitted
latterly
had
settled
He
melancholy.
agreeable companion, simple and
an
in manner,
his friends and
LITERATURE
by
receive
to
matters.
religious
the harsh
himself
assuming
un-
to
discipline
by
as
the
of
weight
years.
his lifetime his
During
kings
and
made
an
occasion
in which
he
noblemen,
him
of
men
might
look forth
mourning
and
dedicated
or
of
Turning
to
is founded,
one
exact
he
for,as
the
is
works
Paris,
; for
poet of ancient
desirous
actors
of the
he
plays
at
plays also
drew
to
which
whole
series of excellent
His
he
of
interludes.
Besides
occasional
verses,
sonnets,
ballads,as
well
have
as
novels
been
have
number
the
exclusive
the
in
friends
his
brings up
hundred,
dramas
lifetime,many
lays claim
of
request
farces,and
his
known,
by unscrupulous
gainingthe public
name
price of
estimate
fifteen
innumerable
poems.
to
be
cannot
during
any
the
at
up
reasonable
A
exaggerated estimate
works
in his
brought out
were
wrote
mock
;
largevolumes
any
this
Lope's dramatic
Lope
and
arms
struck,at first view, merely by their bulk.
nutos, short
hundred
which
on
complains, even
disappeared.
his
whither
laudatory poems
fill two
higher than
himself
and
list which
of
the
nun,
convent.
other countries
to
These
him
of her
her victorious
contributed
of
Many
ear.
esteem
that Marcela, the
by
followed
number
inferior works
authors
was
times.
modern
The
funeral
that accompanied
ecclesiastics,
shared
Spain was
contemporariesrated
his
the lattice windows
his memory.
to
and
the
display,befitting
aside in order
it from
Naples
extraordinary
;
magnificentprocessionof friends,
and
letters,
Spanish language had
Milan,
his
The
been
honour,
elaborate
an
turned
on
him
done
held.
the grave,
the
for
was
to
The
had
popes
popularityhad
seven
these
and
and
a
epic
classified
as
DE
LOPE
VEGA
163
tragedies;legendary plays, heroic, historical,and
comedies
of
intrigue,
of
sacramentales.
is of little use
only
about
merely in
of
the
have
his comedies
and
of their
nature
of his so-called
some
expressionhere
of the
that his works
Spanish writers,and
is
influence
an
comedies
the
and
abstract
espadd)may
almost
be
"Necessity"
among
these
main
a
he who
of
the
plot
and
picturesquebut
whole
the
vivid
in
order
{El Premio
be
peculiar
The
cloak
round
Spanish
some
the
love
intrigue
classes of life,regulatedby
strict that
so
it
replacesthe
drama.
allegorical
A
host
of
servants, and
generallyas
delineation
to
these
shallow
character
the
main
simplifiedoutline
a
hablar),
of
"
Fair
favourite
not
brilliant and
a
uniform
pieces,the greatest
follow
is
ingenious intricacy
and
so
complications{enredos)
del Men
of
representationof
somewhat
required
A
the
its
to
and
; its characters
always
interest lies in the
reading
audience.
of
Careful
In
of
honour
said
his
secondary plot is developed,running parallel
society.
maze
upper
cloak
fiction.
manners
is
scene
"
introduced
Spanish
introduced
are
one.
attempted;
or
of
existed
the
department
code
drama
such
all later
by
play of
it was
in the middle
characters
of the
the national
centres
plot invariably
minor
the
y
models
as
The
variety;the
no
conventional
the
names
attained
Lope
art
the playof
playis essentially
sword
of persons
to
the
become
once
treated
long as
so
invention,and
oifer little or
a
but
often
religious
plays,alter
dramatic
were
{coniedia de capa
"
own
town,
tragediesconsists
they at
everywhere apparent.
features into every
and
been
legendaryor
of the
branch
every
eminence
his
plays,
published. The
ordinarySpanish type.
In
sword
his
of
mass
ending. Change
there, and
and
autos
cross-classification and
immense
the
which
of
third
a
picaresque;and
obviouslya
dealingwith
in
between
difference
this is
But
and
manners,
sacred;
thread
dear
to
Words
and
not
state
attention
of
is
throughout
a
Spanish
Rewarded
"
exaggerated
SPANISH
i64
specimen
LITERATURE
class,will illustrate and
of the
confirm
above
the
assertions.
Don
in
Diego,
is about
to
lady
be married
He
sister
his
by
her
of
in
brother's
his
the
The
house.
Leonarda
Antonio's
Don
Leonarda
l"ctrothcd
Angela.
His
to
At
The
Pedro
to
brother
resignshimself
the
seeking
Leonarda
complicated
hand
of
played
way
arrives
Don
out
to
parties
out
in
of
; for it would
of
with the enemy
of
Leonarda
and
of
the
bridal
to
come
becomes
difficulty
attire
Feliciano
danger,so
the inevitable and
forthcomingdouble
the
Don
extinguishhis
would
allyhimself
Juan, and
now
in
prevent the match
Angela
last Feliciano
the
to
Pedro, which
to
Pedro.
Don
renders confusion
situations,
endeavours
him
Juan is
Don
to
is
purposes
delicate
Don
is
hospitality,
offer her
to
falls in
once
ingeniouslying,wherewith
from
understanding,and
he
cross
obtainingthe
obvious.
at
Angela, while
marry
Feliciano
his brother-in-law.
man
the
for
impossible
be
course
an
of
game
his sister and
of
is
Pedro
in the
already concealed
suspiciousof the relationship
and
to
attempt
house, and
hopes
own
Don
of
remains
he
and
; the situation is stillfurther
confounded.
between
is
is
Juan
Juan
Pedro
extricate themselves
worse
Diego
; his defence
love
sister
becomes
Don
Antonio's
elaborate
Juan,
accompanied
Don
seeing Angela
on
Don
now
existingbetween
An
Leonarda's
persuades his
thinking that
Don
Seville
and
Meanwhile,
latter
little
Don
by
house.
love with her and
by
stayingin
Don
assailant,
accompanied by Feliciano,the brother
Leonarda.
jealousof
reproved by
Don
seeks refugein the
Juan accidentally
Don
is rewarded
concealed
is
his brother
Antonio, the father of Leonarda
of Don
honour
whom
to
fight ensues
A
Angela.
wounded.
seriously
house
is
north,who
the
stranger from
gentleman, speaks disrespectfully
the
public of Leonarda,
Pedro
a
Sevillian
a
only
to
betrothed
like
accepts
find
to
sensible
a
an
tion
invita-
wedding.
condensed
foregoing
exceedingly
analysiswhollyleaves
i66
SPANISH
is
Don
irresistible;
Juan
accepted,in spiteof
disguiseis now
for
end ; Dona
an
his
that
but
death
the
situations
is it meant
nor
reprobation,
family honour
which
de
Lope
written
in
modelled
and
the
on
attained
quality.Though
and
easy
natural
Calderon's
the court,
dialogue
characters,if
give them
too, often rises
is
as
her
wives, and
at, but
to
air of
an
often
too
Lope's is
the
reality.
un-
heightsthat Lope
more
even
with
case
in
is seldom
attainingfirst-rate rank, it
never
commonplace,
mere
of
aimed
even
careful of the
studied,but their stilted speeches,
language of
or
moral
no
praiseworthy.
flowingverse.
better
dramatic
provokes
best of
the
piece,
opportunity
an
lady so
a
;
Spanish
the
necessary
crime
so
make
Calderon's verse,
never
do
master
a
natural,are
more
the
natural,if not
is
Vega
even
to
likelyto
is considered
conduct
not
is
murderess
Maria's
Dona
depend.
rank
her
is murdered,
catastropheof
give his
it may
obtaining the disguiseon
of
declares
hot-tempered suitor
form
may
that
incidentally
Maria
reason
life is characteristic of the
stage : here the unfortunate
not
The
Ana.
is
and
her
to
happilymarried.
is at last
of human
Recklessness
marriage
proposes
protests of Dona
the
at
parentage, and
and
LITERATURE
his great
successor.
Calderdn
his
drama
a
;
de
nua"o
had
Lope
This
hearers.
Arte
undoubtedly proposed
that
drama
and
hacer
his
of classical
emptied
even
national
of
aims
of
amusement
the
their
the
In
art.
barbarous
to
in
his
He
theatres.
too
had
it he
Finding
to
that
write
correct
of those
the
for the
correctly
playgoerspreferred
extravagant pieces,written
taste,to the most
states
at
attempts
tried
who
those
models, destroyedthe publictaste
the
most
importance
great
conception of
in its highestforms.
had
the
serious
in his
and almost cynically,
candidly,
Comedias
of Play-writing),
(New Method
predecessors,by
imitation
himself
he admits
understand
his
except
none
brief treatise in verse,
would
to
written
to
suit the
accordingto
*'
rule,he followed their humour,
a
he
comedy,"
I turn
keys.
they
not
may
make
its voice heard
in dumb
even
which
from
Plautus
againstme
aloud
cry
to the method
and
Terence
out
"
by
with
art
is
truth
for
;
write
to
I write
those who
six
that
study so
my
books.
invented
was
I have
when
And
the rules of the
I fasten up
"
says,
167
VEGA
DE
LOPE
wont
to
according
became
dates
candi-
that pays
popular favour, for as it is the mob
it by speaking in
the play, it is but right to gratify
uncultured
Speaking of
language which it understands."
for
for
object of
there is
the
paint the
and
men,
mention
no
for
all in this
at
the grave
and
essential
to
to form
he
of suspense
;
though
:
hundred
and
all but six sinned
Acting on
to
this
all the
by
popular in
defects
are,
character
of
and
has
as
an
utter
With
to
of
regard
of the
moments
suitable
are
by declaringthat
elastic
had
then
that
to
of
written
code, and discardingfrom
any
other
purpose
de
and
country.
Its
delineation
of
; but
plots,in variety of incident, in intrigueand
1
Vega
in character
alreadystated,feeble
lack of moral
of
classical rules.
previous dramatists.Lope
than
been
analogy
A.B.B.A.) to
(octosyllabic,
his precepts
simple and
form
is
ant),
asson(octosyllabic
perfectedthe Spanish drama, trulynational
more
the
is suited
grievouslyagainstthe
of
the
to
employment
eighty-three
plays he
work
same
varietywhich
imitate.
for the
sonnet
redondillas
concludes
He
love-scenes.
his mind
the
is very effective ; tercets
rima
matters, and
the four
strive
requireromance
descriptions
ottava
in the
of octosyllabic
lines)
(combinations
decimas
complaints; the
fitted for
serious
produce
preciserules
laysdown
that
Minotaur," it will combine
second
should
the drama
of
purpose
according
pleasure,a varietywarranted
recognisedmetres
are
a
laughableand
the
which
nature
"
moral
mingled
result, judged
the
Aristotelian rules,will be
be
the
actions
recommends
He
place.
the
; of
age
should
element
although
"
of the
manners
comic
tragicand
play,
imitate
drama, he says it is "to
the
the
in richness
powerful
LITERATURE
SPANISH
68
1
drew
countries
other
incidents
for whom
men
restricted and
so
minute
It
his
great fame, but
be
to
His
study
but
allows
space
will be
Lope
in
is written
is
Dorotea
of
first time
plot;
is
scenes
may
Numerous
to
which
rather
elsewhere
brief notice
three
years
the
wearisome
dragged
sake
of
out
indeed
introducingthese
their natural
and
The
verse.
his death.
it
and, like
publishedit for
but he
Its
plan
is
has, properlyspeaking,
the
connects
its author's
and
life,
various
Lope
self
him-
the
combine
matter
episodical
arc
acts
of
It
works.
principalshepherd, Fernando.
length
digressionsand the unnecessary
recognisedin
of which
five
and
special
demands
into
before
present,
poems
all his
of
of
kind
the
for
:
largeamount
a
heavy reading,relieved only here
some
for this
Dorotea
of story that
from
only would
of his occasional
it dearest
held
owed
Lope
industryand
his
show
his talent
than
class
that
twenty large volumes.
than
considered
seemingly taken
interest of the
lifelike and
dramatist
a
epics that
eleven
slightthread
it is
pictureof
a
remarkably versatile genius.
poorly carried out;
the
be
as
Lope's earliest books,
only
ill-studied and
works
dialogue divided
prose
one
him
fill more
pastoralnovels, contains
other
chivalrous
so
imaginarysociety,
consider
latter
the
for
mention,
the
the
only a
In
novels.
and
outspoken
his dramatic
works
versification
composition
but
side of his
one
of
two
or
skill in
no
to
miscellaneous
One
picturesque,gay
and
be unrivalled.
undoubtedly to
was
adapting single
intended, it affords
was
less
or
more
to
as
it
times
some-
requirements,generally
own
Animated
ideas
in
reckless, narrow
like the
a
their
to
acknowledgment.
without
treasures,
pieces, sometimes
situations
or
of
great authors
The
its inexhaustible
upon
imitating whole
and
unrivalled.
it stands
situations,
dramatic
to
and
and
there
the
charming.
It
that the Dorotea
tone
passionate
the Dorotea
make
contrasts
by
very
the occasional
qualityof
the verses,
probably for
was
was
composed,
with
strongly
the
and
their
LOPE
and
formal
carols
rustic songs
and
means
(Shepherdsof
of
which
its class
its readers
knew
gospel
those
shepherds are
of the
the
the lines
shown
is
been
who
a
leper,but
is
sometimes
be
the
the
specimens
^
Scriptureas
uncouth
others
at
and
rustic
ancient
equally well
to
grotesque
to
as
himself
:
by
had
{villancicos)
carols
and
simplicity,
very
of
tone
either side
Lope
their
of
thief
the
themselves
they amuse
in which
those
as
whose
afford
of
some
traditional form.
The
by Ticknor, but
illustrate their
the
general
"
"
I
"
Quien llama
"!Donde
God
Quedito,
?
Who
'
'
"
?
i
Quien
esta, sabeislo
nino que
knocks?
and
ness
kind-
:
Un
"'Who
Saviour's
the
pastoraland
so
and
a
serves
"
is man
flightinto
the
in which
beautiful of all is probablythat cited
characteristics
who
The
prize. Many
of
^
in
appears
cross.
the
followingone
that
Jesus has
the water
by
shepherds are
won
have
instance
for
Jesus, as
spoiledin parts by exaggerationson
the
that
legends
is healed
grace
most
traditional
good
the
admirably combine
best
with,and made
baby-hand; and that of
Virgin and Child by a poor woman
poeticalcompetitionssuch
often
familiar
enigmaticallyforetell
altogether
unpleasing;
so
proclaimed the
and
Holy Family, during
afterwards
repented on
Its story
Christ ; its
of
His
on
the
to
bathed, and
the book
the
gipsieswho
with
fate from
son
of
meeting
Egypt,
glorifiedHim
of
gives more
thus
birth
the
of
was
Belen
country of
and
imagination.
of
play
childhood
the
time
a
nothing,and
beautiful
of the
gathered round
of
who
de
Pastores
pastoralnovel, superiorto
of
accounts
angels. Lope
of, many
use
free
his
connected
he
so
of the
treats
little or
the
for
roughly the
message
that it
in
legitimatescope
is
Dorotea^
by means
Bethlehem),another
his scattered
connected
Lope
the
of
by
169
VEGA
frigidsetting. As
love-verses
most
DE
es
que
y Dios?
duerme
Softly,he's
ahi ?
"
vos,
hombre
is there?'
esta
"
aqui."
'Do
you
sleepinghere.
"
'
"
know
'
where
Asleep
on
is"
the
a
child
ground
?
'
SPANISH
I70
"
"
LITERATURE
^ En
el suelo
duerme
Pues
decidle
que
Si le venis
ha
de
dormido
Bien
"
Ya
"
Quedito,
salisfacer
aqui."
Quedito,que duerme
I Q}x" prendas quereissacar,
"
tiene
no
madre
;
may
you
"
tell him
you
have
"
;
"
It is
si,
"
death
in
he
"
'
"
It is he
what
?
"
'
"
God
His
'Gently,
has
mother
no
you' 'Such
satisfy
other pledge would you
to
lurety,
u
treanurc,
I seek,
slay him
to
make
to
"
sleeping
other
thus
amends
here.'
treasure
"
*"
to
'What
tlum
have ?
'
*
"
the word
on
ft
'
to
'
"
we
indeed
Well
both
are
"
that
oflicer's
an
God.'
he
come
you
with
"
when
"
straw
now
"
riches hiis he in himself"
"
impoAnible lo iriiiiHlnlellic piny
a
pledK* or
"igaificatiou"
asleep
that
the
on
and, ccrtes, it is hard
"
you
wills it so
he's
fallen
has
half-way
him,
if him
"
come
who
after
conies
lished
pub-
Lope
stands
gentler voice,
a
though it is
when
"
"
pastoralnovels
for
"
'Call
?
Patria, which
su
weeping
for
"
arrived,
yourself
of him
wherewith
God
as
me,
en
awake,
with
out
to
in hand.'
"
him
for me.'
age,
he
and
well
en
"Softly,he's sleeping here,
"
has
wand
que
above-mentioned
bid
open
men.'
but
que aquesta prenda
pueda pagar?
Peregrino
worn
hacienda
mas
Dios,
Que es igualal mismo
mds
i Que
prendas quereisvos
Quedito, que duerme
aqui."
the
for
scarce
decidselo
Si tiene tantas
"
"
vos."
Entrad,
Para
seek
Dios."
a
"
Su
'Then
llegar,
"
Si
man's
de
aqui.
malicia
"
El
"
"
los dos."
con
Por
'Yes.'
Dios,
vengaisa ejecutar
de justicia
vara
lo quiereasi
mismo
Y
"'
mi
a
duerme
acabado
Que
a
mucha
es
pajas."
unas
busco
que
que
fe que
Le
llorar,
en
hombres
somos
A
;
podeis abrirme
Que puesto
reaches
"Si."
despierte:
buscar
a
cansado
Que
Se
El
"
Que viene tras el la muerte,
Despues que es hombre, por mi."
Llamad
con
voces
mas
bajas
"
Besides
?
'
"
pledge
Enter
would
hin" she loves
so
tliat he is even
Gently, he's sleepinghere.'
used
f"rtmfii,
good quality.
here
"
in its three
LOPE
between
the
three
form
as
stories
short
which
claimed
Cervantes
he tells us, written
favourable
to
specimens of
the
Among
amuse
find
utterlyworthless.
of all restraint.
lo
de
Alma
un
fervour
with
d
that
the
thrown
a
was
inspiration
mark
recognisein
inventor
of the
duels
amorosos
{Soliloquios
outburst
the
of
They
religious
instinct
are
intenselyrealistic feelings
reflections
by
nature
the
on
is
beginning of Christianity.It
enrapturedand
and
impatient
d
subjects{poetnas
sacred
his ordination.
the
the
is
form
amounted
immediate
plasticsouthern
was
This
almost
facility
on
are
effort from
poet whose
which
accompanied
it is
sonnets
off without
the five meditations
are
Dios)
in the
Lope's
retouched.
Lope's poems
great tragedywhich
to
of
passionate,personal,and
produced
hard
a
were
whose
Of
best
divino)the
originated.They were,
lady,but are by no means
probably never
and
improvisation,
conventional
less
of first-ratemerit, but very few
one
for
eminentlyill-adapted
to
the
novel, and
their class.
They
his fertile brain,and
modern
have
to
bewildering number
scarcelypossibleto
the
in
adventure
of
171
chivalryand
of
romance
VEGA
DE
the
mysticaldevotee
intriguesof
cloak
the
and
sword
plays.
Of
of
a
very different character
recognisedpatron
Isidro
was
a
of
"
carried
the better
to
on
twelfth
century he
a
FelipeIII.
his relics which
was
had
merely local
been
of
his
that
in which
he relates the life and
Lope
wrote
the
now
gained
which
such
one,
a
neglectedin
he
Until the year
but it was
a
dangerous fever by
long poem,
miracles
San
order
1598
vastlyincreased
carefully
preserved.
occasion
is
reportedthat angels visited
it was
the field-work
cured
the
Madrid."
loyalcityof
duties.
perform his religious
reputationwas
when
and
lifetime became
peasant of the neighbourhoodof what
reputationfor sanctitythat
him, and
Lope's
the very noble
Spanish capital
; during the
his
in
Isidro,the rustic saint,who
written in honour
the poems
are
It
Isidro
of the
of
means
was
on
this
Labrador,
holy man
in
a
SPANISH
172
stylethat
often
approachesburlesque. Twenty
the instance
at
and
beatified,
events
every
years later he
two
kind, and
he had
king whom
of the
made
was
LITERATURE
the least
not
in which
poets took
the
Guillen
importantpart
which
his
proceedings;
here, for he
"
universal
jealousy
loftytribunal
a
introduced
and
compositions,
running commentary
a
the
on
he
did
famous
the
spiritof
trouble
not
who
of the
day
successful
pronounced
in
burlesque
stylethat greatlydelightedthe populace. The name,
assumed
Burguillos,
by this comic character was meant
without
whole
it impossiblefor him
in
strain
lighta
so
on
collection of poems
de
contain
to
solemn
so
delivered
published,and
subsequently
found
Tom^
de
veil,
to
the personality
of Lope himself, whose
obliterating,
dignified
positionrendered
person
him
all corti-
the
out
kind of buffoon
was
other
far above
read
events
displayof
Lope presided,
thoroughlyinto
placed by generalconsent
was
petition. From
a
"
was
of these
of the ceremony
Castro,Calderon, and
de
Lope entered
part.
Each
rejoicingand
for
over
Xhejustapoctica
(poetical
tournament)
and
afterwards,
healed,San Isidro
canonised.
was
occasion
an
years
the
the
during
de
those of Tomd
of
some
occasion.
an
best
in
speak
to
The
festivities was
Burguilloswere
of
lighterverse
Lope
Vega.
.\ curious
is his fondness
published
his
stories in the
Nmielas
Ix)pe'sLaurel
de
has
Cervantes'
alreadybeen
redeem
plot,are
from
career
Lope's literary
the
made
commonplace
by
was
Pamaso
followed
former
and
the
by
imitated
was
works
; of the latter it is
shallow
praise,
unrelieved
Galatea
two
Cervantes
published short
Lope
Viagedel
Of
Apolo.
say that its fulsome
feeble
Ejemplares;
style; Cervantes'
same
;
in
feature
"capping" Cervantes' work.
for
lope'sDoroiea
mention
unamiable
and
in
by Lope
enough
to
and
pedantic criticism,
touches
of
humour
his rival's poetical
review
that
of
temporary
con-
authors.
The
estimate
of
Lope's positionas
a
poet involves the
XV
CHAPTER
QUEVEDO
Francisco
Don
and
equal facility
statesman
and
is
treatises,
one
in the
Quevedo
de
novelist,erotic
from
secretary
to
Maria
V., and
Charles
de
the
as
a
studies
at
Alcala
youth
for
even
he
A
in middle
his erotic poems
in
still coarser
for personalvalour,and
in
an
by
age
are
too
pleasures,he
spiteof
societyof
no
the turbulent
his somewhat
His
his university
means
severe
for their
nice
students
was
the
moralist,in
remarkable
not
theology,
French, and
strict
a
early
medicine.
Bohemian
was
in
side of
became
he
age
sent
was
and
studied
the loose
hold
house-
high reputation
a
law
one
Emperor
in the
1580, he
canon
have
to
in later life he
ringleaderamong
sports and
the
of
honour
gained
father
Latin, Greek, Hebrew,
indecency, even
shameless
matters,
in
freelyin
himself,and
towards
was
formed, however, only
though
and
His
in
Born
supposed
life ; he mixed
place ;
was
family.
scholar,graduating in civil and
Italian ; he is also
religious
Spaniards,Quevedo
lady of
was
Isabel.
reading deeply
of
extraordinaryfigures
Austria, the daughter
Universityof Alcald, where
besides
coarse
Asturian
his mother
of the Infanta
to
celebrated
old
an
moralist,
literature.
of the most
many
descended
distinctive and
of the most
and
writer
and
poet
with
played
wit
the parts of court
success
historyof Spanish
Like
who
Villegas,
y
in
such
in their
early noted
uncouth
figure
QUEVEDO
sight was
short
and
antagonistsfound
his
gives of
head
him
that bear witness
to
well
in colour, eyes
opened,
but well-formed
and
lame
cannot
it : my
denied
after him
"
see
eyes and
he at
brilliant short poems.
a
"
.
gaitwould
tendency by
El
unreadable.
consists of
also
contradict
me."
a
which
series of
student
and
such
Tacaiio
gran
subjectof
addresses
of
foot if I
By
reason
him.
But
the
but
coarse
period of
from
his life
the moralising
it is called,
from
scenes
he knew
Quevedo had
not
well and
so
abandoned
surprisethat
some
at
among
of
but animated
life which
court
generallyrendered
are
celebrated
most
his book
de
Vestcl.
scholars
This
we
find
of
him
flattering
terms,
in the most
of
the
Quevedo's attainments.
his friend his intention
of
day, on
correspondenceis
gives a high idea
to
the
twenty-fourin correspondence with Justus
of the
Lipsius,one
and
to
(The great Rogue),as
roughly drawn
Bohemian
this
at
works
the
age
to
number
for itsfreedom
him
at
says that
He
called
eye-glasses,
himself
a
wrote
studies,though it is with
Latin
head
betook
graver
the
lie from
day by
He
alwaysfascinated
which
"
"
enemy's
an
himself
distinguished
once
picaresque"story remarkable
that low
firm
Elsewhere
of
correctness
I should
:
poetasters of the
and
strongly
quevedos"
Valladolid,where
wits
reddish
and
and deformed."
physicaldefects
leavingAlcala, Quevedo
On
scars
pleasea courtier,
to
he habituallywore
short-sightedness
of his
old
some
arched
enough
the
of his
plainstatement
brutally
am
with
black,my
slopingshoulders,thin
and
leglame
whimsicallyadmits
thus
he
is
glance,large and
broad
hands
arms,
deep chest,slim waist,one
I
bold
ready to bite,long neck, broad
ever
"
the
beard, full lips,
strong teeth and
well grown
nose,
closelywith
says,
the brows
courage,
my
white
of
one
descriptionhe
tallies very
and
than
more
The
cost.
My hair,"he
"
broad
forehead
fencer,as
their
to
stillextant.
large,my
marked
out
personal appearance
his
of
portraits
skilful
most
a
175
and
Lipsius
Quevedo
a
publishing
in
municates
com-
defence
of
SPANISH
176
LITERATURE
againstthe injurioustreatment
subjectedby Scaliger.
Homer
the
In 1606
court
change,and biddingadieu
^
The
next
seven
he
Osuna,
had
been
Madrid, and
to
of the courtiers at the
rest
the former
cityin
Tienes
agradablespuertas.
years
passed at
Madrid
Besides
translation
his future
to
to
the
Valladolid
he
the
couplet
"
salirse de ti
Para
Quevedo's reputation.
dedicated
from
overjoyedlike
it Quevedo,
with
returned
which
to
patron
published verse
a
Don
firmlyestablished
Anacreon,
Gir6n, Duke
Pedro
translations
of
of
of
Epictetus and
the series of Visions {Suciios)
Phocylides,and commenced
the most
which
have
always been among
popular of his
in number, are short satires on
writings.These Visions,seven
the vices and
follies of the
they probablycontain
Suenos
point,the
are
his
lifeof the
either obscure
are
still
wit and
author's mordant
certain
on
professions
;
caricatures of real personages.
of the allusions
many
age, and
amusing.
grasp of human
witheringcontempt
for the
capital.Always honest
Though
have
or
lost their
They illustrate
and
character,
and
hypocritical
and blunt, often
brutal,Quevedo wields the lash with
their
claim
pro-
artificial
intentionally
sparinghand.
no
His
Before their
simplein plan,and roughlyexecuted.
publication
Quevedo had created an amusing character in his
satires are
Knight of
humiliation
tJu
to whom
Grapple (theman
is acceptable,
providedhe be
but this time
purse-strings),
rather than
professions
particular
his
for the butt of his
up
the dream
makes
iteasy
use."''We
'
"
-The
for short
choose
Thy
gal"i arc
famous
most
\/i Sage, who
look
pubhshcd in 1641.
a
joy to those
specimen of
the idea
it is classes
"
from
one
analysis
societyand
p;iss
"
put
to
such
of the best
tluouKh
Vclcz
de
sets
fiction of
The
llicin
Guevara's
good
known,
"
as
quitthee.
thi-y
lioiteux by
Diablo
Cojuelo,
this cla.ssof sulirc is Ix Diable
Lds
loosen
types, but this method,
been
seldom
who
of
any
individual vices that he
bringforward
long popular in Spain, had
or
obligedto
not
keenly-pointedshafts.
to
excuse
any
QUEVEDO
the
(The Bailiff Possessed).The author,
Alguacilendemoniado
speakingin
the
St. Peter
of
seek
to
the
attempt
an
On
being called
but
man
possessionof
it is
is water, and
begs
old
and
The
author
wander
explainsto
various
he
round
dramatists,
however, are
many
crimes which
many
noble characters that
men
and
no
doctors,
lovers,madmen
as
to
almost
worst
caused
devil that
the
be
to
ation
organisthe
as
important as
correct
case
be
such
to
on
a
distinction is drawn
them
:
rhyme.
account
N
of
some
The
of the
committed, and the
murderers
astrologers,
by
a
that
verses
they have spoiled. Between
and
evil
increased,and
by hearingthe
to
it
his distasteful
from
the
;
fears the
abound
explains,
hell in search of
they have
who
escape
orders of the lost,and
has had
in the
to
regions. This
obligedto
are
to
fears it because
release him
to
tormented
are
read, others
disconsolate
he
not
bailiff who
their influence in hell has become
Some
of Heaven
attempts
of the lower
their accommodation
bailiff,
the
as
dominion
asks for information
of the
treating
givesfreely,
beginningby the poets, who, as
evil
The
him.
his present condition
now
one
their rivals
taken
forthwith
exorcist
the
friend,and
of the notaries.
has
proceeds to sprinkle
the
holy,but
administration
degree that
complains
who
bad
utterly
so
devil protests that it is
quarters.
not
licentiate
the demoniac
because
an
not
owes
The
of motives.
holy water, and
whereupon the
he is
that he is
his victim
fell,whereas
lowest
he
possessionof
kind, has taken
throughattemptingto gainthe
in that itwas
water
the
but rather the bailiff who, after the
bailiff,
shows
moreover
spirit
the
bailiff.
regardto
and
creature),
it is not
againsthis will,for
the
of his
that he
with
a
engaged
alguacilor
an
his conduct
justify
to
upon
devil from
a
Calabres,
finds his friend
bailiff(a very different
a
that he is there
manner
out
go into
to
demoniac, the devil repliesthat his victim is
unfortunate
a
drive
to
happened
Licenciado
He
character.
priestof questionable
in
he
relates how
the firstperson,
church
177
the devils into whose
blind
and
hands
SPANISH
178
all
they
LITERATURE
The
eventuallyfall.
lovers,for he has
the
repliesthat
author
inquiresanxiouslyafter
personal interest
a
includes
lovers
term
in their fate.
the
whole
of
their money,
love
The
the
and
spirit
lost,for
all love
themselves, some
works.
Lovers, in the general acceptationof the word,
below, for the
rare
mistresses is such
hoofed
and
the upper
is
world, and also
the
as
phrase "the
offended
themselves
the way
at
devil take it."
form
genericname
their favourites
whole
of their
court.
there
are
so
bold
to
the
and
fires,
Judges
as
scribes.
enforced
devil's
Women
are
the
asked
if the
he states
nor
men
have
are
of
for the
to
be
such
pretty
in the heart
be
able
of
a
to
stone, it is
say that
thereupon silenced by
numbers
profitable
their
that
hell would
The
be
a
ugly ones
When
repent.
ones
and
that
only in
they have
not
neither flattered
are
to
world, and
the
revelations
lower
to
a
regions
close
by
might produce contrition
order
had
that his hearers
no
warning.
may
He
is
the exorcist.
Quevcdo's burlesque treatment
subjectsincurred,as
rate.
and
notaries,bailiffs,
for their part in the
secrets
fixed
having it explained to him,
After
part in the world
has told
a
hell,the devil does
in
come
during life,they never
death.
The
demon
bringshis
statingthat,if he
keeping up
most
inhabitant.
found
damned
a
them, and
female
name.
no
in
weary
afford
host of
a
for
at
torturing
envied
after
not
are
poor
that
the poor
it no
numerous,
recognisethe
even
as
most
him
down
are
pleasanterplace had
the
the
and
by thousands, and
monopoly
a
pheasantsand
come
entertainers
create
undertake
to
brings with
for each
crop,
offer
to
the
are
to
attempt
in
and
rich prey down
a
below, for they often bring with them
are
in
current
for low personages,
Kings
Merchants
of their
the horned
at
the
are
before the
that pass
in which
of abuse
term
a
much
are
of
representations
used
lightly
the hands
at
to produce repentance
generally
as
it appears,
devils,
The
end.
they receive
treatment
their
some
was
to
be
of this and
other
.serious
expected,the displeasureof
QUEVEDO
the
later life he struck
Inquisition.In
Suehos
of the
passages
in their
did
simpleindecencyhe
On
adversary,and
patron, the
de
his
but
sincerity,
in
Sicily,and
position became
which
he
entrusted
Osuna's
interests
duty, which
gave
court
him
an
royalty of Naples.
Osuna's
know
rash
bold
to
attempt
enmities
of
a
matter
withdrew
to
Life of
Saint
most
he had
so
far
free-spokenof
joined
definite
official
and
agent
the weak
it
in
his
in
from
as
of
furthering
This
side
in
615
1
on
of the
brutal
bribery, Quevedo
his satirical verses.
never
wards
shortlyafter-
account
his leisure in
as
of
his life in the
his service
well
to
the vice-
shall
that
his somewhat
of
of human
to
we
nearlylost
of Villanueva, as
sort
cognisant
was
1618, and
employed
quently
subse-
was
probablythanks
was
Quevedo
provoked by
delicate
T/wvias
any
personal ambition
him
his estate, and
from
he
Quevedo
promoted
was
seize Venice
dismissed
La
merely to
161 3
of bribes.
means
; it is,however, certain that he
Osuna
many
of
due
important charge
insightinto
How
schemes
inherited
In
long.
celebrated.
by
that his patron
villageof
was
occupying
the
at
his
also, it is whispered, in the love
was
with
his
slew
he
mood
nature, he thoroughlyenjoyed,and
Quevedo
had
he
viceroy'sconfidant
the
reproved
praisesa country
moralising. We need not
last
without
He
the
at
this time
not
and
public administration,
intriguesfor
resided
serious
did
Madrid.
wards
viceroy. Shortly after-
now
severe
the
lady grievously
a
where
safetyin Sicily,
which
much
indulges in
surroundings,and
Osuna
was
writingsat
In his
his
seek
manor
a
alter.
to
place. Quevedo
Spain,and
to
Juan Abad,
life,and
doubt
Osuna,
of
saw
at
took
obliged to
Duke
his mother.
Martin
duel
a
was
he returned
Torre
Quevedo
161 1,
of San
and
aggressor,
all such
objectionable
it necessary
consider
not
Holy Thursday,
insulted in the church
her
altered
or
considered
be
could
as
out
treatingsubjectsappertainingto religion
;
of
manner
179
some
now
ment
treat-
again
writinga
of the
i8o
SPANISH
in
When,
the
exiled from
was
ambitious
and
work
the
his
to
suspicionsof
the
provoked
returned
1620, Osuna
reconciled
became
LITERATURE
former
the
the precepts of the Bible.
not
So
good
positionof
in the
The
fortunes.
death
affairs could
of
Felipe III.
write
of Olivares.
to
which
he
refers
to
diplomatic skill
powers
without
the
evident
obligations.But
the writer
and
Quevedo
as
a
form
months
did
not
lose heart ; the Sueno
he
possiblethat
opinionsat
sincere ; he
the
fiction,on
in his
this
was
and
only one
of the brilliant young
a
of
welcome
like the
writingsin
the greatest
former
dangerous
from
man,
Madrid.
Muerte, composed
powerful panegyric,in
of
in
the
have
may
to
be
Count-Duke.
irresistible
; in 1623 Quevedo
to
propitiatethe
exiled
de la
order
new
actions
the
of
show
to
as
again
was
time, Quevedo
not
accession
Madrid
to
attempt
few
a
his shattered
favourite,the
new
largebody
known
was
is a wittyand
peace-offering,
of
the
a
after
complete
of
and betrayal
self-respect
loss of
utter
a
hearing the
of this time
events
their
in
Only
the
hurried
The
worship the risingsun.
reflections of the
and
on
to
then
He
on
country only long enough
extravagant dedication
an
Count-Duke
rest
in the
remained
Quevedo
news
founded
restore
now
Felipe IV. brought this change, and
pedantic
filled his pages
Quevedo
might reasonablybe considered as
administration.
kind on the existing
change
much
opportunityfor gratifying
an
with what
severest
his
finished
of government
be lost,and
to
reconciliation
morals. The Politics of God
scheme
a
disgrace,he
he
of Christywherein, with
Government
grudge was
This
his retirement
statecraft and
on
he developed
learning,
a
ally.
in
and Quevedo
reigningfavourite,
In
court.
Spain
to
the
things. It is quite
expressionsof his
been
more
deceived
The
by
than
half
the
mises
pro-
of
flattery
such
again in favour,
and
employed his poeticaltalents in relatingthe festivities
the visit paid to the Spanish court
that celebrated
by the
whom
and a
Charles I.),
between
Prince of Wales (afterwards
a
man
was
was
1
SPANISH
82
by
are
no
specimens of
means
the Bachiller
de la Torre
Quevedo
now
was
a
very
a
work
a
he gave
to
good familyand
his
him.
the old
But
positionas secretary
them, and
over
for
the bustle of the
to
court
in the
Politics
be the truth.
on
the brink of
openly
a
rebuked
which
wit
which
clenched
final fall. The
amount
table
of
strongest
urginghim
a
king
puppet
on
the
terms
to
his
amend
in the
and
been
The
plate a
miserable
of
was
dragged halfnakcd
many
he well
knew
that he
stood
language
on
in
despairhe
sobrietyand
The
in
a
seatinghimself
memorial
saw
of the
day
one
in
Quevedo
his house, and
the
no
was
longer
sus-
of the memorial
was
at
country, and
himself,and be
author
his
considerable
settingforth
condition
the
keen
the
1639
year
his favourite.
from
so
his favourite
or
rightly
jjcctcd,
wrongly,of beingthe
he
appointed
Dis-
of
his way.s, rouse
hands
aware
it is shrouded
king
for
amid
with the courage
its arguments.
of
Even
looked
boldly what
of its unwonted
reason
mystery.
found
have
and
precipice,
offensive because
more
advantage
part of his work, entitled
second
to
back.
he had
in
vigorously
; his
for serious studies.
to
not
closed
time
seems
the
had
he found
regime
He
apparently
certain
a
of
lady
a
them
of God, speaking out
to
of wife
beat
he prepared a
good results,
' The
kind
he
time
a
him
king gave
he
tions
instruc-
enemies
himself
gives
the
fell upon
again his
to
which
at
marriage was
defended
the
the
He
separated. Age
and
he,
husbands, took
to
as
to
and
life,
the age
at
choice
soon
man
his
in
particular
The
happy, for the couple
sweetened
Quevedo's temper,
thoughts turned
of
lady adviser
not
upon
simple style
of Olivares.
he is very
wealth.
some
dread
himself
prefer. Finally their
would
and
reform
the Countess
by
bridegroom,but
which
his
to
the
of
uninvitingdescription
became
he
in very pure
growing old, and
wife,chosen
1631 he
simplicity.In
(seep. 122).
subjects. He set to
religious
the scoffer at marriage and
himself
classic
collection of poems
publisheda
by
LITERATURE
;
imprisoned
QUEVEDO
for
nearlyfour
he
defence, but
his
boldly in
humble
addressed
His
received
he
brutal
in
nothing
the
religionand
end
betook
his
days
where
until
he
he died
1645, when
Of the
his papers,
in order
huge
as
part has lost its interest.
deeplytingedby
are
so
are
not
of
defaced
obscene.
ascetic
doubt
His
a
to
loose
a
upon
the
conduct
possesseda
by
his
had
at
Swift.
Dean
surroundings.
the
rapidlyand
less
In the mastery
this,like
possibleuse.
good
and
causes
other of his
He
of the best models
of the Bachiller de
showed
his
rightly
the
country,
body
the
disgustingand
be
pared
aptlycom-
from
semi-
a
throw
to
not
questions.
grave
deeply influenced
was
his patrons
and
faithfully,
If
country.
he
sometimes
he did
individuals,
of the
language he
talents,he did
men
works
own
so
of his
less
day.
is probablyunrivalled,
not
turn
appreciationof
Torre, but his
theyj
that
disinterested,but he
and
most
greaten
throughout ard
he handles
fallen
his
1643,
was
day
again,ought
the
by publishing
la
his
transitions
which
shamelesslythan
of his native
of
respects, he may
served
of
had
political
writings]
works
character,and
He
and
all that is
back
life,and
very versatile
lost
His
generallybrave
was
heart
his moral
sudden
with
sincerity
abandoned
but
His
he
to
Catholic.
value.
other
had
his feeble
nursed
the controversies
in
this,as
into
once
and
leaning to
perverse
In
to
Even
great permanent
by
he
spirit,
writingsleft by Quevedo
of
mass
at
good
a
he
free in
finallyset
retired
been
however, fated
not,
and
ment
treat-
consolation
for
was
was
in health
He
that
Stoics,of which
He
prison,but
in
harmless.
set
the
student.
probablybecause,broken
considered
favourite.
the
length
at
himself
philosophy of
earnest
an
wrote
broken, and
to
mercy
Convinced
extreme.
the
always been
to
petitionsfor
hope for, he
to
lengthhis spiritwas
at
and
up
were
disregarded. The
protestations
have
to
seems
during his captivity
and
prayers
firsthe bore
At
Leon.
at
years
183
pure
the
to
best
styleand
of Luis de Leon
writingsare
and
deeply
1
SPANISH
84
with
tinged
double
and
meanings,
paradox,
the
and
because
his
he
admit
and
himself
of
For
vocabulary
the
of
use
their
of
which
of
in
Latin
words
or
in
attempted
almost
attained
every
degree
some
in
branch
of
of
in
quite
the
faults and
wishes
his
time, combined
first rank
in his
to
in
any
who
by
fashions
de
.
neglect Quevedo.
the
such
he
shall
...
in
his wide
; but
the
to
one
style as
fatal
life,Quevedo
in
all
and
of writing so
facility
prevent
him
department.
Spaniards
almost
interests
from
of
attaining
He
virtues,characteristically
Spanish,
understand
speech
if any
.
meanings
at
talking and
and
.
la
and
their
of
literature,and
success
character, together with
common
declare
of
one
folly."
scholar, half adventurer
Half
restless
his brethren
above
rank
We
"
:
age
the
remarkable
more
pedantry, and
new
low
the
in the literature
versed
quarteringsall
introduce
to
he
special vocabulary
a
is the
thus
.
take
to
which
special study.
best
This
of
writingsunintelligible
them
classical
fools of four
as
make
.
who
Spanish example
required,the composition
time.
pronounces
example attempt
change
to
his
epigram,
an
expressions
a
of those
for
peculiarities,
together
and
of
of
words,
early burlesque compositions {Origen y Definidones
once
he
be
that
fondness
vocabulary to
a
them
always abhorred
he
of
many
even
powers
historyof
Necedad)
.
of
would
the
tax
inner
and
made
not
understanding
would
to
have
commentary
best
great part of his
a
His
into
thought
the
slang words
time, render
who
those
the
of
many
life of his
proper
him
extraordinary richness
the
admitted
to
train of
whole
from
antitheses,for playing upon
conceptistas.These
called
different
heartilydespised.
conceit, make
or
school
with
he
a
widely
taste
for strong
condensing
for
bad
of
school, which
ciilto
the
kind
a
LITERATURE
his time
is,in
and
can
no
his
one
afford
XVI
CHAPTER
CALDERON
Cervantes
was
local
strictly
world-wide
a
country ; Calderon
Christian
and, conscious
virtues
the
to
modern
smile
decadence, looks back
gloriouspast, defending
a
the
de
la Barca
family,like
and
inquire,
for its models
old
with
causes
that of
His
Universityof
of the scholastic
life
was
in person,
in
many
grave
and
blameless,
and
pure
character
endeared
five years
old, his reputation
estabUshed
that he
the office.
The
him
was
king
formal
to
those
as
a
his age
of his
conferred
on
had
afford
in the different
he
plays.
what
some-
He
grew
majestic in deportment
and
his
poet,
him
sweet
was
thirty-
already so
well
succeeding Lope
the mantle
;
noble
and
When
him.
dramatist
court
could
learningwhich
around
made
himself
He
he shone
Here
and
ostentatiously
parades
handsome
that
seemed
positionof importance
a
department.
Salamanca.
the old
to
the first fortune
held
education
in the
valley of Carried",
the
From
father
secretary to the finance
the best
Lope, belonged
from
its ancestral home.
in Madrid
born
was
sprang
Calderon.
on
branches
his
and
a
is the
He
reason
of
advantage of
up
to
own
and
nobility,
stood
as
at
begun
was
time
them.
of its
His
1600.
where
the
that has
age
Calderon
Castilian
to
an
his
of
between
midway
Vega
arguments.
Pedro
year
stands
poet of
limitations
all the
with
one,
de
genius ; Lope
in
of the noble
i86
SPANISH
order
of
LITERATURE
his
dignity singularlywell adapted to
Christian,
chivalrous,and courtlydisposition.During the
Santiago,a
years he had
ten
took
and
court
the
the
to
entirely
dramatic
orders,and afterwards
king
and
familiar of
unimpaired.
and
court
art.
the
in
with
1681
fortyyears
he had
of the
populace.
His
been
the
remains
were
to
Madrid,
citywhich
of
his
which
before his death
shows
honour
the
to
scene
he had
reputation
darlingof
borne by
be buried
the
in the
triumphs. Only
written
the
a
few
play{Hado y Divisa)
a
sign of failing
powers, and he left unfinished
sacramental
intended for representation
at the feast of
auto
an
the
he
fifty-one
faculties and
of
been
himself
gave
Inquisition.Outlivinghis patron,
Congregation of Priests,natives
months
abandoned
of
age
chaplain of
For
had
he
and
arms
At
became
the
died
he
in Catalonia
professionof
took
Felipe IV.,
soldier in Flanders, and
a
wards
part in its suppression. Immediately after-
abandoned
he
up
as
the time of the rebellion
again at
the
served
ceding
pre-
no
Corpus Christi.
The
published
hundred
and
works
farces,and
it
who
was
autos
improved
and
occasional
that he
Of
to
this
understand
I'rom very
of
the
one
the
events
playsarc
which
to
the
be found
of these
importantand
popular
the stage was
pressedinto
the service
Easter
and
festivals,
religious
marked
of
by theatrical representations
day recalled. Traces of the old nativity
The
were
Corpus Christi,
its
1765.
earlytimes
Church.
He
became
and
characteristic department of the drama, which remained
until its suppressionin
all his
highlyvalued.
form
one
light
some
verses.
most
stereotypedthis
in order
necessary
about
of
of
and analysis
description
A
greatest exponent.
pieces is
those
are
consist
eightyautos, besides
twenty playsand
interludes,one-act
the
writings
Calderdn
of
great
in the
shows
stillmade
in almost
for the
of
-delight
the
nacimientos
every
children,and
or
Christmas
old-fashioned
puppet-
Spanish family
occupying much
the
same
CALDERON
the Teutonic
traditional positionas
is
ento
kind
a
of the
of model
it is intended.
whom
Bethlehem,
at
scene
and
more
or
of those
means
for
board
the puppets, the card-
grouping of
The
A nacimi-
Christmas-tree.
the education
according to
less exact
187
by sprigs
mountains, and the trees,generallyrepresented
of
often
evergreen,
conventional
aicto
produce
shepherds
become
restricted
graduallybeen
had
pretty effect,to which
very
reduced
to
one
order
In
the
the
morning
the
of
streets
Host
the
in much
town
customary in Roman
accompaniment
lost in
the
hideous
of
monsters
which
{confradias)
the
dancers, who
the
in
solemnity.
but this time
been
which
of
cars
of
were
some
'
Noche
A
bands
and
originand
large a part
of music.
the
were
drawn
forbidden
before
great personage,
pretty descriptionof
de Navidad.
the
a
a
bore
to
some
the
the selected
forth
had
in the
secular
at
be
the
found
time
mean-
from
this time
The
the house
principalsquare
in Fernin
in
again,
plays.
public buildingor
to
kneeling
into the church
represent
is
through
prominent part
the actors, who
generallyin
nacimiento
streets
processionset
Sacrament, which
cars
Spanish life,
in
gambolled
with all ceremony
Huge
up
The
spirittook
In the afternoon
carried back
year
is
signification
thronged with
of the column
irreverent
no
without
it started.
the
play so
the head
At
grotesque
a
huge pasteboard
tarascas,
processionpassed were
populace.
is still
as
with
"
principal
the
manner
:
accompanying processionincluded all
hoods
brotherof the place,and the religious
principal
personages
which
follows
as
round
same
aspect whose
obscurity.The
with their banners
was
but
countries,
gigantonesand
Corpus Christi.
of
occasions
the
Catholic
of
day
paraded
was
which
ment,
the mystery of the Sacra-
"
such
proceedingon
of
all
to
its use
time
Calderdn's
In
the
name
plays,the subjectsof
sacred
to
The
Spanish dramatists
earliest
dramatically
representedon
The
contribute.^
Magi
composition.
classes of dramatic
had
and
the
applied by
was
a
or
Caballero's
i88
SPANISH
the
plaza of
they
Placed
town.
formed
a
LITERATURE
rough stage,
in the
either stood
a
to
the
be
inhabitant
an
the turmoil
tators
spec-
cars,
if
or
fatigueof
of
such
into the mouth
is
way,
the
during
The
balconies
or
and
sky
open
the
around
the windows
Antioch
of
the
began.
auto
space
from
Of
side under
is put by Calderon
good description
his graciosos
or buffoons,^
who, by the
a
of
one
and
on
neighbouringhouses.
day
by
open
fortunately
placed,looked
the
side
of
supposed
of
early years
!
Christianity
The
autos
be distinguished
from
must
religiousplaysbearing on
but without
autos
by
Spanish
a
lives of saints
specialreference
the personages
proper
made
the
includes,besides
trees
faculties,
and
and
seasons
sciences and
and
all
The
months
year,
All
professions.
these
in honour
plotsof
are
of
Cure, and
The
deron's
autos.
forth
come
Creation.
the
the
abyss and
Shade
beholds
the four
that of
Air,where
the
fishes ;
stops short
spheres
"
the
the
Humanity
comes
random
Sin
the
and
another
forth with
these
to
much
do
Shade
of
Light
of the
Mdgicu Prodigioso. Jor.i.
and
stars
;
haunt
of
sing hymns
in
it service
pomp
and
Pride causes
the downfall
giftsfrom the Elements.
equal to God, it eats
Humanity, and thinkingto become
'
to
of the
marvels
borders
All
Cal-
among
that of Water, the
the Earth.
and, finally,
idea
An
followinganalysis
Fire,the abode
fly;
one
praiseof Humanity, inviting
honour.
admire
that of
birds
at
the
invoking
on
mystery.
the extreme.
from
Disease,chosen
appears
discretion,the
pressedinto the service,
simple in
Lucifer
from
virtues,the
vices and
of the sacred
be formed
may
list
others, the
many
and
flattery
were
played their parts
of their construction
the
flowers,air,fire,and water, the
and
of the
the autos
In
sin, pleasure,grief,
grace,
beauty,love,the law, religious
rite,the
senses
Biblical characters,
or
allegorical.A
principally
are
author
de santos,
the Sacrament.
to
paganism,the Church,
synagogue,
the comedias
and
ceives
re-
of
the
SPANISH
I90
Salamanca, their proper
in
even
some
Calderdn
LITERATURE
of his time
faults
the
are
home.
and
The
of the
faults of
Spanish stage
exaggeratedsentiment,deficient
namely,culteratiisttio,
generally,
bined
study of character,and artificial complicationof detail comwith
of his
ill-considered
an
he been
Had
conceptions,he
lacks
he
cannot
or
with
ideas
be compared
profitably
the great Greek
a
and
evade
the
which,
him, he
is destined
purpose
when
to
this
For
of
means
of
purpose
drugs and
court, he
a
of
instincts of his
is
to
his
his
Spanish
theatre.
like
a
his
studies
astrological
suffer
is
at
is
wild
plan
hands.
his
the central
the
trulynoble
to the
pointof
his
his
disposition.
unconscious
On
the pomp
and
his second
now
By
and
to
unbridled
to
entire
an
the
fine
considers
that
mundo
Segis-
conveyed
persuade
up
splendour
his orders
awakening amid
surroundings,his guardian tries
by
waking
restraint,easilydefeats
unconscious
his
up, he determines
palace.
Basilio
to
taught
Relenting in
which, owing
brutality
justicedemands.
again rendered
have
haughtinessand
nature.
solitary
a
animal, attempts
is rendered
conveyed
trainingor
prison. On
The
in
Segismundo
alreadygrown
Segismundo
all that
ment
treat-
philosophical
up
immediately,by
moral
he has done
as
to
passion,givesproof of
lack
In
opportunityof givingproof of
an
findinghimself
and
the radical
of
account
son
Segismundo
allow him
carving;
Shakespeare or Goethe,
his
bringing him
evil
all his
is,in fact, extremely simple. Basilio,
king of Poland, by shuttingup
tower,
and
vague,
which
complication of plot (enredos)
feature of the
Sueno
es
with
masters.
great
the
avoids
Vida
La
ment
depart-
one
off its minute
on
tragedians,
of the
marked
so
his great
out
carry
cation.
publi-
separate his conceptionof subjectand
that
he
dramas
for
unequalled in
show
to
greater part
meant
profound but
are
clear-cut outiine
a
from
of
been
The
not
was
thoroughlyto
have
His
differences which
forms
able
would
of his art.
work
remembered,
be
it must
work,
generalscheme.
the
him
back
familiar
that
the
calderOn
merely the hallucinations
previousday were
Segismundo, comparing the vividness of his
the
experiencesof
of
dream.
a
impressionswith
present
concludes
that the
impressionsof
those
stamped
of life is but
waking
our
state
situation
His
sleep.
of
remain
that
those
that the whole
memory,
than
191
a
dream, and
not
are
givesrise
his
on
real
more
to the
following
:
soliloquy
"
^
Clotaldo.
.
.
aun
.
No
en
hacer
pierdeel
se
verdad
Es
Segismtntdo.
suenos
reprimamos
; pues
Esta
fiera condicion,
Esta
furia,esta
Por
si
si
Y
En
ambicion,
alguna vez
haremos,
mundo
sonamos
singular,
el vivir solo
Y
experienciame
el hombre
Que
Lo
este
ensena
vive sueila
que
dispertar.
el rey que
Con
soiiar ;
es
es, hasta
que
Suena
:
estamos
pues
tan
Que
la
bien.
es
rey, y vive
mandando,
engano
Disponiendo y gobernando
Y este aplauso que recibe
Prestado, en
el viento
Y
le convierte
La
I
cenizas
en
Que hay
Viendo
En
Que
'
'
Even
Clotaldo.
Segismundo.
this unbridled
and
"
for
dwell
we
fate teaches
in
"
me
dreams
and
governing :
the
on
ills :
come
"
"
wind,
"
"
;
and
en
let
lest
strange
men
at
"
lives
"
he
le ofrece ;
deeds
me
in vain.
not
are
restrain
"
this fierce temper
any time I dream
that living is but
"
thus
:
"
and
of
dream
dreaming
:
"
mine
I
shall,
my
their
own
The
lot, until they awake.
deceived, commanding,
ordaining
^ "
"
"
reduced
'Tis strange that men
should
long to
The
in the dream
of death ?
rich
"
?
riqueza
su
receives
straightwayis
reinar,
dispertar
livingdream
adulation
fiierte !):
la muerte
good
then
"
royalty,and
the
de
cuidados
"
so
arrogance
world
so
that all
of his
king
it
a
"
el rico
in dreams
It is true
ha
que
mas
escribe,
quien intente
el sueiio de
Sueila
1
(idesdicha
muerte
;
is his
only
for
a
time
; he
writes
to ashes
by death, the king of
reign, seeing that awakening will
"
"
man
dreams
of
riches
"
which
but
SPANISH
192
LITERATURE
el
Suena
Su miseria
Suena
el
Suena
el que
afana
Suena
el que
agraviay ofende,
Y
el
en
Todos
mundo,
Yo
que
sone
la vida ?
Una
frenesi ;
es
la vnda ?
Una
illusion,
los
his belief in the
and
in
suenos
leaders
of
place him
in
they,like
of the
the poor man
fortune smiles
one
"
driramingeach
dreamers
that
his m;ilicc wins
that
or
1
here
am
different fortune
What
good
is
is but
life?
Mn:ill
and
dreams
-and
An
him
on
success:
leads his party
obstacle
and
once
battle
to
stands
now
that
nosticatio
progin the
consciousness
is
generosity.
even
with
suffering,"of misery and poverty;
and struggles,
that he fights
another,
;
the world, in short, is all made
of
up
of
no
these
flatteringwas
illusion,
(di ;iIIlifi'is
a
;i
"
"
but
"
more
at
to
"
"
liis lot,
loaded
and
prison,
Segismundo's character,so suddenly
of
"
that
mate
legiti-
a
conscious
now
but his moral
revenge,
development
that
victoryfulfils the gloomy
with moderation
acts
is
the
by
longings are
He
astrologer.No
increase hiscnrcs;
dreams
his
by
from
he
not
restrain
to
is found
he
Ambitious
but dreams.
passionfor
aroused, and he
In the
for the future
deliver him
to
is
wrong
distinction between
says, the
Segismundo's breast,but
the rest,are
of his
rightand
of
this mood
In
throne.
againsthis father,and
way
son.
determines
He
come
the
on
awakened
sueRo,
es
revolution,who, having discovered
a
are
exists,
heir
pequeiio;
laws
dreams, he
passionateoutbursts.
his
es
sueno
eternal
exists.
bad
la vida
toda
ficcion,
una
bien
el mayor
Y
vi.
es
sombra,
Que
estado
otro
en
me
lisonjero
Una
Y
good
estoy aqui
que
prisiones
cargado.
Que
i Que
even
lo entiende.
Y
I
for
son
Destas
Mas
shaken,
conclusion
en
ninguno
sueno
pretende.
y
lo que
suenan
Aunque
Yet
pobre que padece
y su pobreza;
empieza,
que a medrar
shadow
(licimi,
knows
man
chains:-
a
so.
fiction, and
;iiiildriMiiis
"
once
is life?
-What
mine.
and
that it is
I dreamed
;in-
1ml
that
a
Delirium.
the
:i
I dream
greatest
ciiiMin."
CALDERON
brought about, many
have said,is a poet
the
For
merit.
links
193
missing,but Calderon,
are
rather than
of fine passages
we
of consistent
playshe depends
of his
success
as
interesting
on
of
opposing motives,and not on a subtle analysis
character. The dialogueof his playsis of the stiffand artificial
type prevalentat the Spanish court, and the poet realises his
situations
or
geniusonly when he can shake off the dramatist,launchingout
lose
tirades which
into inspiredmonologues or
fortunately
from
their commonplace
nothingof their beauty by separation
context.
Vida
In La
es
the sublime
Sueno
interference of the
is
Calder6n's
not
witticisms
of other authors his poor
a
of
peculiaruse
and
Greek
Chorus, he
of the
sentiment
the
close
as
plot,a
to
juxtaposition
Beside
that which
painfulin
the
the
fashion
so
shade
slightest
calls for the
the natural
most
ladies'-maid form
harsh,and
it is meant
to
degraded
in his
has
such
his
peculiarly
made
the
point of honour
of offence
againstthe
sanguinaryvengeance,
own
parody
that the
relieve,
This
not
than
eyes,
in
or
o
those
of
with
in order
the
own
jealousy
husband's
but in order that
reprisal,
nicetyas to the point of honour
for
a
again.
placed in
instinct of
character
earth
suddenlyto
the extreme.
gracioso,Calderon
rather with
of the
his
loftya flight,
of a peculiarkind.
passionof jealousy{celos)
is connected
makes
the type becomes
intrigueis taking too
caricature
main
effect is often
capa y espada
his
on
running commentary
often happens,the exaggerated
love affairs of the gracioso and
The
The
a
bringit somewhat
pleasantries
uncouth
the
furnishes
love
After
servant.
actions,and when,
master's
on
always his
is almost
character
abound, but Calderon
in his hands
and
tinual
con-
character,
graciosois the foil to the principal
The
invariable.
him,
de
the
by
This
In the drama
brought
are
wont,
buffoon.
graciosoor
creation.
own
grotesque
the author's
accordingto
together,
very close
and
love.
honour
to
satisfy
the husband's
may
world.
not
be
This
LITERATURE
SPANISH
194
undoubtedly corresponds to
characteristic
inclined
sympathiesin
our
much
too
when
us
its
he
tries
to
who, for the sake
in cold
blood, murder
the
assured.^
they are
innocence
of
of husbands
favour
peculiarly
plead jealousyas
can
in other respects, it is to be
this,as
noticed that many
of
characters,though theybear familiar-sounding
names,
Calderon's
habit of
The
allegories.
really
are
Spaniards are
that
and
deliberately,
of whose
In
crime
asks
Calderon
of appearances,
wives
character.
forgiveany
to
motive, but
enlist
national
the
in
feature
stronglymarked
a
the author's method
of the motives
in other
Of
departments.
generallydetermine
that
has reacted upon
writingautos
the
complexity
action he has but little
adoptsand exaggerates the ideas of religion,
morality,
honour, and loyaltyas they existed in his time,or had existed
notion ; he
during the
earlier
their Golden
regardas
to
periodwhich
Spaniardswere
placesthem
and
Age,
unmixed
stage. It follows,therefore,that in his characters
the
his
littlevariety,
singularly
brave,carryingout
heroes
the full the
to
are
committing crimes
of
a
code
there is
moral
of honour
law.
which,
Even
deep dye they remain
very
upon
generallypassionateand
narrow
had supplantedthe
courtlycircles,
in
alreadylearning
when
gentlemen
heart,that is to say, Spanish gentlemen of the sixteenth
at
seventeenth
centuries ; and
spiteof
incongruousenvironment
which
the
them.
so
and
the
caprice of
His
women
colourless
Estrcllas
seldom
represent
the
his residence
Calderdn
Alcalde
the
created
de Zalamea.
"
feature
act
of age
and
and
speak, in
country
to
occasionally
transplants
passionate,mere
the
distinguishes
and
Leonors.
abject; they, like
never
the
and
Isabels
types among
at
they
creator
weak
scarcelya
from
bad, and
their
are
that
such
as
or
which
puppets,
Rosauras
Yet
the
men,
Calderdn
moved
simple
character
they
are
probably
during
court.
one
The
fine
and
play and
Cf. the plot of El Midico
the
de
su
hero
Honra.
from
in
which
his
it
CALDERON
takes its
have
name
195
popular in Spain,for
remained
ever
held
circle,and
select
in it
before
the poet ceased
to
appeal to
his countrymen
at
largewhat
national
personifiedsturdy independence,unflinching
virtues
playswill be
the
the affections
when
are
personaland familyhonour, hospitality,
of
either
found
among
his characters ;
utmost
propriety,and
nature, which
wantingin
and
breaches
depended
upon
be strong
ones
Behind
inherent
in order
the code
the
wellnighreduce
of
to
worthy
throughout his
effect of
though
not
such
do
nor
This
blemishes,Calderon
of
the
they
is
incur
to
or
the
undoubtedly,in
such
to
method
the
he
series of
teaching as
poet;
crimes,
salvation,simply
It is easy
this among
always
In
remain
he
utterly
always preserved a
symbol.
its neighbours.
ever
and
has
a
been
to
of this is the
hideous
most
of
as
hero, after leadingan
has
rule
a
extremes
example
of resuscitation
will
to
seem
Church, the doctrines
absurdity. An
career
great Catholic
hiS|
the interest of his hearers.
pushes
has
bloodthirsty,
reckless of life than
rather, a
defrauded
to
for the sacred
reverence
his artless
honour, and supplementingit as
to
the
and the situations had
effect,
depraved life and committing a
found
finally
with
he
teaching of
them
villain
;
arouse
Cruz, in which
de la
because
be
to
of Calderdn's
defect
sometimes
Calderon
Devocibn
him
other characters.
the
a
generallyacts
sympathies by
our
more
or,
find
to
secular
crimes,murders, betrayalsof trust,!
situations for
life,stands
which
devil
abound,
hospitality
least,an
at
purposes,
regret in their perpetrators,
reprobationof
part
enlists
hideous
of
much
produce
the
even
moral
It is hard
frequentlyallows
But
just dues.
of Calderdn's
standards, most
modern
frequently,decidedly immoral.
the
be
to
loyalty.
Judged by
is
they conceived
he and
of consequences
involved,a high sense
of
up
"
recklessness
bravery,
and
a
to
imagine
people which,
somewhat
spiteof
stitious
super-
more
these obvious
great Christian, or
a
a
wide
sense
of
the
LITERATURE
SPANISH
196
beauty and
harmony
wisdom
the
He
birds had
with the rich
him
sentiment
did
been
lines that
the
been
already laid
situations
places in
which
existed
never
and
because
Spanish dramatist
the
that
time
his
among
Molina, and
the
requirements of
de
wrote
and
carelessly,
not, like
of
none
of his
to
made
believe
sonnets,
that
and
heard
but
bustle
of
few
the
plays,with
of his
us
the
then
they
save
But
amid
adapted
seem
will repay
the
closest
and
he
has
lyrics,
to
hurry
rather
be
and
for
perfectionof
attention,and
understanding.
himself
it is hard
meant
the
lived
shortseldom
their beautiful
elaboration
proper
the
which
of
form.
The
their
he
than
order to
acting.
for
for
To
even
de
harmony.
passages
different
slightly
times, and
stage.
pa.ssagcs
requireit
some
a
Tirso
possessed his
them
highlycomplicatedmetaphors,were
reading than
many
in
use
greatest
intended, Calderon
trouble,he frequentlyintroduces
before
signsof
adopted
Vega,
works, and
slovenly. In
world
Shakespeare,stand
de
of
the
departing
the
better
knew
they were
never
a
is the
Calderon
Castro
stage, but
for which
purpose
created
he is the greatest poet who
great number
the
spiteof
he
the
characters,
unparalleledin
decadence
a
the
attempted by
country, and,
and poeticsense
versatility,
imagination,
In
puts into
stock
to
contemporaries. Lope
Guillen
providing
for the hollow
He
are
or
hastened
of
merely followed
doing
so
form, but he does
dramatic
alone
in any
nature, he
he
down.
everywhere apparent.
were
for
moments.
thrilling
give freshness
experienceof everyday life. By
truth
if his love
he
most
Spanish drama,
and
from
blamed
excels,nor
the
at
even
to
as
he
which
exaggeratingthe type
such
be
not
in
on
representative
hair-splitting
sophistrywhich
had
these he
His
of
created for the purpose
imagery in
create
not
and
must
of his characters
mouths
He
and
God
perfectbelief
a
if he occasionally
artificial,
speaks as though
is somewhat
flowers and
universe,and
justiceof
and
earth, the Church.
nature
of the
A
in fact
noticeable
XVII
CHAPTER
OTHER
Observations
AGE
GOLDEN
Spanish Theatre
the
on
THE
OF
DRAMATISTS
of its
the Causes
and
Decay
Lope
widely known,
well
as
-
typical dramatists
entitled
to
Calderdn
and
Vega
de
of
rank
very
country, but
near
to
them.
neither
other
has
age
produced
latter half
the
sixteenth
seventeenth
century.
Their
standard
excellence
have
pieces;
of
the national
when
limited
degree
factitious.
stage has been
of the
dead, and modern
obscured
has
the
Calderdn
the
it
that
the last hundred
as
early half
and
is
no
Spain
of the
their uniform
fame
of individual
been
is
is
arouses
and
and
country
and
changed
of
French
corrupted,
revived, the
generallyhalf
fifty
years
; even
knowledge
among
of the
Spanish
huge
drama.
the
plays:
Spanish dramatists
for their models
the
too
and
be
the
Spanish
or
adaptations,
occupied chieflyby translations,
lighterkind
constitutes
other
are
to
are
even
numbers
very
of enthusiasm
During
nor
great classical dramas
the
of
one
taste
others
large a quantityof plays
so
of the
several
If authors
Lope
most
two
representativeand
most
greatest Spanish playwright. No
the
and
two
their
judged by single works,
in
the
as
deservedly the
are
tradition
is
look beyond the Pyrenees
scholars
mass
national
few
can
boast
of obsolete
Space
will not
an
quate
ade-
literature that
allow
more
OF
DRAMATISTS
than
the
brief mention
a
the Golden
of
play-writers
works
famous
of the most
Age who
of
199
few
some
of
from
distinguished
are
individual
notable
or
general body by specialqualities
the
AGE
GOLDEN
THE
works.
de
Guillen
Castro,
earlyproof of
gave
of the local
The
joined the
he
living;
fame,
literary
brought
him
in
The
Conde
him
de
became
of
one
notice ; he
enjoyed the protectionof
first look
at
and
army,
a
of the
great
some
Spain he
firstfrom
the Duke
when
he returned
of
of Olivares.
mentions
made
use
Osuna, and
In
positionput
at
the
age
livingwith
alienated
a
of the
men
received
from
age.
upon
of
government
afterwards
time,
that
pension,
a
the Count-
reputationstood
literary
the
great popularityof his dramas, and
of Guillen
spite of
de
Castro's
the
the
help
canonisation
in
organisingthe
of
San
advantages which
many
high ;
very
Isidro
in
birth and
within his grasp, he died
of
miserablyin dire poverty
gaining for some
years a scanty
after
sixty-six,
his pen.
His
harsh
and
all his friends ; that which
brilliant young
wreck
and, for
His
festivitiesthat celebrated
1620,
to
a
soon
position,
a
Benavente, viceroyof Naples, conferred
and
Lope
the Nodur-
captain of cavalry.
army,
kingdom,
Cervantes
member
literature for
to
left the
in the
Duke
1567, he
a
as
high
so
important appointment
an
a
of the best writers of his time.
some
not
unusual
into
became
club, known
poetasters'
did
in
Born
Vega.
talents,and
literary
or
Castro
family,was
noble
of
de
Lope
enrolled
were
De
young
his
academy
nos, in which
His
friend of
and
contemporary
Valencian
a
soldier and
the fortunes
had
of
man
of the worn-out
stubborn
character
been
letters
forgivento
was
hack
literary
had
the
suflficient to
of the Madrid
theatres.
As
a
dramatist,Guillen
steps of Lope de Vega.
de
Castro
It is not
followed
necessary
to
closelyin
suppose
the
that he
in view, but Lope was
always consciously
kept his great master
the acknowledged law-giver
in almost every branch of the drama,
SPANISH
200
and
impress of his individual
left the
had
each
on
LITERATURE
between
therebyrenderingthe drawing of parallels
his
successors
been
of
aware
their hands
Patriotic
could
decay
was
for
which
virtues of
an
becoming
every
day
received
with
hardier
earlier and
an
appreciatedbecause
who
blind
be
to
sure
ceased
they had
paid ready homage
to
the
readiest
of the
the
present
Guilldn
de
past, nobody
nobody
stage of the ballads which
of the
that
It is easy to
people.
have
must
with
El
or
their
conde
when
action,or, better still,
before
and
tradition,
but
ever
del
they aroused
that
*
names.
playson
two
Cid) owe
at
the time
they furnished
These
two
ballads
more
keenly aware
has
made
better
the
the
audience
the
occur
the
well-known
glamour
conde
the stage,
dramatic
of
well known
words
of their
less
to
plays of
to
familiar
But
Guill(^n
the Cid
the enthusiasm
for the
Guilliin de
popular
in the
production,than
groundwork
of the
ideal,appeared
youthfulexploitsof
their fame
in the
El
as
from
the national
the heroes
lips
teenth
seven-
Cid, the great champion
by
the
the
of the
such
thundered
all the
the
on
thrill of enthusiasm
verses
were
than
use
imagine
impressiveballad-measure.
and
stately
de Castro's
Moeedades
speaking
popularmind,
still lingeredon
of
representative
them, surrounded
those
days long past, had
in
his time
heightened by
effect
re-conquest, and
^
d'Irlos
less
Spanish power
was
well-known
when
the
and
practised,
of the
through a Spanish
run
century
Alarcos
at
more
applause.
not
were
the
its cravings to forget
satisfying
of
Castro, and
to
and
more
Of this bent of the
means
in the
be
to
to
strong, and
was
audience
age
who,
heroes
helped to layits foundation.
and
lay ready
rapturous
the dismemberment
beheld
helplessly
and
in the ballads.
exclusive kind
moment
a
was
that
treasure
traditions embodied
jealousand
a
himself
had long
Spanish play-writers
inexhaustible
the
feelingof
apparent
The
The
in the national
anything that
national
easy task.
an
genius,
Cid
Castro
to
of
{Las
which
the
fact
Corneille,
that
bear
their
exercised
through it
and
drama
of
are
firstof the
two
The
the young
Rodrigo
Lainez
at
is dubbed
a
youth and
the hands
of
son's
after the father's honour
fine
de Castro
to
used
haughty Count,
he
character
that
of
the
credit is due
most
of
offended
honour
Castro's
play,on
long
and
admire
the
he
of
has slain is
situations that
loved
the
of honour
with
all the
king to
do
report of
last wrung
power
and
her
justiceon
heart within
the
from
her.
beautyof
appeasing the
de
of Guillen
one
of
the
most
She
cannot
life of her
has
but
father.
broughtup, together
family,age,
her father.
great Corneille
this almost
policy,
filial affection,
the strict
that the confession
The
of
and
country.
her,and passionately
begs the
slayerof
Rodrigo'sdeath
daughter
imagined.
the
she has been
fierce instincts of her
she crushes
the
Rodrigo, and
cost
legend,the
matter
heroine
be
ranged her
which
under
has
the
justifies,
and
and
feud
the
of
this particular
In
the old
to
merely a
can
young
that
haughty spirit
code
him.
the Cid
The
an
Guillen
daughter
contrary, is placed in
are
Against these feelings
But
lady.
great
a
the
deeply
meeting
avenged,gave
the
to
According
stayinga dangerous
dramatic
thrilling
The
develops and
rather
romancero.
whom
means
account
is,however, for his
It
Jimena,
marriagearrangedby the king between
of the enemy
been
has
advantage.
departs from, or
tradition of the
anxietyon
forth.
set
geance
ven-
the father's
writingand manly sentiment,which
the best
the
of
treatment
insult suffered
and
high spirit
well
in which
Lozano, the
Conde
the
are
inexperience,
opportunityfor
into the
scene
The
knight.
in his valour,coupled with
confidence
of the two
with the
opens
by Rodrigo,the
exacted
not
writings,
frequentlyintroduced
themselves
dialogue.
of his
the
on
(see p. 49) closelyfollowed,
story of the ballads
but the ballads
by Diego
in their author's
elsewhere
plays,as
is the
stern
201
Europe.
In these
only
AGE
lastinginfluence
and
wide
a
GOLDEN
THE
OF
DRAMATISTS
It is only by the
of
saw
her
love is
at
clearlythe
unique situation,but
bound
SPANISH
202
the
by
rigidrules
submitted, he
of
"
unity
forced
was
into the space
"
of
of
carry with it the
to
The
of Bellido
is
be
to
drama
the
action
of his
natural,and
was
play
the revulsion
sudden
too
to
of the onlooker.
adapted rather
love
unhappy
each
of St. Lazarus
would
combined
is crowded
His
with personages
other
Two
of them
one
bears
playsof
dramatised
a
Ordonez
and
apparition
the
play;
version
Castro
Don
Curioso
do
de
by
del Cid
nothing to
called.
are
Manchegan
of El
than
the Mocedades
episodeswhich
an
gained
subjectrather
playon
de
Guillen
and
single drama,
a
subjectsfrom
the
but
day;
plotproperlyso
no
of
name
for
of his
and
Guillen
derive their
the
of Count
present
second
further its action ; it has
The
the
all in
them
of it.
treatment
for dramatic
probably be rejectedaltogetherby
the intrinsic merits
applauseby
no
Urraca, the treachery
Dona
of
furnish material
experienced playwright of
Castro
epic than
for
Dolfos, the gallantconduct
his sons, would
a
French
compress
violent
sympathy
and
situation,
treatment.
is
the
latter part of the traditional story of the Cid offered
The
his
which
to
twenty-fourhours, thus making
Jimena'sfeelingtoo
such
LITERATURE
less well known.
Quixote.
Of these,
knight, the
second
Impertinente(Misplaced
an
episodicalstory of no great value introduced
Suspicions),
Don
Quixote on the stage speaks
by Cervantes into his book.
and
acts
in his
to
in
conformitywith
exact
History,but
minor
characters,such
the result is
and
the dramatist
was
Cardenio
worthless,save
versification that
correct
as
that which
forced
and
for the
is related of him
have
to
recourse
Dorotea, for his plot,
dialogue and
sprightly
distinguishedall
the
works
of
its
author.
Like
upon
of his
most
the Bible and
plays.
His
most
Bdrbara, in which
the saint whose
Guillen
contemporaries,
de
the Lives of the Saints for
Castro
drew
for
subjects
his
successful effort in this direction is his Sa7itn
he introduces
unshaken
the devil in person,
constancy when
tempting
martyrdom
suffering
with
ingenuityand
even
modern
of the dramatists
be
master, who
of Tirso
that he
Alcala.
of
he concealed
his
is usual
on
the
the seventeenth
The
that
de
Vega
Dinero
failed
been
es
to
Don
Seville.
at
the
world,
the
in his
youth
it was
ecclesiastic that
an
looser
collection
character
about
died
He
The
gloomy
de Molina
than
middle
the
of
of
(Money
horror
from
on
events
maketh
of the
play entitled
and
subject,
probablyhave
in character
and
present century, Tirso de Molina's
as
Moliere
Zorilla
play El
El
Man), but Lope
the distinction of
Byron, Mozart,
real
genius of Lope
all-embracing
it would
widelydifferent
in the past, and
much
of
known,
and
life,
parts of the story into the
forgotten. Quite apart
artists so
late in
Juan is probablyfounded
quien hace Hombre
for Tirso
of the
plays under
publishingthe
a
his
century.
introduced
catch
of
Spanish stage.
legend of
happened
of the
creation
studied
and
positionas
when
are
the
his Xxio.little is
somewhat
name
of which
Madrid,
his
regard to
of
number
Of
Molina.
orders
his real
plays,many
internal
that
hteraryproperty
publisheda
de
took
He
the
native of
a
was
probablyout
Lope
Castro, owes
chieflyto
country
own
has become
Tellez, who
de
who, like Guillen
his
which
pseudonym
those of
to
discipleand
the
of
cloak
"
his contemporary.
reputationoutside
is Gabriel
work
general
His
by
impossibleto distinguish
the
dramatist
character
the
from
Vega's school.
de
Lope
almost
was
Another
him
distinguish
to
similar in character
so
are
between
evidence
at
of
"
plays
sword
save
pleasingto
Cid, there is little
del
the Mocedades
de Castro's work
that it would
a
that
manner
as
exceptionof
the
in Guillen
rf
play,as elsewhere,
taste.
With
body
this
In
203
friends,
together
her
in a
of divine,
symbolical
make
delicate handUng cannot
love is treated
human
and
lover
the faith.
signaltriumph for
a
and
of her
the conversion
secured
AGE
GOLDEN
THE
OF
DRAMATISTS
had
been
it not
speedily
having inspired
and
Corneille
(seep. 259) in
Burlador
the
de Sevilla
SPANISH
204
(The
Mocker
LITERATURE
is of
Seville)
of
and
regards general plan
as
the
highestorder
execution.
Juan been
of Don
interest lies in the
powerfulappeal that
of
complex feelings
most
unwillingadmiration
which
those in whom
from
even
human
that not
in
of
is
Courage
the
promptings of
the
and
ordinarypassionsof mankind,
and
its way.
those who
to
outline
afterwards
abuses
the confidence
him
for her
lover,the Duke
Don
Juan
his
is
captured;
The
next
scene
Don
Juan,
his
return
and
is entertained
by
who
in
on
turn
scene
of
of the
with
Cionzalo
dc Ulloa.
Ana,
than
the
it
which
so
An
show
alarm
strous
mon-
that the
Hut
Don
further
Don
mistakes
is raised and
to
by
escape
pieceof treachery.
abandons
of
the coast,
named
Tisbea,
her,and,
Comendador
the
Juan'sfather
shall be
indebted
on
king has arranged a marriage
daughter
with
what
he has surrendered
daughter
He
to
in the dark
Spain,is shipwrecked on
the
that he
a
fisherman's
a
of his son's conduct
demands
the face of
story are
is,however, allowed
to
a
here
Naples, where
in
Isabel,who
Octavio.
he
on
the brain of Gabriel
play will
opens
his victim.
becomes
for him
and
reliance
reflect that
to
from
use
introduces
arrivingat Seville,finds
heard
inconceivable.
daring in
uncle,the Spanishambassador, to whom
himself.
element
of
gratification
the
of
made
The
the
of Soria.
convent
Tellez for its form.
Juan
the
to
creation sprang
powerfula
followingbrief
extent
be
cool
It is strange
Tellez,the priorof the
The
the human
supported by nothing stronger
terrors,
wins
ruthlessly
aroused
good conscience,but
a
unparalleled
spectacleof
superhuman
compels
virtue alone, and
usuallyrepresentedas springingfrom
cause
have
we
in vice
one
it, would
without
which,
Its
shrinkingand
has
villainy
repugnance;
the
of the
to some
the
its very boldness
highestorder,contributes
character
a
good
the
has
portrayed.
it makes
nature, and
its atrocious
strongest reprobationand
Nowhere
better
strange character
merit, both
of
regard to
Don
has
in the meantime
the
unhappy Isabel,
compelled
to
marry
the
lady
SPANISH
2o6
Don
LITERATURE
El
Gonzalo.
muerto
No
Don
te
no
soy,
entendi
La
cumplieras
que
palabra,segiinhaces
De
todos
burla.
En
Gonzalo.
Don
opinion de cobarde ?
huiste
que aquellanoche
Si
Juan.
De
mi,
Hui
de
Mas
Gonzalo.
Don
presto lo que
cenar
Valiente
quieres.
me
.
.
estas.
Tengo brio
coraz6n
Y
las
en
carnes.
Si^ntate.
Gonzalo.
Don
i Donde
Juan.
?
CatalMn.
i No
Gonzalo.
Don
ya dos
comes
Si
dieres
me
Cuantos
Gonzalo.
Don
D.
G.
I
the
am
D.
J.
D.
G.
D.
J.
what
take
Yea
; for
I
fled
G.
D.
J. lA-t
us
D.
G.
Thou
D.
J.
I have
D.
G.
Bo
D.
J.
C.
Two
D.
G.
fear
with
I would
D.
have
.
tiene.
quieroque te canten.
beben
aqui ?
hold
coward
a
when
night
of
afraid.
not
thou
being
think
not
tliou wouldst
promises.
?
didst
thou
known
I did
"
; but
thou
slay me
now
we
are
didst flee,
met,
say
quickly
me,
thee
to
sup
with
me.
then.
sup
art
for
me
the
on
for
wouldst
thou
be
man,
lightlydost
so
thou
.
Pruebalo.
dead
Dost
Qu^
l
Gonzalo.
fulfilthy promise,
vino
.
Corner^,
aspid,aspides
el infierno
Tambien
Catalindn.
pages
negros
?
tu
Juan.
Don
sillas
Con
Vienen
Don
;
convidarte
Juan.
Don
;
tienes delante
me
.
Gonzalo.
Don
conocido
ser
Quiero a
mataste.
me
Cenemos
Juan.
Don
cuando
ya
Di
Don
tienes
i Me
Juan.
Don
espantes.
me
a
bold
courage
man,
and
a
good
heart within
me.
seated,
Where?
sable
Dost
D.
J. If thuu
D.
(}.
1 would
C.
What
D.
G.
wine
Taste
pages
thou
not
wilt
do
cat
give
have
it.
approach
with
chairs,
?
mc
adders
music,
they drink
here?
I will eat
as
many
as
hell cloth hold.
DRAMATISTS
OF
Catalindn,
GOLDEN
Hiel y
este vino.
Es
Don
THE
Gonzalo.
Cantan
Exprimen
nuestros
Adviertan
los que
207
vinagre
Este
dentro.
AGE
vino
lagares.
de
Dios
Juzgan los castigosgrandes
Que no hay plazo que no Uegue
Ni deuda
Don
he
Ya
Juan.
La
Don
cenado
se
haz
:
Dame
No
la
temas
i Eso
Juan.
pague.
levanten
que
mesa.
Gonzalo.
Don
no
que
esa
mano
darme.
mano
dices ? " Yo
?
temor
(leda la mano)
i
Que
Con
Don
tu
el
i ay, que
De
C.
This
G.
Voices
wine
the
D.
J.
I have
D.
G.
Give
D.
/.
burning
tu
as
our
future
importa,que
Tu
intento.
Bum
at
near
Let
supped.
hand.
thy
sayest
me
not
canso
en
vano
ya
antes
pusiste
vinegar.
give.
presses
all who
warning
is
aprietes.
me
matarte.
enganos
No
here
What
!
galland
singing. Take
that
"
is
'Tis such
No
golpes al aire !
hijano ofendi ;
vio mis
Que
Gonzalo.
me
tal pague.
tirar
A
"
poco
de Dios
justicia
es
Mas
Don
fli^oque
es
buscaste.
Quien tal hizo que
abraso
!
\ Que me
Con
la daga he de
Juan.
abrases
me
fuego.
Esto
Esta
Don
No
!
Gonzalo.
Para
D.
abraso
me
thou?
with
hand
the
"
table
Fear
not
"
and
be
to
I, afraid?
thy fire.
comparison
reflect
God's
on
all debts
must
be
great
ments
chastise-
paid.
cleared.
give
me
(Gives
thy hand.
him
his
hand.)
I
am
of the fire that thou
nothing in
hast incurred.
sins, so is he punished.
justice,as a man
With
D. J. I am
not.
burning ! Stifle me
dagger I will slay thee.
my
I
in
thrusts
the air !
I did thy daughter no
Alas,
on
struggle
vain, showering
not deceived
by my wiles.
; she was
wrong
clear.
D. G. It matters
was
not, for thy purpose
D.
Such
G.
It
is God's
is
SPANISH
2o8
Don
LITERATURE
Deja
Juan.
Quien
Don
hay lugar,ya acuerdas tarde.
! [ Que me
abraso
\ Que me
quemo
Esta es justicia
de Dios
Quien tal hizo que tal pague.
Juan.
Don
me
No
Gonzalo.
Don
llame
que
confiese y absuelva.
Gonzalo.
!
{hiindense,)
consideration
The
noble
familyof
tradition
Tenorio
that
de
dead
attention
from
idea than
could
the man,
and
the hideous
punishment
subjectsfor
his
taste
of the
the
of
into
audience
that
Verdes
(Don
conceived
they undergo, that
rare
fortunately
theme
main
D.
J,
\jc\
D.
G.
It cannot
D.
J.
I
O.
G,
Such
IDC
is the
comic
stylehe
wrote
Breeches),
call
a
confessor
to
l)c,thy purpose
burning
is (tod's
characters
a
type
age.
So
and
the
extremelydifficultto
throughout.
has
as
on
of the
characters
it is
more
even
its author's
the
with
him.
de Molina
in
are
many
lighterplays are,
; his female
am
so
of the action
follow the thread
one
distinct
of
iniquity
Gil of the Green
transformations
low
many
off the
more
utter
In this latter
plot,and
love,the
draws
adopt lightand
to
so
thorough sympathy
of Tirso
intricate is the
of
of the
overtakes
finally
led him
play of intrigueas
licentiousness
of
thoroughlypopularplaysin Spain,and
most
Molina's
somewhat
produced
had
imaginative and
introduction
of his dramas.
most
Gil de las Calzas
one
be
the hands
play from
a
his
statue
he
daughter
of
play
of the
the
by
but it givesa
interest,
otherwise
bringsthe
as
surprising,
Don
successive
main
the
hard
Ulloa, whose
Juan's victims undoubtedly
of Don
Such
The
power.
his
libertine member
a
a
wronged, justifies
lofty estimate
dramatic
built up
Molina
found
was
Comendador
the
of
bare
the
merely on
de
that Tirso
the
shrive
said,defaced
Spanish stage.
comedia
are
comes
been
de
His
by
ideal
is a
capa y es/"ada,
rather loose than
passionate
;
me.
too
a
late.
! I
am
scorchingI
sins, so is he |)uni^lic(l.
as a man
justice,
(TAey sink into the earth. )
"
DRAMATISTS
strict rules of the
the
-weightwith
THE
OF
GOLDEN
AGE
of honour
have
Spanish code
his libertine heroes.
His
and
-correct
free
to
Palacio
side
deeplyreligious
and
grave
represented in Molina's
fiado (The Doubter
with Calderdn's
his end
a
in
his
revealed
holy life and
conduct
towards
made
by
draws
nigh.
witness
the
devil,makes
dies
He
devil's
glory. Truly
a
strikinginterview
in the
stillhardened, Paulo
death
celebrated
both
is
collections
of which
great
won
on
in
rales)
which
in
scene
the
go
to
of
the
on
his dutiful
when
reappears
his end
to
bear
being already
which
has
he
if he will
guised
Paulo, dis-
condemned
finally
repent.
to
After
a
prison,findingthat Enrico's heart is
for fear
be
de
that, by puttinghim
condemning
Molina
celebrity.The
are
himself.
publishedtwo
short stories after the Italian
Toledo,describes the festivitiesthat
the occasion
dies
and
is false,Enrico
works, Tirso
of
Enrico
but
damned,
releases him
his dramatic
to
dons
Paulo, in despair,aban-
while stillimpenitent,
he may
Besides
known
that of Enrico,
as
bandit.
is the
discover
to
that
Paulo, trustingto the promise
promise
dramatic
prays
makes
same
hermit, visits Enrico,whom
death, in order
to
devil
A
lightof repentance
and
comparison
holy hermit, named
liis final repentance
his father.
that the
as
by
por descon-
salvation,and
criminal.
a
Spanish character
will bear
A
will be the
becomes
but is saved
scaffold,
in
Vergonzoso en
condenado
play that
a
him.
to
libertine and
well-known
El
by
ultimate
his
to
as
that his end
dream
a
of the
dramas.
philosophical
be
may
works
Damned),
Paulo, has doubts
him
his defects, is the
from
extent
merits,while
(Shamefaceat Court).
The
is
great
a
his versification
illustrates his
play that
A
are
ledge
natural; his know-
language is remarkable,and
flowing.
but little
characters,however,
his dialogue is brightand
.reallylife-like;
of his native
209
fashion,
the Cigarrales
de
first,
supposed to
take
place,
wedding, at certain country houses {cigarThe stories and verses
neighbourhood of Toledo.
make
a
up
the
book
are
told
by
the
guests who
SPANISH
attend
the
various
language of
the
is
for the
by
second
adopts a
and
severe
moral
Europe earlyin
began
and
of
took
place
work, Alarcdn
his
of
his
even
the
work
other
study
dramatis
by
to
of
on
.solely
a
the
the
nobleman
He
His
of
plays
the time
the
of his
excellence
any
by
well
wide
several
to
theatre
;
wrote
perfect
more
vary
the
stock
generallyrelied
complicationsof plot; mojt
lesson
to
that of the
from
a
by
Alarcdn's
known.
something
up
Quevedo
attempted
Spanish
held
were
distinguishit
direct moral
most
employment
enjoyed
lines which
are
at
Commissioner
spiteof
have
to
over
probably prompted
were
did
a
was
studied
he
great bitterness
with
that
Mexico,
Coming
named
was
In
never
his time.
personae^ whereas
A. Morel-Fatio
native of
a
enjoyed until
hunchback
of
plays,too, contain
; he
scurrilous
character, and
for its interest
author
of the
find suitable
1639.
whom
specialfeatures
dramatists
of
mouth
physical deformities
and
unfortunate
has
in
attacked
was
ridicule ; the harsh
on
ecclesiastic,
the
century.
to
he
seems
rivals,some
jealousy;
Profit)Molina
cultivate literature.
to
office which
Indies, an
popularity.He
direction.
same
to
the household
brought him speedilyinto notice
of his
the
legaleducation,
attempt
an
country, entered
death, which
the
Mendoza,
y
life to finish his
Spanish court
for the
in
the
be said
cannot
same
well suited
of the sixteenth
Salamanca, and, after
the
The
and
good,
are
the
plays.
the end
in his native
one.
strangelyin
Juan Ruiz de Alarcon
about
produced ; but
they were
author
artificial taste
the
by
hand,
tone
of connecting
of Boccaccio,
Aprovechando (Pleasurewith
of certain of his
born
method
same
of the
sounding somewhat
but
dull
a
attempt
his Deleitar
In
the
by
means
no
marked
are
successive
on
the influence
in which
time
like all those
which,
This
rejoicings..
stories themselves
and
houses
stories shows
detached
the
verses,
the
own
of the
scene
and
book
and
wedding
the
days,are
LITERATURE
lie is
serious and observant
of his
.
justlystyled
of
Spanish
successful
play is La
to which
Distrusted),
Corneille
His
poets.
Truth
exercised
an
influence
to
that which
period, similar
exercised
pieceis
embodied
lo cierto
se
hace
by
he tells her
In
the
arranged to
reallyhis
which
him
marry
of the fact that
is
his
meanwhile
the
thinks
he
his father has
lady whom
anxious
Jacinta,and
beloved
distasteful
be
would
created
Don
Garcia
has
father and
Garcia
his
in
coming
from
son
letters,
imaginingthem
the liar is
while
obligedto
to
by
worse
mistake
a
the
he does
This
to
and
character-drawing.The
good deal of
of Don
Garcia
truth,he
Of
most
'which
the
scenes
is disbelieved
best of their kind
"
Alarcdn's
famous
turns
in the
other
is El
on
quantityof amusing
extricate himself
to
ingenious
;
most
careful
and
in
his
from
which,
treated
a
to
are
liar,
not
love,
incidents
attempts
confess
the
among
the
Spanish theatre.
plays,more
than
twenty in number, the
of
Tejedorde Segovia (The Weaver
the
Finally
entanglements are
driven
as
answers
somewhat
intricate plot givesoccasion
a
of
name
herself.
to
Lucrecia,whom
a
that
only prevents
not
the wife of his rival.
Jacinta becomes
confusion
but entangles
understanding,
an
be addressed
to
marry
Garcia
Don
The
man.
marriage
a
Lucrecia,who receives and
with
engagement
an
him,
mistake
This
friends.
Ignorant
selected for him
to
Jacinta
attributing
made,
of her
Lucrecia,one.
made
and
is sustained
knowledge,
avoid
to
to
pretends that he is alreadya married
thus
his
position.
his affections.
lady of
the
to
Jacinta,
his
and
has, without
father
with
love
himself
about
series of untruths
a
Salamanca, is cursed
of
lying. Fallingin
inveterate habit of
an
the liar the truth is held
Garcia, a student
falsehood).Don
as
the
boca del mentiroso
en
"
(on the lipsof
diidoso
Castro
de
running through
Spanish proverb
in the
which
its best
at
Guillen
of
idea
indebted
Menteur, and
comedy
Cid
main
The
tragedy.
on
the
himself
owned
French
on
211
Sospechosa(The
Verdad
of his
characters
plotand principal
for the
thus
most
AGE
GOLDEN
THE
OF
DRAMATISTS
popular Spanish
theme
of
Segovia),
unswerving
LITERATURE
SPANISH
loyaltytried by
author's
sober
work, it displaystrue
One
of the
el Desden
con
central
same
The
Born
at
most
brilliant
de
period when
the
and
wrote
all his
religiousfeelingthat
became
character
became
forms
so
of
a
left his
fortune,and
Diana, the
daughter of
the Count
talent, she
win
lady,conceals
the
makes
coolness,Diana
*
are
in order
she
Two
soon
plays nrc
supposed to be
writers.
Desden
Count
his
determines
to
bring him
begins to
attributed
contained
number,
somewhat
before
gloomy
of the
Spanish
declining years
he
;
Gifted
of
views
in
Desden, is the
with great
beauty
marriage.
to
similar
her
her
it,and
to
In
own
on
marshals
this
him, and
to
ence,
indiffer-
womanly pride by
her feet.
heart
to
his
hand.
determined
affected
an
Her
to
suitors for her
Urgel who,
conquer
to
death.
prejudice,summons
are
he
them
To
el
con
dislike
lose her
to
in
feature
passion under
professionof
to
king^himself
after
burying-place
her
subject of marriage. Piqued
game
their
neighbouring princeswho
comes
its
brotherhood, and passed the
rooted
a
overcome
them
and
El
Madrid.
Universityof Alcald,
his
of Barcelona.
Among
the
a
worked
reached
service of the poor.
of
shows
father,thinking to
the
marked
he shared
heroine
the
even
strong and
charitable
latter part of his life in the
charms
was
Spanish
of
had
hundred
a
all-powerfulin
member
a
than
The
drama
the
at
native
a
when
studied
age.
was
Spanish
plays,more
middle
reached
the
vastlybetter
but
Vega,
development, and
playwright,Moreto
a
court
than
Pride),
turning
(Prideconquers
author, Augustin Moreto,
the
was
and
finish
idea,as Milagros del Desprecio(Contempt
Wonders) by Lope
out.
he
instinct,careful and
dramatic
deservedlypopular plays of
most
stage is El Desden
works
its
of
rest
his time.
at
the
the
considerablymore
versification,and
usual
on
greatest injustice. Like
the
the
his
all her
dangerous
he
is
not
hand,
Felipe IV., and others, by the same
the large number
of those by anonymous
among
LITERATURE
SPANISH
214
considerable
A
Perez
his education
early attained
Church
his
was
and
died
he
in
time.
and
were
the
seas
a
;
assigned him
obligationsof
of
Lope,
never
went
even
far
so
a
and
to
fashion
which
book
as
trouble
to
stories
evidentlyhad
Peralta called his Para
former
ones.
to
try
arc,
and
his
been
ing
preserv-
written
Tirso
de
who
imitators,
los
a
the
after
Molina,
writingthem.
Mati'as de
is
by pedantry
looselyconnected,
by
by
takings.
underliterary
instances
Toledo
to
work,
(Everybody's Book)
many
was
Quevedo.
;
they adopted
plagiarism
of stories Para
short
attached.
worth
in his
he
pension
was
was
had
in view when
slightmodification.
his collection
stories which
are
literary
he
were
author
name
that it produced
their
conceal
titlewith but
encouraged
todos
Cigarralesde
the
successful
so
of
in which
whom
to
whom
helped him
Para
The
Montalvdn
was
have
spoiltin
brightstories,
affectation.
same
his
in the
considerable
say that all that
to
as
Montalvan's
collection of
his
age
during his
religiousnature
a
published in
is known
who
the
by
the
at
esteem
Peruvian,
the
ridiculing
of
weary
books
the
1638,
The
had, however, enemies, chief among
These
Like
checked
not
he
entered
even
great ; his reputation,
personallyunknown,
He
letters,Montalvan
the
at
crossed
certain
scholar,
a
taking a conspicuous part
very
lifetime,had
and
furnish,
;
already produced nearlyfiftyplays,besides
common
held
which
when
royallibrarian
could
literaryactivitywas
had
writingnovels
was
time,
own
treasure, is
to
cares
reputationas
of
men
ecclesiastical duties ;
tournaments
his
of
of the
son
the best that his age
Spanish
he
thirty-six,
the
was
considerable
a
but
;
after age
an
Montalvan
was
other
world
literary
Montalvan, the intimate friend and biographerof
de
Lope de Vega.
many
the
he has left littlethat
though
Juan
figurein
The
took
even
no
the
Reyes called
algitnos(Some People'sBook) ;
was
(One'sOwn Book). Montalvdn
again,and afterwards publishedeightmore
in
some
si
degree,free
from
the
faults of the
DRAMATISTS
As
dramatist
a
merit,but his
is said
created
Both
and
a
fortune.
and
lady'sfamilyon
After
pines for
who
to
upon
when
his way
to
a
long
others,was
was
the
on
are
story
was
followed, in 1635, by
de
of Tirso
de Molina.
play in
his own,
improvingupon
add
centuries
to
events
nearer
present century this
the
interest
to
his
"
moment
Making
of
for
first
The
m
also
named
1581. In
embracing
same
made
use
to
161
6,
many
Salas.
This
name,
from
of Molina's
work,
predecessor's
and
story by bringingit several
connecting it with
reign of
legend
lady
worked
dramatist
by Yagiie de
the
and
in the
absence
lady,who
The
feet.
Teruel
Montalvan
his time
that occurred
justat
play,bearingthe
the pen
endeavouringto
been
his
object,
the
to
has
inferior
an
Valencia
a
long
together.
but
subject,
same
publishedat
her
the
seek
to
celebrated.
being
buried
his Amatites
the
out
his
made
before
marry
she
arrives
at
means.
promises
sets
was
him, expiresbefore the day
to
two
suitor
the
of himself
He
rival is
a
faithful
been
wrote
poem
of the
during
news
any
he falls dead
the
of
Artieda,who
with
room
funeral,and
use
passionwas
last attains his
absence, and
in his
wedding
throughout has
make
send
to
at
But
for home.
him
her
follows.
to
of years, the lover
believe that he is dead.
her
as
the
compelled
he
legend
of his scanty
lady,and
adventures
many
unable
been
be
not
The
It is
but
account
of his
certain number
starts
gleefully
he has
his
shall
their
description
;
tender
that she
lapseof
and
fate
whose
lovers
two
sepulchre
a
popular mind.
the
town,
the constancy
Relying on
him
of the
most
the
by
of
undoubtedly of earlydate.
natives
were
refused
to
is
them
deepest
bones
the
deep impressionon
a
of
told
hold
to
Spanish
of
Aragdn is shown
in
of Teruel
In the town
authors.
stock-in-trade
the
of
of
account
on
has for several centuries
story which
a
important part
an
which
of
notice
215
second-rate
rise above
not
deserves
de Teruel
Amantes
its graceful
treatment
formed
does
Montalvan
AGE
GOLDEN
THE
OF
Charles
legend
it
V.
must
well-known
During
be
the
called,in
spite of
the
novel
authors
de
of Toledo
received
in
be
may
at
was
;
we
a
slightmerit.
in the
numbers
These
himself
undoubtedly written by him,
of
dramatic
authors
booksellers
that
to
ascribed
some
are
authentic
ones
but such
gone
Of
his
dozen
of
Rojas
of but
autos
of his works
prising
com-
the carelessness
was
in
what
such
un-
public,
works
contemporaries,
his own,
whilst
swell the
to
they
the
the indifference of the
not
certainly
has
Santiago,
others,published separately,
others of his
many
which
and
soldier ;
a
collection
merely ephemeral productions,and
of
scrupulousness
was
of which
literary
property
to
as
a
also
He
of
a
some
volumes
published only two
Rojas,as
and
merely approximate, for
are
are
of
of
ledge,
acknow-
favour.
judge by
and
"
order
court
compositionof
twenty-fourplays. Many
are
a
merits
to
his life
the
of
to
with other dramatists
collaborated
to
the hand
contemporary
a
sign of
enabled
are
"
considered
an
plot for
a
latter from
period of
one
as
interpreted
fifty
plays
Rojas
Rojas,
1644 the mantle
abilities
literary
about
furnish
Of his life very littleis known.
imitator of Calderon.
which
to
it
give
to
ready to perceivethan
more
were
Francisco
was
and
play,the
order
whose
originalSpanish play^vright,
and
witty
native
made
in
the Academician.
Hartzenbusch
French
been
has
"
also for another
and
A
manufactured
evidence
historical character
a
LITERATURE
SPANISH
2i6
credit
the
of his
account
rivals.
The
a
two
celebrated
most
The
melodrama.
Ju^o
Dona
playsof Rojas
former
is entitled
are
Entre
Bobos
Sport). The
(The Simpletons'
argument
Isabel
will
is affianced
Cigarral. She
somewhat
does
againsther
not,
however, confine
commonplace
betrothed, but
admirer,Don
Luis, and
reallyloves
attractive cousin
of the uncouth
the precept
fully
of the
Don
Don
to
her
comedy
a
is
anda
Lucas
attentions
encourages
Pedro, the
el
follows.
as
Don
and
to
del
her
another
poor
and
I^ucas,thus carryingout
popularcopla
"
DRAMATISTS
OF
^
La
nina
No
es
Si
Pedro
his
of
has
cousin
assembled
for Don
Pedro,
in order
to
marked
encendida.
is
aroused, and
Meantime
has
Lucas
that he should
Lucas
very
been
his cousin
the
Don
Pedro,
his
his claim
not
from
truth
the
and
obliged
now
Isabel
partiesensues.
of
Don
her.
This
Don
Don
Luis
of
marries
time
to
Pedro,
demands
Alfonsa, he
leaves
Don
suit,and, thinking
upon
in favour
the
meant
jealousyof
he
affections,
abandon
in
are
him.
The
Don
arranged by
Lucas, is
Don
pushing
Isabel's
wiselydoes, but
learned
is
explanationbetween
gained
party is
whole
favours which
Alfonsa.
to
Luis has
Don
The
Lucas.
lady mistakes
the
for whom
an
Alfonsa, the sister
Luis, searching for Isabel
attentions
pay
having
le apaga
allaythe suspicionsof
to
that he
advertida,
enjoys the
and
217
dos
nightlyinterview
Don
Alfonsa
AGE
affections of
the
A
Isabel.
dark, meets
queda
won
inn.
an
se
rival, Don
and
at
with
Pedro
also
sino
vela
le
GOLDEN
quierea
que
tonta
una
Otra
Don
THE
and
for,
;
Isabel
to
poverty the
charge of avenging his injuredfeelings.
above-mentioned
The
but the
abajoNingtino(None
dramatic
is the celebrated
melodrama
King alone).
this play deserves
faults,
brings into play
argument
in the
In
its wide
strongest
honour
obligationof unswerving
and
loyaltyto
the
the
strive for the
result could
play
was
king.
In
fail to
not
intended.
be
To
somewhat
piece,Garcia
^
goes
'
'
out
The
strained
del
lady who
another
a
and
acceptableto
who
those
have
not
Spanish stage, both
and
unnatural.
Castaiiar,lives retired from
has
two
lovers is wise
"
is stillalight.
rather
than
two
exaggerated
feelings
two
and
the
for whom
been
the
brought
sentiments
The
The
personal
typicallySpanish mind,
those
up in the traditions of the
seem
of
sense
the present instance these
of
mastery
the
"
many
the
manner
the
theatre
spiteof
Rey
popularity.
rulingpassionsof
Spanish
Del
hero
the
foolish
:
must
of
court
if
one
the
by
flame
2i8
LITERATURE
SPANISH
of
reason
which
unjust suspicionunder
an
By the munificence
contribution
of his
is called
XI,
his assumed
under
himself
and
Garcia
is informed
but mistakes
of his
his host's
Don
Garcia
such
an
while
penaltyis
the
outrage
sacred, and
attempting
his
to
the
her murder
on
His
injured honour.
Thither
court.
learns
slayinghis
pardoned by
opinion that
None
in
forgiveness
The
were
but
a
during
the
merit.
Even
the
the
by
best
Calderdn
years is
dramatic
period
with
a
high
a
course,
in
the
look
for
only representeda
an
be
expected
The
and
fertility
inventiveness
a
the
they had
the drama
that owed
period of
few
audience,
not
during
of
order
Lope, could
limits which
masterpieces.Many
plays of
and
authors
success
rightto
continual; moreover
was
scarcelyany department of
attain
is,of
He
has any
were
unparalleled. In spiteof
conventional
not
alone
successful
most
tolerate inferior work.
Spanish
King
by
of honour
naturallyconcurs
very
he
clear, and
now
Spanish dramatists might be indefinitely
of all those who
made
supplied the
times,so that the demand
educated
is
course
ately
immedi-
and
her
escape
case.
mention
stage
follows
royalante-chamber.
king, who
notice of
above
extended
such
For
king'sperson
the
design is frustrated by her
His
in the
the
surprisedby
apartment.
the precept of the stage code
out
enemy
Don
the sacrifice demanded
as
Garcia
Don
his mistake.
carries
faithfully
death ; but
king.
Garcia, though persuaded of his wife's
Don
innocence,determines
by
her
enter
to
is
Don
hospitably,
him
wife,and
of
disguise
to
for the
Mendo,
a
man
noble-
subject.
generous
intention,and receives
suit,Don
of the
one
wealthy and
falls in love with
Mendo
is
visit his
to
king determines
the
name,
of
expenses
Failingto recognisethe
him.
to
the
to
Moors, the attention
forthcoming expeditionagainst the
Alfonso
his father has fallen.
one
somewhat
of the
hundred
narrow
and
fixed for their art, there
in which
nothing to
of the stock characters
to
is
Spaniards did
imitation
and most
of
foreign
ingenious
DRAMATISTS
plotsof
the French
writers
of
whom,
time, seem
of
be
can
Spanish origin,
by
AGE
Englishstage, which
and
wearing-down process
GOLDEN
THE
OF
traced
historically
mark
no
of their
the great
to
limits of space,
of the
reason
through the
now,
bear
to
219
body
few
so
of
are
here named.
From
the time
of
in the
form
playwrightsfollowed
the
development
much
from
every branch
such
won
seemed
if
as
no
Goethe
the human
of
and
heart and
few
grandlyconceived
one
or
respect, they
discuss the great
nothing
but
others.
to
problems of
much
could
credit,but
claim
Le
executed
hastily
In the
dramas
delineation
Sage, and
provider of
Scarron
instance
which
The
but
for
certain stock
circumstances
stage, and
made
combinations
of the creators
This
not
the
the
For
some
Calderdn,
the
the great
materials
be
must
marked
of
given due
must
not
improvements on
of the drama
she
stands
entirelyon
amusement
its
under
the
and
susceptible,
highest form
Spain
plot,the play
actions
by
which
unrivalled,is the
picturesqueadventures
be
of
life,
of character
foretold, are
infallibly
afford
into
Spanish stage, they almost
by
form
they are
of their
may
the
characters,whose
of which
With
Corneille,Moli^re,
When
theft
one
interest
to
were
human
materials
rough
own.
in which
be
can
are
his
their
justify
only created,
play depending
as
the
steal from
theme.
adopted
not
made, and for this it
the finished work
in every
the
the
be
where
every-
unless it be
compare,
in
time, it
own
right.
were
Spanish stage is still more
markedly inferior.
geniuses of other countries it provided certain
which
had
improvement
or
so
because
as
his
of
not
Shakespeare,plays that probe deep
has
two
down,
hand, and
those
development
one
laid
master,
tried his
had
further
Spanish drama
of
the
copy
or
perceptible. Later
he had
that, to
the
and
to
is
success
in
possible. And,
playsof
lines which
of the art he
little change
Vega onward,
of the drama
slavish wish
a
de
Lope
given
any
always
in
on
the
inexhaustible
the
and
of the
ready wit
ings.
surround-
art, but
it
SPANISH
is
small
no
almost
excelled
in
"
sword
the
were
"
cloak
Spanish
audiences
disfavour ;
varyingdegrees of
on
one
prohibitedaltogetherand
veil
generallythe slightest
of
of the
plot and
of
disarm
suspicion;
naming
to
or
the
The
the
period of
universal
theatres
persecutionof
the
the
arisingfrequentlyfrom
national drama
by
views
and
were
when
it is
as
it appears,
it does
purpose
For
those
as
to
The
of
condemned
the sudden
reasons
attack
may
on
the
be
credible,the
been
considered
their
unless
century
Indecency
de
not
is very rare,
Molina's
expression.
plays,
From
Spanish stage is almost
motives
represented are
the
period, exaggerated for
those of
or
effect,
decay and
by
of bloodshed
the matter
of
and
Spain'sheroic
of greater
his violent
sentiments
Antioch,
Mariana,^among
in Tirso
the
to
or
yet the evil had
as
coarseness
abject characters
growth, several
See
he
scarcelyhave
of the age.
a
purelyimaginaryage.
final extinction of
be
to
earlyChristians.
seventeenth
the
of
generallyconfined
either
can
far in advance
entirelyfree.
I'lt,
whole
writers
villains and
'
a
sufficient
gliblybecause
slightto
too
causes
selection
the
thoughtfulSpaniards,and
aside
setting
plays
quarrelled,and
passion for play-goingwas
its height. Yet,
immoral
in the
was
less
the
with
closed,but
were
characters
none
but
drama
occasions
two
or
others,raised his voice againstit when
reached
the
on
galdn sighed and
jokes
of their
Church, during the
religious
purpose
the
acters,
char-
with
them
suddenly transportedto Babylon
of the most
some
the
his
gracioso cracked
himself
The
looked
Spanish literature,
of
Age
found
have
to
stock
barba
plays,that they introduce
slightdisguisesinto religious
plays.
were
and
the
to
da7"ia,the gracioso and
gahin and
and
Golden
drama
evolved
one.
So attached
the
have
to
modern
of the
form
every
authors
Spanish
for
glory
unaided
LITERATURE
given.
theatre, Contra
The
los
so
drama
strong
in
Jucgos PAblicos,
a
its
caps.
LITERATURE
SPANISH
the
The
Moors.
remained
at
Europe
that
fondly
had
the
to
departed
seemed
ideals
never
to
;
to
died
period
rapidly.
most
East
her
the
during
advancing
was
of
clung
standstill
a
enterprise
of
spirit
but
return.
have
her
in
out,
which
ideals
were
Spain
the
Something
remained
and
rest
of
with
those
mutability
im-
the
her
of
;
an
of
she
age
XVIII
CHAPTER
IN
POETRY
NARRATIVE
AND
EPIC
CENTURIES
SEVENTEENTH
A
of weariness
FEELING
reader
nearlytwo
rises above
the
made
has been
long
his
be
must
poems
noticed
in this kind
success
of
dc
in
Armada.
El
natural
English race,
bold
as
a
as
a
; its
The
style is
sympathy
it succeed
of
volume
of the devil
Dragontea
hollow
for the
in
rooted
and
nation
hatred
towards
Drake,
of
chastise
to
with
bombastic
those
vilifying
draw
regarded
wickedness
sent
was
of
of the Invincible
is crowded
it
more
idea
some
is Sir Francis
the
of
four
of these
Spaniards,who
embodiment
scourge
Two
soldier
the
and
does
in
a
by
country for its sins.
nor
enough
from
give
to
he is called
an
our
order
Dragontea
as
personages
Angelica, but
the
freebooter
de
Lope
mention
Lope's writings,
subjectof
The
Draque
fill another
composition.
the little inspiration
they possess
the
to
his Hennosura
of
tain
con-
of which
none
prosaic; yet they entirelyomit
devoted
chapter specially
the
In
his
alteringthe general standard.
materially
size without
same
Rivadeneyra, in
Epic Poetry. They
to
compositions would
heroic
the
merit,while by far the largerproportion
and
utterlyworthless
overtakes
once
lines of verse,
thousand
hundred
at
which
volumes
two
second-rate
Vega, whose
depression
and
Espafwles,devotes
series of Autores
is
the
opening
on
AND
SIXTEENTH
THE
testantism
Pro-
their
allegorical
; it neither
meant
against whom
the
to
creases
in-
glorify,
it
was
SPANISH
224
written.
celestial and
A
without
LITERATURE
"
"
is
a
extravagant
so
to
the
as
Elizabeth
martyr, and
and
brutality
grace forsook
Bello in
1596.
Puerto
at
in
his pen
has been
of Scots
Queen
freed
from
execution
of many
Corona
Trdgica.
treated
with
abuse.
On
coarse
him, and
The
the theme
her
but
none
that
as
amounts
subjectall Lope's
a
he filled his pages
Mary
is extolled
Mary
such
her
against
of
poems,
violence
a
on
feeble
the
bitter invective
a
Protestantism.
of
champions
it be
Providence," who
used
again Lope
Once
the
his death
by
foe
carried
are
called, unless
hero, properly so
a
allegoricalSpain,"or
hated
terrestrial argument
a
with
frigidand
feeble
religious
controversy.
Lope's longestand
curious
Conquistada,a
expeditionunder
Lion.
It is indeed
chosen
such
of it.
diffuse treatment
the Alfonso
the historical
than
play in
a
for
poem,
they are
The
action
The
many
only
much
relieved
; he
of the
person
who
and
centres.
a
from
is,in fact,no
"
cloak
rather
or
by
truth, Lope
legend
drags wearilyfrom
"
rambling and
different person
very
"
have
miserablywasteful
so
name
Cceur-de-
fine
and
Europe
well
comes
the
"
sword
actions
scene
other
of
Asia
to
really
or
out
the
of
character
the
is
so
that it fails to retain the interest that it arouses.
inconsistent
I"ope
a
ful
unsuccess-
poet should
historical
slaughteris Saladin, but
indiscriminate
his
same
again, seldom
verse.
stately
In
the
dress.
new
back
and
is
of the poem
king of
which
Jerusalen
Richard
still is his
Regardless of
round
is his
of the
Christian
acquaintancethe galdn
old
our
a
of Castile into the
VIIL
badly planned campaign
But
and
PhilipAugustus
strange that
epic
for it treats
misnomer,
subject,but stranger
a
drags Alfonso
characteristic
most
mock
avoids
the
epic,the
monotony
Gatomaquia (Battleof
of
the
eleven
the
Cats),
-syllableoctaves
{pctavasreales) cultivated by almost all Spanish narrative
is now
poets, and writingin lines of irregularlength {silvas)
and
then
Gatomaquia
reallyamusing and brilliant. The
POETRY
IN
AND
XVI.
the old Grtek
is undoubtedlyimitated from
and
Mice, but the best parts
the
CENTURIES
XVH.
of the
is far
of these authors
of the works
his serious imitation {Hermosura
on
strugglebetween the
tabby Zapaquilda are
by Jose
de
Villaviciosa,a
devoted
cantos
are
whose
pompous
than
successful
more
but,like it,errs
Angelica).,
de
equallysuccessful
and
ture
Lope's carica-
length.
the side of inordinate
Another
of the Frogs
Battle
pretendersto the hand of the
parodiedfrom Ariosto and other Italian poets.
rival
225
poem
of
Cuenca.
canon
the
to
is the
comic
Alosquea,
Twelve
long
exploitsof flies and
spiritedsingle combats
heroic
speeches and
ants,
are
passages
One of the most
powerful
styleof the ^neid.
describes the dashingassault made
by the flieson the
skull of
an
described
in the
in which
ass
the
have
ants
taken
strong
a
up
position.
The
contained
poems
volumes
Rivadeneyra's
in
be
may
into three classes
those
roughlydivided,accordingto subject,
that treat of religious
of the
matters, those that singthe glories
"
earlier members
of the Austrian
Under
the first of these
Cristobal
written
becomes
in
the
verse,
tame
wearisome, tells
which
of Cataluna, from
tempted by the
daughterof the
to
makes
penance
knees
by
the
receive
his
devil
Count
way
a
words
father of his
of
brute.
of
a
to
of the
violate and
Barcelona,who
his hands.
has
been
Stricken
by
seeking absolution.
return
to
assured
Finally,
child of tender
his country
on
monastery
Pyrenees,is
murder
the
brought to
remorse,
he
By
of
way
hands
and
of his
years,
pardon from God
forgivenalso by the
victim,he repairsto the spot where
Q
poem,
Juan Garin,a holy
spurs
to
of
length
at
of the
name.
eastern
long
which
of
foundation
in person
Rome
to
of the
the
healingat
he is bidden
like
the Monserrate
correctness
it takes its
hermit,dwellingamidst
him
headings comes
Virnes, published in 1588. This
de
that celebrate
World.
of the New
the conquest
those
dynasty,and
the
body
is
SPANISH
226
buried.
Our
and
girl,
the
A
monastery is founded
de
Its twelve
Hojeda.
Lord, beginningwith
into Hell,
descent
feels
the
deeply
his
treatment
rhymed
by
Carolea
Luis
de
the
Last
the
celebrate
which
events
much
authors
give play to
The
extreme.
which
are,
would
be much
Carlo
our
the
he
for effective
than
he
little better than
are
Nicolas
The
their
are
Antonio
famoso
really
are
"
says,
wars
neque
of their
chronologicalorder.
Where
imagination,it generallytakes
is cold
contains
artificial in the
and
few
a
a
details,
interesting
with its subject,
and
better told in prose.
Don
by Juan
feeblysung
along with
de
Juan
1584, has, however,
Cervantes
Carlo
story of the
weary
the result
famoso
the
epic poems,
connected
however, but slightly
exploitsof
in
the
the Araucana
Austria
and
Rufo.
His
honour
of
and
Spanish epic,a compliment which, even
battle of
the
Austriada, published
being
classed
Monserrate
as
if true, does
not
by
the best
amount
much.
Alonso
Don
FelipeIL,
of his
to
of
with
higher talents
be
professto
prosaicstyleand
mythologicalform, and
to
Fray
and
spirit,
some
by Jerdnimo Sempere, and
poeticadictioneP
is told in
Lepanto
of
ending
relates ; but
he
the best parts of his poem
Zapata,which
neque
The
the miracle.
Cristiada
and
versifies with
Hojeda
long-buried
relate the Passion
Supper
rhymed chronicles,written,as
hero
life the
sermon.
The
pura
to
cantos
subjectdemanded
possessed,and
a
bringsto
and
appears
spirit
inspiredthe
trulyreligious
more
Diego
Lady
LITERATURE
Ercilla
whom
he
accompanied
to
marriagewith Queen Mary.
America, and took [)art in
Indian
inhabitants
condemned
to
death
expedition,but
Finallyhe
of the
found
the
an
As
at
England
on
sentence
back
was
to
a
the
the occasion
man
young
Arauco
conduct
commuted
in Chile.
by
of
court
he went
expeditionagainstthe
valleyof
for mutinous
his way
life
Ziinigabegan
y
brave
He
was
the leader of the
to
banishment.
Spain,bringingwith
him
the
IN
POETRY
AND
XVI.
CENTURIES
XVII
227
firstpart of the poem
that celebrates
in poverty
last years of the sixteenth century.
during the
Ercilla himself
times
with sword
espada,ora
hand,
its inordinate
length.
(fifteen
cantos)the
the form
a
The
whole
in Chile.
of
is
entirelyin
Spaniardsare
of
favour
of
evident,and
battles of
is
in
found
epic in
and
the
found
domado
Garcia
Hurtado
mention,
second
third
and
this
By
The
the
object
parts of
the
means
The
the
solace
to
The
simple, and
worthy of
bad
introduced.
are
the Andes.
through
imitator
an
language of
its versification
poetry is
of
name
heroic
verse
in
Pedro
at
Oiia, who
de
(AraucoConquered) celebrates
de
Mendoza,
lacks
the tedious
indifferent
less
or
their avowed
detail in order
dignifiedand
Ona
puts it,"wrote
The
more
trulyheroic.
by
Quentin
much
Ercilla,
probablyfrom
over
it calls
as
to
be
formal
Spanish tongue.
Arauco
halo
takes
poem
sympathy
mythology.
of St.
littlethat is
in
recorded
it,though it is admittedlythe best attempt
Ercilla
whom
The
and
is told with
Araucana
; but
are
are
be excused
cannot
soldiers in their march
correct
day
of the
events
brave, but their crueltyand
heathen.
Lepanto
story of Dido
the
the
Indians, the
of whom
some
deal in visions
poem
the
no
In the first part
to
that such
of
represented as
convertingthe
the
each
in
of
up
the
rhymed journal,but occasionally
a
imaginarycharacters
faith are
rima.
doings of
The
at
la
written
were
is made
restricts himself
author
"
its greatest fault is
poem
in ottava
loftier flight.It is remarkable
forth
to
that parts of it
cantos
thirty-seven
campaign
pen
and danger,but
difficulty
of
died
He
composed,
{tomando^ora
was
"
with
times
at
plu?na),and
la
circumstances
less than
his Araucana
tells how
in
campaign.
the
with
deeds
by
leader
of
the
exploitsof
expedition,
personal motives, had
the chivalrous
which
poem
a
the
the
character
as
Ercilla,
his
in
neglected
that
Morel-Fatio
cast
a
well
pike."
of
Cortes
Gabriel
told
are
Lasso
de
la
at
great
Vega
length in
in El
Cortes
SPANISH
by
and
valeroso,
LITERATURE
Antonio
de
Saavedra
in
El
Peregrino
Indiana.
de
Juan
priest
ilustres
in
Tunja
at
and
in
recorded
Ariosto
Soto
de
warm
The
the
a
imagination
of
cantos
of
reputation
is
Bernardo
Carolea
is
a
in
with
poem
of
foreigner,
rhymed
coverers
dis-
early
interesting
as
inhabitants,
are
foregoing,
hero
a
Luis
but
for
del
inventive
great
slipshod
fact
the
is
it
verse
or
rhymed
chronicle.
did
founding
romance
in
success
Bernardo
hero
his
little
In
the
towards
for
one
of
de
his
Carpio.
faculty
de
Barahona
slight
Angelica).
took
Bernardo
the
like
imitators.
(Tears
and
but,
the
varones
poetry.
Italian
fellow-countryman
of
a
as
de
the
well
as
customs
Spanish
Angelica
imitating
crowded
the
the
Elegias
about
facts
work,
of
two
continued
buena,
and
devoid
the
wrote
settled
soldier,
a
America,
and
gigantic
found
Lagrimas
of
manners
this
as
curious
Many
the
entirely
almost
and
conquerors
to
as
serving
Mexico,
Indias.
de
details
after
Castellanos,
his
Bal-
namesake
spite
of
a
twenty-four
increasing
the
chivalry,
author.
just
as
LITERATURE
SPANISH
230
the
two
systems
and
impossible,
was
thus it is that the precepts
killed the littlethat remained
of the classical school
Spanish genius without takingroot
Spain
sufferingfrom
was
In
mighty effort.
she awoke
century
dead
was
for
both, and
the
romantic
this
came
it and
the
the
During
a
Felipe II.
the
other
the
approaching decadence
not
only a patron
of
lists and
competed
Bourbon
king
of his
a
regardas
the
upon
he
of
bibliography
that had
had
his country.
; the
fatally
occupied by
before
But
through.
had
like Carlos
Felipe IV.
He
he
to
come
was
a
the
from
century
life
one
the
on
Antonio.
Nicolds
His
great work
is divided
Bibliotheca
Velus, comprises notices of all the Spanisliwriters
from
The
the
earliest times
Bibliotheca
time.
To
into
Nova
the student
two
till the
parts,of which
but
not
Spaniards to
them
studious
spite
revive the
not
the
first
showed
he
could
could
the
The
of letters,
and, in
what
was
into
down
his time.
of
With
them.
the seventeenth
spent
This
;
went
encourage
Already in
untiringdevotion
of
art.
could
inheritance
this he did.
past, and
man
but
spirit,
of
ended
literary
matters,
in
to
indulgentspirit
branch
gone
occupy
changed
poets
education
barbarous
a
creative
work
even
to
he
letters,
the
was
Monarchs
court.
lover
intelligent
an
French
strictly
tolerant and
old
was
with
last
at
youth,Spanish literature
matters
of
the
eighteenth
be
to
duced
pro-
the
:
be gone
to
matters
men
When
novelist.
modern
protectionat
had
sunk.
about
had
a
her from
influences had
was
on
very national
rouse
changed
was
its hardy
period of
to
of
whole
follows
; the old literature
field
and
that
findingher
had
drearyperiod had
but scanty
and
she
the French
vacant
school
about
received
which
buried
and
of
in order
the aspect of the world
strugglebetween
V.
needed
was
lethargyinto
of
state
shock
The
in letters she
in arts, and
arms,
independence gone
exhaustion
the
best,and the rude
her
themselves.
of the old
end
of the
bringsup the work to
of Spanish literature
the former, the
fifteenth century.
the
author's
own
Antonio's work
is
FROM
1700
TO
WAR
invaluable
; in careful accuracy
model
compositionsof
a
for
that it is written
INDEPENDENCE
and
solid
similar
a
makes
Latin
in
OF
231
learningit
stands
as
character,whilst the fact
it accessible
those
to
who
are
unacquainted with the author's native language.
the
At
French
institutions of
Academies
of
"
the
justifiedtheir
departments
the
the Diccionario
and
Language,
which
founded
were
"
severallydevoted.
are
Language produced
which
it affects to embrace.
hitherto
research ; modern
the past, it was,
of
Spaniard
at
the
who
the
century, Sanchez
and
published his
royallibrarians ;
critical
permanent
of old
treatment
importance to
of
Poetas
into the
ones
records
sinister
design
but
Juan Manuel,
valuable
and
al
of the
last
Origenesde
Mayans
only the
the
SigloXK,
y Siscar
la
were
earliest instances
Spanish documents,
all students
of
antiquary,had published
Anteriores
and
not
are
the
period
antiquarian
musty
of Don
Sanchez
their works
of
languished until,in
his learned
Both
for the
Argote de Molina, the
name
literature
older
Lengua Castellana.
of the
the
with
1575
part of the works
a
way
the
over
In
deserves
y Siscar
Mayans
turned
dictionary,
work
thrust the ancient
document.
Seville
study of
in the
done
had
if any
the
often
unfortunately,
some
falsifying
first
been
authors
background, and,
purityof
1732
but
is unfortunately
miserablyincompleteeven
the
the
Spanish tongue,
which
Little had
in
has
much
preserve
two
which
a
"
done
to
of
have
In
its great
Autortdades,as it is called
de
the
which
History
of
imitation
by rendering signal service
they
of the
Academy
like nature,
a
existence
to
eighteenthcentury, in
the
beginning of
but
subjectsof
are
of
which
treat.
they severally
During
the
raged hotly over
first half
the
Poetica
written with
the avowed
the
classical
French
the unities
to
a
nation
of the
of
Don
Ignacio Luzan,
objectof supporting the
school, and
sunk
discussion
eighteenthcentury
a
book
doctrines
of
explainingthe mysteries of
in darkness.
Luzan
was
a
clever
SPANISH
232
of
man
views, which
narrow
importance of
his
his precepts.
school,he supports his
great but
"incorrect"
could
wise
enough
to
it was
select
worthy
follow the old tradition
the French
"
well says,
The
second
it is
wits
deserved
contempt
those
avoid
to
who
of Literature.
de Toros
Fables
of
Only
the old
en
bold
very
A
these poems
Samaniego
and
proof of
has
we
does
a
some
Mcncndcz
careful rather
beauty,"
secure
History
a
something of
the
the Fiesta
as
obvious
does
is the
such
in the
a
know
not
of tlie Fables
Valdds
well-
wasted."
in the
Moratin, or
the best poets of the seventeenth
and
Cienfucgos,
by
imitation
preclude all literary
entirely
the poverty of the age
and
other
so
place in
whose
Iriarte,
Spaniard who
overflowed
each
"
to
no
Fernandez
not
for
scarcely
causing of
were
catch
enjoyed,and stillenjoy,to
the Fiesta de Toros
off from
of
atoned
can
time
ambitious
rarelydo
Madrid, by Nicolas
is difficult to find
and
this level
and
attempt
supporters of
poeticfire in compositionssuch
of the great Lafontaine
merit.
who
at
the
degraded
to
third-rate
Quintana (seep. 241)
than
the best of their work
even
sparkleof
sink
not
than
so
effect
scarcelypossible
the newspapers
purpose
for art
did
defects
thus
other
no
from
the
and
Those
them
a
weaken.
to
and epigrams,hurled
pamphlets,satires,
Even
had
their opponents,
groaned and
presses
they were
Calderon
that
inspiration
frigidinsipidity.Of
Spanish
and
and
of mention.
of
the
on
something faultyin
of
the
and
poraries
contem-
but
school, produced compositionswhich
be rivalled for
with
meant
names
lack
most
Boileau
His
polemic
last century,
its artistic faults,while
to
it was
the
of
that is
one
Luzan's
multitudinous
the
be
Cervantes
that
cause
of
disciple
his arguments,
must
the
exaggerate
his country.
to
answers
to
by pouring contempt
of
exclude
Spanish poets
to
views
would
strengtheningthe
Among
staunch
that there
Thus
Parnassus.
A
see
to
him
caused
authors
find
not
which
system
of
LITERATURE
by
reputationthat
degree
part of
some
heart.
century
that it
The
to
ing
fall-
Iglesias,
eighteenthis
almost
FROM
incredible.
tolerable
Lope
something to
did
two
who
in
affected
their
notable
de
Moratin,
and
Madrid
en
verse.
apprentice to
jeweller,but
within
him.
notice
as
He
wrote
and
life,
the
current, and
left
He
with
Spain
of
critical
periods of
study
to
the
his notices of
valuable.
His
^
For
Hricos
Poetas
with
the
the
works
del
admirable
of
with
these
as
strong
into
the
by
dint
of
in civil and
countries.
European
with
swam
the
in the company
patriotismat
anterior
drama
a
and
old
of
Siglo XVIII.,
preface by L.
of
A.
other
vols.
de
one
of other
poets
Lope
of
both
de
the
grace
of the
that
most
first
Vega, and
curious
and
on
the
admirers
; of
satires,mostly
(Bib. Autores
Cueto.
of the
one
its producers and
spiritand
3
to
plays are
consist
the
of
most
spent
Moratin, in spiteof his foreign
feeble literature of his time and
epigrams,written
life
were
both
was
country'shistory,
works
own
sprightly
and
began
invaders,and
of
large body
a
the
of
brought himself
Moratin
Bordeaux
at
want
Spanish
short
in various
his party.
his
the author
advancement
French
the
his
sympathies and
firstis that
royallibrarian by Joseph Buonaparte.
his later life at Paris and
exiled members
stand
names
subjects. By
set
domination
named
was
department,
two
younger
first
from
models
competitor for prizesoffered
travelled
French
other
and
powerful protectionhe obtained
ecclesiastical
of
son
the
compositions on
for
and
this
literaryinstincts
verses,
successful
a
a
of
Moratin
compositions in
a
national
surrounding littleness. The
Fernandez
de Toros
In
alone.
faults
were
imitations
the
follow
to
exceptionsoccur,
the
stronglyfrom
Leandro
old dramas
was
; those
however,
During
purityof
the
preserve
trulypitiable.The
or
adaptations,
translations,
bad
them
Academy
they are
the theatre in the century that succeeded
Calderdn
and
Fiesta
233
be said for the latter is that
can
of
condition
followed
of
INDEPENDENCE
OF
language.^
French
out
WAR
and
versifiers,
neglectedfor
the
that
All
their native
The
TO
1700
call to
mind
eighteenthcentury see
Espaiioles),
together
SPANISH
234
and
Gongora
he
deserves
bear
cannot
comes
eleganceand
his
playsis
in careful
si de
las Ninas
kindness
by
affections have
has contrived
to
still being educated
her
the
is increased
by
the
uncle, to whom
After many
is
amusing
the old
pretensionsin
in
the
a
who
man,
her while she
in
hurriedly
an
the
inn.
His
couple,
is his
truth
the
the
man's
old
dawns
abandons
he
simple generosity,
The
own
received.
favours
scenes
to
perplexity
elderlylover
nephew.
order
betrothed
for
was
lover,hearing
out
at
lady's
who
officer,
young
the
is
does
the
But
piece are the uncle himself and the
and
lady, the hypocritical
intriguingnature
contrastingstronglywith
heroine
The
old
to
indebted
of his
favour
Consent)written
young
well-studied
and, with
man
his
deeply
and
of
The
overtakes
discoverythat
he
by
sets
lady'smother,
the
celebrated
most
an
passion known
marriage,and
accompanied by
to
convent.
a
in
Ladies'
secured
distasteful engagement,
prevent
upon
in
The
character,and
for his years.
atone
his
make
of
simple.
mother
alreadybeen
to
is
argument
and, if
in brilliant wit,he
master
(The
among
is his model
Moli^re
language.
ment
depart-
successful
most
delineation
ambitious
her
by
his best
of
of
correctness
Its main
betrothed
the
as
comparison with his
El
in prose.
rank
to
the latter
In
plays.
of the French.
him
near
of
and
Quevedo;
Spanish imitators
he
LITERATURE
best characters
mother
of
of the
the
frankness
latter
and
high
spirit.
The
de la
and
other dramatic
Cruz,
lived
occupied
a
official
the
dramatic
of the Madrid
end
alluded
to
In his
own
made
his
peculiarly
he
This
department
own
for
century.
the
can
thirtyyears
de
Ramon
born
in 1731
Don
Ramdn
scarcelyhave
produced
was
popularity
Ram6n
is Don
was
its duties
him, for
pieces,and
stage.
of the
but
position,
weighed heavily upon
hundred
above
who
gentleman of good family,
nearly to
an
author
was
about
three
the favourite
thoroughlydeserved.
la Cruz
or
sainetes^
is unrivalled.
short
He
dramatised
FROM
everyday life,without
from
scenes
INDEPENDENCE
OF
WAR
TO
1700
relyingfor
structure, and
popular types and
by
compositionis closelyparalleled
of
that used
be introduced
to
who
la Cruz
de
Ramon
His
character.
pictureof
animated
present
invasion,with
before the French
it its
gave
incomparably
vivid
Madrid
and
recklessness
the
overshadowed
risingagainstthe French,
heroic
dos
de
life of the
from
the low
their
dialogue is
with
the
sales
and
sing with
a
the foundation
of
of
a
which
translated; either
nor
animation
in which
originthey are
sainete
songs which
"
a
the
on
enthusiasm
hundred
be studied
years
or
among
street
ago.
in real Ufe
The
citizens ;
Madrilenos
they love
into
row
from
such
for
the inmates
be
the
be read
will
in order
or
of
a
described
and
wit
placeof
La
to
to
example,
their
or
seen
Casa
provoke
Spaniardsof to-dayas
types that
well
so
sufficient
pieces as
Picadas
are
play serves
neither
can
; away
Castatieras
the
the
as
all taken
are
incident
meaningless; they must
Las
felt in the
utterlydestroys the
process
stage in Madrid, where
Toquenie Roque
much
farces
they abound
almost
have
character,
its date
the
popular types
short
to
middle-class
the quarrels of
or
picnic-party
{fnerienda),
lodging-house. These
a
national
sainetes
expression. Any
much
number
certain
bring a
form
so
for
the national
with
time
a
from
the
pleasure
characteristic,
freelysprinkled
and
witticisms
or
celebrated,and
from
cityor
animated
known
of the
characters
The
Mayo.
for
lessness
thought-
of
their power
make
shortlyto
were
it was
as
Love
of the
strong elements
the
which, however,
despair seemed
of
and
its
picturesquecolouring,
its
national calamities.
of
order
peculiar
gaiety and
squalor and corruption,its light-hearted
in the midst
dai/e,
or
theatre ; but it was
and
an
of
kind
in
(Jornadas)
acts
side of the life of
one
sentation
repre-
the entremes, paso,
perfectedit
sainetes
accurate
This
of the older
heavier dramas
relieve the
to
the
on
manners.
the
between
regulardramatic
plot or
their interest
235
de
as
they did
they represent
must
thoroughly to appreciatethe
SPANISH
236
sainetes
of their
One
will
name
writers of the
was
the
learningwhich
one
of
members
at
and
ridicule.
by
relates the
for the
both
strong
a
His
the
reputationof
learning in
of
opportunityfor
made
length.
sketches
long-winded and
'
.'
name
or
"
Punto
a
Preacher
who
boy
en
various
be
found
of
his
Fray
that
The
fame, may
here
brought
of
thought
at
be reckoned
exclani6 Anton
boca, seflores,"
never
pen
of
a
describes
which
of oratory
the best
to
:
"
Zotes de repente, "ahora
Zotcs
been
his book
in
among
jamds
Antcin
able
reason-
himself,is
the
of
the school
and
it does
society,
might
there
and
worthy
are
your tonKucs," oxclainitrd
hiu" justoccurred to mc, which has
un
is
offeringan
treated
followingone,
Gcrundio
Fray
the admiration
classes of
it been
had
though
prosy,
the
cure
subject,includingas
que
Hold
to
pulpit
pedantic language,gains
nombre
cstupcndisitno
"'
himself
poor
in
intelligent
Isla, like Fray GerUndio
Quevedo.
a
he owed
incurre
me
to
are
bringingup
which
set
of
Himself
departments, and
all
of
Padre
But
the
esteem
into which
preacher and
This
splendid book
a
man
died
him, and
of humour.
sense
and
great
a
decay
Cervantes
the
won
Church, and who, by concealingpoverty
the
passages
with
of
adventures
respect of his hearers.
have
he
Historyof the famous
and
the
Bologna, where
bombastic
ridiculously
under
old
alreadyan
clearlythe abject state
saw
than
at more
Spain,togetherwith
of
out
fallen in his country, and
oratory had
up
was
chairs
of
account
seventy-eight.Isla possessedan
of
preacher,he
Genmdio
He
into communication
came
the age
mischief
on
celebrity
him
Francisco
Jose
order,by the stillunexplaineddecree
retired to
He
love of his country
a
driven
was
of his
III.
of all who
1781
end.
an
for
Spanish universities.
the
Carlos
to
obtained
had
thing
some-
important
list of
scanty
Jesuitpriestof considerable
a
when, in 1765, he
other
the
bring
eighteenthcentury
Isla
lost
brilliant colouring.
and
picturesqueness
more
they have
still exist,though
plentysuch
:
LITERATURE
se
suddrnly,
borne
d ningun
empuso
by
any
'
a
man
stupendous
and
shall
SPANISH
238
clausulas
"Oiganustedescoinocomenzaba"dixoIaprimeranoche,
de el.
.
.
LITERATURE
.
"(Fuego, fuego,fuego ! que
vocabitur.
bene
Sacristan
Ea
Assi
sonantibus.
misma
una
Animas
llamas
.
.
los
esas
Dotnus
:
tocar
?
veo
:
de
Dios,
como
quema
cytnbalis
fuego es
a
abrasan
se
yesca
in
Ipiis
In
:
que
y sirve de
!
orationis
y tocar
muerto
a
Ay Christianos
i
aniviae
domus
viea
campanas
Requiescant in pace, id est
:
pez
casa
retunibantes
Fiddium
!
la
; porque
que
.
i Fuego
;
toca
lo hace
Fieles
derretida
Vatablo
quenia
Pero
cosa.
de
se
las
a
pice, como
Deo
a
las
voraces
expone
Hiatus.
Pero
librar a los que traxeron
a
Virgen del Carmen
su
stiis. Dice
Christo
Favor
devoto
la justicia:
excapulario: Scapttlis
a
la
Ave
Maria.
..."
A todo esto estaba
dice la Virgen Valgame
gracia.
nifio
Gerundio
le
al
el
Acostole
atento
quitabaojo Religiose.
muy
y no
madre
la
de
su
maiiana, luego que disperto,
se puso
piesy en camisa
y a
sobre la cama,
a
predicarcon mucha
graciael Sermon
y comenzo
pero sin
faciles que
atar ni desatar,y repitiendono
mas
aquellaspalabras mas
que
Anton
Zotes y su
podia pronunciar su tiernecita lengua.
muger
quedaron aturdidos : di^ronle mil besos.
albricias,ya
baxa
la
'
'
'
'
.
.
.
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
is
There
whom
it was
bogey
of the
to
terrors,
addressed.
brought
was
works
some
Isla
of
its native
language.
orationis
bene
sonantibus.
fire
all
arc
night,
vocabitur.
Thai's
Ho,
.
.
one
.
: and
burning, fidelium animae
requiescant in pace, id est in pice, as
down
coming
Hiatus
Deo
ignisa
I
deliver
to
Jesuit and
a
house
those
ring
Good
;
those
melted
is
news,
who
have
the
:
interprets
good
! the
news
her
worn
its
of
Besides
restore
the
fire !
on
echoing
pitch feeds
Vaiablus
the
less note,
to
bells
w.iy, for the knell for the dying and
what
is this ? ah Christians, the souls
are
burns
he says, he wished
sexton
those
translation of the
to
other
Domus
In
:
the
But
one.
satires of
admirable
an
of most
witty Jesuit.
other
! fire ! fire ! the
Fire
'
the
several
wrote
this time
by
scare
churchmen,
other
the first
domus
to
Sage which, as
of Le
said he
in
keenly felt by
was
and
polemic followed,
warm
devotion, and
Gil Bias
Two
A
shorn
Inquisition,
Gerundio^
Fray
that Isla's satire
doubt
no
the
a
mea
cymbalis
tocsin
for
of the faithful
voracious
God's
Virgin
:
it
of Carmel
scapulary with
"
flame
fire,how
is
devotion
:
Christ says
Heaven
Help in the king's nanie
; the Virgin says
this little Gcri'mdio
Maria
.'AH
listened to with much
; Ave
His
mother
not
taking his eyes off the prc.icher.
to
put him
and
in
his
next
siiirt
his
morning, on awaking he rose
uji
upon
scapulissuis
"
:
' '
"
protect
me
attention
.
.
...
bed
bed
.
.
and
breaks,
pronounce.
thousand
.
licgan
preach
to
the
repeallingonly
and
Anlrtn
.
.
times.
.
..."
sermon
such
/otcs
and
easy
very
words
his wife
prettily,but
as
were
his
without
childish
ama^xd
:
stops,
tongue
they kissed
or
could
him
a
FROM
1700
TO
both
Benedictine,
scholars
of
than
first-rate
passed
Father
did
lifelong
efforts
level
knowledge
which
of
amount
and
critical
style
is of
and
the
is still
going
Bare
relative
it
the
form,
to
the
of
treated
work
little value
at
the
present
revival
of
of
a
of
sort
his
but
is defaced
day,
like
that
The
vast
critico
had
be
an
keen
a
abominable
an
to
him
in
learning
the
to
he
by
up
Teatro
him
for
impossible
department,
one
any
Europe.
in
by Feyjoo
it
made
of
rest
and
whose
bring
to
something
to
to
again
Feyjoo,
attempt
an
country
own
literature
Benito
his
scanty
of
is the
as
probably
errs
writers
should
is
of
majority
a
without
serving
to
Spanish
school
from
the
a
works
side
be
of
taken
History
of
bridge
new.
over
the
be
may
which
Spain
eighteenth
that
a
if the
length
standard
worthless,
of
gulf
the
Literature.
themselves
the
of
excessive
as
continuation
useless
the
to
in
notice
foregoing
the
on
occupy
it were,
as
his
older
master,
deal
on.
merit
they
his
been
of Poetry
History
the
bring
to
have
good
a
rather
productive
more
owes
siderable
con-
but
century,
age
the
on
attained
probably
though
origin
and
century,
are
in
an
would
throughout
faculty, and
traced
space
in
eruditas
worker
original
In
devoted
subjects
Cartas
letters.
Essays
to
were
general
was
eighteenth
much
also
;
the
names
239
Galicia,
of
undoubtedly
whose
Poets
fashion
of
their
Spain
Sarmiento,
into
of
men
but
Spanish
on
as
INDEPENDENCE
natives
during
writers
over,
OF
them
of
reputation
as
WAR
departed
separates
of
Not
the
only
but
they
period
the
old
CHAPTER
THE
FIRST
The
nineteenth
who
could
Spain
the
prospect
held
been
back
iron
grip,and
an
of
accept
the
the
heart
of the
sight
of
great
war
in
national
and
mighty revolution
foreigners
ought
to
have
gallant struggle for
for
the
been
most
their
deride
and
admiration
for its
Revolution
selfishness
classes in
to
for
was
drown
But
Spain.
never
independence
part,
laid upon
institutions
true, and
the
The
French
with
the
compare
who
men
the
the
those
to
:
Philip the Second,
affected
or
of
remained
people
the
the upper
patriotismamong
of
of
that had
it combined
everywhere felt,and
and
out, were,
real
a
Spain
indeed.
national
influence
The
oppressors.
voice
break
their
historyin
national
Spain
dismal
bondage
decry
to
for
years
people
shortlyto
and
the
been
the first to
lost
with
have
was
their
hundred
two
CENTURY
darkly
must
libertythat
country,
dawned
day
leaders
the
NINETEENTH
THE
own
in
the land
OF
century
look
their
of
HALF
XX
the
instant
an
it held
which
the
so
dear.
A
and
from
the
air cleared
the
when
middle
bla/c of nineteenth
the
French
increase
the
jealousieswere
in
again Spain
in which
age
century
which
passed
every
she
life.
found
province joined
The
the full
gallantstruggleagainst
feeling of Spanish unity,
forgotten.
dragged
herself
lingered into
had
The
the country,
over
renewed
and
did
old
national
much
feuds
to
and
life bore
THE
FIRST
HALF
CENTURY
XIX.
THE
OF
241
fruit in fresh
well
in
as
her
in every direction,and in literature,
as
activity
politics,
Spain began slowlybut surelyto win back
the nations.
positionamong
The
which
Europe at the beginningof the present
left its traces in Spain. The
strongest growths of
century has
literature had
Spanish
schools
in
foughtout
was
Romantic
the Classical and
strugglebetween
had
the
popular origin;
a
modern
classical
spiritpenetratedthe country only with the French
and was
never
influence,
accepted by the general body. Its
productionsare
but the imitation
Spain was
fact that
time
the
at
written
in this
cannot
be
off the
their
oppressors
of
orator
the
no
past
French, and
spite of
tone
to
day
never
To
their
which
never
who
the
are
style. It
Spaniards to
the
clung
ideas
the
to
Jos^ Quintana,a
of
old
from
such
To the
an
from
inspiration
recollections
tolerant
less
countrymen
friend
poet and
a
his
of the
of
their
Sea, To the Invention of
Guzmdn
the
Good,
are
of Herrera.
weakened
moment
againstthe
and in
spirit,
full of
widely different subject,may
a
to
Rising of the Spanish Provinces
in the heart of this
moreover,
the
imbibed
had
Manuel
His odes
the finest poems
for
artificial
roused
Quintana drew
his
dependent condition.
the
addressed
and
those
day, or
own
curious
a
traditions.
order.
make
Printing,To
It is
patriotJovellanos,himself
mean
would
as
than
be noted
must
the
who
those who
were
rather
of his
events
imitation.
strugglefor independence
those
monarchical
pupil of
an
verses
stirring
their
that
yoke
such
Among
of
most
of
denied
and
of little note, for classicism in
are
unnational
essentially
throw
Catholic
the
of
some
people
and
but
many,
The
be
compared
in
liberal ideas of his
the strong national
feeling
trulypatrioticSpaniard. Quintana wrote,
in the classic
attained
styletwo
any
on
tragedies
as
popularity,
well
national
as
a
subjects
collection
of
graphicand well-told Lives of Celebrated Spaniardsand Selections
from the Spanish Poets,with admirable short critical prefaces.
R
SPANISH
list of the
The
present
of
classical poets
includes
century
These
importance.
lost
produced
possessingbut
is the
Momo
of
;
traditions
literary
of
merit.
Alberto
of
which
de
Mathematics,
has
something
Leon.
drew
Lista,a
frigidsatire
a
in
Romantic
The
Rivas
and
bear
traces
been
brought
which
he
which
not
y
Burgos
enough
to
en
save
a
he
el
long
gave
models, and
passionwhich
which
would
excited
now
be
was
rambling
the
few
which
the
the admiration
poem
had
current
throughout
with
epic
expbsitob
were
the author's
reallysuccessful
bloodshed
of
ot
Aharo,a tragedyof
in his Don
laughedoff a
he
fine passages
are
Duke
earlywritings
of Moro
name
A
the
nobleman
a
Romanticism
and
of
the
are
His
which
ballads,
harrowing kind, full
from
vastlygreater
and
speedy oblivion,
it from
imitations
most
Mayo, and
however, by the
Siglo X.
lies in his
the
risingagainst
These
tastes.
away,
best title to fame
of old
the
Luis
chauvinist,
a
poets of
former
cultivated
ofJesus,
delicacyof
classical traditions amidst
produced
to
pretensions,
Cbrdoba
The
fessor
Pro-
1807.
mentioned.
Carried
up.
in
two
settingstronglytowards
was
Europe,
the
of
Ayres
produced
Espronceda.
and
from
verses
of
some
became
the Death
on
the dos de
as
those above
enlightenedviews
his
Buenos
school
importancethan
fine poem
el
but
Duke
plays of
Gallego,a priestand
Madrid, known
English at
defeat of the
several
and
inspiration
for
genuine inspiration
the French
of
the
of
Nicasio
Juan
a
of
the
to
Seville,who
of
weaver
wrote
which
artistically
composed
of his wife ; and
the death
on
sessed,
pos-
boast.
Spain can
hollow-soundingendecha,or lament, addressed
Frias
time
a
the school
of
author
most
a
the
second-rate
they for
of which
Rosa
of
little individuality,
their
interest which
small
of
the
all the great works
la
earlier part
names
in favour
de
Cementerio
other
began
de
Martinez
the
departed from
the reaction
when
had
the
even
of
several
men
their country, and,
works
LITERATURE
a
P'rench
and
gloomy
but
past generation,
or English stage.
FIRST
THE
Don
HALF
de
Jose
THE
OF
Spanish poet
of
the
gathered from
the
fragmentswhich
works
-fragments which
"
had
even
early death.
and
present
in
into the
then
His
the
fore.
he left his country
anecdote
Lisbon
enter
is told of his
he threw
great
so
citywith
a
for
life,
keeping
in his
1830 in
a
Paris
The
under
He
his
died
feverish
hardshipshe
had
its natural
epic,takingfor
conquest.
The
During
should
and
the
carious
pre-
tionaries
revolu-
and
liberty.
of
cause
his
Spain, where
to
of
taking
importantpreferment
articles
stirring
strong
the
to
but
1842, aged only thirty-two,
temperament,
life his sensitive and
worn
passions,and
the
passionatetemperament
expressionin poetry,
its subjectPelayo,the
fragments that
defects
being
his residence
come
back
his way
revolution
The
be the
he obtained
merit,but give ample proof
the
with
to
endured.
Very earlyin
found
him
the
not
as
miserable
the barricades
contributed
in
so
found
He
elsewhere.
brought
recognised;
"
to
were
approaching
possessed,
a
an
istic
character-
A
On
communications
he believed
and
exile.
he lived
on
fighting
in what
Government,
by
out
in
him
found
now
newspapers.
his
up
general amnesty
genius was
time
some
of
banishment, and
of
littlemoney."
country and
own
prominent part
so
an
plete
com-
which
abroad.
journey into
the last coin he
away
London, where
to
his fortunes
seek
to
to
opposition to
open
decree
a
by
eagerness
schemes
revolutionary
him
off
Madrid
going to
and
complet
in-
Spanish colonel,
a
with all the
violent
existingorder broughtupon
of
son
On
himself
impassioned nature
to
the
was
his
of
remained
carried
been
not
be
can
largerpart
probably have
Extremadura.
his studies he threw
the
greatest
much
thus
:
form
their author
Espronceda
born
was
century
would
243
undoubtedly the
is
Espronceda
CENTURY
XIX.
under
in
the
and
he
commenced
earliest hero
preservedare
are
those
of
England
influence
youth
it
of
was
and
of the
very
of great talent and
an
real
re-
uneven
tion,
inspira-
inexperience.
inevitable
Byron, which
was
that
at
he
that
time
The
supreme.
even
when
his
master.
did
he
selfishness and
The
is
Espronceda's verse
character,full
his life and
Spanish,but
language
is
reflection of
in
de
of
Salamanca,
belief
by religious
is
powerfully
hideous
But, when
end.
being who, disguisedas
is
horror
a
is meant
to
is
not
to
be
second
In the Diablo
task
the
his fate,the
too
for
many
merely fantastic ;
the poet,
as
he himself
resolvingthe problem
view.
few cantos,
with the
ghostly
riot ;
poet'simagination runs
it a
a
the
of
relief,
with
that
sense
power
and
of Seville.
It is
undertakingappalledhim,
writinga
warnings are
and
simplicity
for
to
on
bringswith
come,
Mocker
Mundo
point of
sceptic's
the
him
the
to
Espronceda'slonger pieces is incomplete.
of
of
; the
becomes
compared
of its prototype, The
The
out
awful
it does
when
catastrophe,
and
drawn
be
falls in with
lady,draws
a
resist; the
being to
human
what
long
too
Felix
Don
cannot
we
inevitably
bring him
must
the
of the hero
for the very recklessness
wickedness
superhuman
a
scruplesof
or
written, and, in spiteof the villainous character,
whose
de
;
in face of
courage
the
Felix
Don
first part of the poem
sympathy
of
men
circumstances
altered
slightly
undaunted
same
The
supernaturalworld.
adventures
superhuman
sombre
portrayingthe
in
of his
grandeur
sonorous
account
Juan
honour, and with the
some
help feeling
of
little that is characteristically
has
the
Estudiante
Don
a
turned
passionsunchecked
with
man
and
His
Byronic world.
Montemar,
he
good
to
self-consciousness
the merits
as
accurate
an
affected,
of
he
scepticand revolutionary
native
well
as
not
gloomy fire,of passionstoo great
vulgardebauchery,and of impossibleideals.
be satisfied with
a
restlessness
a
henceforth
younger
feel,the defects
not
qualitiesin
possessed many
poets
with ambition.
unconnected
As
two
a morbid
especially
common,
to
LITERATURE
SPANISH
244
some
human
scarcelyto be
and
that he
of which
subject. The
of
plan
have
tells us,
self
him-
set
life from
wondered
abandoned
at
that
it after
apparentlyno
of this remarkable
the
nection
con-
poem,
SPANISH
246
\Y
nadie
Borra
brazos
sus
Desbarato
Que
i Oh
En
Y
su
se
mi
fueron
el
Alia
heroes
Dios
i oh
duelo
esforzados,
cien heroes
fueron
Espaiia!
theologianshave
high reputation,but
in
but
littleto modern
always enjoyed
other
departments
been
certainly
checked
Catholic
nation,"and by
This
minds.
from
latter
stretched
beauteous
out
her
is
sophy.
philo-
deservedly
a
their
thought
by
the tradition
dear
so
objectivecharacter
to
"
of
their
the
is noticeable throughout their
peculiarity
profound ? Distracted Spain
sons
calling upon
help : her sons
they were,
traitor's
hate
the
but
Where
band,
are
dispersed
walls,
thy battlemcnted
fatherland
Whither
?
and
sweet
arc
thy valiant sons,
thy unconquered
gone
in happy days,
sword
?
heroes
had
she
Once
Spain was
Spain : a hundred
and
nations
with
Iwheld
her
beautiful
and
Now
like a
glorious
affright
in the wilderness
thou
liest nil forlorn," thy patriotswander
full of
rock
one
thy
the
of
both
rigidand unquestioningorthodoxy,which
most
?
tus pesares
llanto ?
contributed
Spaniards have
lares
:
i oh
tu
secara
! de nuestros
tanto
calmara
Quien
I Qui^n
i
of
tus
piedraen el desierto,
desamparada,
justodesgraciadovaga incierto
tierra apartada.
en
Lloremos
has
?
como
Desterrados
development
torreados
muros
hermosura.
en
ora,
Yaces
Their
tus
timidas la vieron
las naciones
Mas
sana
patriaquerida !
Vistosa
The
agitadaEspana
espada no vencida?
tiempo Espaiiafue ;
tiempos de ventura,
Un
Y
la
bando.
hicleron
I Donde
Tu
profundo !
hijosimplorando ;
hijosfiieron,mas traidora
Sus
I
tu faz encantadora
de
el dolor
Tendio
Sus
LITERATURE
arms
face
blot
"
the
out
woe
her
"
"
"
for
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
gloom
"
griefand
shall dry
in
foreign lands
tears
thine
must
afar.
flow:
eyes?"
"
"
who
Exiled,
oh
(Jod
shall assuage,
I from
oh
our
own
hearths
Spain, thy woes,
"
and
"
our
who
FIRST
THE
and
literature,
the
leads
form
concrete
listsof
therebywon
them
to
CENTURY
XIX.
all
express
247
profound thought in
metaphors.
of
a
Jaime Balmes,
Don
to
Esceplico(Letters
Spanish writer, "bring
recent
limited
with
compared
to
countrymen
have
within
the
loftiest truths
the
intelligence
testantism
whose
Cartas
the
verdict
according to
Sceptic),
a
the
set
The
their native country.
high reputationin
these is the famous
for
THE
OF
Spaniardshave, duringthe present century, entered the
religious
controversy as champions of orthodoxy,and have
Two
of
HALF
of
of
Pro-
question of
which
it
treats
at
with
Balmes
from
the chair of literature in the
post
of
ambassador
in
His
most
Valdegamas.
in troubled
the
celebrated
raised him
times
Universityof
Paris,with
Cortes,
Juan Donoso
Don
was
service
importantpolitical
whose
title of
work, An
to
the
Marques
de
Caceres
Essay
upon
Catholicism,Liberalism, and Socialism,is dogmatic rather
controversial ; it
ideas
in
The
to
was
place after the
readingpubliccan
departmentsof
generationago
of
War
own
the
most
satisfied with bad
South
America
The
detestation
of
old bad
European
her comparatively
with
books, while
lies open
as
for
nations.
took
Only
multitude
the
great field to Spanish
good
literature increases
of Spanish exclusiveness
feeling
which
thingsforeign,
or
class of French
worst
a
one
Spaniards looked
of the
cultivated
translations of the
now
Independence
challengecomparison in
literature with other
foreignersto supply them
home.
no
author's
opinions.
authors,and every day the demand
are
than
haughty disregard
a
and Spain in spiteof
produced good results,
works.
at
the
of
statement
terms, with
pompous
revival that took
small
a
is,in fact, a
somewhat
for all other
two
rest
ever.
Contemporary
has
his
supposed by
is
a
most
religion,"His
Catholicism
un
a
the
of
grasp
first
the
wearing off; the regret of a past that can
longerprevents a hopefullookingforward
name
of
to
the
the
patriotism,
be
never
and
repeated
future.
SPANISH
248
The
in
novel
of modern
LITERATURE
elsewhere, is the
Spain, as
The
growths.
literary
centuries became
seventeenth
died
and
of inanition
left the
field free for
shepherds and shepherdessesof
first who
The
the
impulse which
de
Boehl
Faber,
of the
Caballero.
Fernan
She
Spanish husbands,
improved
in the
course
favour
works
of
the
consist
mainly of
short stories and
with
bull
she
cherished
most
her
modern
changed
bold
national
love
the
her
form
to
tame
French
fiction.
whose
stronger food, and
tastes
who
as
But
use
familiar
enjoyed
Her
from
Spanish
the
to
robust
character
appears
are
it will
ever
not
traditions
been
that
and
beliefs,
and
forgotten,
of themselves.
who
consider
made
the
language. Her
has been
one
now
have
three
openly attack
not excepting
institutions,
enough
and
those
of
appreciationof
Spain, its
of
name
movement.
characteristics and
Caballero's work
and
those
was
of
she
sketches
true
foreignparentage
Spaniardsproudly count
fashioned
with
high,and
its stronglymarked
Ferndn
and
the end
become
told in idiomatic and unaffected
-fights.But
have
she
court
Neo-Catholic
great accuracy
evident that her
years
and
is
of the
scenery,
the
At
of the
aim
so
education.
champion
and
picturesque,
some
German
at
herself with
had
she
be
Cecilia
to
successively
Hterarywork
which
gave
worthy to
the assumed
under
the
as
drawn
life,
moral
descent, born
her
with
methods
a
popular,and
thoroughlyidentified
and
country of her adoption. In
of the
age.
married
was
more
than the
great days of Spain,was
widely known
the last century and
too
something
result in works
to
sickly
These
natural
novel
German
lady of
a
modern
destined
was
with those
compared
the
made
former
a
of third-
for the
room
times,and something more
modern
adapted to
moralist
prosy
ladies of the last century.
gallantsand
sentimental
is
a
order,and then disappeared to make
rate
the sixteenth and
picaro of
last
at
vigorous
most
of
the
Forty
novel,
old-
somewhat
steeped
remain
in
the
popular
corrupted by
a
delicacyof thought
and
in
and
language
moral
high
a
similar
Somewhat
aim
is Don
emigrated
to
Telesforo
Caballero
Trueba
y
in
England
to
in his
Tales
Spanish
well.
is
He
abundance
in any
not
him
collection
a
it
popularitywhich
that
Spaniards learned
is
nature
valuable
more
Trueba
from
their
writers
national
three
and
manners
Mariano
that of Don
customs,
Larra, who
twenty-eight.His
the age of
or
however, in
which, coupled with
tone
harsh
reminds
style,
for his model.
He
wrote
to
from
her and
go
side
out-
under
the
on
day,
is
these
in
1837
and literary
political
and keen wit ; they
articles on
Quevedo,
of the
suicide
committed
bitter and
a
author's idiomatic
the
of
us
from
first of
The
degree spoiledby
some
:
events
on
subjectsgiveproof of profound observation
are,
the
magazine articles
specialmention.
deserve
names
true
deserve
sketch
necessary
stories and
short
of
copy
not
a
by
material.
interesting
for
country
elaborate
an
so
Caballero
well-executed
that it was
they learned
own
Among
than
loved
well
Fernan
From
simple
a
him
he has
utilised,
be
which
stories
of
is
typical
kind, and
it should
enjoys.
greater
the
in his exile he
attractive
an
in which
the way
of
appreciation
left behind
of
material
of
who
Scott
Sir Walter
his eyes
in
great writer,but, aided
a
sense
the
wrote
of
before
which
the country
of
representatives
Asturian
an
imaginationenabled
vivid
bring up
to
there
the influence
and
in method
Cossio,
1823 and
Trueba's
everywhereapparent.
at
appreciablemerits
are
Ferndn
part of his works, in which
the
tone
249
story.
a
the
CENTURY
XIX.
THE
OF
HALF
FIRST
THE
whom
he
names
of
and
cynical
somewhat
probably took
Figaro and
Un
Hablador.
pobrecito
A
writer
of
somewhat
though
otherwise
Serafin
Estebanez
similar
marked
considerable
in which
he lived.
He
an
part in the
was
to
the
foregoing,
is Don
by strong idiosyncrasies,
Calderon,
played a
character
a
Andalusian
of
politics
great admirer
gentleman
who
the troubled times
of the old-fashioned
SPANISH
250
in
Spain, which
his time
vigorousopponent
to
be
quoted
bastard
words
French
had
His
credit for
Spanish,but
of the kind.
his works
be
scarcely
can
making
tongue,
little-used words.
Calderon
owes
much
Cdnovas
del
su
it the
vehicle
trulypopular and
Far/ante). He
in him
the
writers
was
to
equallygood
acquaintance with
are
some
of which
sketches
when
the book
affectation of Calderon.
in the
Madrid.
cityhe
Both
in
Together with
next
His
loved
form
thoroughlyagreeableof
date to the
in
Solitario y
and
and
modern
Mesonero
his
subjectsboth
either of the
two
(^El Curioso
birthplaceinspired
Ram6n
de la
extensive
and
His
and
manners
Cruz, and
sympathetic
Escenas
of
His
written.
was
Spain,
expressionof
; his
graceful,is unspoiled by
and
idiomatic,
esteem
of
El
of
Matri-
popular types,
rapidlylosingtheir stronglymarked
were
even
an
Antonio
Don
many
his fellow-townsmen.
charming
tenses
use
Estebanez
of
Romanos
native of Madrid
it did
archaic,
Minister
on
models
as
of
memory
title of
of
vocabulary
choice
elegantthan
is Mesonero
as
is
stylebecomes
his
for the
views
more
affection
same
he turned
a
considered
Prime
the
under
and manly
straightforward
and literary.
political
above-mentioned
the
by
The
own
More
translations from
kinsman
distinguished
biography
Tiempo, making
the
the extensive
use
Castillo,the present
his
wrote
to his
been
free from
prose,
be idiomatic
to
unnatural,and he abuses
native
have
the reaction in favour
having headed
or
provincial,
who
bad
a
he considered
Andaluzas
Spanish
and
language. Undoubtedly he
the
the attempt
In
strained and
his
of pure
brought into
and what
Escenas
expressionswhich
and
deservingof
of
foreigninfluences
of
models
as
rapidlypassing away,
was
new-fangled ideas.
often
pure
LITERATURE
name
language,pure,
mannerisms
is stillheld
described
matter
the
so
he
one
and
in affectionate
well in El
is
acteristic
char-
of
antigito
the most
Spanish authors.
Romanos, though belongingby his
must
chapter,
be mentioned
Gustavo
Becquer,
THE
who,
of
FIRST
his
at
merit,
derived
of
When
he
Maese
Pasion,
Becquer
is almost
such
Ojos Verdes, in
as
always
weirdness
and
stories.
Becquer
necessities
to
of
that his
following
verses
recalls
certain
lines, or
^
soy
ardiente,
Yo
soy
el simbolo
De
ansia
"
"
mi
Mi
frente
Yo
"
de
I A
Puedo
"
of
yo
goces
de
mi
Yo
soy
mi
alma
me
un
?
sueno,
un
fantasma
No
Fervid
'
overflowing
thee.'
bliss ;
"
not
"
thee
heart
my
'
'
"
dark
I
am
-haired
longing
forehead
My
'
"
and
with
puedo
is
is
a
a
dream,
"
for
pale
well
bodiless, intangible,
amarte.
of
am
:
my
of
pathos
the
;
passioned
im-
Musset's
ideal
after the
:
"
llena
ti
a
no.
:
de
oro
:
fin ;
tesoro.
no
:
es
ti.
a
imposible,
luz
y
Oh,
the
I,
"
:
it
of
"
;
gold
:
"
me
phantom
a
thee,'
"
'
of
thou
Oh
!
tu
van
type
me
Is it
"
impossible,
ven
very
Is
"
tresses
love
him
condemned.
de
trenzas
No
"
i
tenderness.
I cannot
the
intangible :
"
delights.
es
sin
niebla
de
Soy incorporea, soy
"
full
esla
mis
un
llamas
but
good,
pasion,
dichas
guardo
Celtic
compelled
Alfred
No
"
palida :
es
ternura
,;A
la
?
the
morena,
soy
de
buscas
me
brindarte
Vano
'
and
passages
in stories
so
or
have
must
taste
Vega,
reproduce
to
poverty
Espronceda's longings
Yo
is less
extremely
beautiful
are
de la
Scandinavian
to
is
and
reason
in la Rosa
el Crista
attempts
struggle with
continual
a
his
of
he
best
his
at
romantic
passionate and
he
Legends
popular stories,,
on
; but
successful
which
of
Spanish subjects as
of
melancholy peculiar
publish much
Some
founded
Organista, and
el
251
collection
a
the author's
treats
Perez
him
them
entirelyfrom
imagination.
de la
left behind
some
CENTURY
XIX.
THE
OF
early death,
uneven
others
HALF
passion,
I
offer
can
thou
vain
come,
of
come
'No,
"
thee
callest?'
is
not
unending
'
"
mist
soul
my
"
seekest?'
No,
and
thou.'
it is
light :
"
XXI
CHAPTER
CONTEMPORARY
followingnotices
The
are
direct
to
with
series opens
has
Valera
Whether
place
a
regarded
delicate
which
to
nothing
is
coarse
or
English,but
who
served
as
beautiful of
Valera.
sustained
stories.
by
Of
his
the
hands
It
of
Doila
and
Luz,
essays
taste
which, combined
his
fine
study
a
is
as
the
El
poems
show
with
have
scepticism,"
wide
what
more
writers,
into
well rendered
the time
centuries
seventeenth
handled
the
unaffected
most
grace
as
is well
and
other
Mmdoza^
merit
is grace
sympathies
Morel-Fatio
than
the
by PepitaJimenez
Comendador
the chief
of
from
text
a
really great
same
is
equally
with
South
serve
has
models, nobody
that
century.
for,since
greatlyby translation,
of the sixteenth
Valera's
the
been
has
reputationestablished
His
"
in
as
style,it
of
might
taste, and
the
of
character, or
passion of
livinglanguages with
The
The
Pepita Jwienez
novels
view
of
all the
unclean.
lose
must
mystic writers
of the
point
refined
that,
of
study
a
prove
best
the
among
the
and
His
his great talents.
It combines
admirable.
criticise.
to
the latter direction
especiallyin
more
as
from
or
manners,
most
is
developed
of
worthy
than
reading
brief,intended
reallygreat writer,Juan Valera, poet, critic,
a
It
novelist.
and
be very
reasons
of
course
a
of whom
authors, most
of contemporary
alive,will for obvious
still
rather
LITERATURE
once
and
so
and
an
rectness.
cor-
eclectic
happilycalls
brought their
author
LITERATURE
SPANISH
254
melodramatic.
somewhat
writes
great deal
a
and
In
successful
more
dialoguein
of his
principal
person
the
education
possessingan
native
affection for her
brought into sympathy
articles
things,and
of
she
which
giftedauthoress
backward
head
author
of
Romola
The
entitled La
Hennana
positionof
Armando
her
its
all who
read
of
in which
Patriotic
out.
her
and
the
feeling,
blind
not
countrymen
belongsto
view.
dition
existingcon-
direction
to
this
the
the liberal party
Castelar,himself
a
and
novelist,
de la Caridad.
Palacio
Vald^s
is
merit,thoroughlySpanish in tone,
very clever
both
in
Spain
its author.
A
many
friends.
In La
decided
and
as
regard to
well
executed, and
It
character-drawing.
abroad, and
Espuma
much
was
was
greatly
expected
his
(Foam), publishedin 1890, he
the French
repulsiveor
the
yet undecided.
however, awaited
great disappointment,
leaningto
introduces
wilfully
with
years ago, is a work
publishedfour
Sulpt'do,
San
from
a
the
for
literature of his country
containingsome
shows
and,
in
point of
degree,does
She
country.
among
manners,
intellectual condition
faults of her
of
will feel himself
Naturalza
for the
of
pretty Italian story in the styleof George Eliot's
a
Hermana
admired
marked
is the great orator
contemporary
of great
the
of her
state
whose
to
a
works, and
carried
be
may
in
possesses
rare
and
men
authorities
as
guides
as
improvements
desired
His
both
valuable
are
Its
their authoress's
with
social and
the
on
are
is a native of Galicia
of her
the Madre
Ulloa and
de
being one
country, and
of view that
province.
the themes
are
life,
and
country
of her
She
sex.
it,however,
children, she is enthusiastic
celebrated
like its other
Her
distinction of
breadth
and
in
;
same
caricature.
dangerouslynear
of the other
Spaniardseven
the Pazos
Gonzalez
enjoys the
less pretentious
A
possessingthe
not
distinguishedauthoresses
the very few
scenery
Gonzalo
comes
Bazan
Pardo
Emilia
dialect.
story,though
perfectionof detail,is Don
elsewhere, Pereda
Sottlezas,as
"naturalistic" school,and
indecent
scenes
and
incidents
LITERATURE
CONTEMPORARY
nothing to
which, though powerfully drawn, add
of his story, and
sometimes
main
in
If
action.
Valera
respect of
restricted
largerclass
a
collection of short
in
various times
book
and
findinghimself
is held
Luis
Coloma
of
is,accordingto the disposition
brilliant satire
or
bitter attack
a
the
together by
far
one-sided
during the
his
which
be
must
on
shadow
mere
of
Coloma's
believe
to
attempts
that
a
of
man
"
are
in
respects,be characterised
"
some
those of the
happilyrare
and
appeal to
attract
as
in his country and
and
spirit,
a
more
those
then
to
among
a
el tio
proved by
say the ideas
quite
allowed
must,
degree that
his class.
is
Years
hopeful
more
a
private
party, and
a
his
reply to
restrict his
bigotedto
His
cynicism
cannot
we
ultramontane
extreme
who
religiousnovel
talents has
experience will probably produce
tolerant
for
a
is
should
completelyto
views,
the
of
one
created
smart
a
forward
propagate,
so
from
to
crude
his undoubted
narrowing earlyeducation
works, is
who
ideas,or perhaps we
view
confessional.
him
to
came
Coloma's
amounts
produced
himself
Valera
Coloma
that
almost
natural
these
the
of
occupied a large
expected
chieflyin
nature
far from
be
to
stock
literary
Padre
controversy his somewhat
created.
strictures.
The
inferred from
fellow-men
the
years has
Spain.
a
of tracts, publishedat
nature
two
fact that his lash
Pellejo. The
amount
last
character
narrow
faith in human
of
want
in
be
it may
as
and
studied
has
stories of the
publicattention
so
life,
now
man
country-
admiration
without
form
religious
periodicals,
writer,who
share of
has
the
secure
his
its
on
plot or psychologicalstudy. Pequeneces togetherwith
a
the
merit
treatment.
The
a
society.It
Madrid
this
will take
readers
of
subjector
to
as
reader, either
the
of
model, he will
Societyof Jesus.
the
of
a
respect he
this
the
bearing whatever
no
1890 appeared Peqtunecesby the Padre
In
of
for
have
255
and
the
writingsof the wittyJesuit will
intelligent
class,
and, instead of repelling,
may
whom
he wishes
to
influence.
For
the
present
his
be summed
teaching may
proverb
he would
outside his
own
The
have
us
great book
a
work
gratitudeto
who
he
period when
by
the
As
name
juristDon
Castillo,
Austria
to
the
known
at
the
for historical
the
of
enterprise,
the learned
as
men
Academy
of
and
Jesuit
History,are
take
to
de
of Pascual
in the
last
be
the
signal services
rendered
and
modest
Ticknor
acknowledged
knowledge
Don
and
to
by
this
ot
interested
by
selves
them-
mother-country. A
mere
enumeration
of
learned,unselfish,
departments.
From
Watts, all English students of Spanish
their
obligationto
is still one
is proved by
as
orientalists,
the
have
most
these
ever-readykindness.
Pascual
Vocabulary of
the
occupied by
in each
of workers
and
fiftyyears
literature of his
historyand
long chapterwould
Prescott
is held in affectionate respect
Gayangos
during the
all those who
have
When
advantage of it.
and biographer,
the
philologist,
scholar,critic,historian,
slow
not
members
the
such
by
Spaniards,headed
Fidel Fita and
being done
del
the documents
great field lies open
a
a
is still
In the great archives of Simancas
wrote.
in local records
make
to
critic Marcelino
and
y
allowed
degree of perfection
and
is
writers like the
Canovas
Pelayo,and the statesman
of
brought up the historyof the House
Menendez
age
that go
historyof Spain is written,itsauthor
Cardenas, the historian
de
Francisco
painstakingand
historyof particular
periods.
final
great debt of
a
salvation
no
general historian
the
of valuable
amount
last something like
owe
the
Spanishhistorian.
is
Lafuente
While
the archives and the
among
great
no
of the elements
none
immense
wanting,an^
produced
value.
lasting
of
Spanish
makes
(opportunity
believe that there is
Modesto
Don
but possesses
accurate,
ladron"
of the
fold.
narrow
of
work
will
al
present century has
The
in the words
up
hace
ocasion
"/a
and
thief),
at
LITERATURE
SPANISH
256
Arabic
of the
his
In
his immense
spiteof
most
Historyof
IVortis in
fund
of
his advanced
distinguishedliving
the Arabs
Spanish, and
in
Sfain,
his great
LITERATURE
CONTEMPORARY
257
in the British
Catalogueof Spanish MSS.
Museum.
He
tributed
con-
largelyto the great edition of the Spanish classics
of the Biblioteca de
publishedby Rivadeneyra under the name
edition
he publishedin Spanishan amended
Autores Espafioles;
of Ticknor's
great work
SpanishOld
in the
several valuable works
has
and
Spanish literature,
on
edited
Society{Biblio-
Text
Side by side with Gayangos for thoroughness
filosEspafioles).
of method
disinterested love of
and
Menendez
Marcelino
Pelayo, the
y
Heterodoxy in Spain and of
author's
earlypromotion to
and
of the conservative
who
one
Less
a
more
collection
of
Nunez
Arce
de
verses
in
The
he
publicconduct
native land
much
is
probably
genuine inspiration.
brethren,his works
and
well
as
have
through the
short
some
tain
main-
consist of
They
he
liberty
poems.
poet.
His
played no
small
part
as
troubles of the last
ever
fifty
and
Liberty,
has
but looking forward
transition,
which
now
vex
humanity
modern
tendency of
to
shall be
a
time
when
solved,and
philosophyshall
be
a
a
of his life has been
watchword
includes
de Arce
most
of action
man
a
the leaders
license no
fought,holdingrevolutionary
abhorrence
With
than tyranny.
regard to the present
is a pessimist,
regardingit merely as a painfulstate
for
in
his
as
his
piloting
years.
the
of
several dramas,
lyrics,
well
as
Nuiiez
of excellence.
standard
is
its
of
account
high positionamong
his talents than his
even
History of
Ideas in Spain,
a.
Spain.
givesproof
prodigalof
a
Spanish poets
Of contemporary
the
HistoryofAesthetic
a
traditional party which
is best in modern
of what
of
author
be classed
may
still unfinished, possiblyon
latter work
the
knowledge
the
less
age
of
problems
the destructive
replacedby
a
faith
founded
on
that has
deprived the
itself and
good in its results ; he is inclined to think that the
have paid for our present enlightenmentis too high a
pricewe
one.
The
a
higherknowledge.
world
restless and
of
so
He
much
hates
the
that
was
spiritof
revolutionary
s
sneeringspirit
beautiful
the
times
in
he
LITERATURE
SPANISH
258
attributes
dangerous knowledge calculated
the diffusion of
to
sanctions
destroythe existing
in the
is
Arce
soil on
which
cause
poeticdreamer
no
which
himself
ceased, and with
in
Remarkable
poeticalmatters.
Fray Martin
the Vision de
and
the reckless
allegoryof
fruits.
to
spirit
which
in his
down
Nunez
(see p. 57)
are
in
sympathy
,1Quicn
Sabrd
jamds lo
,!Es
la vida ?
^ Es
el fin ?
J Este
es
Abajo
Y
*
" '
en
I Es
Eternal
abismo
su
la muerte
la nada
?
riddle I
"
Such
seethingrottenness,
"
strikingthoughts.
el
"
.
the grave
Is it death ?
be
to
?
principio
enigma !
i Etcrno
^ Es
.
.
vertigoen
podedumbre,
from
fail
those
Nadie
El
.
even
cncierran
?
.
!
and
These
"
?
sepulcros
el altar la sombra
"
is
" Es
el mundo
gets an answer
enclose
Is it life ?
"
en
que
la bullcnte
Who
depths
Is it nonentity?
height ; below
los
interrogaa
doubting
evil,drags
teaching cannot
the hereafter the poet says
Speaking of
'
with their
their powerful imagery and
by
the
much
and vigorously
handled,
skilfully
not
influenced
by
so
an
as
and of its bitter
fabric of the Church.
ruin the whole
own
are
allegories
who
attributes
are
poems
is treated
who, seduced
Arce
different
In the former
Lull,
pursuitafter knowledge
de
a
than
philosophical
the short
Raymondo
is Luther
Martin
Fray
for
struggle
the
appealsto
among
story of Lully'sconversion
the
weak
necessarily
in social and
feelings,
occupied rather
no
Since that time the
and
gentlerform
a
offered
he declared
Alfonso
it the Gritos del Cornbate.
has taken
poeticmuse
de
interested ambition
the accession of Don
the firstplace. With
of
Amadeo's
struggleof
the incessant
to
Nunez
own.
that his country
saw
by
his fellow-
to
and
republiccould flourish,
exotic
an
he
:
his
of
Shouts
their author
addressed
made
he had
has
he
lyrics
(The
from
wrung
even
monarchist,preferring
a
government
set
they are,
country's
dangers and
of his
the agony
workers
indeed
such
his
To
Gritos del Cornbate
given the expressivetitleof
and
Battle),
morality.
of
to
su
altura ;
.
No
?
"
Is it the
man
a
know
ever
?
Ixiginning
is the universe
and
will
shadow
"
I
on
Above
what
Is it the
is the
end
its
?
giddy
the altar. ..."
LITERATURE
CONTEMPORARY
been
bears the
that
simple love-story
The
compared
poet'sconceptionof
the less vivid.
Castile,which
of
as
by
seen
Poems
in the Idilio is
passages
bringsout
the
stronglyto
his Gritos del Combate
afar
off,they
their fame,
Should
on
fail
cannot
however, not
poets in the nineteenth
is
interesting
founded
the
on
written without
to
the
same
Haz
be
Spain.
of his
any
with
to
show
mechanical
the
appliedhis
real
was
from
Spanish
heart.
influence
existence
be
at
booksellers
talents,as well
its
at
a
"
the
well
attempted
to
I have
to
prey
monstrosity,realistic
death
Romantic
The
nerism,
man-
without
clearness
of
school
Espronceda,
of poetry
abused
commercial
as
to
When
bought up
uses
to
illustrate the
Zorrilla's
that
some
a
the production
serves
which
reputationas
worn
he
positionof
speculativefirm
of the
in
than
more
followinganecdote
height,it happened
Barcelona
of
said
fairly
the words,
he
poeticgifts,
and
in
Even
Carlos,are
becoming
after the
verse.
in his country.
men
literary
poet
probably in
for
contemporariesan extraordinary
facility
of second-rate
appeal
form."
the
some
Short
(Bundle of Fire-wood)
all I have
Jos^ Zorrilla became,
Endowed
plains
dramas, of which
they may
;
yet free from
scenery
to come
the
justify
Lena
classical without
of
representative
every
most
The
seems
expressedin
as
the
it is
Schiller'sDon
story as
provoking disgust; but above
in matter
and sincerity
and in
the chief
to
The
de
of the
their
enduring,
prove
being remarkable
romantic
Don
deeply
century.
fulfiltheir author's intention
attempted
stir
to
thought is enough
contemporary
most
their echo
when
priest,
will live.
de Arce
parison
com-
Spanish
finished verse, and
but
feelings,
that Nunez
of peace,
One
his home.
as
and
nobler
higher and
the present time
the
poetry of its brown
them
written in harmonious
are
apt
descriptionof
a
all the
loved
artist who
an
more
a
;
love is purer than that of the French
while his local colouringis none
beautiful
Idyllhas
but
Virginia,
and
be that with Paul
would
of An
name
Mireio
Evangeline and
to
259
a
of
platesof
Dore's
illustrations
national
firm
subjectsto
suit
from
contract
which
has been
he
of
volumes
Tirso
far inferior to
is
of the
one
in
in
by
fortunes
of
means
time the generous
Maximilian.
Zorrilla
off from
of
hope
revive his somewhat
sympathy
from
his
granted
raised
him
a
small
lack of finish.
and
the
improved upon
this
spiteof
retrieve
to
he
abroad, he
small
a
even
he
and
Emperor
and
to
made
in
the
work
to
Public
struggles
Spain for
round
public;
He
the Duchess
relieved
Government
him
finally
Zorrilla's longer pieces are
case
the
for
littlesuccess.
so
method, and
is the
an
enjoyed
set
which
subscription
pension.
of
his
and
country.
own
with
verses
own
find
we
overthrow
protector's
tours
the legendarystore
the
published
dramas
attempt
in his
crowned
its insipidmonotony.
he ransacked
subject,
same
Spain,and, finding himself
from
in the
This
Cid, in which
lengthby
they brought
edition of his works
in
pressing needs,
most
spoiledby haste, want
and
the
on
In
cessful
suc-
Tetiorio,though
Juan
popular
laurels
readinghis
Medinaceli
of
be
help
been
had
of
the purpose
by pecuniary
in favour of the old poet whose
warmly supported
was
and
of his
to
faded
roused
was
againstfortune
at
time
happened
all
bargain.
patronage of the unfortunate
the
At
their
but
Granada, livingin Mexico, where
some
give the
reduced
play
corrected
a
on
cut
Don
unsuccessful
an
Epic
death
His
the present century.
1854, after
thus
alreadypublished ten
Molina's
de
on
poems
by the expedients
thirtydramas,
successful
most
Spain during
him
and
verse
little profit.
their author
times
1845 Zorrilla had
difficulties. In
Zorrilla
out.
various
at
of
use
Zorrilla'smerits
judge of
to
write
to
and
illustrations,
the
carried
faithfully
was
itis unfair
But
commission
a
opportunity of making
purchasers an
The
Tennyson's Idyllsof the King.
to
this
accepted
to
LITERATURE
SPANISH
26o
a
general slipshodair
with his
sweetness
For
epicson
of his
Granada
verse
subjectsfor
cloys
his poems
of his country, but he
rarely
simple and powerfultraditional stories ;
his
262
SPANISH
"
LITERATURE
i Triste
.
.
Rindiendo
"
Va
tributo,
amor
Por
!
con
eso
De
a
incierto
el difunto
quien
iQuien?"
es
dia
Rotos
"
.
.
faz
su
"Murio"
.
En
i En
sus
Que
en
Pero
I
i Por
De
different
eso
above
he has
such
Doloras
of
a
and
warm
paying her homage
Mourning I And
sombras
viene
'
"
"
Who?'
"
I
it that
was
she
mute
!
'
Harsh
slew
is clothed
and
"
tJius
.
viste !
se
born
1817, is
in
admirer
poet of
a
a
very
Shakespeare, and,
of
spiritpervaded Europe during the
lithis modest
Sad
clothed
torch
these
at
disciple.As
their
as
He
"
died.'
fate
him?'
"
in black
"
woclK-gone.'
day
'
Hut
hours
'She,
shadows
of
of love.
hidden
"
But
"
his
her
And
for this she
She
'
in ww^ds
and
"
In
her
of
woe
thus, in sadness
conies
in
"
ing
wander-
for her
is the
who
'
"
mourns."
with
roams
face
goodness
very
.Slie weeps
where?'
and
plunged
"
"
ings
genuine feel-
"
she
sleep
"
hath
herself.
shadows?'
faithless.
or
how
that has
"
Campoamor's
lier quest
to
of the
verse
in black
absent
The
"
the
through
end
correct
heart.
for the
day.
"
arms
.
"
y triste."
open
mourns
'The
of life.'
bonds
her
"
?
enlutada
sing in
love,
to
'
"
!
forth into the world
Cantares
she
steps:
1 dead
Dond
.
but his
inspiration,
great pretensionsto original
no
and
.
fuerte
la muerte
periodof Campoamor's youth, he
went
.
misma.
all,of Byron, whose
and
great fires,
^donde?"
.
dio
ardent
An
i Trance
luto la abisma
Campoamor,
stamp.
.
triste y callada
Muda
de
.
.
"peroiconio?
.
quien le
eso
"
brazes."
sus
Ella
El dia.
.
lazos !
brazos !
negras
Por
.
negro
"
?
esconde,
los mortales
"
Triste punto
!
porfi'a.
I
i El
llora."
; Muerto
!
:
muerto."
un
amorosa
su
Pero
Ramon
deshora
a
paso
Llora
i Muerto
"
?
negra
celos 6 ausencia
"
alegra
pesar
luto."
de
i Luto
O
"
su
de sombra
Camina
"
.
al
Vestida
' '
"Y
!
'
dead
departed?
broken
arms.'
I
"
and
Hut
the
'
"
In
who
silence,
mourning garb
"
LITERATURE
CONTEMPORARY
of
and
nature
263
stronglywith
simplicitycontrast
the
Byronian
sentiments
in which
him
child,playingat being very wicked, and knowing all
like
the time
a
it is but
that
consists
verse
the
settingof
seldom
trivial,
strikingly
originalin form,
and
short
Doloras
that
coupletof simple structure
the
from
find
we
part of his best
thoughts,sometimes
a
do
; often
considerable
A
delicate
often
them
Such
of the sonnet.
artificiality
which
their author
defines as
(Complaints),
them
saves
conceal
play.
of isolated
profound, but
placed in
he would
the
are
"
poetic
brevitywith
sentiment, and
compositionscombining lightness,
philosophicimportance."
his
Of
the
in
success
reader
attaininghis
the
judge by
may
unambitious
not
object
following characteristic
two
specimens :
"
^
"
I
Mal
*'
pregunto
"
i Pobre
Ved
la
Viendo
Un
sorrowfully.
"
fall ?
"
'
She
what
Me
"
?nadre
My
when
"
'
Her
mother
poor
it saw
"
the
sufferings are
'
Would
I
pass
over'
"
might
by
"
Case.
caused
her
'from
doctor,
death,'
a
asked
"
fall.'
Rosaura
'Whence
"
did
she
Impressions.
never
forget her.
A
"
The
die !
!
"
I .shall
bier
el llanto."
ahoga
the
'
heaven.
de sufrir."
ill that
died,' said
Carolina,!
!
el canto."
Common
"
"
"
del cielo.
decia
i Quiero morir
"A
the
was
fell from
Cayo
!
olvidar
Empiece
Ceso
"
^
'She
"
"
padre
La
caida."
una
"
el feretro pasar.
doctor
El
mia
el mundo
cUrigo
El
"
Opini6n.
podre
lo que
?
cayo
Carolina
i Nunca
"
desconsuelo.
con
i de donde
La
Doctor,
la vicla ?
Murio," dijoel doctor, "de
Pues
'
la arrebato
Que mal, doctor,
Rosaura
"
Muchas.
de
priest
father
A
boy
'
I
'
'
"
Let
'
am
How
"
Listen what
the chaunt
choked
the world
begin
with
'
weeping'
prettilydecked
!
'
"
A
said
doctor
The
"
"
The
youth
SPANISH
264
LITERATURE
"
muchacho
Un
Un
;
"
joven
; Era
"
Una
moza
Una
vieja
*'
j
"
"
!
ella !
!
paz
"
"
"
"
"
dicen
los buenos.
menos."
angel mas."
Un
Verdad
"
!
los demas
Uno
Unfilosofo
poeta
bella !
dicen
"
Un
muy
DesgraciadaI
en
i Adios
adornada
i Feliz
i Duerme
"
Que
de
Tradiciones.
las
I.
Vi
una
Un
dia que
Y
Mato
a
; oh
in which
character
she'
was
to
the
'
we
One
is
'
A
"
'
A
"
of
I
to
saw
me
a
legends I
soldier
"
was
cross
There
'
on
"
when
killed
a
a
I
by
a
and
Universal
Milton.
and
have
would
be found
'
poet
One
Truth
in the
r.'
An
"
epicurean
Doloras,
old woman
"
'
the
say
Happy
rest
A
"
"
ok
Traditions.
"laythat I went abroad,
by a soldier.' And, alas
"
again,
"
"
one
the
"
'Farewell,'
good
more.'
angel
"
liack
'
luckless
the
verse
in
with
with the
admire,and
and
deeper
a
clashes
tone
long
us
justified
and
sceptical,
pantheistic,
know
Drama
This
thoughts of
its whole
But
desert spot
one
killed
was
rohbi
is the
verse
robber
came
ladron."
work
of his work
'
"TiiK
said
of
girl Poor
peace,' say
in
less
to
Allf
imitate Dante
to
rest
which
sleeps
philoiopher
"
un
its author.
beautiful
'She
"
soklado
ambitious
most
whom
Campoamor
She
un
of the somewhat
character
'
dijo"
fine passages
than
ascribingto
the clue
a
!
volvi,
me
hombre
Alii
soklado."
un
del campo
he attempts
contains
poem
"
perfidatradicion
Mato
Campoamor's
dijo
me
ladron
un
Cuando
Otro
fui,
al campo
hombre
un
Y
despoblado
en
cruz
another
man
said
to
me
"
and
a
man
for the faith
'
There
"
a
LITERATURE
CONTEMPORARY
1
will I write
Never
Vainly and
This
in
cheerful
is
He
is the
and
shoulders
of
number
a
little originality,
none
outside
fame
his
century Tomas
imitated
which
of
pieces with
French
of
interest.
Of these the
el Aire
manners
the author's
wittydialogueand
attempt
Herreros
day.
brilliant scenes
Ganez
on
chivalrous
and
changed
than
to
original
literary
de
Cruz
la
celebrated
more
for well-studied
for
method
patrioticsentiment,
the
a
degree
attention
later works
Tamayo
JamAs
en
infinite,
"
Her
of
that
this
bold
a
Munio
Alonso
distinguishedby
but
taste
had
reallyfine play
which
by
them
literarymen,
public
and
win
was
popularity.
Her
stillless successful.
were
y
lady,made
is
history,and
favourablyreceived,failed utterlyto
es
is
Spanish tragedy.
national
such
to
attracted
bien
and
Detrds
Avellaneda, a Cuban
de
revive the old
to
is founded
"
soil
plots.
Gertrudis
^
forming
trans-
(Behind the Cross lurks the Devil)and Castillos en
in the Air),the latter a brilliant sketch of court
(Castles
intriguein
in his
the present
several
dramatic
are
acquiring
of the
produced
celebrated
most
talent but
los Herreros
flavour
give a
the
on
sometimes
success,
of considerable
comedies
rests
in
de
Breton
transplanted. Rubi
they were
el Diablo
to
Spain
beginningof
and
some
completelyas
so
in
succeeded
At the
Rubi
manly modesty.
of considerable
has
country.
own
honours
Academy.
drama
whom
Rodriguez
them
of the
authors
of
with
frank
men,
bearingthe
him
upon
the modern
reputationof
The
of
charming
his great age, and
member
a
ever.
most
showered
have
senator
a
is infinite,
that love lasts for
spiteof
his countrymen
foolishly,
good
Personally,
Campoamor
and
doloras,
in my
untruth,
That
Or
265
Baus, after writinga somewhat
ellas
Ni
escrito
que
es
"
eterno
Dejar(5,imb^cil 6 loco,
tampoco
"
El
amor."
frigidtragedyon
"
El
error
"
De
que
el
266
SPANISH
the
collaborated
subjectof Virginia,
LITERATURE
of
Lope,
character.
of
but
with
The
heiress
prejudicesof
strong
brave, and
author
of
Alonso
reckless
author.
His
for the stage.
he had
A
good
of his
instance
in which
strugglefor
money
loweringeffect
nation.
This,
excited much
itselfon
odious
an
on
he
moralityof
conceal
Tlie best of modern
other
the
to
a
works
the
Echegarayis no
will
Spanish
by
please
dint
subjectsof
of
his
his representation
to
the
was
be
salutary.
centage
(Per-
him
a
is
hard
the
author,
pleased to
nise
recog-
piece
is not
lies beneath.
Echegaray.
have
of
taste
he
on
His
thorough insight into
successes
the
and
its
same
of the
dramatists
great genius,but
Producing by
Fernandez
to
with
speculation,
which
sermon
method, and his manifold
nicety what
for satire rather
individual
the
structure
long apprenticeshiphas given
dramatic
for rash
Madrid, which
at
a
public reprehension the
to
up
the
as
reputationas
is his Tatito por Ciento
manner
the stage, but
to
intended
the mania
attention
sufficiently
good
lightwas
holds
of
The
time, and
and
well
as
however,
his
stage.
revolution
his
in tone.
of
failings
Spanish
acter,
charpolitical
direct antithesis
is the
old
the
established
and
knowledge,
the
of
talents fithim,
He
the vices and
in
historical
well-known
a
is the
Cerva?itcs
the feebler modern
is
modern
Guerra, being essentially
of them
his
principalmovers
that time
Before
character
Orbe
y
of
Daughter
on
Ayala
of the
one
shine
de
drawing
imperious, with
profound appreciationof
to
of
type
Guerra
rather
prove
Alejandro Lopez
playsare
careful
a
the
on
education, yet tender-hearted,
plays, the
drama, than his fitness
dramatic
is
of consequences.
which
critical taste, and
1868.
herself
and
race
other
two
Cano,
and
considerablymore
y
Rica
La
modelled
Spain, proud, passionate,and
peculiar to
than
historical drama
(the Heiress),a
theatre
Guerra
in the production of
critic,
Orbe, the historian and
Hembra
with Fernandez
is
a
his
taught him
countrymen,
conscientious
work
rather
than
wright.
playby
LITERATURE
CONTEMPORARY
he
inspiration,
rises to
seldom
always avoids
the
and
poor
the
changed, many
were
After the seventeenth
the
editions of the
soldiers
Spanish
his
and
and
of those
who
execution
his
have
made
forms, but
the
Peninsula.
to
that
short
stanzas
coplaas
by
Each
one
it is
of
strong
of
traces
at
his tone,
or
of the
has
departed
not
the
to
unknown
of these forms
the
authors
literary
from
the
heart
are
composed
popular forms
and
the
dance; and
the
jota
to
latter
their
are
and
; the
is Unked
originin
and
popular
most
two
Times
of Lara.
ideals
music, song,
Oriental
an
verses
in Morocco
looselycalled
:
of
national
these the
air,with slightlocal variations
gotten,
for-
descendants
lowered
Princes
appeal
guitar. Of
combinations
seguidilla,
malaguena.
Seven
them
verses
the
the peienera, or
with
are
criminal,instead of the Cid
spiritof poetry
the innumerable
sung
campaign
the
acting dramas
the
of
de
of the
use
ballads
The
ears
Juan
Cervantes
wandering reciter
latest notorious
The
with
themselves
the
the
by
gone
as
when
Countries,and
The
companions, and
pass
appeal to
to
such
has
(localpilgrimages)
and
would
long
printedfor
strange in the
of
exploits
of the
has
authors
Spanish
Low
them.
romerias
changed,
to be
the
sound
tells of the
time
The
in Algiers.
captivity
weary
now
the fairs or
and
best
amused
fellow-captives
during their
and
in
them
of
century literature ceased
Garcilaso,were
Mena, Aleman, and
soil ; if
their native
of
English stage.
or
great body of the people.
when
plays have,
^
the French
unchallengedon
His
commonplace.
little flavour
names
but
effects,
stirring
loftyand
generallyspeaking,very
proper
267
traditional
a
bear
especially
weird, wild, and
cadence.
plaintive
The
Jota
to
to
Malaguena belongspeculiarly
but
Arago'n,
written
are
^
For
most
further
tempordneos.
all are
of the
information
Madrid,
2
Andalucia
popular in Castile,and
verses
see
vols. fol.
Novo
thus
y
sung.
Colson,
Their
Autores
and
the
in Castilian
structure
Dramdticos
is
Con-
268
SPANISH
extremelysimple,and
they
in
well
second
i Era
De
dichoso
tan
sin
above
the
couplet of
of
repetition
and
-
ti me
Por
ti la
additions
me
Sin
Dios
Por
ti
Por
ti la
of the
^
regret
'
For
"
left alone
'
down
so
happy
"
;
"
and
to
I
the
come
into
a
a
cuesta
malaguena
or
complicated,and
la
its
example :
"
casa
arriba ;
salgo,
cuesta
I met
"
jota
followingis an
hace cuesta
me
arriba
abajo.
you
on
my
way,
"
but
yet I
do
not
you."
"
I go
when
sin tl
similar kind.
thct; I forgot my Ood
for thee
godless and lost without thee."
When
"
quedar
querida,
cuesta
abajo
hace
me
before
knuwn
"
Dios
gloriay
a
voy
La
that I have
of
gloriaperdi.
mi
cuando
Se
addition
:
is more
seguidilla
La
Y
a
be made
Cuando
Se
de
the
olvide de Dios
vie
De
was
voy
sin
sprightly.The
more
couplet and
triste de mi
of
repetitions
structure
petenera by the
a
gloriaperdi,
me
voy a quedar
ahora
coupletmay
and
!
siento
becomes
olvide
Y ahora
"
rhymed, generally
camino
mi
meaninglesslines
Solea
above
no
form
Por
Y
"I
same,
conocido.
lines of the
certain
other conventional
"
tnalagicehais the
antes
en
embargo
El haberte
movement
The
and fourth
encontrarte
Y
The
occasion.
"
'
by
the
by whom
(seep. 44) ; e.g.
assonants
The
suit
to
the petenera,Jota, and
lines,the
eight-syllable
A
the rustic poets
adapted to
frequentlyimprovised
are
ground-work of
four
LITERATURE
house
away
"
"
I lost salvation
of my
true
love,
the downhill
road
the
"
"
"
and
I
now
uphill road
slopesup."
"
am
slopes
INDEX
ALPHABETICAL
OF
AUTHORS
COURSE
A
N.B.
"
READING
SPANISH
OF
Matiy of the
here mentioned
works
FOR
RECOMMENDED
EDITIONS
AND
contained
are
the
in
following
Collections,
I.
de
Biblioteca
Autores
71 vols. 4to.
Espanoles.
Rivadeneyra, Madrid,
1842-80.
Bad
Aut.
II.
print ; good
and
paper
price 10 pts.
;
vol. ; referred
to
as
Esp.
de
Coleccion
Escritores
and
paper
Castellanos.
About
vols,
100
are
already
Murillo, Madrid, 1880.
published, i2mo.
Good
texts
print; price 3
to
5 pts. vol.
; referred
to
Escrit.
as
Castell.
III.
Clasica
Biblioteca
1
Good
88
and
Espaiiola.
About
30
vols.
8vo.
lona,
Cortezo, Barce-
1.
cheap
vol. ;
price 1.50 pta.
;
referred
to
Bib.
as
Clas.
Esp.
IV.
Biblioteca
Arte
de
y
Letras.
About
vols.
20
8vo.
Domenech,
Barcelona.
cloth
Showy
Bib.
V.
Arte
Brockhaus
covers
y
; fair
print; price 2
to
3 pts. vol. ; referred to
as
Let.
Collection.
About
30
vols.
8vo.
50
mks.
Brockhaus,
Leipzig,
1880.
Good
print ;
Brockhaus.
good
texts
;
price
2.
vol. ;
referred
to
as
LITERATURE
SPANISH
272
Universal.
Biblioteca
VI.
About
(Juan Ruiz
Comedias
de),
Obras
Sombrero
El
Alfonso
referred to
;
as
vols.)
de
vol.
xx.)
Madrid.
Barcelona.
vols.) Madrid.
16
Castell.) Madrid.
(Escrit.
de tres Picos.
Sabio,
el
2
(Escrit.Castell.
Alfarache (Aut. Esp.
iii.) Madrid.
vol.
Barcelona, 1885.
vols. 8vo.
2
pta. vol.
de
c.
escogidas(Aut. Esp.
Comedias
(Mateo), Guzman
Aleman
price50
;
(Bib. Clas. Esp.
(P. A.),
Alarcon
extracts
Univ.
Bib.
Alarcon
useful
and
Administracion, l8
i6mo.
1881.
Leganitos,Madrid,
Cheap
vols.
lOO
Siete
Las
Academia.
la Real
Partidas, por
3 vols. 4to.
Madrid, 1807.
(Aut. Esp.
AlfonsoXI. {Poema de),por Rodrigo Yanez
Avellaneda
Fernandez
(Alonso
Madrid, 1889.
Fol,
Academia.
la Real
Cdntigas,por
Las
de),
Iviii.)Madrid.
vol.
Quijote (Bib.
Don
Clas.
Esp.)
Barcelona.
(Aut. Esp.
Ayala (Lopez de), Rimado
(Juan Alfonso), Cancionero.
Bazan
(Emilia P.),
Obras
de Ulloa and
Becquer (Gustavo A.),
(Aut. Esp.
de Palacio
Baena
Pazos
Madrid.
vol. xviii. )
Madrid,
4to.
completas. 7
Obras.
3 vols.
Novelas.
10
vols. 8vo.
(Escrit.Castell.)
Calder6n
de
la
Barca
Madrid.
851.
vols. 8vo.
2
Madrid, 1892.
Madrid, 1885.
i2mo.
(Fernan),Cuentos, etc. (Brockhaus,
Caballero
1
Ivii.)
Madrid, 1892.
vols. 8vo.
Naturaleza.
Madre
vol.
2
vols.) Leipzig.
Madrid, 1856-60.
Madrid
(in press).
(Pedro), Comedias
vols.
(Aut. Esp.
vii. ix. xii.
xiv.) Madrid.
Teatro
Menendez
Sacramentales
Autos
La
Selecio,ed.
Vida
es
y
Pelayo.
(Aut. Esp.
Sueflo and
vol.
Madrid, 1887.
4 vols. 8vo.
Iviii.)Madrid.
Krenkel.
PrincipeConstante,ed. Max
Leipzig,
1881.
El
ti\. h. UloT^X-YnXio.
Mdgico Prodigioso,
Select
Six
Plays, ed. Norman
Dramas,
trans.
3 vols. 8vo.
Campoamor
(Ramon
Ed.
MacCoU.
8vo.
8vo.
London,
Fitzgerald.2 vols. 8vo.
L"mdon,
ilc),Doloras
Hcilbronn, 1877.
1888.
New
York, 1887.
1889.
y
Cantares.
8vo.
Madrid, 1882.
Campoamor
273
edit.
7th
pequeilos Poemas.
de), Los
(Ramon
EDITIONS
AND
AUTHORS
OF
INDEX
vols. 8vo.
2
Madrid, 1883.
Cinovas
del Castillo
(Antonio),Obras (Escrit.Castell.
6
vols.)
Madrid.
(Cristobalde), Poestas (Aut. Esp. vol. xxxii.)
Castillejo
Castro
Escogidas (Aut. Esp.
(Guillende), Comedias
del
Mocedades
Cehstina
Cid,
Madrid, 1822.
i2mo.
(Bib. Univ.)
2
Madrid.
vols.
(Bib. Clas. Esp.) 8vo.
Cervantes Saavedra
Obras
Obras, cd. C.
-
vol. i.)
Madrid.
Rosell.
Madrid, 1861.
vols. fol.
12
Quij'ote,
per
Don
Quijote,notas
de Clemencin.
Don
Quijote,notas
de Pellicer.
Don
Quijote(Brockhaus).
Don
Quijoteand
Persiles y
2
6 vols. 4to.
Leipzig.
Novelas
Ejemplares. Brockhaus, Leipzig.
Novelas
Ejemplares(Bib.Clas. Esp.)
2
Comedias
y Entremeses.
410.
Don
Madrid, 1880.
3 vols. 32mo.
Sigismunda.
y Entremeses.
Madrid, 1833.
Madrid, 1865.
8vo.
vols.
Comedias
Madrid, 1819.
5 vols. 4to.
Academia.
la Real
Don
Translations.
Madrid, 1803-5.
16 vols. 8vo.
Argamasillade Alba, 1863.
vols. 4to.
12
Barcelona.
(Miguel),Obras.
(Aut. Esp.
Obras.
"
Madrid.
vol. iii.
)
(Aut. Esp.
{La).
xliii.)Madrid.
Toulouse, 189a
8vo.
Merimee.
E.
par
vol.
Madrid.
vols. 8vo.
Barcelona.
vols.
2
Madrid, 1749.
Madrid, 1875.
Quixote, by
A.
3 vols. 8vo.
J. Duffield.
London,
1881.
Don
Quixote, by John Ormsby.
4 vols. 8vo.
Don
Quixote, by
H.
5 vols. 4to.
E.
Walts.
Viagcdel Parnaso, by J. Y.
Ntimancia, by J. Y.
Panza's
Sancho
Cid
8vo.
Gibson.
8vo.
Gibson.
London, 1885.
London, 1888.
London, 1883.
London, 1885.
Proverbs,by U. Burke.
i2mo.
London, 1892.
4 vols. 8vo.
Madrid, 1779.
{Poetnadel). (Aut. Esp. vol. Ivii.)Madrid.
ed. Sanchez
ed. K.
Vollmoller.
J. Ormsby.
trans.
Coloma
(PocsiasCastell. Ant. Sig.xv.)
8vo.
Halle, 1879.
London, 1879.
i2mo.
(P. Luis),Pequeileces.5th edit.
Cota
(Rodrigo),see
Cruz
(Ramon
2
de
Cehstina
and
Bilbao,1892.
Moratin.
la),Sainetes (Bib. Arte
vols. 4to.
8vo.
Madrid, 1843.
T
y Let.
2
vols.) Barcelona.
LITERATURE
SPANISH
274
Moratin.
(Juan de la),see
Encina
Ercilla (Alonso de), Zm
Academ.
ed. Real
vol.
Madrid.
xvii.)
Madrid, 1776.
vols. l2mo.
2
(Aut. Esp.
Araucana
vols. 8vo.
2
de
Espinel (Vicente), Marcos
Madrid, 1864.
ObregSn (Bib,
Arte
Let.)
y
Barcelona,
1883.
(Aut. Esp.
xviii.) Madrid.
vol.
Espronceda (Jose de),
Obras
poHicas,ed. J.
E.
Hartzenbusch.
8vo.
Paris, 1870.
y Let.
(Bib. Arte
Pdginas
8vo.
8vo.
olvidadas.
Barcelona.
Madrid, 1882.
(P.),EpisodiosNaciotiales.
Galdos
(Gutierrede),
Games
G6ngora (Luisde),
CrSnicade
Poesias
Don
(Aut. Esp.
Poesias
inJdttas,ed. Garcia.
Poesias
escogidas. 8vo.
Granada
(Fray
Guevara
(Luis
Luis
Velez
de),
Obras
Niflo.
vol.
xxxii.)
Granada, 1892.
4to.
vols. vi. viii.xi.)
II.
Madrid.
xxxiii. )
Madrid.
Madrid, 1884.
Madrid.
vol. xxxii. )
de Granada
(Aut. Esp.
vol.
iii.) Madrid.
literarias
(Aut. Esp.
vol.
Ixiii.) Madrid.
Madrid, 1892.
(Padre),Fray
Obras
Madrid.
Madrid, 1833.
vols. 8vo.
8vo.
2
Madrid, 1782.
4to.
(Aut. Esp. vol.
Cojtielo
i6mo.
Iriarte (Tomas), Fdbulas
Larra
Pero
(Fernando de), Poesias (Aut. Esp.
2
Jttan
Madrid, 1881-83.
(Aut. Esp.
(Gines Perez de), Guerras
Hita
Madrid, 1873-88.
C6rdoba, 1811.
de), Diablo
(Bib. Univ.)
Herrera
vols. 8vo.
20
vols. 4to.
(Illustrated.) 10
Isla
)
Gerundio.
2
vols. 8vo.
,
1770.
Leipzig,1885.
vols. 8vo.
(Aut. Esp. vol.
escogidas
xv.
)
Madrid.
{CrSnicadelRey). (Aut. Esp. Ixviii.)Madrid.
(Bib. Clas. Esp.)
(Manuel), Artlculos escogidas
Obras
compUtas.
Ltuarillo de Tormes
vols. 410.
Baudry, Paris, 1883.
{Vida df). (Aut. Esp.
con
8vo.
2
la Guerra
Madrid, 1881.
Barcelona.
vol.
iii.)Madrid.
de Granada, por
Ilurtado
de Mendoza.
INDEX
Leon
OF
(Fray Luis de),
Obras
4 vols. 4to.
La
Poesias,ed. Fernandez,
de
Obras
Vega,
vol.
{\ni. Esp.
Comedias
Obras, ed.
Real
Manrique (Jorgede), Las
(P. Juan de),
General
776-79.
A.
published. Madrid, 1890.
3 vols,
de L.
Madrid.
Madrid, 1784.
4to.
vol.
xxxv.)
Madrid.
Madrid.
i6mo.
Lucanor,
(Aut. Esp.
etc.
vol. li.)
Madrid.
Obras
de
(Aut. Esp.
vols,
xxx.-xxxi.) Madrid.
la continueui6n
Espaila con
5 vols.
de AliHana.
Madrid, 1849.
4to.
Populares. $ vols.
Cantos
Mendoza
1
Barcelona, 1853.
8vo.
Marin,
de Don
(Don Juan), Conde
Historia
Fol.
Coplas (Aut. Esp.
(Bib. Univ.)
Mariana
xli. Hi.)
vols. xxiv. xxxiv.
Academia.
Madrid,
vols. 4to.
21
Madrid.
xxxvii.)
(Alvaro
de), CrSnica
Manuel
Madrid, 1790.
i2mo.
drarndticas.
no
(Aut. Esp.
Luna
Barcelona.
{Q"ih.Clas. Esp.)
Madrid, 1872.
4to.
Lope
xxxvii.) Madrid.
vol.
(Aut. Esp.
275
Madrid, 1885.
Casada
a
Perfect
EDITIONS
AND
AUTHORS
(Diego
Hurtado
de),
Sevilla,1882-83.
i2mo.
de
Guerra
Granada
(Aut. Esp.
vol. xxi.
)
Madrid.
Lazarillo.
See
Menendez
y
Pelayo(M.),
de los Heterodoxos
Historia
'ili.^%o'c^exo
El
'R.ovazxiO%,
Molina
Espafloles.3
de liricos castellanos.
Antohgia
2
vols. 8vo.
Madrid.
vols.)
vols. 4to.
8vo.
Madrid, 1880-82.
Madrid, 1891.
Madrid, 1881.
Madrid, 1881.
Tellez), Comedias
(Tirso de, Gabriel
12
3 vols. 8vo.
Madrid.
antigtto
Matritenses.
Escenas
Castell.
{^scx'xi.
Obras
escogidas(Aut. Esp.
vol.
v.)
Madrid.
sacramentales
Autos
Novelas
Montalvo
(Aut. Esp.
(Aut. Esp.
vol.
vol. xviii. )
Iviii.)Madrid.
Madrid.
(Garci-Ordoiiez de), Amcuiis
de
Gaula
and
Las
Sergas
de
Esplandidn (Aut. Esp. vol. xl.) Madrid.
Montemayor (Jorgede) y
Moratin
(Leandro
Fernandez
(Aut. Esp.
Comedias
Moreto
Polo
vol. ii.)
(Gil),La
de),
Obras.
(Bib.Clas. Esp.) Barcelona.
Origents del Teatro
Espaflol
Madrid.
i^-Ai.Clas. Esp.)
(Augustin),Comedias
Diana
Barcelona.
(Aut. Esp.
escogidas
vol. xxxix.
)
Madrid.
NuRez
1889.
Madrid,
8vo.
Poemas.
Madrid, 1882.
Svo.
dramdticas.
and other
(J.),-S'"?^'/""^
Pereda
Relaciones.
Villegas(Francisco de),
y
Obras
(Bib. Clas. Esp.)
Tacailo
Essai
Quevedo, par
sur
Barcelona.
Svo.
Merimee.
E.
Esp.
Quintana (Manuel Jose),Obras {A.\ji\..
InJditas.
Obras
Rojas (Fernando),
Selections
ed.
del Cid
Romancero
escogidas(Aut. Esp.
{gSl.Duran).
(Aut. Esp.
(Bib. Clas. Esp.)
Depping.
(Bib. Univ.)
xix.) Madrid.
Celestina.
see
General
vol.
Paris, 1886.
Madrid, 1872.
4to.
Rojas (Francisco de), Coinedias
Romancero
xxiii. xlviii.
vols,
Madrid, 1876.
i6mo.
LosSiiefios{ViCb,\5'ci\\.)
""
(Aut. Esp.
Madrid.
Ixix. )
El gran
Madrid.
Valencia, i860.
4to.
Quevedo
xiii.)
Madrid, 1802.
Svo.
Diana.
(Gil),La
vol.
Madrid, 1849.
vols. Svo.
2
Madrid, 1884-91.
13 vols. 8vo.
novels.
(Aut. Esp.
(Antonio),Cartas
Perez
Madrid, 1892.
8vo.
Arce, Gritos del Combate.
de
Obras
Polo
LITERATURE
SPANISH
276
Svo.
vols.
vol. liv.)
x.
xvi.)
Madrid.
Madrid.
Barcelona.
Brockhaus, Leipzig.
(ed. Michaelis). Brockhaus, Leipzig.
Madrid.
(Lope de), see Moratin.
Rueda
(Juan,Archiprestedc Hita),
Ruiz
ed.
Cantares
.Sanchez (Poesias Castoll.
(Aut. Esp. vol. Ivii.) Madrid.
Sig. xv.)
ant.
4 vols. Svo.
Madrid,
1779.
.Saavedra
Fajardo (Diego),Obras {h.'\x\..
Esp. vol. xxv.) Madrid.
Gdtica
Corona
(Bib. Clas. Esp.)
Samaniego, FAbtilas (Aut. Esp.
FAbtilas
Santos
completas. Svo.
(Francisco),Norelas
Poeslas.
SelgasCJ"^^Oi
SoHs
2
vol.
Barcelona.
Ixi.) Madrid.
Madrid,
n.d.
(Aut. Esjx vol. xxxiii.) Madrid.
vols.
(Antonio dc), Historia
i2nio.
de la
Madrid, 1S82.
Conquista de Mfjico (Aut. Vsy.
xxviii.) Madrid.
2
vols. 4to.
Madrid, 1783-84.
vol.
ALPHABETICAL
LIST
OF
THE
OF
FEW
A
PRINCIPAL
SPANISH
LITERATURE
I.
de
Amador
los
fifteenth
Antonio
century). 7
Madrid,
(C.
Barrera
A.
Caftete (Manuel),
Uiez
1861-65.
V^etiis el
Teal
vols.
fol.
10
antigiio
i860.
Madrid,
Lit.
Esp.
el
eit
XIX.
Sigh
2
vols.
Svo.
1891.
Teatro
de),
Liricos
Espafloldel Sig. A'/'/. (Escrit. Castell.) Madrid.
Literatura
castellana
del
Uozy (R.), Recherches
3rd edit.
Espafiola.
Sig.
el
en
XVJII.
2
t Histoire
sur
vols. Svo.
(B. J.),Emayo
de
una
8vo.
Madrid,
Espagne,
1S90.
preface
Siglo XVIIL,
(Aut. Esp.)
la Poc'sie popitlaire
en
(Frederic), Sur
Gallardo
Esp. (prior to
la),Caldlogo bibliogi-dfuo
y hiografuo del
(L. A. de), Poesia
Poet.
Lit.
4
(F. Sanchez
Cueto
Madrid,
Hispaiia
(Francisco),La
Madrid,
Castro
la
1787-88.
de
y Garcia
de
Nova.
espaflol. 8vo.
Blanco
critica
8vo.
vols.
Blbliotheca
(Nicolas),
^
Castilian
(Jose), Historia
Rios
ON
AUTHORITIES
to
vol.
i.
Madrid.
etc.
politique et litti'raire de PEspagiie.
Lcyde, 1881.
biblioteca
espafiola. 4
vols.
4to.
Madrid,
1865-87.
'
For
further
information
July-September, 1B9J.
hcc
articles
l)y
C'.
M.
Garcia
{Retiista Contem/"o"-An"a\
OF
LIST
Hubbard
(M. G.),
Siscar
y
8vo.
Menendez
y
de la Lit.
Histoire
(Gregorio),On'gines de
la
Pelayo (Marcelino), Historia
Calder6n
y
Espagiie.
en
I
vol.
Castellana.
Lengiia
vols.
2
Madrid, 1737.
(Escrit.Castell.)
Mila
conlcmporaine
279
Paris, 1876.
i2mo.
Mayans
AUTHORITIES
PRINCIPAL
THE
Fontanals
las Ideas
esteticas
Espaha
en
Madrid, 1884-92.
(Escrit.Castell.) Madrid.
teatro
su
y
9 vols.
de
(M.),
la Poesia
De
heroico-
popular
et
XVII.
Svo.
Castellana.
Barcelona, 1874.
(A.), VEspagite
Morel-Fatio
XVI.
au
au
Svo.
siicle,etc.
Bonn, 1878.
Pellicer
historico
(Casiano),Tratado
Svo.
Comedia.
Sismondi
(J.C.
T.
L.
Roscoe.
S.
Frankfurt-a.-M.
la litterature
de), De
2
Origen
der dramatischen
3 vols. Svo.
Spanien.
el
Progresos de
y
vols. Svo.
London,
du
Literal
(M.
),History of Spanish
G.
iir
11.
Kunst
in
1846-54.
Midi
r
de
Europe,
trans.
1889.
Tannenberg (B. de), La poisiecastellane contemporaine.
Ticknor
la
Madrid, 1S04.
(Fredericvon), Geschichte
Schack
sobre
Literature.
4th
Paris.
i2mo.
edit.
3 vols. Svo.
Boston, 1872.
translated
by
Vedia
and
Gayangos.
4
vols.
Svo.
Madrid,
iSs6.
Various.
Wolf
Prefaces to volumes
(Ferdinand),Studien
National
zur
of the Autores
series.
Espafloles
Geschichte
Spanischenu. Portugiesischen
Svo.
literatur.
der
Berlin, 1S59.
II. Catalan
Baret
(Eugene),Espagne
Denk
(Otto),Einfiihrung in
Svo.
et Provence.
Svo.
die Geschichte
Paris, 1S57.
der altcatalanischen
Litterattir.
Munich, 1893.
Fuster,Biblioteca
Valenciatia,
2
vols. fol.
Valencia, 1827-30.
28o
SPANISH
Helferrich
(A.),
LITERATURE
Lull
Raymond
tind
die
Anfdnge
des
Catalonischen
Literatur.
Mila
y
Fontanals,
Resenya
Morel-Fatio
los
Trovadores
(A.)
critic
y
a
dels
an
ticks
Poetas
1863.
Barcelona,
De
histonca
and
ejt
Meyer
Espana.
(P.),
Barcelona,
Articles
in
1861.
Romania.
1870-92.
Catalans.
INDEX
A.
{The
Abf.ncerr.-ijf.
and
the
beautifulJarifa), 92
Academies
(foundation of), 231
Acquaviva (Cardinal), 140
Actors
(positionof early),67
Adoration
of the Three Holy Kings,
Ariosto
Arte
15
44
7
Alcalde
Autor
de
Zalamca,
triad
us
Auto,
194
Autos
Alfonso
Avila
note,
4
Allegory,
188,
Alvaro
81,
113,
223
Alvaro
Amadis
117,
de
Andalucians,
123,
poet,
Arauco
144,
{Death of), 35, 38
{Los),215
Corona
{La),
domado,
de), 122
Torre,
la
182
de
Aragon,
103
Infantes
of the
Cid,
Balm6s
27,
(Lupercio
and
l^eonardo
47
49
of in drama,
200
between
Soto,
Sir
160,
228
Carnival
and
27
of the Frogs and the Mice,
(Emilia Pardo), 101,
Becquer (Gustavo), 250
Berceo
(Gonzalo de), 16
Bernardo
[Fl), 228
Bazan
28
I^ra,
the), 52
de
Lent,
160
Carpio, 46
de
(Jaime), 247
Battle
227
of
use
Barahona
227
del
of the
made
10
Chronicles),
with
45
(decay
{La), 87,
Archpriest of Hita,
Argensola
de
(Juan Alfonso
de), 71
(Bernardo de), 228
of Bernardo
41
8
Arcadia
Bachiller
(connection of,
71
Antiguo Madrid
{El), 250
Apollonius {Book of), 15
Arabic
element
in Spanish, 11
used
in Spain, 5,
language
ytraucana
154
Ballads, 44-53
a
Teruel
la
186-189
sacramentales,
Balbuena
Gaula,
de
Repeldn, 61
(meaning of), 64
Baena
as
Luna
de
Amantes
Anales
177
265
de
note,
(Gertrudisde), 265
(Juan de), 97
Ayala (Alejandro Lopez de), 266
266
Luna
de
(meaning of),61
17
194,
Cano,
Munio,
{El),
55
aucto
Avellaneda,
18-23
17,
endcnwtiiado
70
166
{La), 226
a
or
del
(Mateo), 90
Alexander
{Foem of), 17
Alfonso XI. {Poem "/), 30
Alguacil
Aljamia,
225,
62. 65, 68
Alemdn
el Sabio,
March,
32,
Comedias,
hacer
Asturians,
A
Alonso
de
Asonante,
{History of), 257
del Ingenio, 136
Arte
Agudeza y
Alarc6n
(Juan Ruiz de), 210-212
(I'edro),253
Ideas
{ Versos de),20,
mayor
Nuevo
Ausias
Aesthetic
by Spaniards,
imitated
228
225
254
Lady
LITERA
SPANISH
282
del
Bernardo
Carpio,
Vetus
Bibliotheca
Blanqiierna,
Celos, 193
46
37,
Nova,
et
Celt-Iberian
230
Bourbon
57
kings
los Herreros,
de
Cent6n
Epistolario,112
(Miguel de),43,
265
(Libros de),
account
of the
opinion
of La
kvanlar,
para
la
de
185-197.
(Pedro),172,
213
(SerafinEstebanez), 249
(Rani6n), 262
Campoamor
Cancidn
d Lepanto, 119
de
de Juan
ejemplares,93
(Rodrigo de), 142
Character
(change in the
Christopher
Fernando,
119
de Baena,
Cancionero
70
del
Cdnovas
45
Castillo
Call
de
(Antonio),250
Chronicles,
(A"), 81
,
Catnliln
conjunction
other
witli
in tlie drama,
62
17
117
265
and
Romantic
of the
drama,
of
schools, 241
166,
202
jroets by
locality,
(poemas de),15
and
productions,7
(Padre Luis), 255
Coloquio dc los Perros, 148
64
pastorilcs,
Colocjuios
Comedia
applied to drama,
Climate
Coloma
60,
62,
64. 65
54-58
J'rddiga,66
Liberalism,
and
ism
Social-
upon),247
(I'.ssay
[Im), 60. 81-86
(connectionwith drama), 85
Celeitina
,ir4-:iiir
(f'i,
Cigarralesde
Classical
Classification
8
Catholicism,
201
200,
del),200-202
Toledo
(Los),209
Clerecta
literature,
Catalans,
Corneille,
rules
8
rl Aire,
46
12,
121
(Franciscode), 1
(Crist6balde),
Castillejo
en
49
(Las Mocedadcs
6
Castilla
Castillos
(Bachillerde), 112
(The), 9,
of
Espiritiiales,
97
Casa de Tdqueme Roijuc, 235
CastaHeras
picadas (luis),
235
Castclar (Emilio).254
Castcllanos
(Juan dc), 228
languages
mances
Ro-
40
by Zorrilla, 260
eniditas, 239
used
with
Chivalry,
(Chroniclesof),14
(Balladsof), 15, 49
Cid (Poema de Myo),
famoso 226
Carmelites
(reform of),98
Carolea
{Lm), 226
Cartas
d un
Escdptico,247
in
34-40
(connectionbetween),
of
Cid
Carlo
character,
56
(fabulous),connection
Cibdareal
language,
Sovereigns,
37
68
Castilian
21,
Ballads
and
20
ope, 144
Amor
Catholic
the
of
of En Jaime, 56
de Muntaner,
of Ram6n
Capa y espada (Comedias de), 163
Caranibaleo
company),
(a dramatic
C dree I de
[Lettersof),
Columbus
102
Cdntigas de Alfonso el Sabio,
Canto
national),
109
Chronicle
San
General,
86
Enaniorada,
of pastoral novels, 87
221
76
Afena,
66
Novelas
213
Barca
early theatre,
Celestina, 85
of Diana
40-43,
80
Calder6n
139-158,
226
de Sevilla, 203-208
Caballeri'as
de
2
{El),242
Momo
Cervantes
Burlador
Caer
de
Centildquio (El), 73
literature,
encourage
230
Breton
language,
Cemefiterio
(Juan), 114
BoscAn
TURE
novel), 85
Soldadesca, 63
Tinelaria, 63
Comedias
y
entremcses
153
de sanfos,
188
de
Cet-antes,
283
INDEX
Comedieta
Didactic
60-62
de Ponza,
Dinero
Griego (El),76, 138
Comendador
Con
de
Corona
Quixote,
76
DoHa
General
de
via, 15, 16, 27,
Culteranismo,
190
124,
(Juan), 247
(La), 168
Dos
de Mayo, 235,
242,
245
(La),
Dragontea
223
Drama
(originof the),59-69
(Alfonso the Wise regulates),
59
(Lope's conception of), 167
(Moratin's work on the older),
233
(characteristics
of),218
(decay of),220, 233
(sacred),65-67
I mpertinente(El), 202
on
MUERTE,
LA
t^/ AV^j
i?e^(f
Death
3
of Jesus,
1
266
(The),
Cervantes
Daughter of
Z"e
32
(The),188
Disease
a"a? Me
Institulione, 105
Dramatists
242
Decay of literature, 230
contrasted
Decidor
trovador
and
Deli
Aprovechando,
Mami,
Desddn
Desdt'n,
de
Diablo
217
210
244
of Peninsula,
Didlogo
de
la
y
between
Dialogue
6
136
Old
Man
between
Humanity
and
its Comforter,
117
86
Enamorada,
del
Salamantino,
Segunda
86
de'^
Gil Polo, 87
Diet ado,
17
16, 30,
Mendoza,
32
252
22
Varones
ilustres de Indias,
Endecha,
242
""rf(/oj=
intricacyof plot, 65, 163,
Entre
Diana
Diccionario
Makkari,
and
60
Love,
El
de
verse,
Eleven-syllable
114
el
En
Conquistador, 56
Jaime
Encina
(Juan del),6i
195
Cardn,
an
Comendador
228
Lengiia, 135
de Mercuric
El
265
Mundo,
Dialects
Age, 198-
(dramas of),266
Elegias de
212
de la Cruz,
Devocidn
Golden
Eglogas, 6 1
Eight-syllable
verse,
el Diablo,
la Cruz
the
with
141
con
Detrds
of
222
ECHEGARAV
pacta, 72 ; cf. 75
Dicimas,
167
/)(?/ ^ej a^a/b Ninguno,
Deleitar
252
Cortds
Dorotea
102
la),234
de
(Ram6n
Espaila,
Cuaderna
DANZA
Luz,
Donoso
Criticdn, 137
Cwr^
149-152
(spurioussecond part of), 154
in Guillen
de Castro's
plays,202
valcroso
Curioso
204
260
part ii., 155
67
Cota
Cruz
Tenorio,
/"";/
de Santillana,
Crdnica
208
Gonzalez, 254
Gonzalo
(El), 227
(Rodrigo), 60, 81
Cristiada
(La), 226
Cortis
Verdes,
JuanTenorio(characterof),
203,
Trdgica (La), 224
Corrales,
(Ei), 74
(Las), 262
242
"/"?/rt5 Calzas
G"V
Gdtica, 135
Coronacidn
the
/?""" Alvaro,
Mijico, 108
Amarilis
(La), 87
Constante
131
Privados
de
Doloras
24
and
extdtico,
Doctrinal
por Desconfiado(El),209
203
Body
the
16
Soul,
Doctor
Condenado
qui st a
23, 132-137
hace Hombre,
quien
Disputation between
Concepiismo, 136
(meaning of),184
Conde
Alarcus
{El), 200
d'Irlos (El), 200
Lucanor,
works,
es
de Autoridades,
190
Bobos
el
Juego, 216
59, 65, 68
Epic poetry, 223
Episodios Nacionales, 253
Entremeses,
Ercilla
Erotic
231
anda
Escenas
(Alonso), 226
verses
of
Quevedo,
Andaluzas,
Matritenses,
250
250
174
LITERATURE
SPANISH
284
Espinel (Vicente),91
Esplandidn (Las Sergas de), 42
Espronceda (Jos6de), 243
Espuma
(La), 254
Esquilache (Princeof), 123
a
Shepherd,
Esquire who became
Estoria
(Grande i General), 21
de Espanna, 21
Estrofas de pie quebrado, 117
Estiidiante
de Salamanca,
Euphuism,
de
Gonsalo
(Chronicleof),
Cdrdova
38
(conquestof Spain by), 3
Goths
Gracidn
126, 136
(Baltasar),
Gracioso, 85, 193
61
Gran
(Fray
260
Granada,
( The
Wars
Gritos
244
del
of), 92
Combate,
258
(by Mendoza),
Granada
de
Guerra
124
(El), 91, 175
Lu(s
de), 100
Tacailo
Granada
106
Fables,
Guerra
232
23,
Felipe IV.
as
playwright,212
a
note,
Guide
230
Femdn
Guillen
of,\Z
(Policy of King Don),
Feyjoo (Benito),239
Guzmdn
Caballero, 248
Poem
Fernan-Gonzalez,
Fern
do
a n
Fiesta
de
Toros
Madrid,
en
Ha
Fita
Has
(Padre Fidel),256
la
de
(EI Bachiller),
Torre
Alfarache, 90,
91
186
(Eugenio), 216
Pasha,
141,
142
(El), 259
de I^efla
Hermana
199
of, 91
DiviSA,
Y
172,
de
la
Caridad,
254
San
122
Fray Gerundio,
236
French
school, 231,
classical
241
Revolution,
effect
luzgo,
Sulpicio,254
Hermosura
de Angelica, 160, 225
Cortds
Herndn
(reportsof), 110
del
Hernando
influence,229
Fuero
no
Hassan
140
Francisco
de
Hartzenbusch
Figurones, 213
Filena,
Castro, 160,
de
continuations
134
231
(Fernandez),266
(Antonio de), 133
for Sinners, 100
y Orbc
Guevara
3,
on
Spain,
240
19
Pulgar,
102
(Fernando do), 118
in
Heterodoxy
Spain (historyof),
Herrera
257
(La), 87,
Gai.atf.a
Galician
influence
143,
156
onCastilian
poetry,
75
Gallego (Juan Nicasio),
242
(GutierreDiez de), 38
Garay (Cartas de), 138
Games
la
de
Vega,
114
Gatomaquia (La), 224
(Jay Science (Consistoryof the),73
Gayangos (Pascual de), 256
German
Humour
Giganlones,
Vicente,
63
(/.rt),
147
(meaning of), 130
(ibngora (l.ulsdc), 73, ia4"ia6
Gongorismo, 134
de Chvijo (Itinerary
Gonsalfs
of),
39
the
on
(lackof in
Hurtado
93,
dc
106,
stage,
213
Cakler6n),197
Mendoza
(Diego), 88,
1
18
186
Gil Polo, 87
Ghsas
Spain,
of the Indies, 1 1 1
Chastisement
and
of the Rebellion
106
the
Moriscos,
of
Hita (Gincs Perez de), 92
Hojcda (Diego de), 226
ia, 146
Gitanilla
in
Arabs
256
Galicians, 7
(Jarcilaso
256
History, 102-112,
History of the
by Nuflcz dc Arce, 259
7a
Imperial (Miccr Frnncisco),
Inquisition,133
(censureof Qucvedo by), 179
Intrdito, 63
Idyll,
Invincible
Iriaric
Isla
Armada,
160
(Juan dc), 138
(Jose Francisco),336
286
SPANISH
Moral
Calderdn's
of
aspect
plays,
Spanish drama, 220
Morality
Moratfn
(Leandro Fernandez), 233
(Nicolas Fernandez), 232
Fatio
TUNE
Palmer/n
Para
19s
of the
194.
A
LITER
England,
of
si, 214
todos, 214
Paso
(Crdnica del),39
Honroso
Pasos,
64, 65
Moreto
Pastor
de
Moriscos
Pastoral
novels,
Pastores
de Belin
Morel
(A.),
210
(Augustfn),212-213
(Spanish hatred of), 107
Moro
expdsito,242
Mosquea (La), 225
Mosa
de Cdntaro
{La), 165
Muntaner
(Ram6n de), 56
Mysticism, 94-97
Mystics (literaryqualities of
Spanish), 96
of Christ,
Names
National
the
100
schools
of
literature, 135
school
of poets,
Nicolas
Antonio,
Noche
182,
117,
184
Novelas
93,
252
Don
253
Casada
Niilo
y
d la Patria,
Ode
to
and
Calm
to
a
Music,
de),
I02
Picara
Night,
Origin y
Montalvo,
180
"35-
Osuna
Ottava
la
Siglo Xy.,
231
231
eighteenth century,
Age, 113- 131
232
Golden
Undertakings or
del bien
Princesse
137
41
Definicionesde
de
I
Ideal
tian
Chris-
134
of God (The), 180, 182
Polyphemus of G6ngora, 126
Popular poetry, 267
Prayer and Meditation, I go
Premio
la Necedad,
184
Origenes
a
Luzin,
Politics
129
Quintana, 341
and
Quevedo,
Olives
(The), 64
Ofta (F'cdrode), 227
de
of the
Political
of
OrdoAez
(La)
de
Prince,
o^ Gmcxkn,
189
y Victoriano, 61
d lo divino, 171
of the
Olivares
Ordculo
1
(La), 91
(meaning of), 88
Anteriores
Poetas
Poets
129
(La), 10
Justina
Picaresco
Poetica
128
139
to the Ascension,
Odes
170
(Chronicle of Don), 38
Sigismunda, 156
Philosophical drama,
Philosophy, 246
Pldcida
245
Retirement,
to
Sebastidn, 119
268
Peteneras,
reales, 224
Oda
35
Pulgar (Herndn), 38
Pirsiles
Arce, 257
(FLORIAN
Octavas
200
(Jos6 M.), 253
Peregrino en su Patria,
Indiana
(E,.),228
Perez
(Alonzo), 87
(Antonio), iii
Poemas
OCAMPO
Cruel
Pequeileces,255
Pirdida
del Rey
Pero
209
(historical),
92
(modern), 248
Novels
(allegorical,pastoral,
picaresque),80-93
Nutnancia
(La), 144
de
stage,
(Los),254
(Chronicle^),
Pelayo, 243
Pepita Jimenez,
Perfecta
199
Ejemplares, 93, 146
Nunez
the
Ulloa
Galdos,
of adventures,
Novel
Pedro
del
230
(La), 261
Nocturnes,
de
(Los),169
the
on
Pasos
87
86, 87
Pereda
euphuistic
and
Filida,
Patriotism
186
Nacimientos,
43
algitnos,214
(patron of Qucvcdo). 179
in the drama,
rtma
167
163
213
of Torres
Naharro, 63
Propaladia
Prophecy of the Tagus, 1 39
Protestantism
ism,
comparedwith Catholic-
Itngua Castellana,
23'
hablar,
d Elide,
Provencal
lurc.
247
influence
31,
Proverbs, 137
54,
on
70.
Spanish
74
litera-
INDEX
Luis
(translationof, by
Psalms
Le6n),
de
287
Francisco
San
129
Juan
San
QUERELLAS
ALFONSO
DE
EL
20
(Franciscode),
Quevedo
174-184
152.
133,
128,
122,
(Manuel Jos6), 232,
Quintillas,117
Quintana
Sem
Don
Rabbi
Tob,
Relacidn
137
la
de
Indias,
Robles
entre-
Stock
44
General, 45, 46
of
(Juan),27
40-43
Mary
Sancho
Spanish,
73,
167
253
249
of the
stage, 219,
compared
Tasso
22
the
(Yagiiede), 215
el Bravo
{Castigosy
mentos), 23
Quevedo,
183
y
to
(opinion of
Teatro
ii,
with
220
28
Baus, 265
266
Ciento,
for
Tarascas, 186
de
Gaula),
crltico, 239
Tia
y
Sobrina,
Tirant
Docu-
Amadis
Tejedor de Segoxna (El),211
Tellez
(Gabriel),203-210
Tesoro
(El), 19
Timoneda
180
Salas
Swift
Tan
Egyptian {Lifeof),is,i6
Magdalene {Lifeof),131
St. Thomas
{Lifeof),
of Villanueva
St.
into
Song for asking Alms,
{Los), 176, 180
Tamayo
(Antonio de), 228
Fajardo (Diego), 134
Seville,
d
Lofje, 171
characters
SueHos
Saavedra
234
of
Alma
Student's
Ruiz
Sainetes,
drama,
of
Sonnets
Spanish Tales,
2
Rufo
St. Isidor
34
Spanish language (formationof), 10
Chivalry, 35. 39,
(Tomds Rodriguez), 265
(Juan), 226
Rubl
19,
171
Sotiletas,
(Fernando
(Franciscode), 216
Romances
{El), 234
{Ei), 8i
introduced
114
in the
de), 82
Romancero
Courtiers, 61
de Amor
Partidas,
Sonnet
tenido, 68
Romance,
became
(Antonio de), 108
Solitario y su
Tiempo (El), 250, 256
Sombrero
de tres Picos
{El), 253
81
occupation,
libre
Dios,
Padr6n,
Rodriguez
Roig (Jaume), 56
Rojas (Augustfn de), Viage
Roman
28, 74
las Niilus
de
241
Solfs
de), 257
(Biblioteca
del
137
(Jer6nimo),226
Serranillas,
32
(Duke of),242
(Isidrode), 93
Rivas
94,
Siglo de Oro, 87
Soledades
of G6ngora, 126
de un
Soliloquiosamorosos
Cortadillo, 88, 146
Rivadeneyra
202
98, 130, 181
Santiago (patron of Spain), iSi
Si
in
{La), 266
de Palacio,
y
Teresa,
Siete
(Asona/i/e),
44
Rinconete
las
133
Rhyme
Rimado
Santa
Siervo
of literature, 247
Hembra
Bdrbara,
Shepherds who
Revival
199
130
(Marques de), 60, 72,
(El Padre), 239
Seguidillas,268
Segura (Juan Lorenzo), 17
Selections from the Spanish Poets,
Selgas (Jos6),261
in
Religious plays, 220
Reloj de Principes,
Rica
Santa
Sempere
de
Distruicidn
Perez,
171,
Cruz,
Sarm(ento
29
de Antonio
Relaciones
la
Santillana
241
Raymondo Lull, 258
Redondillas, 61, 167
Refranes,
de
213
(Diego de), 81
Pedro
SABIO,
de Sena,
Labrador,
Isidro
Tirso
Tom6
213
(Juan de), 65
lo
de
de
Blanch, 41, 56
Molina, 203-210,
Burguillos, 172
215
LITERATURE
SPANISH
288
Torres
Naharro,
of
Translations
de
classics
by Que-
Argel ("/),
(/.aj),
75
Trueba
Elspinel,
91
Suedo
(La), 189,
190
Villasandino
54
(Telesforo),249
U.\'ii'iiRSAi.
es
(of Lope), 169
(Alvarezde), 71
Villaviciosa (Jos6de), 225
Villegas (Antonio de), 92
(Manuel de), 123
Villena
(Marquds de), 72, 73
Viru6s
(Crist6balde), 225
145
Trescienlas
Troubadours,
Vida
Villancicos, 61
176
vedo,
Trato
Vicente
62
the
Drama
265
(T///-:),
(Armando
Palacio), 254
82,
(Juan de), 40, 45,
114, 135
Valera (Juan),97 note, 252
Vaqueiras, 28, 74
Various
Prodigiesof Love, 93
de Lobeyra, 41
Vasco
Verdad
Sospechosa(/-"),211
Vergomoso en Palacio {El), 209
Viage del Parnaso, 153
Valdes
Printed
hy
K.
Visidn
dc
Visions
{T lie V. of Queredo), 176
[El), 62
Viudo
YANEZ
(RODKIGO),
Zorrilla
THK
END
"
K. Ci.ark,
30
(Luis dk),
Zapata
Zurita
Fray Martin,
226
(Jos6),259
(Ger6nimo de), 102
Edinbutxli
258