CHAPTER 8 AND 9 NOTES
• The middle social class developed in northern
society in the early 1800s
• Most of the German immigrants came to the
United States for economic opportunity.
• The South was slow to industrialize for all of the
following reasons
– plantation owners invested in slaves, not machines.
– there was no market for manufactured goods in the
South.
– there were few factory workers available to do the
work.
• Irish immigrants in the mid-1800s mostly
settled in city slums.
• Children made up about 40% of all factory
workers in 1832.
• Southern planters and their wives had to work
hard to earn their wealth.
• The Market Revolution decreased the cost of
manufactured products.
• The Upper South had trouble growing cotton
because Planters could not afford to buy
slaves to pick the cotton
• Southern cities had free public schools.
Free African Americans in the South
• Some of them purchased slaves of their own.
• They were not allowed to vote.
• Many of them worked as cooks, mechanics,
and seamstresses.
The Southern Economy
• Had a strong reliance on agricultural products
• planters discouraged manufacturing
• factory workers were in short supply
The Lowell Girls
• were cheaper to hire than male workers
• lived in company-owned boardinghouses
• were single
• New Orleans became the nation’s most
prosperous export center by 1860
• Most southerners lived on corn and pork
• 25% of southern whites owned slaves before
the Civil War
• Protestant was the religion most of the
German immigrants followed.
• Based on their religion, slaves believed that
they were God’s chosen people
• Southern farmers first begin growing cotton in
the late 1600s
• Gullah is an African American dialect
Crops grown in the Upper South
• Corn
• Hemp
• tobacco
The Second Great Awakening
• The Second Great Awakening dealt with
religion
• The temperance movement, by the mid1800s, had led to laws outlawing the
consumption of alcohol
• Abolitionists believed slavery should be
outlawed because it was morally wrong
• The following is associated with the history of
the Mormons
– plural marriage
– Brigham Young
– golden plates
• According to Protestant revivalists anyone
who repented for their sins could attain
salvation.
• In increasing support for abolition in the mid1800s, the following played a role :
– religious principles
– principles in the Declaration of Independence
– political activism
• The women’s rights movement was sparked
by the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments.
• Lyman Beecher preach extensively about the
evils of alcohol.
• Maine was the first state to prohibit the sale
of alcohol.
• During the Second Great Awakening, what
were the large religious gatherings called
revivals.
• Communities designed to create a perfect
society were called utopias.
• Some people were particularly outraged by
the Mormon practice of plural marriage.
• As Massachusetts’s first secretary of
education, Horace Mann did
– raise teachers’ salaries
– update the curriculum
– lengthen the school year
• During the Second Great Awakening, female
converts outnumbered males three to two.
• People leave the American Anti-Slavery
Society in 1840 because a woman was put on
an important committee.
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott the
two female abolitionists gained valuable
experience at the World’s Anti-Slavery
Convention in London in 1840
• Francis Asbury was the founding bishop of the
Methodist Church.
• According to prison reformers, lawbreakers
could be rehabilitated
• The Grimké sisters were Shakers.
• The American Colonization Society wanted to
send freed African Americans to Africa