Concept Map
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CHAPTER 51: OSMOTIC REGULATION AND THE URINARY SYSTEM THE ESSENTIALS THEME ALERT Structure fits function is a major theme interwoven throughout the course and has been the basis of many free-response questions on the exam—the structure of the nephron and the structure of nitrogenous waste in different animals is an excellent example of this theme. Movement across a cell membrane by diffusion and active transport were principles learned earlier in the course—the mechanisms which govern the movement of water and solutes across the epithelial cells of the nephron are specific applications of these basic concepts. Students need to know: the three classes of nitrogenous waste, which animal groups produce each class, and why. the structure of the nephron and the function of each component. how hormones regulate water balance and their specific action on the nephron. Key Terms sensors effectors osmolality hypertonic osmotic pressure hypotonic isotonic osmoconformers nephrons nitrogenous wastes ammonia urea uric acid ureter urinary bladder renal cortex renal medulla filtrate glomerulus glomerular filtrate 274 proximal convoluted tubule loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule collecting duct antidiuretic hormone (ADH) renin aldosterone angiotensinogen angiotensin Concept Map maintaining homeostasis osmoregulation water & salt balance nitrogen waste filtration body temperature phylogeny, habitat & reproductive strategy maintenance of blood pressure hormonal control thermoregulation aquatic terrestrial ectotherm egg layers produce produce produce ammonia through gills urea uric acid filter in mammalian kidney by conform to environmental temperatures behavioral mechanisms enables water conservation basking, burrowing endotherm higher metabolism produce heat internally through cellular respiration physiological mechanisms nephron for example 275 CHAPTER 52: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM THE ESSENTIALS Students need to know: the difference between the innate immunity and acquired immunity. the major components of the innate immune system: barrier defenses, antimicrobial proteins, and phagocytic white blood cells. the major components of the acquired immune system: B cells, antibodies, and T cells. the different roles of B cells and T cells in immune response. how antigens are recognized by the immune system cells. the difference between humoral immune response and cell-mediated immune response. the role of MHC proteins in T cell function. the central role of helper T cells in immune response. Key Terms skin immune system lysozyme macrophages neutrophils natural killer cells vaccination antigen antigenic determinant sites antibodies humoral immunity cell-mediated immunity active immunity passive immunity major histocompatibility complex (MHC) MHC proteins human leukocyte antigens (HLA) self-vs nonself-recognition antigen-presenting cells cytokines lymphokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) interleukin-2 (IL-2) immunoglobulins light chains heavy chains mast cells somatic DNA rearrangement somatic mutation immunological tolerance 276 clonal selection primary immune response secondary immune response ABO system agglutinate Rh-positive Rh-negative monoclonal antibodies cellular immune response humoral immune response antigen shifting immediate hypersensitivity delayed hypersensitivity anaphylactic shock t":l i -"..i'. -i immune system nonspecific immune defense skin,ephelialcells, mucous membranes gastric juci e, lysozym e,digestice enzym es,compe l ment system,interferon macrophages, neutrophils, naturalkiller cells histamines, prostaglandins, fever,increased bloodflow destruction of infected cells or cancer cells
