Madison Symphony Orchestra Proudly Presents: SYMPHONY SOUP llustration: Steven Moore Photo: Steven Moore John DeMain, Music Director Tuesday | May 14, 2013 Overture Center for the Arts 10:15 AM | 12:15 PM CONCERT CURRICULUM GUIDE Concert Curriculum Guide CONCERT CURRICULUM GUIDE Dear Teacher: The Madison Symphony Orchestra welcomes you to the 2013 Symphony Soup Concerts! Symphony Soup is a special way for students in Kindergarten through third grade to learn about music through the experience of a live symphony concert. The idea of “soup” conveys the way ingredients, spices, and flavors combine in a delicious bowl of soup, just as musical instruments come together to create beautiful music that can lift and refresh the soul. It is possible to eat a single noodle from a bowl of soup, and so too can parts of music be separated out of the orchestra. However, to fully appreciate music (or a bowl of soup) all the parts must be heard together. The concert contains pieces that are between two and five minutes long, including music from a variety of styles, genres, and centuries. This guide includes basic background information about the songs, composers and orchestra, with the goal of enriching the concert experience in an age‐appropriate way. Bon appétit! Special Thanks to Our Sponsors! Major funding provided by: Additional support provided by: Herbert H. Kohl Charities, Inc. with funds from the State of Wisconsin and the National Endowment for the Arts Symphony Soup Page 2 Symphony Soup Madison Symphony Orchestra Randal Swiggum, Conductor Tuesday |May 14, 2013 10:15 AM | 12:15 PM Overture Hall Table of Contents: Program: Program................................3 Mussorgsky…...…………….…...8 Antonio Vivaldi Maurice Ravel Modest Mussorgsky Grieg………………………………….9 Bizet….................................10 Edvard Grieg Georges Bizet Joseph Haydn Meet the Symphony.............4 Meet the Symphony (cont.).5 Vivaldi………………...................6 Ravel………………………............7 Haydn……….........................11 Handel………………….............12 Joplin…………………………..…..13 Activities.............................14 Resources…..…..…….………...15 Important Information……..16 Spring from The Four Seasons, I. Allegro Petite Poucet from Ma Mère l’Oye Gopak from The Fair at Sorochinski Morning from Peer Gynt: Suite No. 1, Op. 46 Habanera from Carmen Suite No. 2 Symphony No. 94 in G Major, “Surprise,” II. Andante George Handel Alla Hornpipe from Water Music Suite in D Scott Joplin Maple Leaf Rag © Warner Bros. Symphony Soup Page 3 Meet the Madison Symphony Orchestra What is a “symphony?” The word symphony has two different meanings. One meaning is related to a group of musicians—or a musical ensemble—that uses string, woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments. In this case, you would say, “I am going to see the symphony.” The other meaning of symphony is a piece of music written for the orchestra. A symphony usually has four different sections, which are called movements. You could say, “The piece of music I am listening to is a symphony.” A symphony orchestra is made up of musicians playing many different instruments. String Section (up to 50 musicians): Brass Section (12 musicians): Violin Horn Viola Trumpet Cello Trombone Bass Tuba Harp Percussion Section (5 musicians): Woodwind Section (12 musicians): Timpani Flute Triangle Piccolo Snare Drum Oboe Cymbals Glockenspiel English Horn Clarinet Bass Drum Bass Clarinet Xylophone Bassoon Piano Contrabassoon Symphony Soup Page 4 Meet the Madison Symphony Orchestra So how do all of these musicians manage to play a piece of music together? They are led by the conductor. His job is to choose the music that the orchestra will play, and then to stand at the front of the orchestra and lead the musicians Photo from http://www.vandercook.edu through the music. You will see him using a baton to keep the beat, and cuing instruments to begin playing. He also uses hand signals to tell the orchestra how to play the music—loudly, softly, smoothly, intensely and so on.
Randal Swiggum currently serves as the Director of the Elgin Youth Symphony Orchestra (EYSO) and as Education Conductor for the Elgin Symphony Orchestra. Under his tenure, the EYSO has more than tripled in size, drawing students from a wide geographical range of over sixty communities in Illinois and Wisconsin, with five orchestras, a brass choir, a vibrant chamber music program and performances at Ravinia, on NPR's From the Top, and with superstars Midori and Yo Yo Ma, as well as headlining the Aberdeen International Festival in Scotland. Mr. Swiggum currently conducts the Madison Boychoir's top two choirs, Britten and Holst. He has taught at Whitefish Bay High School (Milwaukee), and at the University of Wisconsin‐
Madison and Lawrence University. His degrees are in music education (B.M.) and orchestral conducting (M.M.) and he is currently a Ph.D. candidate in musicology at © Disney the University of Wisconsin. Symphony Soup VIOLIN I Naha Greenholtz Suzanne Beia Leanne Kelso League Huy Luu Olga Pomolova Alice Bartsch Eleanor Bartsch Olga Draguieva Deanndra Deblack Anne Hatmaker Jon Vriesacker Kathryn Taylor Laura Burns Tim Kamps Qi Cao Roy Meyer VIOLIN II Xavier Deblack Wendy Buehl Rachel Hauser Erica Sanders Rolf Wulfsberg Courtney Cameron Juliette Williams Nathaniel Wolkstein Geri Toole Robin Ryan Matthew Dahm Wes Luke Michelle Kaebisch Mary Theodore VIOLA Christopher Do‐
zoryst Katrin Talbot Diedre Buckley Renata Hornik Elisabeth Ellenwood Sharon Tenhundfeld Janse Vincent Jennifer Paulson Marika Fischer Hoyt Micah Behr Cynthia Edwards Gwendolyn Miller Seal CELLO Karl Lavine Catherine Smith Karen Comelius Andrea Kleesattel CELLO (continued) Margaret Townsend Lisa Bressler Laurie Riss Becky Morgan BASS Fredrick Schrank Robert Rickman Carl Davick Zachary Betz Steve Kasprzak August Jirovec Brian Melk Michael Hennessy FLUTE Stephanie Jutt Elizabeth Marshall Linda Pereksta PICCOLO Linda Pereksta OBOE Marc Fink Jennifer Morgan Andrea Gross‐Hixon ENGLISH HORN Jennifer Morgan CLARINET Linda Bartley Nancy Mackenzie BASS CLARINET Gregory Smith BASSOON Cynthia Cameron‐Fix Amanda Szczys CONTRA BASSOON Carol Rosing HORN Linda Kimball Kristina Crago Michael Szczys William Muir Anne Aley TRUMPET John Aley Frank Hanson Dave Cooper TROMBONE Joyce Messer Benjamin Skroch BASS TROMBONE Michael Allsen TUBA John Stevens TIMPANI John Jutsum PERCUSSION Anthony DiSanza Richard Morgan Geoffrey Brady HARP Karen Beth Atz PIANO Daniel Lyons ORGAN Samuel Hutchison STAFF Richard H. Mackie Executive Director Ann H. Bowen General Manager Evelyn Dale Office Manager Casey Oelkers Director of Development Carmel Morgan‐Weisberg Manager of Inst. Giving Michelle A. Kaebisch Director of Education & Community Engagement Michael Bridgeman Director of Marketing Chris Salzwedel Patron Services Manager Anna Bose Marketing Communications Specialist Samuel C. Hutchison Overture Concert Organ Curator Kathryn Taylor Music Librarian Alexis Carreon Personnel Manager Brian Hinrichs Marketing Project Assistant Lindsey Castellano Education Intern Nathalie McFadden Development Intern John DeMain | Music Director Photo by Greg Anderson Page 5 Spring from The Four Seasons, Op. 8, I. Allegro Vivaldi (1678‐1741) Antonio Vivaldi began playing the violin as child, and often played duets with his father. He began his adult career as a priest, but he soon left the church and began teaching music at an orphanage for girls. His students quickly became well‐known all over Europe. Vivaldi wrote much of his music for his students. He was even commissioned by the French king, Louis XI, to compose special music. However, Vivaldi’s music soon became unpopular, making him very poor. To make money, he sold many of his manuscripts for little money, causing his music to be rarely heard until the 1900s. In 1740, Vivaldi moved to Vienna to work for Charles VI. Soon after Vivaldi arrived in Vienna, Charles died, leaving Vivaldi with no work. A year later, Vivaldi fell ill and died. Vivaldi was a busy composer, writing over 500 concertos, 46 operas, and 73 sonatas. The Story of Springtime Vivaldi wrote a poem to go along with this concerto. The music tells us the story of what it feels like on the very first day of spring. “Spring has come and is rejoicing. The birds greet it with happy songs. The streams softly murmur to the wafting of gentle breezes. But the sky suddenly grows black; lighting and thunder speak out. Then they fade away to silence, and the birds sing once again in the peaceful spring day.” In this piece you can hear the birds’ songs, the gentle murmuring of the wind and stream, and the thunder and lightning of the big storm! When the storm is over, listen for the return of the birds singing. Photo from http://www.activevetcare.ie Signs that spring has come! Flowers bloom Birds sing Snow melts Thunderstorms roar Grass grows By Lisa Lesser Symphony Soup Page 6 Petite Poucet from Ma Mére l’Oye Ravel (1875‐1937) Joseph‐Maurice Ravel was born in France in 1875 and began studying the piano when he was six years old. He went to the Paris Conservatory to study piano but was expelled! Even though he did very well as a musician, he did not work very hard in his academics classes. Ravel was a very gifted pianist but he wanted more than anything to be a composer. Ravel was an avant‐garde French composer. Avant‐garde is a French term that refers to people who experiment and push the limits of what is thought of as acceptable and normal for their time. Critics in France did not like Ravel because he was pushing the limits of classical music with his com‐
positions. In 1928, he took a four month tour of America, where he met and became friends with George Gershwin. Critics in America were much more receptive of Ravel's work and boosted him to in‐
ternational acclaim! Ma Mére l’Oye means Mother Goose in French and Petite Poucet is Ravel’s musical depiction of the story of Little Tom Thumb. Little Tom Thumb who was no bigger than his father’s thumb had wonderful adventures like being swallowed by a cow, and fighting giants! “Of butterflies' wings his shirt was made, His boots of a chicken's skin; And by fairies learned in the tailor's trade His coat and trousers both were made, And lined without and within.— For a sword, a needle hung by his side; A dapper mouse he used to ride.— Thus strutted Tom in stately pride.” Art by Scott Gustafson Ravel is one of the most important figures of the impressionistic music era which goes along with a movement in art known as impressionism. Impressionist paintings are usually done with small, thin brush strokes that depict light in its changing qualities, like a sunset when the sky is different Paintings by Claude Monet colors, and movement, like water trickling under a bridge. Ravel was known for producing a variety colors from the orchestra. He studied each instrument carefully in order to find out the possible effects and colors in sound they could make. Just like a painting is made up of many different colors , the orchestra is made up of instruments that produce individual colors and when they play together they produce lots and lots of different colors ! Symphony Soup Page 7 Gopak from The Fair at Sorochinski Mussorgsky (1839‐1881)
Modest Mussorgsky was born in Russia and his mother gave him his first piano lessons. Modest went to military boarding school, and when he graduated, he joined the army as an officer. Mussorgsky started studying music with Russian composer, Mily Balakirev, and left the army to become a composer. He was part of a group of five Russian composers known as "The Five," or the "Mighty Handful,” who were all avant‐garde composers of Russian music in the romantic period. They wanted to create a uniquely Russian style of music unlike the traditional methods of Western classical music (like the music of Mozart and Haydn). Many of his works were inspired by Russian history and folklore. The Fair at Sorochinsk, is an opera based on a Ukranian story. The Fair is a comedy about Ukrainian peasants who through trickery convince a young couple to get married, and dance a gopak (or hopak) in celebration. The gopak is a dance that dates far back in Ukrainian and Russian history. Its most remarkable feature is that the dancers leap while squatting, kicking their legs out. The music is very joyful and fun, and gives the feeling you are at a celebration! From Disney’s Fantasia Photo by Marco Levytsky The gopak is one of the few numbers that Mussorgsky completed for his opera. Mussorgsky died in 1881 before he was able to finish his opera so Anatoly Liadov completed the composition in 1904. Mussorgsky loved his native country of Russia, and composed pieces based on Russian folk songs that would produce a uniquely Russian sound. He is known as a nationalist composer, like Grieg who you will learn about on the next page! Symphony Soup Page 8 Morning from Peer Gynt Suite No. 1, Op. 46, I. Grieg (1843‐1907) Edvard Grieg was born in Bergen, Norway on June 15, 1843. He was raised in a musical home and received his first piano lessons from his mother when he was only six years old. He continued his musical studies throughout his young adult years and enrolled in a music conservatory where he studied piano composition. Grieg was a hard worker, composing symphonies, concertos, vocal music and string quartets as a young man. In his later life, Grieg was very highly regarded in Norway and he enjoyed a great deal of fame. During this time, he also recorded many performances that are still listened to all over the world. Morning is part of the Peer Gynt Suite which was written by Grieg. He wanted this music to illustrate one of the most magnificent parts of morning: the sunrise! Describe a sunrise: ♦
What happens to the sky? ♦
What do the clouds look like? ♦
Where do you see shadows? ♦
What colors do you see? How would you describe a sunrise with music? Photo by Andrew E. Larson Would it be slow or fast? Loud or soft? Would you use high or low pitches? What kinds of instruments? Grieg was very proud of his Norwegian heritage. Many of his compositions are based on Norwegian folk songs. He is often considered a nationalist composer because of this. Symphony Soup Page 9 Habanera from Carmen Suite No. 2 Bizet (1838‐1875)
Born into a musical family in France in 1838, Georges Bizet received good musical training from a very early age and was accepted to the Paris Conservatory at age nine. There, he became a skilled pianist and composer. When he was 17, he composed “Symphony in C,” though it was not heard until 1935. He turned down a position as a teacher at the Conservatory so that he could focus on composing. However, he was only moderately successful during his life. Later, he was forced to serve in the Franco‐Prussian war and suffered from health problems. In 1875, he completed the opera Carmen, which turned out to be controversial and did not last long on the French stage. Less than three months later, on June 2, 1875, Bizet died of a heart attack. Five years later, Carmen returned to Paris after having great success elsewhere in Europe and remains one of the most well‐known operas to this day. Art from http://www.southwaterfront.com A habanera is a kind of popular dance music that originated in Cuba. Bizet thought that he was using parts of a folk song for his Habanera in Carmen. He later discovered that the song had been written only ten years earlier, and so he made sure to give credit to the composer. Cuba Photo from http://www.oceanphotos.com/cuba/maps.htm Melody Ostinato An activity for Carmen is on page 14! Symphony Soup Page 10 Symphony No. 94 in GM, “Surprise,” II. Andante Haydn (1732‐1809) Born in Austria in 1732, Franz Joseph Haydn was the son of a wheelwright who was also an amateur harpist. At the age of 5, Haydn went to school to study violin, voice, and music. When he was 8, he was brought to St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna to sing; staying there until 1749. It was not until 1759 that he finally got his first job as an orchestra director in the house of a nobleman. After this orchestra disbanded, Prince Paul Anton Esterhazy offered Haydn a job at his estate. This job included composing, conducting, directing operas, and performing chamber music. It was during this time that Haydn wrote his first great symphonies, and his fame spread throughout Europe. Haydn was great friends with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and later taught Ludwig van Beethoven. He died in 1809 after finishing 104 symphonies, a number rarely matched! Dynamics means the level of volume or intensity of the music. It can be loud, soft, or in between. Fortissimo [fohr‐TEE‐see‐moh] means the music is played very loudly. The double “f” symbol signals the musicians to play fortissimo. Piano means the music is played softly. This little “p” is the symbol that tells the musicians to play piano. Why is this symphony called “Surprise Symphony?” The music is played softly for a long time, then suddenly it is played very LOUDLY! The sudden change in dynamics makes this symphony surprising! Artwork © Warner Bros. Photo from http://www.alphadictionary.com Piano Symphony Soup Fortissimo Alla Hornpipe from Water Music Suite Handel (1685‐1759) George Frideric Handel was born in Germany but spent most of his professional life in England. His father wanted him to be a lawyer and did not want Handel to play music. Handel snuck a clavichord‐ a very quiet piano‐like instrument
‐ into his room and practiced while everyone was asleep. One day Handel played the keyboard for a duke and the duke was so impressed by Handel’s performance he convinced Handel’s father to allow him to study music. Handel went to Italy for four years to study music and ended up in England where he worked for the king. He is known as one of the best composers who has ever lived and we still enjoy his music today! Handel wrote Water Music for King George I of England who asked him to compose music for a concert on the River Thames. It was first performed in July of 1717 with 50 musicians playing on a barge‐ a flat‐bottomed boat built to transport heavy goods on a river‐ for the King and his The River Thames in London, England Photo from http://commons.wikimedia.org/ close friends. It is said that the King enjoyed the music so much, he made the musicians play the piece three times that evening! Art from http://watermusicfestival.com/ Knock Knock Who's there? Handel! Handel who? Handel with care! © John Jensen © www.cartoonstock.com Symphony Soup Page Maple Leaf Rag Joplin (1867‐1917) Scott Joplin was born in Texas, sometime in late 1867; his exact birth date is unknown. By the time he was 7, Joplin could play banjo and was learning to play the piano. As a young man, he traveled the Midwest playing piano in bars and saloons until he settled in St. Louis in about 1890. It was here that Joplin began to study ragtime, a genre of music combining European and African American styles. In 1893, Joplin moved to Sedalia, Missouri, where he worked at the Maple Leaf Club, which was the inspiration for his most famous work, Maple Leaf Rag. In 1911, he moved to New York, where he wrote Treemonisha, the first opera written by an African American. It was unsuccessful at the time. In April 1917, Joplin died of syphilis. 59 years later, in 1976, Treemonisha won the Pulitzer Prize. Maple Leaf Rag is a piece of ragtime music, which was a popular American style of music in the early 1900s. It is a modification of marches and jigs, which combine to make dance music. The popularity of ragtime music diminished as jazz music became more popular around 1917. Ragtime is often said to be the American version of dance music. The music is very upbeat and is usually played on the piano. From © Disney’s Fantasia Ragtime music is characterized by syncopated beats. Syncopation means that the musical beats do not follow the regular measured rhythm. It is the interruption of the normal flow of rhythm. At the time when ragtime music was very popular, syncopation was being used in new and exciting ways. Symphony Soup Page 13 Activities Learn to Conduct the Orchestra! A conductor moves his baton in special patterns, depending on the beat of the music. One of the simplest patterns is a repetition of four beats. Here is how to move the baton: Beat 1: Straight down Beat 2: Swoop up and to the left Beat 3: Straight across, left‐to‐right Beat 4: Swoop to the left and up Now you try! Use your pointer finger as your baton. Count slowly to four out loud, moving your hand in the conductor’s pattern. Once you have the pattern down, try it a little faster! At the Symphony Soup Concert, pay attention to how Maestro Swiggum uses his baton! Let’s feel the rhythm! Have you ever sat very still and felt your heart beat? Your heartbeat is similar to the beat or pulse in music. Sometimes fast or slow, it is very steady. Rhythm is how we divide up the beats in music; how long or short the notes are. Let’s listen to the Habanera from Bizet’s Carmen and see if we can clap the rhythm played by the cellos (low string voices). We call this short rhythmic pattern an ostinato. This ostinato is repeated over and over again throughout the entire piece. Learn to sing the ostinato rhythm as a class, using ||:O‐STI‐NA‐TO; O‐STI‐NA‐TO:|| Cellos play the Ostinato O ‐ sti‐na‐to O ‐ sti‐na‐to O ‐ sti‐na‐to O ‐ sti‐na‐to O ‐ sti‐na‐to... Now let’s focus on another part of the song. Listen to the Melody played by the violins (high string voices). As a class, learn to sing the higher melody using “la‐la‐la.” Violins play the Melody La‐la la‐la‐la la‐la la la‐la la‐la... When the class is very comfortable singing both the Ostinato and Melody parts, divide the class into two groups; an Ostinato group and a Melody group. Sing the two parts together as a class. Be sure to switch parts so that all children have the opportunity to sing both parts. Symphony Soup Page 14 Resources Concert Etiquette Good audience members help to make the concert a success! Musicians take their places on stage before the concert begins to warm up on their instruments. The concert master (first violinist) enters or stands up from his or her chair right before the concert is about to start and then the audience must be very quiet while the orchestra tunes. The conductor walks on stage and everyone claps! He will lead the orchestra with his baton and then when he puts his baton down at the end of the piece you may clap again! The conductor bows and sometimes has the musicians stand up to thank the audience for their attention and applause. Lesson Idea for Concert Etiquette It is sometimes useful to have students make a list of places where they have been members of an “audience.” For instance, a sports event, a concert, an assembly or a circus. Have students discuss the different behaviors of the “audience” in each of these settings. Share experiences when their enjoyment was diminished by an inappropriate behavior of another member of the audience. Point out that most symphony musicians feel they perform better when they feel their audience is supportive! Music Periods Medieval Period from about 800 to 1400 Dominated by church music Renaissance Period about 1400 to 1600 Still dominated by the church but with more complicated melodies and harmonies. Different styles begin to emerge Baroque Period about 1600 to 1750 Instrumental music becomes dominant, and most major music forms become defined. Composers include Bach, Handel & Vivaldi. Classical Period about 1750 to 1830 After flowering during the baroque, music now settles into several well‐defined forms, following strict rules. Composers include Mozart, Haydn & Beethoven. Romantic period about 1830 to 1914 Music begins to break out of the classical strictness, and becomes more expressive and emotional. Rules get broken and new ideas develop. Composers include Grieg, Bizet, Mussorgsky & Tchaikovsky. Twentieth Century While some composers remained in the romantic style, most composers moved on. The only rule was that there are no rules. New music, new styles, new ideas. Composers include Joplin, Ravel & Stravinsky. COMPOSER: COMPOSITION: COUNTRY: MUSIC PERIOD: Antonio Vivaldi Spring from The Four Seasons, I. Allegro Italy Baroque (1600‐1750) Maurice Ravel Petite Poucet from Ma Mère l’Oye France 20th century Modest Mussorgsky Gopak from The Fair at Sorochinski Russia Romantic (1830‐1900) Edvard Grieg Morning from Peer Gynt: Suite No. 1, Op. 46 Norway Romantic Georges Bizet Habanera from Carmen Suite No. 2 France Romantic Joseph Haydn Symphony No. 94 in G Major, “Surprise,” Austria Classical (1750‐1825) George Handel Alla Hornpipe from Water Music Suite in D England Baroque Scott Joplin Maple Leaf Rag USA
20th century Symphony Soup Page 15 The Madison Symphony Orchestra’s Symphony Soup! This teacher resource guide addresses the following Wisconsin State Model Academic Standards for Music: D.4.4 Explore, in large group settings, compositional devices using sound effects F.4.1 Identify phrases and sections of music that are the same, similar, and/or different F.4.6 Respond through purposeful physical movement to selected prominent music characteristics or to specific music events while listening to music F.4.8 Identify simple musical devices such as form, contrast and texture I.4.1 Demonstrate audience behavior appropriate for the context and style of music performed Join us for the 2013‐2014 Youth Concerts! Fall Youth Concerts Tuesday, November 26, 2013 Spring Young People’s Concert Thursday, March 27, 2014 Symphony Soup! Tuesday, May 13, 2014 Written By: Michelle Kaebisch, Director of Education Lindsey Castellano, Education Intern © Madison Symphony Orchestra 2013 Symphony Soup Page 16 Symphony Soup 2013 Bibliography
"Antonio Vivaldi: A Detailed Informative Biography." Antonio Vivaldi: A Detailed Informative Biography. N.p., n.d.
Web. 1 Apr. 2013.
"Classics for Kids." Classics for Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.
"Classics for Kids." Classics for Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2013.
"Edvard Grieg." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Nov. 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2013.
"George Frideric Handel." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Nov. 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2013.
"Georges Bizet on AllMusic." AllMusic. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013.
"Good-Music-Guide.comThis Site Uses Features Found in IE5 and Netscape 6 and Higher." A Beginner's Guide to
Classical Music. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013.
"Gopak - Ukrainian Dance." YouTube. YouTube, 12 Aug. 2007. Web. 8 Apr. 2013.
"Joseph Haydn." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Nov. 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2013.
"Maurice Ravel." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Nov. 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2013.
"Modest Mussorgsky." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Oct. 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2013.
"Program Notes: December 6, 2008." Program Notes: December 6, 2008. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.
"Program Notes: December 6, 2008." Program Notes: December 6, 2008. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2013.
"Scott Joplin." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Nov. 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2013.
"The Story of Tom Thumb." The Baldwin Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2013.