AP US History Review
Decade Association
Page 1
Knowing more than the facts is essential for success on the AP Test. This exercise will help you create thematic associations within decades.
*Place the correct decade or group of years beside each group of specific factual information.
Remember some items can fit into more than one decade so be sure to read through and consider the entire group.
**On the chart for each Decade, write a definition or description of what each item is, how it relates to that particular decade, and what other
terms could be associated with that decade.
Use the following groups of years in place of decades for the Colonial period: 1600-1650, 1650-1700, and 1700-1750s
After the 1750s, use normal decades 1760s, 1770s, 1780s, etc.
1.
"Long hot
summers"
Marked a historic shift from the era of sit-ins and non-violent marches, of songs and prayers, to the era of ghetto
rioting. The worst outbreaks: NYC in July 1964, where 1 died, 143 were injured, and 461 arrested after 6 days of
fighting. LA in August 1965, Cleveland in July 1966, Newark in July 1967, Detroit July 1967.
Freedom
Summer
A highly publicized campaign in the Deep South to register blacks to vote during the summer of 1964. Thousands
of civil rights activists, many white, came to the South. Marked the climax of intensive voter-registration activities
in the south that had started in 1961—focused in Mississippi.
Greensboro
sit-ins
Feb. 1, 1960: 4 black students from NC A&T College sat at a segregated lunch counter in the Greensboro, NC
Woolworth’s store. [Counter was ―whites only‖ and blacks had to stand.] Sat at the counter & were refused
service. Helped lead to other sit-ins & boycotts during the civil rights movement.
U-2 incident
May 1, 1960: An American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. US government denied the
plane’s purpose & mission at first, but was forced to admit it was part of a covert surveillance team. Francis Gary
Powers, the pilot, survived the crash. Led to deterioration between US-Soviet relations.
Détente
Easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation. Term often used in reference to relations between
the US and Soviets—a ―thawing‖ of tension in the middle of the Cold War.
Decade:
1960s
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Black
Panthers,
Malcolm
X,
JFK,
RFK,
Cold War
AP US History Review
2.
"Lost
generation"
Term used to characterize a general feeling of disillusionment of American literary poets/authors who lived in Europe after
the WWI. Include: Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, Waldo Peirce, John Dos Passos,
John Steinbeck, and Cole Porter.
Warren G.
Harding
29th President of the US—1921 to 1923. Conservative Republican from Ohio. After WWI, he promised a ―return to
normalcy.‖
Henry Ford
Founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of the modern assembly line. Opposed war, which he thought was a waste of
time. Led a ―Peace Ship‖ to the neutral countries of Europe in 1916. During the 1920s, he owned the Dearborn Independent
which was criticized as being ―anti-immigrant, anti-labor, anti-liquor, and anti-Semitic.
Sacco and
Vanzetti
Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants who were accused and convicted of murdering 2 men during a
1920 armed robbery. After a bogus trial, they were convicted of murder. After numerous failed appeals, they were executed
on August 23, 1927. Trial & execution were highly publicized.
Marcus Garvey
From Jamaica. Urged African-Americans to return ―home‖ to Africa and create their own unique & superior culture. Started
the whole ―Black Nationalism‖ movement.
Decade:
1920s
3.
Decade:
Decade Association
Agricultural
Adjustment Adm.
(AAA)
1933. Restricted agricultural production in the New Deal Era by paying farmers to reduce crop area. Its purpose was
to reduce crop surplus, thereby raising the value of crops. Act created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, to
oversee the distribution of the subsidies. First modern US farm bill. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
in US v. Butler.
Phoney war
Phase in early WWII that was marked by a lack of major military operations in continental Europe. Various European
powers had declared war on each other, but neither side had committed to launching a significant attack. Also known
as the: Twilight War, the ―sitting war,‖ the Bore War, ―Strange War,‖ and ―Joke of a War.‖
Congress of Industrial
Organization
CIO—said it had formed to encourage the AFL to organize workers in mass production industries along industrial
union lines. CIO failed to change AFL policy from within. In 1938 the CIO Unions & the AFL split.
Brain trust
A group of close advisors to a political candidate or incumbent; prized for their expertise in particular fields. Most
associated with FDR’s advisors during his presidency.
Huey Long
(Kingfish)
40th Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and US Senator from 1932 to 1935. Created the ―Share our Wealth‖
program proposing new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax. Wanted federal spending on
social reform programs, but critiqued the FED.
1930s
Page 2
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Calvin
Coolidge,
The Shape
of Things
to Come,
Stock
Market
Crash
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
New Deal,
Dust Bowl
AP US History Review
Decade Association
4.
Alger Hiss
Accused of being a soviet spy in 1948. Convicted of perjury in 1950.
Decade:
NSC 68
National Security Council report which shaped American foreign policy during the Cold War. Issued in 1950. Shifted from
passive to active containment of communism.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization—an alliance among the US and the countries of Western Europe, April 4, 1949
Casablanca
Conference
The Soviet success in beating back the German offense in WWII, persuaded Roosevelt to agree to a meeting with Churchill in
Casablanca, Jan. 1943
Henry Wallace
Outspoken liberal, hero of the CIO, sec. of commerce (1945-1946). FDR’s VP.
1940s
5.
Decade:
1820s
6.
Decade:
1880s
American
Colonization Society
The effort to encourage the resettlement of African Americans in Africa or the Caribbean.
Missouri
Compromise
1820. A line through new territory; area to the North was free (except for Missouri), area to the South was slave
territory. Missouri was admitted as a slave state & Maine as a free state. Kept slave v. free-state balance.
Era of Good Feelings
A time dealing with the expansion of the economy, the growth of white settlement and trade in the West, and the
creation of new states. Happened during James Monroe’s presidency.
Tariff of
Abominations
Tariff of 1828. Extremely high tariffs that angered farmers, and made S.C. want to secede.
South
Carolina Exposition
Document that protested the tariff of abominations; written by John C. Calhoun.
American
Federation of
Labor
1886. 1 of the first labor unions in the US; founded by Samuel Gompers. Represented skilled craft workers.
Dawes Act
Provided for the gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land and the allotment of tracts to individual owners; 160 acres per
family, 80 acres for a single person.
Alfred Thayer
Mahan
Ablest and most effective apostle of imperialism. His thesis was in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History. US Navy flag
officer who was ―the most important American strategist of the 19th century.‖
Horizontal
integration/
Vertical
integration
Horizontal integration = the combining of a number of firms engaged in the same enterprise into a single corporation {buying
all the hamburger fast food places [McDs, Wendy’s, BK] so that you can set the basic price for every hamburger}
-Vertical integration: the taking over of all the different businesses on which a company relied for its primary function.
{Carnegie did this with Standard Oil.}
Haymarket
Square Incident
A strike over labor, led by radicals. Someone threw a bomb into the crowd and killed 7 officers and injured 67 people. People
wanted someone to blame. Several anarchists were arrested, tried & executed.
Page 3
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
WWII
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Andrew
Jackson,
veto
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Andrew
Carnegie
AP US History Review
7.
Decade:
1950s
8.
Decade:
1930s
9.
Increase in babies in late 1950s. After WWII, a pattern of social and cultural protest emerged from younger Americans. Most
baby-boomers turned out to be pacifists & hippies. Led to increase in peace movement.
Sputnik
Oct. 4, 1957. 1st satellite to be launched into space—sent up by Russia. Part of the ―Space Race.‖
Beat generation
Group of writers and poets who focused on rhythmical writing. Emphasized peace aspect of 1950s. Questioned conformity in
American politics. The Beatles most recognized music group of the generation.
Brown v Board
of Education
Supreme Court decision that declared ―separate, but equal‖ is NOT equal. Set the stage for the Civil Rights Movement.
Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson , Prince Edward was included in this case. Start the process of integration in public schools,
leads to massive retaliation (closing schools). 1954
Julius and
Ethel
Rosenberg
Put on trial in 1951 for spying; convicted of giving US secrets (about nuclear weapons & research) to Russia. Executed in
1953. Hubby and wifey
bank holiday
1933. This is when you have a nation-wide holiday, called this because all banks are closed. FDR issued a proclamation to
close the banks while Congress held session to reform banks. Banks reopened after 4 days once the economy stabilized.
National
Recovery
Administration
1933. Created to help country out of the Depression (part of the New Deal). Led to start of recovery process. Created ―codes
of fair competition‖ intended to reduce ―destructive competition.‖ Helped to set minimum wage and maximum weekly hours.
destroyer deal
1939. 43 Destroyers joined British and Canadian navies. Determined that America would side with British, even though the
US was ―neutral.‖ Preparation for WWII
Scottsboro boys
March 1931. 9 black teenagers were taken off a train & arrested for vagrancy and disorder. They were then accused of raping
2 white women. Boys were found guilty in spite of overwhelming evidence proving otherwise. 8 of them were sentenced to
death (1 was too young). Eventually they were acquitted.
Wagner Act
1935. Act that gave new powers to labor unions. Set stage for conservative movement later.
Bank of the
United States
National bank. Mints money. Led to uniform set of currency, helped improve the nation’s credit. Led to 1st US Treasury.
Proposed/ endorsed by Alexander Hamilton. Thomas Jefferson strongly opposed the bank, viewed it illegal and a tool for the
rich and a monopoly. Jackson vetoed the re-chartering of the 2nd National Bank of the US.
VirginiaKentucky
Resolutions
1798 & 1799. Resolutions written in secret by Jefferson (VP) & Madison. In favor of states’ rights and strict constructionism.
The resolutions opposed the Alien & Sedition Acts enacted by Pres. John Adams. Used the ideas of John Locke to argue that
the Fed govn’t had been formed by a contract among the states and possessed only certain delegated powers.
XYZ Affair
3 French agents (X, Y, Z) wanted a bribe from the US in order to continue peace negotiations. US refused, which caused
―Quasi War‖ with France.
Whiskey
Rebellion
Farmers refused to pay whiskey excise tax. Congress sent troops to PA & the rebellion collapsed. Washington led nearly
12,000 troops to stop the rebellion, more than he had in the Revolution.
Decade:
1790s
Decade Association
Baby boomers
Page 4
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Nuclear
safety
drills
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
New Deal
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
James
Madison
AP US History Review
10.
Decade:
1830s
11.
Decade:
1770s
12.
Decade:
1960s
Decade Association
Jay Treaty
Settled some conflicts with Britain: British troops withdrew from Northwest Territory, averted war, increased trade, USCanadian border was set.
Spoils
system/rotation
in office
Helped make the right of elected officials to appoint their followers to public office. It served to limit the power of two
entrenched cities. It was embraced by Jackson. ―hire your friends and fire your enemies‖.
Bank War
Opposition to the bank came from ―soft money‖ and ―hard money‖. Jackson supported the hard money. Leads to Jackson’s
veto of the charter for the 2nd national bank.
Second Great
Awakening
Fought the spread of religious rationalism and in the efforts of church establishments. Individuals must readmit God and
Christ into their daily lives and embrace an active piety.
Transcendentalism
Romantic impulse in America from New England writers and philosophers about ―reason‖ and ―understanding‖. Emerson,
Thoreau. Abolitionist were often Transcendentalist
Gag rule
Limits or forbids discussing a topic by members of Congress. Criticized by Transcendentalists.
Thomas Paine/
Common Sense
Paine was a revolutionary propagandist. Common sense was a pamphlet that galvanized many Americans. Published in 1776;
challenged the king & the concept of divine rule.
Battle of
Saratoga
Turning point of the Revolutionary War, led to Continentals winning the war. 1777. NY
Coercive/
Intolerable Acts
1774. Set of 5 acts: 1st 4 were Acts aimed at punishing Boston after the Boston Tea Party. Helped to unite colonies against
British. 5th Act dealt with ruling French-Canadians. Closed the port of Boston, enforced Quartering Acts, Closed local
governments, and denied trials by jury. Boston gained sympathy from other colonies.
Olive Branch
Petition
July 1775. Last ditch effort to avoid all-out war with England. Appealed to the king to prevent further conflict.
Boston
Tea Party
December 1773. Companies of 50 men broke open tea chests and heaved them into the harbor, in protest of the Tea Act.
$1 million worth of tea destroyed, led to the issuing of the Intolerable Acts
Ralph Nader
Unsafe at any
Speed
Prominent author & attorney. Gained recognition for his book, Unsafe at any Speed, published in 1965. Book described how
car manufacturers resisted putting in safety features (like seatbelts) into their cars. Underlined tension in America.
Bay of Pigs
2,000 armed exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs, expected 1 st American air support and a spontaneous uprising by the Cuban
people. Cubans fought against them. Was a big failure.
Malcolm X
A former drug addict and pimp who spent time in prison and rebuilt his life after joining the Nation of Islam, while in prison,
and became influential spokesmen. Surname was Little, changes to X in symbol of his lost African name. His philosophy of
the Civil Rights movement was opposite of MLK, believing that blacks had the right to defend themselves. He did not
promote violence but protection from white violence. Black Power Movement.
Page 5
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Veto
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
King
George III
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
MLK Jr.
AP US History Review
13.
Decade:
1870s
14.
Decade:
1964. Approved LBJ’s plan of giving $1 billion to jumpstart economy. Created financial aid & unemployment. Infuriated
southern whites who thought that Johnson created it primarily to help blacks. HUD, Elementary and Secondary Education,
Act, Medicare, Medicaid Created a large middle class constituency, program also diffused the opposition of the medical
community
Warren
Commission
Investigation into JFK’s assassination. Found that Oswald had acted alone in killing Kennedy & that there was no conspiracy.
Americans believed that the reported ignored evidence of a wider conspiracy.
Henry George
Progress and
Poverty
A book published in 1879; nonfiction best-seller. Explained why poverty existed amidst the wealth created by modern
industrialization/ the modern world.
Bland-Allison
Act
Followed the Panic of 1873. In 1877, Congress passed this act to buy some silver and add it to the US currency, each month.
Thomas Nast
Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons. He invented ―Uncle Sam‖ and came up with the elephant and the
donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.
Decade:
1870s
Page 6
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Free
Silver,
Cross of
Gold
Munn v Illinois
Allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads. Considered a milestone in the growth
of federal government regulation.
"Crime of '73"
Value of silver had been high, so miners didn’t sell it to the US Mint. In 1873, Congress officially stopped the minting of
silver. Once the value went down, farmers/miners/poor claimed it had been a ―crime‖ conspired by the rich. Started the ―Free
Silver‖ movement.
Boxer Rebellion
Secret Chinese martial-arts group that fought against foreigners in China. US intervention to stop it led to support for the
Open Door Policy.
Coxey's Army
1894. Coxey led a group of people to march on Washington to demand jobs for the unemployed. ―Army‖ ended up being
turned away, and Coxey was arrested.
Frederick
Olmstead
Father of American landscape architecture. Designed Central Park in NYC.
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Teller
Amendment
An amendment to McKinley’s War Message. It placed a condition on the US military in Cuba; the US could not annex Cuba
but only leave ―control of the island to its people.‖
Open Door
Policy
Wounded Knee
Massacre of hundreds of Indians in 1890. Last great battle between Indians and US government.
Chautauqua
movement
Adult education movement in the US. Chautauqua lecture series brought entertainment and culture for the whole community,
with speakers, teachers, musicians, entertainers, preachers & specialists of the day. Started in NY, but spread elsewhere.
Freedmen's
Bureau
1865. Congress created the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. Acted as an early welfare agency of sorts:
providing food, shelter, schools and medical aid for those made destitute by the war (both black & white). Led by General
Oliver Howard.
1890s
15.
Decade Association
War on Poverty
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
AP US History Review
16.
Decade:
1910s
17.
Decade:
1780s
18.
Decade:
Decade Association
Page 7
Battle of Little
Bighorn
1 of the most famous battles between whites & Indians. Whites led by Gen. George Armstrong Custer and 264 men killed
about 2500 Indian men.
decade?
"Waving the
bloody shirt"
Practice of politicians referencing the blood of martyrs/ heroes to inspire support or avoid criticism.
Reconstruction
Boss Tweed
Boss of the local Democratic party of Tammany Hall in NYC. Masterminded dozens of schemes for helping himself and
cronies to large chunks of graft. Took 200 million from NY taxpayers. Ended up being arrested.
Committee on
Public
Information
Organization also known as the Creel Commission which was responsible for rallying Americans around the war effort
through propaganda. CPI.
League of
Nations
Proposed by Wilson. Organization comprised of delegates from every country to prevent future wars. The US fails to approve
US participation in the League of Nations, and the organization becomes a ―watchdog without teeth‖ no power to prevent
future wars. The failure of the League of Nations will lead to the start of WWII.
Federal
Reserve System
1913. Created 12 regional banks, each to be owned and controlled by the individual banks.
International
Workers of the
World (IWW)
1905. Led by Bill Haywood. Also known as the IWW or the Wobblies. Created in opposition to the American Federation of
Labor (AFL). Widely believed to be responsible for the dynamiting of railroad lines and power stations.
16th, 17th, 18th
Amendments
All accomplishments of the Progressives. 16th = Income Tax. 17th = Direct election of US senators. 18th = Prohibition.
―Progressive Amendments‖, 18th is repealed by the 21st amendment
Connecticut
(Great)
Compromise
Resolved the difficult problem of representation. 1 house based on equal representation per state (Senate) and 1 house
based on population in the state (House of Representatives).
Virginia/New
Jersey Plans
Plans proposed to set up legislation. VA = 2 houses & 3 branches of government. NJ = 1 house with equal representation
but gave Congress expanded powers to tax and regulate Congress.
Disestablishment
Process of officially separating church & state.
Barbary Pirates
Pirates from N. Africa, Morocco, Algiers, Tunis & Tripoli. Demanded protection money from all nations whose ships
sailed the Mediterranean.
Treaty of
Paris
1783. Formally ended the American Revolutionary War between the US & England.
"Birth of a
Nation"/D.W.
Griffith
Griffith directed Birth of a Nation. Movie released in 1915. Promoted White supremacy and pro-KKK. First major
blockbuster.
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Isolationism,
Neutrality
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
American
Revolution
Additional
Terms that
could be
AP US History Review
1910s
19.
Decade:
1840s
20.
Directed by George Creel. Most conspicuous government effort to rally public support (vast propaganda). CPI—committee
was in charge of propaganda for WWI. He depicted the US as a champion of justice & liberty.
Henry Cabot
Lodge
Powerful chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. A ―reservationist‖ who led the opposition to the ratification of
Wilson’s 14 points and the Treaty of Versailles.
Article X
Part of the Treaty of Versailles that created the League of Nations.
Wobblies
Radical Labor Union—Industrial Workers of the World. Target of CPI and Espionage & Sabotage Acts. Headed by Daniel
Haywood.
Cult of
domesticity/
True
womanhood
Prevailing view of womanhood among upper & middle class white women: women were supposed to embody perfect virtue;
women controlled the domestic sphere and were expected to fulfill the roles of a calm and nurturing mother, a loving and
faithful wife, and a passive, delicate, and virtuous creature. Women should also be pious and religious.
4 virtues: Piety, Purity, Submission, Domesticity.
Manifest
Destiny
―Sea to shining sea.‖ To take over the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
James K. Polk
Polk shared the dream of Texans and Californians, and wanted to acquire New Mexico, Texas, and California. He quietly
sent troops to do this. Mexico revolted, and the U.S. went to war. The U.S. ended up winning that war, and owed Mexico $12
millions dollars. The U.S. also promised, that if Mexico owed anyone in the U.S. money, that the government would take care
of it.
Neal Dow
―Napoleon of Temperance‖/ ―Father of Prohibition.‖ Mayor of Maine.
Lucretia Mott
Organized a convention in Seneca Falls, New York, to discuss the questions of woman's rights.
Dred Scott v
Sandford
A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his 4-yr. stay in the northern portion of the LA territory, made free land
by the Missouri Compromise, had made him a free man. The US Supreme Court decided he couldn’t sue in federal court,
because he was property—not a citizen.
Fugitive Slave
Law
A law making it a crime to help runaway slaves. If caught, could face up to 6 months in prison and a $1000 fine.
Commissioners/ Bounty hunters got $10 for capturing the right slave and $5 for the wrong slave.
Gadsden
Purchase
The purchasing of land from Mexico that completed the continental US. It provided the land needed to build the
transcontinental railroad.
Bleeding
Kansas
Kansas Border War. Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, pro-slavery forces from Missouri (―Border
Ruffians‖) crossed the border in Kansas and terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers. Antislavery sympathizers from
Kansas carried out reciprocal attacks, the most notorious of which was John Brown’s 1856 attack on Pottawatomie Creek.
The war continued for 4 years before the antislavery forces won. The violence it generated helped precipitate the Civil War.
Sumner-Brooks
Affair
Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him, after Sumner had given an offensive speech, on the
Senate floor. [Sumner became a hero in the North; Brooks became a hero in the South.]
Decade:
1850s
Decade Association
Creel
Committee
Page 8
associated
with this
decade?
Treaty of
Versailles
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Susan B.
Anthony,
William
Lloyd
Garrison
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
John
Brown’s
Raid
(Harper’s
Ferry)
AP US History Review
21.
Decade:
Emancipation
Proclamation
Lincoln publically announced that he would issue this document freeing all enslaved persons in the rebellious states after
January 1, 1863. It made the abolition of slavery a northern war aim. It didn’t free a single slave.
Trent Affair
In 1861, the Confederacy sent emissaries, James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France, to lobby for recognition. A
Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisoners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their
release.
Homestead Act
Passed in 1862. It gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for 5 years and make small
improvements. Most who tried failed.
1860s
22.
Decade:
1920s
Decade Association
Battle of
Antietam
Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee’s confederate forces in MD. Was the bloodiest battle of the war,
resulting in 25,000 casualties.
Crittenden
Compromise
A desperate measure to prevent the Civil War: offering a constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south
of the 36030’ line, non-interference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves.
Republicans, on the advice of Lincoln, defeated it.
Washington
Naval
Conference
An attempt to prevent what was threatening and destabilizing the Naval armistice race between Japan, Britain & America.
Kept peace through the 1920s. First disarmament conference in history.
Cultural
isolation
The idea of cutting yourself off from other cultures and nations.
Quota system
Tried to limit and/or slow the flood of immigrants entering the US.
Harlem
Renaissance
A new generation of black artists and intellectuals created from a flourishing African-American culture in the 1920s.
F. Scott
Fitzgerald
Wrote The Great Gatsby which ridiculed American obsession with material success.
Page 9
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Gettysburg
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Flappers
AP US History Review
23.
Decade:
Japanese-Americans were put into internment camps during WWII, for fear they were spies.
Fair Deal
Called for expansion of Social Security benefits raising the legal minimum wage from 42 ¢ to 65 ¢ per hour programs to
ensure full employment.
Truman
Doctrine
Cold War strategy of containment of Communism & the Soviet Union.
Yalta
Conference
In return for Stalin's renewal an agreement to enter Pacific war Roosevelt agreed the Soviet Union should receive some lost
territories in the Pacific.
Taft-Hartley
Act
Made it legal the so-called close shop where you cant be hired unless first being a member of the union.
Fair Labor
Standards Act
For the first time established a national minimum wage and a 40 hr. work week also placed strict limits on child labor.
New Deal
Created by FDR; changed the role of the government to a more active participant in solving problems'(FDIC and social
security).
Bonus March/
Bonus Army
Veterans of WWI- marched into Washington and promised to stay until congress approved legislation to pay the bonus
promised to the veterans.
21st
Amendment
Legalized the manufacturing and selling of beer with a 3.2% alcohol content; repealed the 18 th Amendment.
Dole
Federally-supported programs and/or federal assistance for the American people; Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security.
Montgomery
bus boycott
Developed by a black women's political caucus that used Rosa Parks as a symbol to get segregation in public transportation
outlawed
Federal
Highway Act
During the Eisenhower administration; authorized $25 billion for a ten year project that built over 40,000 miles of interstate
highways
Eisenhower
Doctrine
Stated a country could request economic or military aid from America if being threatened by another country
Korean War
Began in 1950 when communist North Korea invaded the pro-western half of the Korean peninsula to the south
Alan Ginsberg
The Howl
Dark, bitter poem decried the "Robot apartments, invincible suburbs, blind capitals, and demonic industries" of modern life
LincolnDouglas
debates
A series of 7 debates. The 2 argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and
the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln’s position in these debates helped him win the 1860
presidential election (helped Lincoln get national notoriety).
1940s
24.
Decade:
1930s
25.
Decade:
1950s
26.
Decade:
Decade Association
Japanese
interment
Page 10
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
NSC-68
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
20th
Amendment
Additional
Terms that
could be
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with this
decade?
Rosa
Parks
Additional
Terms that
could be
AP US History Review
1850s
27.
Decade:
Decade:
1920s
29.
Decade:
Page 11
Treaty between the US and the UK, negotiated in 1850 in consequence of the situation created by the Nicaragua Canal; each
signatory being jealous of the activities of the other in Central America. Treaty terms: neutralization of the canal and neither
country would try and obtain exclusive control of the canal.
associated
with this
decade?
Freeport
Doctrine
Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of
the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the
election.
States’
Rights
Uncle Tom's
Cabin
A novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 which portrayed/ exposed slavery as brutal and immoral.
Nashville
Convention
Political meeting held in Nashville, TN on June 3 – 11, 1850. Delegates from 9 slave holding states met to consider a possible
course of action if the US Congress decided to ban slavery in the new territories being added to the country. The compromises
worked out in Nashville paved the way for the Compromise of 1850, and for a time, avoided Civil War.
French and
Indian War
Was fought between the British and the French. It reshaped the map of Colonial North America. Ended by the Treaty of Paris
in 1763—British got land east of the Mississippi.
Albany Plan
A conference of colonial leaders in Albany to negotiate a treaty with the Iroquois. 1st attempt to unite colonies with a single
goal. Didn’t work though; Albany Plan was not ratified.
Mercantilism
A ―mother country‖ exploits her colonies. Colonies supply raw goods and buy manufactured products. Enhanced the position
of the new merchant capitalists.
Salutary
neglect
Practice of England to ―neglect‖ the colonies, which allowed colonial self-government. When England/ George III tried to
regain control, colonies wanted to rebel (not yet have a full out war though).
William Pitt
(the Elder)
General who led British during French & Indian Wars; later became Prime Minister of England. Who Pittsburg was named
after.
"Back to Africa
movement"
Also known as the Colonization movement. Encouraged African-Americans to return ―home‖ to Africa.
Georgia
O'Keeffe
Influential American artist who challenged the boundaries of modern American artistic style.
Edward
Hopper
Explored the starkness and loneliness of the modern city in his paintings.
Normalcy
Warren G. Harding pledged ―a return to normalcy‖ in the election of 1920. Normalcy = pre-WWI values.
Albert Fall
New Mexico senator, made Secretary of the Interior under Harding; infamous for involvement in the Teapot Dome Scandal
(political corruption, bribery).
Hinton Helper
/Impending
Crisis
Southern US critic of slavery during the 1850s. In 1857, The Impending Crisis of the South, which he dedicated to the
―nonslaveholding whites‖ of the South, was published. Argued that slavery hurt the economic prospects of non-slaveholders
and was an impediment to the growth of the entire region of the South. Reprinted in 1859 by Northern opponents of slavery.
1750s
28.
Decade Association
Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty
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Terms that
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associated
with this
decade?
Seven
Years War
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associated
with this
decade?
Fascism,
Jazz
Additional
Terms that
could be
AP US History Review
1850s
30.
Decade:
1930s
31.
Decade:
1900
32.
Decade Association
Stephen
Douglas
A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. Lost to
Lincoln in 1860.
Popular
sovereignty
The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska
Act, this would decide whether a territory allowed slavery or not.
Ostend
Manifesto
The recommendation that the US offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared
Cuba would become another slave state.
Lecompton
Constitution
The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas’ admission to the union supporting the existence of slavery in the proposed
state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.
Elijah
Mohammad
(Black
Muslims)
African-American Muslim activist, religious leader, and leader of the Nation of Islam. Mentor of both Malcolm X and
Muhammad Ali.
America First
Committee
Foremost non-interventionist pressure group against American entry into WWII. [Largest anti-war group in US history.]
Became defunct after Pearl Harbor attack.
Hundred days
The first 100 days of FDR’s presidency. FDR met with Congress every day and they granted every request in an attempt to
get out of the Depression. Standard now by which other presidents are judged.
Keynesian
economics
Based on the ideas of economist John Keynes. Argues that government should help regulate private companies, to prevent
economic failure.
National Labor
Relations Act
Passed in 1935 to protect the rights of employees and employers, encourage collective bargaining, and to cut down on bad
labor & management practices (which could harm workers, businesses & the US economy).
Charles and
Mary Beard
Famous historians from the 20 th century. Wrote that the founding fathers were driven by economic issues rather than political
philosophies.
"good and bad"
trusts
Square deal outlined these different types of trusts: leave the good ones alone & go after/ break up the bad ones.
Insular Cases
Determined that inhabitants of the US territories had some, but not all, of the rights of US citizens.
Great White
Fleet
1907 – 1909. Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the US naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the
―Gentlemen’s Agreement.‖
Square Deal
TR’s domestic program formed upon 3 basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer
protection.
San Francisco
Conference
1945. 50 countries met to draw up the United Nations charter. UN officially came into existence on Oct. 21, 1945.
Page 12
associated
with this
decade?
John C.
Calhoun
Additional
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associated
with this
decade?
Herbert
Hoover,
FDR
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decade?
John Hay
Additional
Terms that
AP US History Review
Decade:
1940s
33.
Decade:
1900 1910
34
Decade:
Decade:
Page 13
European Recovery Program; US policy to lend money to war-torn countries of Europe to help rebuild after WWII. Effort to
contain communism.
Berlin Airlift
Soviets had caused a blockade, which stopped supplies & electricity to West Berlin. US sent troops (―Operation Vittles‖) to
airlift supplied to the people in West Berlin.
could be
associated
with this
decade?
GI Bill of
Rights
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944. Bill proviced college or vocational education for returning WWII vets (―GIs‖) as
well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also allows for loans.
Adolf
Hitler
Jackie
Robinson
First African-American major league baseball player of the modern era; played for the Brooklyn Dogers in 1947.
Samuel
"Golden Rule"
Jones
Progressive Era Mayor from Ohio. Advocated the ―Golden Rule‖ in politics: treat others as you would like to be treated.
Northern
Securities Case
Northern Securities Company was a railroad trust formed in 1902. Sued in 1902, under the Sherman Antitrust Act, by
President TR. Company was dissolved in 1904 based on Supreme Court ruling that they were guilty of creating a monopoly.
Jacob Riis
Danish American social reformer, muckraking journalists & photography. Wrote How the Other Half Lives—depicted stark,
deplorable conditions that immigrants lived in (tenement houses).
Muller v Oregon
Supreme Court upheld Oregon laws limiting work hours for women and labor laws.
Robert
Lafollette
―Fighting Bob.‖ Progressive Wisconsin Governor and Senator. Passed progressive legislation in Wisconsin: referendum,
initiative, direct primaries.
Roe v Wade
Supreme Court upheld that a woman’s right to an abortion is determined by her current trimester of pregnancy: 1 st =
unrestricted, 2nd = only regulate for maternal health, 3rd = state can choose to restrict or use abortion as it sees fit.
Jimmy Carter
Governor of GA & 39th President of the US (1977 – 1981). As President: created Departments of Energy & Education,
conservationist energy policy, pursued the Camp David Accords, Panama Canal Treaties, SALT talks with Russia.
Watergate
Scandal that drove Nixon to resign. Resulted from the break-in into the Democratic National Committee headquarters.
Several Nixon advisors/officials were indicted and convicted. Ford gave Nixon a full pardon.
affirmative
action
Policies that take race, ethnicity, disabilities & gender into consideration for admission/ acceptance into employment,
education or health programs.
Gerald Ford
38th President of the US (1974 – 1977). First person to become VP & President without being elected—25th amendment.
Incited public opinion because he granted Nixon a full pardon.
DeTocquevilie/
Democracy in
America
French political thinker who wrote Democracy in America, after traveling through America. Explored the effects of the rising
equality of social conditions on the individual and the state in western societies.
1970s
35.
Decade Association
Marshall Plan
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Nativism
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associated
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decade?
Camp
David
Accords
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Terms that
could be
AP US History Review
1830s
36.
Decade:
Decade:
1850s
Page 14
Supreme Court settled a dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract. State charters to company did
not imply exclusive rights.
removal of
deposits
Part of President Andrew Jackson’s plan to get rid of the 2 nd National Bank of the US. Jackson removed federal money from
the National Bank and put it into state banks.
abolitionists
People who wanted to end slavery. William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe.
John C.
Calhoun
Jackson’s VP and proud South Carolinian. Outspoken against tariffs. Caused the Nullification Crisis (S.C.) due to protesting
the ―Tariff of abomination‖ (1728 Tariff). Resigned from office after falling out with Jackson.
Kellogg-Briand
Pact
Also called the Pact of Paris. Multinational treaty that prohibited the use of war as ―an instrument of national policy‖ except
in matters of self-defense. It was a result of the American effort to avoid involvement in the European alliance system.
Herbert Hoover
31st President of the US. Blamed for the Great Depression—the stock market crashed 8 months after he took office.
―Hoovervilles‖ sprang up—shanty tents/ towns formed during the Depression.
H.L. Mencken
American journalist. ―Sage of Baltimore.‖ Regarded as one of the most influential American writers of the 1st half of the 20th
century. The American Language—study on how the English language is spoken in the US. Reported on the Scopes trial,
which he named the ―Monkey‖ trial.
1920s
37.
Decade Association
Charles River
Bridge case
Charles
Lindbergh
American aviator, author, inventor & social activist. Flew the 1st solo non-stop flight (from NY to Paris) across the Atlantic.
Son was kidnapped & killed in the ―crime of the century.‖
Scopes trial
―Monkey Trial.‖ Case tested the Butler Act (Tennesee law) which made it unlawful to teach anything that went against
Creation. William Jennings Bryan was the prosecutor, Clarence Darrow defended the Scopes. Scopes was found guilty, but
on appeal the Tennessee Supreme Court overturned the verdict due to a technicality.
Republican
party/ 3rd Amer.
Party System
One of the 2 major political parties. It emerged in the 1850s as an anti-slavery party and consisted of former northern Whigs
and anti-slavery Democrats. 3rd American Party System = 1854 – mid 1890s that involved nationalism, modernization and
race.
Know Nothing/
American Party
They had strong anti-immigrant views and anti-Catholic feelings. When asked about the organization, members were
supposed to reply that they knew nothing, hence the name.
KansasNebraska Act
This act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery.
People who were pro-slavery and anti-slavery moved to Kansas, but some anti-slavery settlers were against the Act. This
began ―Bloody/ Bleeding Kansas.‖
Antebellum
―Pre-War.‖ Refers to pre-Civil War America, especially the culture of the South.
Underground
Railroad
th
Informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by the 19 century slaves in the US to escape to free states and
Canada with the aid of abolitionists who were sympathetic to their cause.
associated
with this
decade?
Andrew
Jackson
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19th
Amendment
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Bleeding
Kansas,
Free States
AP US History Review
38.
National
Origins Act
Federal law that limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people
from that country who were already living in the US in 1890. It excluded immigration of Asians & tried to further restrict the
Southern and Eastern Europeans.
Langston
Hughes
American poet, novelist/ writer. 1 of the earliest innovators of jazz poetry. Worked during the Harlem Renaissance.
Andrew Mellon
American banker, industrialist & philanthropist. Secretary of the Treasury under Warren G. Harding, Coolidge & Hoover.
Tried to reduce the federal debt from WWI. Became unpopular during the Great Depression, because he wanted to keep the
budget balanced and limit federal spending.
Decade:
1920s
39.
Decade:
1800 1810
40.
Decade Association
Ku Klux Klan
Formerly known as ―The Klan.‖ The 2nd KKK grew rapidly after 1921. Preached racism, anti-Catholicism, anti-Communism,
nativism and anti-Semitism. At its peak, it claimed to have about 4-5 million members. Conducted violent attacks in the
South.
Calvin Coolidge
30th President of the US. Tried to restore public confidence in the White House after Harding’s scandal. Critcized for his
laissez-faire government.
Gabriel
Prosser's
Rebellion
Literate slave who planned to lead a large slave rebellion in Richmond in 1800. Plan got out and rebellion failed. Prosser &
25 other men who plotted the rebellion were hanged. In reaction, VA passed restrictions on free blacks, as well as the
education, movement and hiring out of slaves.
yeomen
farmers
A farmer who cultivates his own land.
Orders in
Council
Issued by England in 1807. It forbade French trade with the UK, her allies or neutrals, and started a blockade of French &
Allied ports. 1 of the causes of the War of 1812.
Lewis and
Clark
Hired by President TJ to explore the newly purchase Louisiana Territory. Guided by Sacagawea.
Judicial Review
Legislative & executive actions are subject to review, and possible invalidation, by the judiciary. Doctrine established by
Marbury v. Madison.
Little Rock
school crisis
9 black students (Little Rock 9) were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor.
President Eisenhower had to intervene to allow them to attend school.
Page 15
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Terms that
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Immigration Act
of 1921
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Terms that
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decade?
Election of
1800
Additional
Terms that
AP US History Review
Decade:
1950s
41.
1958. Provided funding to US education institutions at all levels. Passed during the ―Space Race.‖ Act urged students to go to
college and improve knowledge in science [we were behind the USSR in that aspect].
dynamic
conservatism
Eisenhower’s economic philosophy which favored a continuation of the chief New Deal programs combined with an attempt
to move the federal government out of some areas. ―Conservative when it came to money and liberal when it comes to human
beings.‖ Cut spending for New Deal programs.
Jack Kerouac
On the Road
Considered a pioneer of the beat generation. Writer known for his spontaneous style and for dealing with ―hot topics‖ (jazz,
promiscuity, Buddhism, drugs, poverty, travel). On the Road was published in 1957 and is his most famous novel.
loose/strict
constructionism
Philosophy of interpreting the US Constitution.
Loose = If the constitution does not specifically mention it/ say you can’t do it, then you can do whatever you want.
Alexander Hamilton.
Strict = Follow exactly what was stated and allowed in the constitution. Thomas Jefferson.
cotton gin/Eli
Whitney
Invention of the cotton gin made cleaning* cotton faster and easier. Increased the demand for slaves in the south, due to the
increase in cotton production. Whitney also invented the interchangeable rifle.
Citizen Genet
French ambassador to the US during the French Revolution. Citizen Genèt Affair: in 1793 he was sent to the US to promote
American support for France’s wars with Spain & Britain. After gaining individual support in S.C., President Washington
denounced his actions, because they threatened US neutrality. Genet continued to defy Washington’s orders. He ended up
being given asylum in the US, to escape from France.
Bill of Rights
1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution. Introduced by Madison. Came into effect in 1791. Anti-federalists insisted on a bill of
rights to protect them (& states’ rights) from the federal government before they would agree to ratify the Constitution. TJ
was a supporter of the Bill of Rights.
Alien and
Sedition Acts
1798. Passed by the Federalists during the ―Quasi-War‖ with France. Supposed to protct the US from alien citizens of enemy
powers and to prevent sedituious attacks from weakening the government. Was a major issue in the 1798 & 1800 elections. It
essentially limited freedom of speech and allowed for deportation of aliens if needed.
Marbury v
Madison
Judicial Review. William Marbury, one of Adams' "Midnight Appointment" had been named justice of the peace in DC. But
his commission, although signed and sealed, had not been delivered to him before Adams left office. Once Jefferson became
president, the new secretary of state, James Madison, was responsible for transmitting appointments. He refused to hand over
the commission to Marbury. He appealed to the Supreme Court & lost.
Embargo Act
In an effort to prevent future incidents that might bring the nation again to the brink of war Jefferson presented a drastic
measure. It became one of the most controversial political issues of its time. It prohibited American ships from leaving the
U.S for any foreign port anywhere. Congress also passed a "force act" to give the gov't power to enforce it.
Louisiana
Purchase
Doubled the size of the US overnight. Questions about constitutionality. Napoleon proposed; Livingston and James Monroe
were sent to negotiate. Fearful that Napoleon would withdrawal the offer, they decided to proceed without further
instructions. They signed the agreement on April 30, 1803.
impressments
The British navy was known as a "floating hell" to its sailors. Few volunteered. Most were "impressed" (forced) in the
service. Most deserted at every opportunity. 1 of the reasons we got involved in the war of 1812.
Decade:
1790s
42.
Decade:
1800 1810
Decade Association
National
Defense
Education Act
Page 16
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Eisenhower
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Terms that
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Alexander
Hamilton
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Terms that
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associated
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decade?
Sacagawea
AP US History Review
interchangeable
parts
43.
Decade:
1920s
44.
Decade:
1960s
Decade Association
Page 17
Eli Whitney’s concept. A gun that didn't have to be reloaded for every shot; inspired Henry Ford's assembly line.
Universal Negro
Improvement
Association
Launched a chain of black owned grocery stores and pressed for the creation of other black owned businesses. It became
notable for its mass rallies and parades, for the opulent uniforms, and for the growth of its enterprises.
Teapot Dome/ Elk
Hills Scandals
The most spectacular scandal of fraud and corruption involving rich naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk
Hills, California. Happened during Harding’s presidency.
Thomas Hart
Benton
Painted everyday scenes of life in the US, especially out West—part of the Regionalist art movement.
Margaret Sanger
American birth control activist, advocate of eugenics, and founder of the American Birth Control League.
"Spirit of St.
Louis”
Lindbergh’s plane that he flew in the 1st non-stop flight across the Atlantic.
Huey Newton
(Black
Panthers)
Founded the Black Panther Party and promised to defend black rights even if that required violence. They organized along
semi military lines and wore weapons openly and proud
Miranda v
Arizona
Court confirmed the obligation of authorities to inform a criminal suspect of his or her rights; remain silent, have an attorney,
don’t be a witness against yourself.
John F.
Kennedy (New
Frontier)
New Frontier was used in his speech and became the name for his administration’s domestic & foreign programs. ―Frontier
of unfulfilled hopes and dreams, of unknown opportunities and beliefs in peril. Beyond the frontier are unchartered areas of
science and space, unsolved problems of peace and war, unconquered problems of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered
questions of poverty and surplus.‖ Fair Labor Standards Act, Housing Bill of 1961, Mental Retardation Facilities Act.
Michael
Harrington The
Other America
American democratic socialist, writer, and political activist. Founder of the Democratic Socialists of America. The Other
America: Poverty in the US impacted Kennedy’s administration and LBJ’s War on Poverty.
Cuban Missile
Crisis
On Oct. 14, aerial photos showed clear evidence that the Soviets were constructing sites in Cuba for offensive nuclear
weapons. Threat of nuclear war for 13 days, until Soviets backed down and removed missiles from Cuba.
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Warren G.
Harding
Additional
Terms that
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associated
with this
decade?
LBJ
AP US History Review
45.
Decade:
1860s
46.
Decade:
1820s
Decade Association
"forty acres
and a mule"
Practice in 1865 of providing arable land to former black slaves who became free as Union armies occupied areas of the
Confederacy, especially in Sherman’s March. Was recognizes as providing a sound start to a family farm.
National Labor
Union
Was the first national labor federation in the US. Founded in 1866, it paved the way for other organizations. Led by William
Sylvis. Included a variety of reform groups having little direct relationship with labor.
Molly Maguires
A militant labor organization in the anthracite coal region of PA. Operated within the Ancient Order of Hiberians—an Irish
fraternal society, and sometimes used terrorist attacks. Attempted to intimidate the coal operators through violence and
occasionally murder, and they added to the growing perception that labor activism was motivated by dangerous radicals.
However, much of the violence attributed to them was instigated or performed by informers and agents employed by the mine
owners, in an attempt to suppress the unions.
crop lien system
A credit system that became widely used by farmers in the South from the 1860s to the 1920s. Farmers got credit before the
planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests. Used by land owners, sharecroppers and tenant
farmers.
Granger Laws
Series of laws passed in western states of the US after the Civil War to regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates and
rebates and to address long & short-haul discrimination and other railroad abuses against farmers.
Lowell/
Waltham
System /Lowell
girls
A labor and production model employed in the US, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American
textile industry. Mill girls: lived a regimented life, strict hours, and rigid moral code. Relied on young, unmarried women for
labor.
Erie Canal
Waterway in NY. Built from 1817 to 1825. 1 st transportation system between the east coast and the western interior; cut
transport costs by 95%. At the time, it was the greatest construction project the US had undertaken.
corrupt bargain
Election of 1824. No candidate won enough electoral votes, so the House of Representatives decided who’d be president.
The House elected John Q. Adams over Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay, who was Speaker of the House, became Adams’ Sec.
of State. Supporters of Jackson claimed the outcome had been rigged.
Monroe
Doctrine
Policy introduced on December 2, 1823. Stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with
states in the Americas would be viewed by the US as an act of aggression requiring US intervention. ―Stay out of our area &
we’ll stay out of yours.‖
Page 18
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Terms that
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associated
with this
decade?
Civil War,
John
Wilkes
Booth
Additional
Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Temperence
Movement
AP US History Review
47.
Decade:
1860s
48.
Decade:
1930s
Decade Association
Gibbons v
Ogden
Case in which the Supreme Court held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the
Commerce Clause of the US Constitution.
Morrill Land
Grant Act
Allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges. 1862. Federal government gave land to states for the creation of state
colleges.
National
Banking Act
1863. Established a system of national charters for US national banks. Encouraged development of a national currency based
on bank holdings of US bank notes. This Act, along with ―Greenbacks,‖ raised money for the federal government during the
Civil War.
nature of the
union
Lincoln’s understanding: Secession was illegal
South’s understanding: They had freely joined the union, and could freely leave.
13th,14th,15th
amendments
Civil War/ Reconstruction Amendments. 13th = Abolish slavery. 14th = Blacks are now citizens, Due Process. 15th = Black
men are given the right to vote.
radical
reconstruction
Reconstruction efforst led by Radical Republicans. 1867 = passed the 1 st & 2nd Reconstruction Acts and the Tenure of Office
Act. 1868 = Impeach Andrew Johnson, but he is aquitted. 14 th Amendment is passed. 1870 = 15th Amendment is ratified.
Federal Deposit
Insurance Corp
(FDIC)
Created by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, to provide deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member
banks. People get their money back if the bank is insured when it fails.
National
Industrial
Recovery Act
Act of June 16, 1933. Authorized the President to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to
stimulate economic recovery, and it established a national public works program.
TVA (Tennessee
Valley Authority
Federally owned corporation created to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer
manufacturing and economic development in the Tennessee Valley—which was hit hard by the Depression.
Franklin
Roosevelt
Only man elected President 4 times. Served during the Great Depression through WWII. Created the New Deal
Program to get the US out of the Depression.
Bonus march/
Bonus Army
43,000 marchers (17,000 WWI vets, their families & affiliated groups) protested in D.C. in the spring and summer of
1932. Led by Walter Waters. Veterans demanded immediate cash-payment redemption of their service certificates
given to them 8 years earlier. Certificates couldn’t be redeemed until 1945. President Hoover ordered the military to
kick them out of D.C. Congress overrode a veto to grant the money to the vets in 1936.
Page 19
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with this
decade?
Radical
Republicans
Additional
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decade?
Relief,
Recovery,
Reform
AP US History Review
49.
Decade:
1890s
50.
Decade:
1910s
Decade Association
Populist
(People's
Party)
Political party organized in 1891 and was supported by farmers in the west. They favored bi-metalism (using both
silver and gold currency. William Jennings Bryant was the populist presidential candidate in the 1886.
new
immigrants
Included people from various regions of the world, were different from earlier “old immigrants” who came from
northern Europe, new immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe Russia, Poland, Italy, Greece, etc. and
also parts of Asia. New immigrants also represented different religious backgrounds, Jewish and Catholics, than
previous immigrants. They usually had little job skills or education. They were highly discriminated against because
of their cultural differences and fears that they would take jobs from native born Americans
Plessy v
Ferguson
Supreme Court case that upheld laws of segregation otherwise known as Jim Crow laws. The decision declared that
laws of segregation did not violate the 14th amendment. 1896
Joseph Pulitzer
A Hungarian-American publisher, best known for creating the Pulitzer Prize for journalism and originating yellow
journalism with publisher William Randolph Hearst
Turner
(Frontier)
Thesis
Fredrick Jackson Turner, of the University of Wisconsin, delivered a memorable paper titled “the Significance of the
Frontier American History” to the American Historical Association in Chicago he argued that the end of the
“frontier’ also marked the end of one of the most important democratizing forces in American life. His thesis was
both inaccurate and premature.
"Black Jack"
John Pershing
Led the AEF (American Expeditionary Forces) into Mexico looking for Pancho Villa, and led the AEF in Europe in WWI.
New
Nationalism
TR’s system in which the government would coordinate economic activity [government would regulate business].
Mann-Elkins
Act
1901. Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates, along with oversee telephone and
cable companies.
Page 20
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Terms that
could be
associated
with this
decade?
Additional
Terms that
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decade?
insurgent's
revolt
51.
Decade:
New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson’s philosophy—trusts were busted so government must now regulate business.
Interstate
Commerce Act
Banned discrimination in rates between long and short hauls. Was a railroad regulation.
Andrew
Carnegie
Scottish immigrant who had worked his way up from modest beginnings and in 1873 opened his own steelworks in
Pittsburgh. Steel tycoon.
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1880s
52.
Decade:
1840s
Had an oil company that became the largest and most powerful monopoly in America. 1 of the world’s wealthiest and most
controversial men.
open range
The vast grasslands of the public domain: provided huge area on the great plains where cattle would graze during the cattle
drives free of charge.
Mugwumps
Named by critics; were disgruntled ―liberal Republicans‖ who bolted the party and supported an honest Democrat
Commonwealth
v Hunt
Court case that declared that unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon
WebsterAshburton
Treaty
Established a firm northern boundary between the US & Canada along the Maine-New Brunswick border that survives today.
Horace Mann
Greatest of the educational reformers and 1st Secretary of MA Board of Ed.
John Slidell
A minister that tried to buy off the Mexicans but failed to do so.
Oregon
Territory
53.
Decade:
1910s
Decade Association
John D.
Rockefeller
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One of the last major boundary disputes between the US and Great Britain. Finally settled in 1846, the large region
on the Pacific coast north of California. The British and US had overlapping claims to the territory. Tensions over the
border rose to the point that many Americans were demanding war, using the slogan “54-40 or fight”, referring to the
latitude of the northernmost point of the American claim. Eventually the British government agreed to Polk’s
proposed boundary. Agreeing to a treaty that fixed the border at the 49 th parallel.
Keating-Owen
Child Labor
Act
New law that attempted to achieve the same goal by imposing a heavy tax on the products of child labor.
Clayton Antitrust Act
A measure to deal with monopoly’s problems.
Palmer Raids
Intended to uncover large caches of weapons and explosives: netted a total of 3 pistols and no dynamite. Led by Palmer,
whose house was damaged by an explosion earlier that summer. Chicago, Il
Schenck v U.S.
Unanimously upheld the espionage act of 1917, which declared people who interfered with the war effort were subject
to imprisonment; declared that the first amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute, free speech could be
limited if it is exercised presented a “clear and present danger”
preparedness
World wide effort of all nation (allied and central powers) who began military buildup prior to WWI
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54.
Decade:
19001910
55.
Decade:
1960s
56.
Decade:
1880s
Decade Association
W.E.B. DuBois
(Niagara
movement)
In 1904, he founded the Niagara Movement—pro-black rights. It merged in 1909 with some white northerners sympathetic to
the black cause, and formed the NAACP.
Panama Canal
Linked the Atlantic and Pacific. TR ―took the isthmus‖ from Columbia.
Dollar
Diplomacy
William Taft’s policies to extend American investments into less-developed regions, thereby making them economically
dependent on the US.
Open Door
Policy
Roosevelt helped solve the Japanese request mediate an end to Russo-Japanese conflict. Goal was to keep an ―open door‖ in
Asian trade.
Roosevelt
Corollary
Roosevelt announced in 1904 to the Monroe Doctrine. He said the US had the right to oppose European intervention in the
Western Hemisphere and to intervene in the domestic affairs of its neighbors.
Betty FriedanThe Feminine
Mystique
Published in 1963, cited as an important early event of contemporary women’s liberation movement. Responsible for
burning millions of women’s bras!!!!
Peace Corps
Kennedy established most popular innovation that sent young American volunteers abroad to work in developing areas.
Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution
Congress passed this resolution that allowed the president to ―take all necessary measures‖ to protect American forces and
―prevent further aggression‖ in SE Asia. 1964.
Stokely
Carmichael
(Black Power)
African-Americans turned to a new approach to the racial issues; the philosophy of black power. Form suggested a
move away from interracial cooperation and toward an increase awareness of racial distinctive. Also marked an
increase in racial tension/ fighting.
Great Society
LBJs domestic poverty to eliminate poverty in America “a war on poverty”. Created programs such as Medicaid,
Medicare, Public Broadcast Service, National Public Radio, Omni-Bus Housing Act, Elementary and Secondary
Education Act and other welfare programs.
Pendleton
(Civil Service)
Act
Passed by Congress in 1883: it was the 1st national service measure. It required that some Federal jobs be filled by
competitive written examinations rather then by patronage.
Samuel
Gompers
Leader of the AFL (labor union). Talked about the importantce of women remaining in the home and argued that there is no
necessity of the wife contribution to the support of the family by working.
Gilded Age
Everything was ―gilded‖ & glittered with gold: rich.
Farmer's
Alliances
1875: Farmers in part of the South came together. By 1880, the Southern Alliance had 4+ million members and a comparable
Northwestern Alliance and developing ties with its Southern counterpart.
Chinese
Exclusion Act
Passed in 1882. Wouldn’t allow any more Chinese to come in, and the Chinese that were here were not able to become
naturalized citizens. Renewed in 1892, and made ―permanent‖ in 1902. It has since been repealed.
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57.
Decade:
170050s
58.
Decade:
1600-50
59.
Decade:
1900
Decade Association
Peter Zenger
trial
Was powerful defended by the Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hamilton: the courts ruled the criticism of government they were
not libelous if factually true.
Great
Awakening
Began in the early 1730s; received its climax in the 1740s & brought a new spirit of religious fever to the colonies
James
Oglethorpe
Member of the Parliament & military hero. Came up with the idea to create GA as a penal colony.
George
Whitefield
Succeeeded John Wesley as leader of the Calvinist Methodists in Oxford, England.
Jonathan
Edwards
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” Speech/ Sermon. Great Revivalist.
Freedom of
conscience
The belief free will, for example choosing to worship God vs. following the path of the world “wicked”.
Pilgrims/
Separatists
Were determined to worship as they pleased. Their goal was to “purify” the Church of England. Moved to New
England, became known as “Puritans” and were hypocrites (wanted freedom, but woulnd’t let non-Puritans live
there).
Anne
Hutchinson
Created alarm by challenging prevailing assumptions about the proper role of women in society & the Church.
headright
system
Effort to expand population/ recruit new settlers & workers to the colonies. Guaranteed a certain amount of land per
person that was brought over—increased the number of indentured servants in the colonies.
city on a hill
Goal of New England leaders. Have a “Utopian” society—hoped their religious society would inspire other societies.
Hay-BuneauVarilla Treaty
US guarantee of independence for newly created Republic of Panama.
Russo-Japanese
War
War between 2 foreign powers that Roosevelt helped negotiate a peace treaty for, and received a Nobel Peace Prize for his
work.
Progressive
movement
Formed by Midwestern farmers, Socialists and Labor organizers—attacked monopolies and wanted other reforms:
bimetallism, transportation regulations, 8-hr. work day, income tax.
Platt
amendment
Cuba drew up a constitution that made no reference to the US. Congress forced the Amendment to be passed which
stated Cuba couldn’t form international relationships without consent of the US.
Louis Sullivan
Chicago architect. Introduced many modern functional elements to the genre of cities & skyscrapers- large windows,
sheer lines—in an attempt to emphasize the soaring height of the building as its most distinctive feature. (Frank Lloyd
Wright was a student of his.)
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60.
Decade Association
Decade:
Young Men's
Christian
Association
was founded in London, England on June 6, 1844, in response to unhealthy social conditions arising in
big cities.
1880s
Salvation Army
had began operating in America in 1870. Had began in England but soon spread to the United States and
an example of the fusion of religion with reform.
pragmatism
(William
James)
had seemed peculiarly a product of America’s changed material civilization in the 1920’s. He was a
Harvard psychologist and brother of the novelist Henry James was the most prominent of the new theory
John Dewey
he had proposed a new approach to education that placed less emphasis on the role of the learning of
traditional knowledge and to make it more flexible. (1920’s)
Edward
Bellamy
Lookinq
Backward
had published in 1888 and sold more than 1 million copies. It described the experiences of a young
Bostonian who went into a hypnotic sleep in 1887 and awoke in a year.
American Antislavery Society
Define term, date, how is it related to this decade?
free soilers
a political party which arose in the united states in 1848 to oppose slave extention.
Mormons
an adherent, practioner, follower, or constituent of Mormonism, and was the largest branch of the latter
day saint movement.
Mexican
American War
an armed conflict between the united states and mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 u.s.
annexation of texas, which mexico considered a part of its territory despite the texas annexation.
Prigg v
Pennsylvania
was a pre-civial war case that declared an unconstitutional all fugitive slave laws enacted by the states on
the ground that the federal law provided the exclusive remedy for the return of the runaway slaves.
61.
Decade:
in 1832 and year after a convention in PhILaDELPHIA. MEMBERSHIP IN THE NEW
ORGANIZATION MUSHROOMED.
1840s
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62.
Decade:
Decade Association
no taxation
without
representation
Define term, date, how is it related to this decade?
Sugar Act
reduced the rate of tax on molasses from six pence to three pence a gallon. It was passed in 1764. The
british had placed a tax on sugar and many other things.
Paxton Boys
was a vigilante group that murdered 20 native americans in events sometimes called conestoga
massacre.
Stamp Act
in 1765 was a tax imposed by the british parliament on the colonies of british america.
Quartering Act
in 1765 was an act to amend and render more effectual in his majesty’s dominions in america. It was an
act for punishing mutiny and desertion and for the better payment of the army and their quarters.
Bakke v Board
of Regents
Define term, date, how is it related to this decade?
The Supreme Court up held the principle of affirmative action in the 1978 decision and established guidelines for
future programs
began as a slogan in the period 1763-1776 that summarized a primary grievance of the british colonists
in the thirteen colonies.
1760s
63.
Decade:
1970s
Mayaguez
incident
Camp David
Accords
Considered the final action in the Vietnam war in Cambodia
A peace treaty, arranged by Pres. Carter, between Egypt and Israel in 1978 when Anwar Sadat (Egyptian President)
and Menachem Begin (Israeli prime minister) and Carter met and worked for two weeks and settled disputes between
the two sides. The Camp David Accords were the “framework” for Egyptian/Israeli peace.
hippies
Most recognized symbol of the anti-war/counterculture protestors during the Vietnam war.
SALT I Treaty
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, 1972, between the Soviet Union and the US. It was a result of earlier talks which
took place in Helsinki, Finland in 1969 in effort to limit nuclear weapons, it froze nuclear missiles of both sides at
present levels
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64.
Decade:
Define term, date, how is it related to this decade?
undeclared
naval war
British impressments (kidnapping) of US merchant sailors and forcing them to fight in the British navy, the British
refused to move their navy out of US ports after the Rev. War, inciting Native rebellion in Canada by giving them
weapons. Will lead to War 1812
full funding
/assumption
Under the Articles of Confederation the US government had no way to tax the states, and could only request funds.
This leads to massive national debt.
Samuel Slater
Built a spinning mill in Rhode Island for Quaker merchant Moses Brown, was the first modern factory
Pinckney
Treaty
1795, agreement between the US and Spain, established the southern border of the US at FL northern point. Spain
still occupies FL, allowed for free navigation of the Miss. Rv.
Securities and
Exchange
Commission
Define term, date, how is it related to this decade?
Polices and watches the stock market, revealed how far financial establishment had fallen in the public eye, realized
the scandals within Wall Street. Regulates the Stock Market
1790s
65.
Decade:
1930s
Decade Association
Federalist/First
American Party
System
Madison, Hamilton created the party and wanted control over the appointments to reward supporters and win
additional allies in the government, supported modeling government to be like England, supported a strong central
government, a national bank, industry. Wanted a government run by a few elite, supported by merchants and
business men in the Northeast. Jefferson is an opponent
Neutrality acts
Prevented events that Americans believed led them to WWI, “freedom of the seas”, Mandatory arms embargo against
the victim and aggressor
court packing
scheme
"share the
wealth"
Indian
Reorganization
Act
FDR wanted to increase the number of Supreme Court justices, raising the number of justices to 12. To help ensure
the passage of New Deal legislation, because of their declaration of the unconstitutionally of the NIRA and the AAA.
Critics will argue this is an act of a dictator and fundamentally changes the Constitution
1934, Huey Long established a national organization and this was their motto. The concept that those who have
should share with those who don’t have. Socialist or Communist theory.
John Collier promoted restored tribes, the right to their own land collectively. Wanted natives to own their own land
individually rather than live on reservations.
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66.
Decade:
18401850
Decade Association
Treaty of
GuadalupeHidalgo
Define term, date, how is it related to this decade?
Seneca Falls
Convention
1848, convention to discuss women’s rights, created the “Declaration of Rights for Women”, began organization of the
suffrage movement, NY, Sojourner Truth gave her famous speech "Ain’t I a Woman”
Irish
immigration
Maine Laws
1848, agreement with the Mexican government after the Mexican War, ceded California and New Mexico to the US
and set the Rio Grande as the Texas border, leads to more westward expansion and manifest destiny.
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As a result of the potato famine led to massive Irish immigration. In the US it strained job availability and tensions
between the Irish and Native born Americans rose. Leads to legislation restricting immigration.
Some of the earliest temperance laws passed in Maine in the 1850s. The laws prohibited the manufacture and sale of
alcohol with the exception of medicinal uses
Wilmot Proviso
1846, failed bill that attempted to prohibit slavery in territory acquired in the Mexican War.
67.
Decade:
1940s
Servicemen's
Readjustment
Act
Define term, date, how is it related to this decade?
Also known as the GI Bill created in 1945 to assist veterans from WWII. It provided loans with low interest for
education, homes and business.
Ralph Bunche
Active civil rights leader, part of FDRs “black cabinet”, helped organize MLK’s march in Montgomery, AL
Member of the NAACP
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George Kennan
Father of containment, Truman Doctrine inspired by his writings
United Nations
Korematsu v
U.S.
68.
Decade:
Sherman Silver
Purchase Act
Organized in the summer of 1945, a body of nations designed to prevent future global issues and prevent world wars.
Replaces the failed League of Nations
1944, Korematu refused to go to a relocation center and took the case to the Supreme Court, Court upheld the
constitutionally of detention camps for Japanese Americans during WWII
Define term, date, how is it related to this decade?
1890, part of the free silver movement, made it a law that the government purchase more silver to use for coinage.
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1890s
69.
Jane Addams created one of the first settlement houses, Hull House in Chicago, which were designed to assist
immigrants and help them adjust to life in America. They provided many services such as legal services, employment
agencies, language/culture classes, lesson for new mothers.
William
Jennings Bryan
Populist Party Presidential candidate, supported mainly by western farmers. Ran a “whistle stop” campaign thought
out America and promoted bi-metalism (using gold and silver currency) in a famous speech “The Cross of Gold”
Atlanta
Compromise
Speech by Booker T. Washington, highly criticized afterwards because of his belief that blacks will remain laborers
rather than working in higher positions.
jingoism
Extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy, led to the Spanish American War
Articles of
Confederation
Started in 1777, but not finally ratified until 1781. Replaced in 1789 with the Constitution. AOC. Confirm the weak,
decentralized system already in operation. Limited power of the national government lacked adequate powers to deal with
interstate issues or to enforce its will on the states, and it had little status in the eyes of the world.
Three-fifths
Compromise
1787. An agreement between the southern and northern states reached during the constitutional convention of 1787. Slaves
counted as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of counting population for representation.
Northwest
Ordinance
Congress compounded the problem by selling much of the best land to the Ohio & Scioto companies before making it
available to anyone else. Criticism of these policies led to the passage in 1787 of another law governing western settlement,
creating a single northwest territory out of the lands of the Ohio.
Shay's
Rebellion
Issued a set of demands that included paper money, tax relief, a moratorium on debts, the relocation of the state capital from
Boston to the interior and the abolition of imprisonment for debt, wanted to seized weapons from the arsenal there.
Annapolis
Convention
Also known as the Meeting of Commissioner to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government. Was a meeting in Annapolis,
MD, of 12 delegates form 5 states (NJ, NY, PA, DE, VA) that called for a constitutional convention; defects that they wanted
to remedy were those barriers that limited trade or commerce between the largely independent states under the AOC.
A Century of
Dishonor
1881 by Helen Hunt Jackson, chronicles the experiences of Native Americans in the United States, focusing on examples of
injustices., wrote her book in an attempt to change government policies toward Native Americans at a time when effects of
the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act.
Social Gospel
Powerful movement within American Protestantism. It was chiefly concerned with redeemers. Focused in the cities.
Knights of
Labor
First effort to create genuinely national labor organization. Founded in 1869, under the leadership of Uriah Stephens. Wanted
8-hr. workdays, abolish child labor, and equal pay.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws in the south that forced separation of the races in public places.
social
Darwinism
Says the most educated will survive. The rich work hard, and the poor are lazy & don’t deserve success.
Decade:
1780s
70.
Decade:
1880s
Decade Association
settlement
house
movement
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71.
Decade:
1890s
72.
Decade:
1900 1910
73.
Decade:
1760s
74
Decade Association
Gospel of
Wealth
Wealthy advocates this idea that it was their duty to use their riches to advance social progress. Book written by Carnegie.
SpanishAmerican War
1890. Emerged out of events in Cuba. America got the Philippines, Puerto Rico & Cuba.
Booker T.
Washington
Founder & president of the Tuskegee Instituted. Way to equality was through vocational education and economic success; he
accepted social separation.
yellow
journalism
Sensational style of reporting and writing. A self-consious effort to reach a mass market that spread quickly through the cities
and changed the newspapers. Hearst & Pulitzer.
Sherman Antitrust Act
Originally not very powerful, but passed to deflect public criticism. Prevents any business structure that restrains trade.
Government used it against labor unions at first.
Lochner v New
York
Supreme Court case that decided against setting up an 8-hr. work day for bakers.
spheres of
influence
Region in which political and economic control is exerted by a European nation to the exclusion of all others.
Big Stick Policy
Roosevelt’s philosophy—In international affairs, asks first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use
force, act as an international policeman. ―Listen & be prepared to take action.‖
Gentlemen's
Agreement
In 1907, TR arranged with Japan that Japan would voluntarily restrict the emigration of its nationals to the US.
muckrakers
1906: Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business.
Stamp Act
Congress
Imposed a tax on printed paper.
Sons of Liberty
1765. American men that terrorized stamp agents and burned the stamps.
nonimportation
agreements
Said we wouldn’t import things from England; a boycott.
Pontiac's
Rebellion
A war launched in 1765, by native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes. Chief Pontiac led the rebellion
Townshend
Acts
Disbanded the NY assembly until colonist agreed to obey mutiny act. 2 nd Act leveled new taxes imported to the colonies form
England on lead, paint, paper & tea.
Geraldine
Ferraro
Representative of NY. 1st female candidate to appear on a national ticket. Mondale selected her to be his running mate.
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Decade:
1980s
75.
Decade:
1770s
76.
Operated from assumption that the woes of the American economy were in large part a result of excessive taxation, which left
inadequate capital available to investors to stimulate growth.
Iran-Contra
White House conceded that it had sold weapons to the revolutionary government of Iran as part of a largely unsuccessful
effort to secure the release of several Americans being held hostage by radical Islamic groups in the Middle East. Some of the
money from the arms deal with Iran had been covertly and illegally funneled into a fund to aid the contrast in Nicaragua.
Oliver North
North is also the founder of Freedom Alliance, a foundation which provides scholarships for the sons and daughters of service
members killed in action.
"evil empire"
The phrase was applied especially to the Soviet Union by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who took an aggressive, hard-line
stance that favored matching and exceeding the Soviet Union's strategic and global military capabilities.
First/Second
Continental
Congress
Gathering of delegates from each colony will meet in Philadelphia PA to discuss British/American relationships, they
will petition the British government and denounce the intolerable acts, will eventually lead to the writing of the Dec. of
Indp. And the Rev. War
Gaspee Affair
1772. Rhode Island resident set the British schooner Gaspee affair and sank it in Narragansett Bay. They sent the accused
back to England for trial.
Boston
Massacre
1770. A skirmish between British & colonists left 5 colonists dead. Used as propaganda by patriots: ―Massacre.‖
Tea Act
1773. Gave the company the right to export its merchandise directly to the colonies without paying any of the navigation
taxes that were imposed on the colonial merchants who had traditionally served as the middlemen in such transactions,
angered many colonists for several reasons, provided no new tax on tea.
Crisis Papers
Written by Thomas Paine, a series of essays designed to gain support for the patriot cause.
Credit Mobilier
Scandal
Credit Mobilier construction company which had helped build the Union Pacific Railroad. The heads of Credit Mobilier used
their positions as UP stockholders to steer larger fraudulent contracts to their construction company, thus bilking the UP of
millions. To prevent investigations the directors had given Credit Mobilier stock to key members of Congress. In 1872,
Congress did investigate, which revealed that some highly placed Republicans had accepted stock.
the Grange
1860. Oliver H. Kelly found the National Grange attempted to bring farmers together to learn new scientific agricultural
techniques to keep farming in step with the music of the age. Hoped to create a feeling of community to relieve the loneliness
of rural life.
long drives
Long cattle drives, before the construction of the railroads, cowboys would spend months on the trail moving cattle from the
range to the market.
Horatio Alger
Most famous promoter of the success story. Was a minister that left because of sexual scandal. Wrote about poor boys who
rise from rags to riches.
Decade:
1870s
Decade Association
supply-side
economics
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77.
Decade:
1900 1910
78.
was known to his people as "Thunder Traveling to the Loftier Mountain Heights." He led his people in an attempt to resist the
takeover of their lands in the Oregon Territory by white settlers, tried to flee to Canada after his people killed a group of white
settler but didn’t make. ―I will fight no more forever‖
Upton Sinclair
The Jungle
Book that spoke of the horrors of food production (especially the meat packing industry in Chicago) in 1906. Caused the
Meat Inspection Act.
Pure Food and
Drug Act
Passed on June 30, 1906. Provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of
adulterated food products and poisonous patent medicines. Arose partly due to The Jungle.
Theodore
Roosevelt
President. Served as the head of the Republican Party. Known as the ―Trust Buster.‖ Served in the Spanish-American War as
the head of the Rough Riders. Started the Square Deal.
Emilio
Aguinaldo
Filipino General. Helped US take Philippines during Spanish-American War. Helped Philipines gain freedom from US.
Anthracite Coal
Strike
Large strike by coal miners led by Miner’s Union president George F. Baer.
King Philip's
War
Define term, date, how is it related to this decade?
For three years Natives were well organized and armed terrorizing MA towns, destroying villages and causing
thousands of deaths and greatly weakened society in New England.
Trade and
Navigation Acts
1650-51 Parliament passed laws to keep Dutch ships out of English colonies, used to regulate commerce, and close
colonies to all trades except with English ships. English trade monopoly.
Bacon's
Rebellion
Military challenge to colonial government, Bacon led his army east to Jamestown and stood on the verge of the
command of VA but instead he died before anything could happen. Indentured servants were the primary group
involved, lead to an increase in African American slaves in VA.
Salutary
neglect
England has very relaxed laws on the colonies and allowed them to govern themselves. This allows the colonies to
become powerful and uncontrollable which makes it difficult for England to continue to rule the colonies.
Halfway
Covenant
1690s, decision by Puritan churches in the colonies to allow the grandchildren of those who had the personal
experience of conversion to participate in select church affairs, reflected the decline of piety and zeal among New
Englanders.
William Lloyd
Garrison The
Liberator
Prominent American abolitionist, journalist & social reformer. Editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator.
One of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Promoted ―immediate emancipation‖ of slaves in the US &
promoted women’s suffrage.
Decade:
1650s1700
79.
Decade:
Decade Association
Chief Joseph
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Relocation & movment of Native Americans (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole) from their homelands to Indian Territory (OK).
1000s died.
Dorothea Dix
American activist on behalf of the indignent insane who created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the
Civil War, she served as Superintendent of Army Nurses.
nullification
Legal theory that a US state has the right to nullify/ invalidate any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional.
Nullification Crisis of 1832- John C. Calhoun & South Carolina.
Worcester v
Georgia
US Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state
governments which would infringe on the tribe’s sovereignty.
Hartford
Convention
December 15, 1814 – January 4, 1815. New England threatened to seceeed, due to their opposition to the Wsar of 1812.
Helped lead to the end of the Federalist Party.
Adams-Onis
Treaty
Also known as the Transontinental Treaty of 1819. Settled a border dispute between the US & Spain. Spain gave Florida to
the US, and US gave Spain some land & money.
American
System
Mercantilist economic plan consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building, and a national
bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency.
War Hawks
Members of Congress who advocated waging war against the UK in the War of 1812.
Treaty of Ghent
Signed on December 24, 1814. Officially ended the War of 1812 (although the Battle of New Orleans was fought in January,
because they hadn’t heard about the treaty).
Keating-Owen
Child Labor
Act
Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children. 1 st National Child labor law.
Federal Trade
Commission
A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy.
Treaty of
Versailles
Treaty that ended WWI—most important part was the forced blame on German and other allies. Left Germany to blame,
broke, weak, and wanting revenge. Not ratified by the US Senate.
irreconcilables
Senators who voted against the League of nations with or without reservations (amendments).
Ballinger
Pinchot Affair
Taft cabinet members who had fought over conservation efforts and how much effort and money should be put into
conserving national resources.
Zimmerman
Note
(Telegram)
1917. Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the US, in return they’d
get back ―their lost land‖ (the American southwest). It was intercepted and caused the US to mobilize against Germany,
which had proven it was hostile.
1830s
80.
Decade:
1810s
81.
Decade:
1910s
82.
Decade:
Decade Association
Trail of Tears
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1910s
83.
Decade:
1910s
84.
Germany pledge to stop submarine warfare after sinking of Lusitania
Food
Administration
Created by Wilson during WWI, which set up ration system to save food for soldiers. Led by Herbert Hoover.
triple wall of
privilege
Banks, Tariif & Trusts were the things Wilson tried to stop—he thought they had too much freedom/power.
UnderwoodSimmons Tariff
1913. Lowered tariffs on hundreds of times that could be produced more cheaply in the US than abroad.
Bull Moose
Party
Roosevelt’s party in the election of 1812. A Progressive Party.
Federal
Reserve Act
1913. Central Banking system of the US was created.
"he kept us out
of war"
Wilson’s re-election slogan in the 1916 Election.
Triangle
Shirtwaist fire
March 25, 1911: Doors to factory were locked to keep out unions. Fire killed 146 workers. Commission about the fire led to
governmental reforms and building codes.
Volstead Act
National Prohibition Act. October 28, 1919. Purposes: prohibit intoxicating beverages, regulate the
manufacture/production/use/sale of high-proof spirits for other than beverage purposes, and to insure an ample supply of
alcohol and promote its use in scientific research and in the development of fuel, dye and other lawful industries.
Woodrow
Wilson
28th President of the US. Got involved with WWI to ―make the world safe for democracy.‖ After WWI was over, he was
involved in Paris Peace Conference & Treaty of Versailles. Argued his ―-14 Points‖ and wanted peace without victory. Urged
for ratification of Treaty of Versailles & the League of Nations, but to no avail.
reservationists
Those who opposed ratification of the Treaty of Versailles without some ―reservations‖ (amendments). Led by Senator
Henry Cabot Lodge.
Fourteen Points
Speech given by Wilson detaling his plan/ argument as to what we were fighting for (WWI). Became the basis for the terms
of the German surrender.
insurgents
revolt
Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule—supported by American sugar planters. Yellow press coverage of the Spanish
backslash led to the Spanish-American War.
Voting Rights
Act
National Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for black
disenfranchisement in the US. Outlawed literacy tests & poll taxes. Signed into law by President LBJ.
Decade:
1910s
85.
Decade Association
Sussex/Arabic
Pledges
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Decade:
1960s
86.
5-term US Senator from Arizona and the Republican nominee for President in the 1964 election. Most often credited for
sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a substantial impact on
the libertarian movement. Rejected the New Deal legacy. Lost the election to LBJ.
Rachel Carson
Silent Spring
Book published in 1962. Widely credited with helping launch the environmental movement. Concerned with pesticides and
pollution of the environment.
Cuban Missile
Crisis
Confrontation between the US, Soviet Union & Cuba in October 1962, during the Cold War. Soviets had built missile
launching sites in Cuba, within reach of American soil. America threatened use of nukes & the Soviets ended up removing the
missiles from Cuba.
Guam/Nixon
Doctrine
July 25, 1969. Nixon stated that the US henceforth expected its allied to take care of their own military defense, but that the
US would aid in defense as requested. The doctrine argued for the pursuit of peace through a partnership with American
allies.
Vietnamization
Plan to get America out of Vietnam. Plan was to encourage the South Vietnamese to take more responsibility for fighting the
war. It failed, due to Nixon’s resignation (as a result of Watergate).
Equal Rights
Amendment
A proposed amendment to the US Constitution which was intended to guarantee that equal rights under any federal state, or
local law could not be denied on account of sex. ERA was originally written by Alice Paul. It 1972, it passed both houses of
Congress, but failed to gain ratification.
Helsinki
Accords
Was the final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, held in Helsinki during July and August of 1975.
Signed by 35 nations. It recognized the borders of Europe, as they had been at the end of WWII, thus recognizing Soviet
domination of the Baltic States. All nations, however, agreed to promote personal liberties in their own countries.
War Powers
Act
1973. Was a US Congress joint resolution providing that the President can send US armed forces into action abroad only by
authorization of Congress or if the US is already under attack or serious threat. War Powers Resolution requires the president
to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining
for more than 60 days without a declaration of war. Passed after overriding a presidential veto.
OPEC
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Coutnries: a cartel of 12 countries that control the oil market [determines production
and prices]. Initiatied the 1973 oil crisis: proclaimed an oil embargo ―in response to the US decision to re-supply the Israeli
military‖ during the Yom Kippur War; it lasted until March 1974.
Kent State
Known as the May 4 massacre, Kent State Massacre, Kent State Shootings. On May 4, 1970, students were protesting against
the American invasion of Cambodia. National Guardsmen fired 67 rounds in 13 seconds, killing 4 students and wounding 9
others. In response to the shootings: hundreds of schools closed due to a student strike of 4 million students, and the event
further divided the country about the role of the US in the Vietnam War.
Whigs/2nd
American Party
System
Used by historians to name the political party system existing in the US from about 1828 to 1854. System was characterized
by rapidly rising levels of voter interest. Major parties were the Democratic Party (led by JacksoN) & the Whig Party (Henry
Clay). Whigs were formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party.
Decade:
1970s
87.
Decade:
Decade Association
Barry
Goldwater
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1830s
88.
Decade:
1890s
89.
Decade:
Decade Association
Apologist's
view of slavery
Relgion doesn’t say it is ―wrong‖ (Israelites were slaves, Negroes were descendents of Canaan {servant}), Slavery has existed
since the beginning of time (Greece, Rome, Egypt), Slaves were better off than Northern immigrants in the industrial areas of
New England, and the concept of ―Black Inferiority.‖
Force Act
Force Bill of 1833, passed by Congress at Andrew Jackson’s request, as part of the Nullification Crisis. The Act gave the
President the authority to use military power to enforce revenue laws.
Independent
Treasury
A system for the retaining of government funds in the US Treasury and its subtreasuries, independent of the national banking
and financial systems.
Specie Circular
Coinage Act of 1936 was an executive order issued by Jackson and carried out by Van Buren. Required payment for
government land to be in gold or silver. Led to an economic crisis (Panic of 1837).
William
Randolph
Hearst
An American newspaper magnate and leading newspaper publisher: the San Francisco Examiner, New York Journal.
Engaged in a ―yellow war‖ with Pulitzer’s New York World. Involved in sensationalizing the Spanish-American War.
Pullman Strike
Nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that occurred in 1894. Pullman cut wages without cutting rent.
Involved the American Railway Union, led by Eugene V. Debs. President Clevenland ordered federal troops to Chicago to
end the strike.
J.P. Morgan
American financier, banker & art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation. In 1892, he merged
2 companies to create General Electric. He bought Carnegie Steel & merged it to form the US Steel Corporation in 1901.
Cross of Gold
speech
Spoken by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention. Pro-Free Silver.
Plessy v
Ferguson
US Supreme Court case of 1896: upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation with the doctrine of ―separate but equal.‖
Works Progress
Administration
(WPA)
The largest New Deal agency, employing millions to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public
buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media & literacy projects. Redistributed food, clothing & housing,
especially benefitted the rural & western populations.
cash and carry
FDR requested this policy replace the Neutrality Acts of 1936. Allowed the sale of material to beliggerants, as long as the
recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash. Purpose was to hold neutrality
between the US & Europe, while still giving material aid to Briatin.
sit-down strike
A form of civil disobedience in which an organized group of workers, usually employed at a factory or other centralized
location, take possession of the workplace by ―sitting down‖ at their stations, effectively preventing their employers from
replacing them with strikebreakers.
John Steinbeck
Grapes of Wrath
Novel published in 1939, awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1940. Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on a poor
family of sharecroppers who experience hardships: drought, economic hardship, changes in the agriculture industry, and the
Dust Bowl.
Social Security
1935. Encompasses several social welfare & social insurance programs: Federal Old-Age Insurance, Unemployment benefits,
Temporary Assistance for needy families, Medicare & Medicaid.
1930s
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90.
Decade:
1600 1650
91.
Decade:
Decade Association
indentured
servants
Someone who worked as a laborer/servant, under contract, for 3-7 years, in exchange for passage to America.
Great Puritan
Migration
1620 – 1640. Migration of English settlers, primarily Puritans, to Massachusetts. They came in family groups and were
motivated chiefly by a quest for freedom to practice their Puritan religion.
Mayflower
Compact
1st governing document of the Plymouth Colony. Signed on the Mayflower, before landing, by the men on the boat, in 1620.
House of
Burgesses
VA legislature: the elected lower house in the legislative assembly established in 1619. Now known as the General Assembly
of VA.
Roger Williams
American Protestant theologian and the first American proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state.
In 1636, he began the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which provided a refuge for religious minorities.
Seward's Folly
The purchase of Alaska by the Sec. of State, William Seward, from Russia in 1867. Also known as ―Seward’s Icebox,‖ and
Andrew Johnson ―polar bear garden,‖ because it was believed foolhardy to spend so much money on the remote region.
sharecropping
System of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the
land.
Tenure of
Office Act
Enacted March 3, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. It denied the President of the US the power to remove
from office anyone who had been appointed by a past President without the advice and consent of the US Senate. What
Johnson was impeached for violating; failed to convict him by 1 vote.
1860s
redemption
(redeemers)
Redeemers were a political coalition in the South during the Reconstuction Era, who sought to oust the Republican coalition
of freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags. They were part of the Bourbon Democrats.
scalawags
Nickname for southern whites who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War.
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Reconstruction,
Freedmen,
Carpetbaggers