World of Essential College Vocabulary Book 2, 1st ed.

Licensed to: CengageBrain User Licensed to: CengageBrain User This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User World of Essential College Vocabulary, Book 2 Margaret Ann Richek, Susanne Francine Picchi Senior Publisher: Lyn Uhl Director, College Success and Developmental English: Annie Todd Assistant Editor: Elizabeth Rice Editorial Assistant: Matthew Conte Media Editor: Amy Gibbons Marketing Manager: Sophie Teague Marketing Coordinator: Brittany Blais Marketing Communications Manager: Courtney Morris Content Project Manager: Rosemary Winfield Art Director: Jill Ort Print Buyer: Betsy Donaghey © 2013 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Library of Congress Control Number: 2011942671 Rights Acquisition Specialist: Don Schlotman ISBN-13: 978-1-111-84157-7 Production Service: MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company ISBN-10: 1-111-84157-8 Text Designer: Rokusek Design Annotated Instructor’s Edition: Cover Designer: Stanton Design ISBN-13: 978-1-133-43626-3 Cover Image: © 1999–2011 Masterfile Corporation. All rights reserved. Endless Media™ (patent pending) Compositor: MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company Special thanks are due to Marco Parra, Annette Meredith, Joel Meredith, and Teresa Carrillo. This book is dedicated to Jean Richek, Esther and Frank Valis, Americo Picchi, and Annette Meredith. Student photos were taken at Joliet Junior College, in Joliet Illinois. The authors would like to thank the college; JJC photographer Mike O’Brien, photographer Robert E. Potter, III; and students Kelly K. Barrios, Kary Beran, Barbara Bush, Dan (Daniel) Cooper, Adriana Diaz, Shanta Evans, Samec Figueroa, Jonathan Galvan, Jose Eduardo Garcia, Raphael Hernandez, Monica Martinez, Jessica Noyloa, Melissa O’Malley, Tyler Rentfrow, Connor Stenson, Kiara Tremble, DeMotius Turner, Lucas Vanisko, Sarah Welz, Shalisha Wheeler, and Sha’kella Williams. ISBN-10: 1-133-43626-9 Wadsworth 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local office at international.cengage.com/region. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Instructors: Please visit login.cengage.com and log in to access instructorspecific resources. Unless otherwise noted, all definitions and pronunciation guides that appear in this book are adapted by permission from The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. STRATEGY: THE DICTIONARY 1 section Licensed to: CengageBrain User INTRODUCTION Welcome to the World of Essential College Vocabulary, Book 2. The introduction to Section 1 focuses on how to use the dictionary. Parts of speech are also presented, since they are essential to dictionary use. The dictionary is a wonderful guide to word meaning and use. However, using this tool takes considerable skill. For this reason, additional resources have been provided in this book: • • • • a dictionary pronunciation key (inside front cover) a short guide to the parts of speech taught in this book (inside front cover) an expanded guide to parts of speech (pp. 121–122) an expanded guide to dictionary entries (p. 123) PARTS OF SPEECH Knowing about the parts of speech helps you learn vocabulary. The words taught in this book are nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. An example sentence shows all of these. When he was in the library, the tall man slowly read the very famous book on truth. Nouns: A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. The example sentence has all four types. The library is a place. The man is a person. The book is a thing. Truth is an idea. Adjectives: Adjectives describe nouns. Look for tall and famous in the example sentence. The adjective tall describes the noun man; the adjective famous describes the noun book. Verbs: Verbs indicate an action or a state of being. In the example sentence, was and read are verbs. The verb was indicates a state of being; it is a form of the verb to be. The verb read indicates an action. English verbs are complex and have different tenses, including past, present, future, and conditional. Often an -ed ending signals a past tense. Verbs can be transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs take direct objects, but intransitive do not. In the example sentence above, read is a transitive verb, and its direct object is book. However, was is an intransitive verb that does not have a direct object. 1 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User 2 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary Adverbs: Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They often end in -ly. In the sentence, the adverb slowly describes the verb read and very describes the adjective famous. The dictionary The dictionary is the best way to learn the precise meaning of a word. Because it takes skill to use this valuable tool, the first section of this book gives you practice. You can use a dictionary in either a print or an online version. A sample dictionary entry is explained below. This entry for nimble is taken from an online source. Each part is labeled. nim·ble (nı̆mbəl) key Adjective: nim·bler, nim·blest Word and pronunciation Part of speech; word forms 1. Quick, light, or agile in movement or action; deft: nimble fingers. See Synonyms at dexterous. Definition(s) 2. Quick, clever, and acute in devising or understanding: nimble wits. Etymology:  mel, quick to seize, and Middle English nemel, from Old English n æ numol, quick at learning Other forms: Etymology Other forms; related words nimble·ness (noun), nimbly (adverb) • Word and pronunciation: The word appears with pronunciation symbols. In an online dictionary, the key to these symbols is found by clicking on the symbol key in the entry. Print dictionaries have keys on each two-page spread. A key is also found on the inside front cover of this book. The key lists a common word that contains each pronunciation symbol. For example, the i in nimble is pronounced like the i in pit. A mark like this  appears after a syllable that is stressed in pronunciation. Some words have stronger stress marks () and weaker stress marks (). • Part of speech; word forms: Nimble is an adjective. Spellings are given for its comparative forms, nimbler and nimblest. Entries for nouns list the spelling for the plural form. For verbs, past and present tense endings are given. Note that some words serve as more than one part of speech. • Definitions: As you can see, nimble has two definitions. Phrases such as nimble fingers and nimble wits show how nimble is used in each definition. Also, synonyms for definition 1 are found listed under the word dexterous. Which definition would fit in this sentence: “Jack’s nimble mind enabled him to win many arguments”? (The answer is 2.) • Etymology: This shows the history of a word. Nimble comes from Old English. • Other forms; related words: These are words, formed from nimble, that function as other parts of speech. Nimbleness is a noun; nimbly is an adverb. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., © 2009. Reprinted by permission. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User LESSON 1 VALUABLE WORDS PART 1: VALUABLE WORDS culmination infringe deter persevere divulge pragmatic evade subsequent futile vicarious Have you ever persevered (kept trying) even after an effort seemed futile (useless)? Have you accidentally divulged (made public) a secret? As you can see, these words describe everyday situations. 1. culmination (kŭlmə-nā-shun) noun an ending that is a high point The peace agreement was the culmination of years of negotiation. culminate (kŭlmə-nāt) verb Months of planning culminated in a beautiful wedding. Note the changes in the stressed syllables: cul-mi-NA-tion CUL-mi-nate 3. divulge (dı̆-vŭlj) noun to reveal a secret The captured soldier refused to divulge the location of his troops. The newspaper divulged that the mayor had taken bribes. The children divulged family secrets to their neighbor. 4. evade (ı̆-vād) verb to avoid The criminal evaded the police by hiding in the woods. The mayor evaded the question by pretending he hadn’t heard it. evasive adjective Her quick, evasive action kept her from getting hit by the ball. evasion noun The evasion of taxes is a crime. © Cheryl Casey/shutterstock.com 2. deter (dı̆-tûr) verb to discourage or prevent An early morning class deterred her from staying late at the party. deterrence noun The strong wind was a deterrence to biking. divulging secrets Evade often has a hint of being sneaky or deceiving. 5. futile (fyō ̄ōtl) adjective useless; having no result We knew our rescue efforts had been futile when we found the man’s body. futility noun Shoveling the driveway was an exercise in futility, because the snow kept coming down. 6. infringe (în-frînj) verb to violate by interfering with someone’s rights We feel that making us wear a uniform infringes on our freedom. infringement noun Using software without permission may be an infringement of copyright laws. 3 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User 4 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary 7. persevere (pûrsə-vÎr) verb to keep trying He persevered for ten years and finally graduated college. perseverance noun Her perseverance finally paid off when, after seven tries, she made the soccer team. 8. pragmatic (prăg-mătı̆k) adjective practical While her husband planned vacations, she was concerned with pragmatic matters, like paying the rent and buying food. pragmatism (prăgmə-tı̆zəm) noun The mayor’s pragmatism led him to form alliances with former rivals. 9. subsequent (sŭbsı̆-kwĕnt) adjective following; after Subsequent to graduation, I found my dream job! subsequently adverb I placed the order and subsequently sent a check. In a vicarious experience, you watch, hear, or read about someone else’s experience, but feel like it is your own. 10. vicarious (vı̄-kârē-əs) adjective experienced through another person; substituting for another People get vicarious thrills watching wild car chases in movies. vicariously adverb Don’t try to live vicariously through your children! dEFINITIONS: Write the correct word for each meaning. culmination infringe deter persevere divulge pragmatic evade subsequent futile vicarious �� 1.experienced through another person �� 6.an ending that is a high point �� 2. to keep trying �� 7. practical �� 3. to reveal a secret �� 8.to discourage or prevent �� 4. following �� 9. to avoid �� 5. useless �� 10. to violate by interfering Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User Lesson 1 Valuable Words 5 PART 1 EXERCISES CONTEXT: ITEMS 1–9: Choose the best answer. ITEM 10: Circle true (T) or false (F). a. culmination f. infringe b. deter g. persevere c. divulge h. pragmatic d. evade i. subsequent e. futile j. vicarious _____� 1. Don’t let fear of failure ___ you from enrolling in that difficult course. _____� 2. I was told not to ___ that information, so please don’t ask me about it. _____� 3. The completion of the community center was the ___ of many years of fund-raising efforts. _____� 4. I dreamed of being a movie star, but I was ___ and studied for a career in nursing. _____� 5. The man’s efforts to climb Mount Everest were ___, for he had to turn back each time. _____� 6. There was much suffering ___ to the terrible earthquake in Haiti. _____� 7. Putting citizens in jail without charging them with a crime will ___ upon their civil rights. _____� 8. In an effort to ___ his former girlfriend, Marco crossed to the other side of the street. _____� 9. I will ___ until I pass the test to get my driver’s license. T F 10. A person will often get vicarious satisfaction when a friend’s efforts culminate in success. DERIVATIONS: Write the correct word form using the choices below. 1. Any _____________________ of copyright laws will be fully prosecuted. (infringe, infringement) 2. Your business plan is _____________________, and I think it will succeed. (pragmatic, pragmatism) 3. The soccer star was injured, and _____________________ he couldn’t play. (subsequent, subsequently) 4. The man’s _____________________ paid off when he got a good job. (persevere, perseverance) 5. So far, efforts to change the climate have ended in _____________________. (futile, futility) 6. The baseball season _____________________ with the World Series. (culminates, culminate) finish up: Complete each sentence with a detailed phrase. 7. I gave an evasive answer when my mother asked me ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________. 8. I get a vicarious thrill when _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________. Give examples: Answer with personal responses. 9. Give an example of something you would not divulge to a stranger. 10. Give examples of two things that would deter you from buying a house. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User 6 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary DESCRIPTIONS: Choose the word that these examples best describe. Example: b showing where a treasure is hidden; leaking government secrets; telling an old family secret �� a. infringe b.divulge c. vicarious d.futile �� 1. graduation; big retirement party; going on a trip that took a year to plan a. evade b.futile c. culmination d.pragmatic �� 2. being happy when your cousin gets a good job; shivering while watching a movie taking place in the winter; crying about a movie star’s divorce a. vicarious b.deter c. evade d.persevere �� 3. making sure you have enough money to go on vacation; wearing clothes that won’t show dirt or stains; buying a car that gets good gas mileage rather than a luxury car a. persevere b.deter c. culmination d.pragmatic �� 4. going around a traffic jam; not paying sales tax; turning a corner to avoid meeting someone a. infringe b.futile c. evade d.subsequent �� 5. picking flowers in someone else’s garden; downloading music illegally to your iPod®; taking away someone else’s rights a. vicarious b.divulge c. deter d.infringe STRATEGY PRACTICE: Read this dictionary entry and answer the questions. gar·ble (gärbəl) key Transitive verb: gar·bled, gar·bling, gar·bles 1. To mix up or distort to such an extent as to make misleading or incomprehensible: She garbled all the historical facts. 2. To scramble (a signal or message), as by erroneous encoding or faulty transmission. 3. Archaic To sort out; cull. NOUN: The act or an instance of garbling. �� 1. Give the part(s) of speech that garble functions as. �� 2. Give the past tense form of garble. �� 3. Give the number of the verb definition that fits this sentence: “The three year old child garbled the message he tried to repeat.” �� 4. Give the word in the pronunciation guide that is pronounced like the a in garble. �� 5. Is the word in this sentence a noun or a verb? “We don’t understand that garble.” Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., © 2009. Reprinted by permission. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User Lesson 1 Valuable Words 7 PART 2: MORE VALUABLE WORDS contingency rudimentary derogatory succinct fluctuate tangible imminent terminate precarious utopia This list contains positive, negative, and neutral words. A derogatory (or insulting) remark is negative. In contrast, a utopia (or perfect place) would be wonderful to live in. Other words are neutral: an imminent (or about to happen) event might be good or bad. 11. contingency (kən-tı̆njən-sē) noun plural: contingencies an event that might happen; an uncertainty To prepare for contingencies, we bought a flashlight, candles, canned food, and water before the storm hit. contingent adjective (Contingent means “dependent.”) Admission to college is contingent upon finishing high school. Usually, a contingency is a bad event. The word contingency can also be an adjective, as in contingency plan or contingency fund. 12. derogatory (dı̆-rŏgə-tôrē) adjective insulting; expressing a bad opinion The coach’s derogatory comments about Nadia’s soccer playing made her quit the team. 13. fluctuate (flŭkchō ̄ō-āt) verb to change frequently The level of the waves fluctuates with the time of day. The teenager’s moods fluctuated, depending upon the relationship with her boyfriend. fluctuation noun Fluctuations in supply affect the price of corn. 14. imminent (ı̆mə-nənt) adjective about to happen The approaching limousines signaled that the star’s arrival was imminent. imminence noun Because of the imminence of a flood, they fled the area. 16. rudimentary (rō ̄ōdə-mĕntə-rē) adjective basic; in the first stages of development The child’s rudimentary knowledge of reading was limited to recognizing three words. Some fish have rudimentary lungs that allow them to travel on land. rudiment noun Addition is one of the rudiments of math. © Robert Erving Potter II 15. precarious (prı̆-kârē-əs) adjective lacking in security or stability A house on the edge of a cliff is in a precarious position. With the country in revolt, the ruler’s power was precarious. precariously adverb The precariously balanced bowl was about to fall. precariously balanced Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User 8 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary 17. succinct (sək-sı̆ngkt) adjective expressed in a short and precise way A succinct summary of good behavior is: Treat others as you would like to be treated. succinctly adverb Please state your position succinctly. 18. tangible (tănjə-bəl) adjective real; able to be touched I would prefer a tangible reward of money rather than words of thanks. The police got tangible evidence of the criminal when he left his cell phone at the scene of the robbery. 19. terminate (tûrmə-nāt) verb to end The forest path terminates at the highway. The recession forced the company to terminate many workers. termination noun The lease allowed for termination after 90 days. Thomas Moore invented the word utopia in 1551 and used it as the title of his book. In Latin, utopia means “no place.” 20. utopia (yō ̄ō-tōpē-ə) noun a perfect place In a utopia there is no warfare, poverty, or hunger. utopian adjective (Utopian means very idealistic.) The senator’s utopian plan for fair taxes was defeated by special interest groups. dEFINITIONS: Write the correct word for each meaning. contingency rudimentary derogatory succinct fluctuate tangible imminent terminate precarious utopia �� 1. real; able to be touched �� 6. lacking in security �� 2. insulting �� 7. to change frequently �� 3. a perfect place �� 8. short �� 4. basic �� 9. to end �� 5. an event that might happen �� 10. about to happen Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User Lesson 1 Valuable Words 9 PART 2 EXERCISES CONTEXT: ITEMS 1–9: Choose the best answer. ITEM 10: Circle true (T) or false (F). a. contingency f. rudimentary b. derogatory g. succinct c. fluctuate h. tangible d. imminent i. terminate e. precarious j. utopia ____�� 1. His arrival is ___, for we expect him in a few minutes. �� 2. The wind made his hold on the umbrella ___, and it soon flew out of his hands. �� 3. We would all like to live in a(n) ___, where everything is perfect. �� 4. It is only my second day in the physics course, so my knowledge is still ___. �� 5. Words of love are nice, but I would like something ___, like a diamond ring. �� 6. The word “yes” is a more ___ statement than “I certainly do agree with you.” �� 7. “You are useless!” was my boss’s ___ comment. �� 8. Since the bugs keep coming back, I will ___ my contract with the exterminator. �� 9. Although 98.6°F is considered normal, human body temperatures will often ___. T F 10. Planning for contingencies will help you avoid precarious situations. DERIVATIONS: Write the correct word form using the choices below. 1. Becoming a teacher is _____________________ on passing exams. (contingency, contingent) 2. Daily _____________________ in temperature often exceed forty degrees. (fluctuate, fluctuations) 3. Your _____________________ dreams will never be realized. (utopian, utopia) 4. I refuse to pay that fee for _____________________. (terminate, termination) 5. I lack even the most _____________________ knowledge about cars. (rudiment, rudimentary) 6. We feared that the _____________________ leaning tree would fall over. (precarious, precariously) finish up: Complete each sentence with a detailed phrase. 7. Keep your statements succinct so that _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. If cold weather were imminent, I would _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Give examples: Answer with personal responses. 9. Give an example of a derogatory comment. 10. Give an example of something that is tangible, and something that is not tangible. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User 10 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary PASSAGE: Ben and Jerry—From Losers to Millionaires Fill in the word from each column’s list that fits best. Column 1 Choices: derogatory, persevered, precarious, rudimentary, subsequently, vicarious Have you ever eaten Cherry Garcia or Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough ice cream? The two guys behind these flavors, Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield, are now rich and famous, but they didn’t start out that way. They met in junior high, where both avoided sports and ate a lot of ice cream. They referred to themselves using the (1)_____________________ phrase “fat nerds.” As an adult, Ben’s first jobs were not  highly paid. He worked loading trucks and mopping floors. He was terminated from a job scraping plates clean. Jerry graduated from college, but his quest to get into medical school proved futile. He was rejected by over forty universities! It looked like both Ben and Jerry faced a(n) (2)_____________________ future. So they decided to start an ice cream shop. A five-dollar mail order course gave them only a(n) (3) _____________________ knowledge of how to make ice cream. But their lack of skills didn’t deter them. Ben and Jerry built an ice cream store in an old gas station located in one of the coldest towns in the © PSD Photography/ Shutterstock.com U.S. They (4) _____________________ through hard times, living in a trailer and eating canned sardines. Luckily for them, success was imminent. From the moment the store opened, people realized that it was special. It featured live piano music and games. To celebrate their first anniversary they held a “free cone day.” This started a tradition, and (5) _____________________ it has become a yearly event. Their ice cream was so delicious that Time Magazine chose Ben & Jerry’s as the best in the U.S. Column 2 Choices: evade, contingencies, fluctuations, infringe, pragmatic, succinct Everything seemed fine until they realized they weren’t making any money! They were having so much fun that they forgot the (6) _____________________ parts of the business. They didn’t keep records and often left crumpled checks in their pockets. So, to help the business, they hired professional management and began to sell ice cream in grocery stores. As they expanded, Ben and Jerry faced some problems. For example, they had to sue companies that tried to (7) _____________________ on their distribution rights. Still, the fun continued. They crossed the country in a “Cowmobile” giving away cones; they sponsored Elvis Presley look-alike contests; they built the world’s biggest ice cream sundae. Since the public’s tastes may change unexpectedly, businesses must plan for (8) _____________________. For this reason, the company constantly invents new flavors. Others must be dropped, but you can find them online in a “Flavor Graveyard.” As Ben and Jerry’s efforts provided them with tangible monetary rewards, they gave back to their community. For years, they donated 7.5% of profits to charity. This ensured that despite (9) _____________________ in their earnings, their charity would continue. So when you see a carton of Ben & Jerry’s ice cream, remember the two “real guys” behind it. They are successful businessmen who have managed to (10) _____________________ a formal, corporate image. Instead they made money while having fun. Think of them while you eat Chunky Monkey ice cream. And don’t forget free scoop day! Think About the Passage 1. Do you think that more professional training would have helped Ben and Jerry? Why or why not? 2. Give an activity that you think Ben and Jerry would try to evade. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User LESSON 2 MULTIPLE DEFINITION WORDS; VALUABLE WORDS PART 1: MULTIPLE DEFINITION WORDS accessory domestic assimilate incorporate coarse latitude default opaque depression transparent Each word in this lesson has at least two meanings. The word depression actually has three. 1. accessory (ăk-sĕsə-rē) noun plural: accessories a. something extra that adds to appearance or usefulness One of my favorite desk accessories is a crystal paperweight. b.someone who helps a criminal, but is not present at a crime The accessory hid the thieves subsequent to the robbery. accessorize verb Veronica added a scarf to accessorize her suit. 2. assimilate (ə-sı̆mə-lāt) verb a. to adapt to another culture Although she was born in Morocco, her jeans and t-shirts showed that Amina had assimilated to American culture. b.to understand and absorb into the mind Outlining difficult concepts helps us to assimilate them. assimilation noun Learning English is important to assimilation in the U.S. 3. coarse (kôrs) adjective a. having a rough texture Sandpaper is a coarse material. b.crude or vulgar His coarse bathroom jokes embarrassed his mother. coarseness noun He showed his coarseness when he licked the plate. 4. default (dı̆-fôlt) verb a. to fail to meet obligations to pay or to attend If you default on your mortgage, you will lose your house. My competitor overslept and defaulted, so I won the tennis match. b.to use a style that was selected by a manufacturer My word processor defaults to single spacing, unless I change it. Default can also be a noun. A payment may be in default. 5. depression (dı̆-prĕshən) noun a. a mental state of great sadness She suffered from depression after her child became ill. b.a low point The depression in the ground was carved out by running water. c. a long and severe period of bad economic times People starved during the Great Depression of the 1930s. depress verb If you depress the button, the motor will start. 11 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User 12 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary A domestic employee works in a home, often in child care or cleaning. 7. incorporate (ı̆n-kôrpə-rāt) verb a. to bring something into a larger whole I will incorporate two of your suggestions into my essay. b.to form a business corporation McDonalds incorporated in 1964 under the name of “Regrub.” incorporation noun The incorporation of solar panels into a roof saves heating costs. NORTH PO LE 75° 60° 45° 35° © Robert E. Potter, III 6. domestic (də-mēstı̆k) adjective a. relating to the home and family I hate to do domestic chores like taking out the garbage. b.relating to things inside a country If the U.S. increases domestic oil production, it will import less. domesticated adjective Dogs and cats can be domesticated. 15° 8. latitude (lătı̆-tō ̄ōd) noun a. the distance, north or south, of the equator Northern latitudes, which are far from the equator, are often cold. b.freedom and flexibility The boss allowed workers latitude in coming to the office late. 0° EQUATOR 30° 45° SO UTH POLE latitudes of the earth Opaque and transparent have opposite meanings. 9. opaque (ō-pāk) adjective a. impossible or very difficult to see through The opaque window was covered with heavy black paint. b.impossible to understand The board’s secret meetings made its decision process opaque. 10. transparent (trăns-pârənt) adjective a. able to be seen through clearly We can see the food that we wrap in transparent plastic film. b.obvious; easily understood The public meetings resulted in a transparent decision process. transparency noun We laughed at the transparency of the child’s lie. dEFINITIONS: Write the correct word for each meaning. accessory domestic assimilate incorporate coarse latitude default opaque depression transparent �� 1. able to be seen through clearly �� 6. to fail to meet obligations �� 2. to adapt to another culture �� 7. impossible to see through �� 3. something extra �� 8. distance from the equator �� 4. a low point �� 9. relating to the home �� 5. crude or vulgar �� 10. to bring into Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User Lesson 2 Multiple Definition Words; Valuable Words 13 PART 1 EXERCISES CONTEXT: ITEMS 1–9: Choose the best answer. ITEM 10: Circle true (T) or false (F). a. accessory f. domestic b. assimilate g. incorporate c. coarse h. latitude d. default i. opaque e. depression j. transparent _____� 1. If you ___ time for questions into the class period, students will participate more. _____� 2. Air is ___, and we can see right through it. _____� 3. When the immigrant started to learn Spanish, she began to ___ to Mexican culture. _____� 4. I hope your ___ ends soon, so that you can enjoy life. _____� 5. If you ___ on a student loan, you can be sued by the government. _____� 6. Which ___ do you prefer, the belt or the necklace? _____� 7. People should eat foods with ___, rough fiber to help their digestion. _____� 8. I think that children should have ___ to spend their free time as they please. _____� 9. Our ___ peace was disturbed when my violent uncle moved into our house. T F 10. If a professor’s explanation is opaque, it can be easily assimilated by students. DERIVATIONS: Write the correct word form using the choices below. 1. I find it difficult to _____________________ the principles of calculus. (assimilation, assimilate) 2. The sad movie made us feel _____________________ all day. (depress, depressed) 3. Please _____________________ some music into your comedy act. (incorporation, incorporate) 4. He lost his job and had to _____________________ on the mortgage. (default, defaulted) 5. _____________________ in elections provides better government. (Transparent, Transparency) 6. The _____________________ would not divulge the criminal’s name. (accessorize, accessory) finish up: Complete each sentence with a detailed phrase. 7. People who live in latitudes near the equator ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________. 8. His manners were so coarse that ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________. Give examples: Answer with personal responses. 9. Give an example of an opaque object and a transparent object. 10. Give an example of one domestic issue that concerns you. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User 14 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary DESCRIPTIONS: Choose the word that these examples best describe. Example: d _____� glass; water; something that is easy to understand a. opaque b.depression c. accessory d.transparent �� 1. putting salt in a stew; forming a business; adding another short story into a book a. incorporate b.latitude c. coarse d.depression �� 2. a sunken spot in the road; a bad economy; a very, very sad state of mind a. depression b.default c. assimilate d.latitude �� 3. bedroom; things happening in this country; mom cooking soup in the kitchen a. latitude b.opaque c. domestic d.transparent �� 4. understanding a new concept; becoming a citizen in a new country; dressing like everyone else a. default b.coarse c. assimilate d.transparent �� 5. helper to a criminal; bracelet; gold chain a. depression b.accessory c. latitude d.coarse STRATEGY PRACTICE: Choose the correct definition for each sentence. When a word has more than one definition, you must select the one that best fits the sentence. Read each sentence and choose the definition from this lesson that best fits. The first one is done for you. depression a. a mental state of great sadness b.a low point c. a long and severe period of bad economic times a _____� Medication can sometimes help to terminate a depression. _____� 1. During a depression, many people are out of work. _____� 2. Watch out for the bumps and the depressions in the forest trail. accessory a. something extra that adds to appearance or usefulness b.someone who helps a criminal, but is not present at a crime _____� 3. The small carving on the table is a beautiful accessory. _____� 4. If you drove the criminals to the bank, you are an accessory to the crime. coarse a. having a rough texture b.crude or vulgar �� 5. I find your screaming and derogatory statements to be coarse. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User Lesson 2 Multiple Definition Words; Valuable Words 15 PART 2: VALUABLE WORDS appropriate nurture alleviate perceptive aversion ridicule deplete subsidy idiosyncrasy vindicate As you study this list, remember that the word appropriate has several definitions and may be pronounced in two ways. Nurture and ridicule serve as both nouns and verbs. 11. appropriate a. adjective (ə-prōprē-ı̆t) suitable A tight, low-cut sweater is not appropriate for church. b.verb (ə-prōprē-āt) to set aside for a certain purpose The governor will appropriate ten million dollars for road repair. c. verb to take something that does not belong to you The U.S. government appropriated Native American land. appropriateness noun Moms teach kids social appropriateness. appropriation noun The appropriations funded new schools. Note these matches: 1. Meaning a of appropriate is used with appropriateness. 2. Meanings b and c of appropriate are used with appropriation. 12. alleviate (ə-lēvē-āt) verb to relieve; to make something more bearable This aspirin will alleviate your pain for several hours. Building a new school alleviated the overcrowded classes. alleviation noun The alleviation of poverty is our goal. 14. deplete (dı̆-plēt) verb to use up; to empty The people on the lifeboat depleted their fresh water supply. depletion noun Depletion of polar ice may cause fluctuations in climate. 15. idiosyncrasy (ı̆dē-ō-sı̆ngkrə-sē) noun plural: idiosyncrasies a way of behaving that is found only in one person or group I am annoyed by his idiosyncrasy of humming while I am talking. Mothers excel at interpreting the idiosyncrasies of their babies. idiosyncratic adjective He has an idiosyncratic reaction to that medication. © Robert Erving Potter 13. aversion (ə-vûrzhən) noun a dislike and desire to avoid something I developed an aversion to broccoli after I got sick from eating it. I have an aversion to people who talk too much. aversion to broccoli An idiosyncrasy often refers to strange or odd behavior. 16. nurture (nûrchər) a. verb to help to grow and develop Rodney’s violin teacher carefully nurtured his musical talent. b.noun care and attention that helps growth Keeping our heritage alive involves the nurture of tradition. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User 16 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary 17. perceptive (pər-sĕptı̆v) adjective understanding things accurately and intelligently My perceptive mother could sense when something was wrong with me. The perceptive report pinpointed problems in the economy. perceptiveness noun The perceptiveness of Labrador Retrievers makes them wonderful guides for blind people. 18. ridicule (rı̆dı̆-kyō ̄ōl) verb a. verb to make fun of someone in a cruel way The bullies ridiculed the boy who dressed differently. b.noun behavior making fun of someone in a cruel way Fearing the ridicule of her classmates, she evaded them in the hall. A subsidy is usually provided by a government or charity. It helps to support something, but does not give full support. 19. subsidy (sŭbsı̆-dē) noun plural: subsidies money given to help support something or someone The U.S. government gave subsidies to develop electric cars. subsidize verb Charitable donations subsidized the food pantry. People are vindicated when they first are thought to be wrong, but then are shown to be correct or innocent. 20. vindicate (vı̆nd ı̆-kāt) verb to free from blame; to prove that someone is right When DNA evidence showed that someone else had committed the crime, the person who had been arrested was vindicated. vindication noun The man’s recovery was vindication for the doctor who had prescribed the unusual treatment. DEFINITIONS: Write the correct word for each meaning. appropriate nurture alleviate perceptive aversion ridicule deplete subsidy idiosyncrasy vindicate �� 1. suitable �� 6. a dislike �� 2. to prove that someone is right �� 7. to make fun of �� 3. to help grow and develop �� 4. money given in support �� 5. to use up �� 8. to relieve �� 9. understanding things accurately �� 10. way of behaving found in one group or person Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User Lesson 2 Multiple Definition Words; Valuable Words 17 PART 2 EXERCISES CONTEXT: ITEMS 1–9: Choose the best answer. ITEM 10: Circle true (T) or false (F). a. appropriate f. nurture b. alleviate g. perceptive c. aversion h. ridicule d. deplete i. subsidy e. idiosyncrasy j. vindicate ____�� 1. Making fun of somebody’s name is one form of ___. �� 2. Please do not ___ that iPad®; it belongs to me! �� 3. Thanks to a government ___, Demetrius had to pay only half of his tuition. �� 4. Finding the real criminal will ___ the accused man who claims he is innocent. �� 5. I developed a(n) ___ to large dogs after I was bitten by one. �� 6. Hours working in the hot sun will ___ your body of water. �� 7. She is an expert gardener and can ___ the most difficult plant until it flowers. �� 8. Reading a good book will ___ the boredom of waiting. �� 9. The ___ teacher understood student’s needs in reading and writing. T F 10. Unusual idiosyncrasies are likely to make you the object of ridicule. DERIVATIONS: Write the correct word form using the choices below. 1. Overfishing caused the _____________________ of tuna in the ocean. (deplete, depletion) 2. Running on tip toe is _____________________ behavior. (idiosyncrasy, idiosyncratic) 3. Her _____________________ enabled her to understand other people. (perceptive, perceptiveness) 4. My faith in you was _____________________ when you became successful. (vindicate, vindicated) 5. Government _____________________ help support small businesses. (subsidies, subsidize) 6. The new highway _____________________ the traffic problem. (alleviation, alleviated) finish up: Complete each sentence with a detailed phrase. 7. After the teacher appropriated the student’s lunch, _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. One way to nurture an infant is ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Give examples: Answer with personal responses. 9. Give an example of something you have an aversion to and explain why. 10. Give an example of a ridiculing comment. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User 18 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary PASSAGE: Man’s Best Friend Fill in the word from each column’s list that fits best. Column 1 Choices: accessories, alleviate, depleted, incorporated, nurtured, ridicule Perhaps the most loyal friend a person will ever have is a dog. Thousands of years ago, dogs seemed to have noticed that human beings had extra food. So the dogs stayed around and were (1) _____________________ into human society. The domestication of dogs had many pragmatic advantages. Dogs could help humans hunt, and their barks gave early warnings of attacks. In turn, dogs got to eat leftover human food. Friendly dogs tended to assimilate well to human life. These dogs had puppies, whom people (2) _____________________ carefully. So over time, dogs became tamer and tamer. Humans love their dogs. In Egypt, the dog was worshiped as the god Anubis. Mummies of dogs can be found in tombs. Modern humans also treat dogs well. One dog show winner, Pa, sat at the head of table in a fancy restaurant, eating sirloin steak prepared just like he liked it—raw. © Eric Isselée/shutterstock.com Some owners buy dogs (3) _____________________, like designer boots and jeweled collars. Buying this stuff is not just the idiosyncrasy of a few people, but supports an entire industry. Many people (4) _____________________ the silly habit of buying dogs expensive presents. But remember that dogs also help their owners. Having a dog has been shown to (5) _____________________ human stress, lower blood pressure, and help depression. Column 2 Choices: appropriate, latitude, opaque, subsidy, transparent, vindicated Maybe this is because dogs have (6) _____________________ emotions. Unlike human beings, they never try to fool us. However, researchers like Elizabeth Marshall Thomas have found that dogs can be much like humans. Marshall gave dogs (7) _____________________ to roam through streets, and then observed them. Like humans, dogs enjoy being with others. One German shepherd, Sundog, fell in love with a beagle. Every night, he waited for her so that they could play together. Sundog also loved to share human food. But in contrast to the coarse manners humans often see in dogs, Sundog had eating habits (8) _____________________ for a party. He took one bite of an ice cream cone or piece of popcorn, and then left the rest for his owner. On September 11, 2001, the World Trade center was destroyed by terrorists. Omar Eduardo Rivera, a blind worker on the 71st floor, realized how precarious his situation was. So he unclipped the leash from his guide dog, Dorado, to let him escape. Dorado was swept downstairs by the crowd, but he was perceptive enough to know that his master needed him. Braving terrible heat and danger, Dorado climbed back up a staircase to rescue Omar. Dorado led Omar down the long staircase. The air was (9) _____________________ from smoke, so they could see only a few inches in front of them. But they made it. Omar survived only because of his dog. So, if you want a friend whose loyalty will never default, you should own a dog. The care that humans have given their dogs has been (10) _____________________ many times over by the services dogs have given to their masters. Think About the Passage 1. Give five ways from the passage showing how dogs have helped humans. 2. How did dogs fit into the domestic arrangements of ancient humans? Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User LESSON 3 UNUSUAL DERIVATIVES; VALUABLE WORDS PART 1: UNUSUAL DERIVATIVES cessation exemplary concession expulsion deceptive judicious divisive omission dubious provocation When you learn one base word you can expand the meaning to its derivatives. If you know the word slow, for example, you can understand slowly and slowing. But sometimes, the spelling of the base word differs quite a bit from its derivative. Part One contains ten such words. 1. cessation (sĕ-sāshən) noun base word: cease the end; a stop This dangerous medicine can cause a cessation of breathing. cease (sēs) verb After the rains ceased, the forest fires began. 2. concession (kən-sĕshən) noun base word: concede a. something that is given up To please my wife, I made the concession of picking up her parents at the airport. The defeated country made a concession of land to the victor. b.a small business using space within a larger business My uncle runs a popcorn concession in Dodgers Stadium. concede (kən-sēd) verb I must concede that you are correct. 3. deceptive (dı̆-sĕptı̆v) adjective base word: deceive misleading; intending to trick or give a false idea The deceptive advertising led us to believe that the loan was interest free, but in fact the company was charging ten percent. deceive (dı̆-sēv) verb The married man deceived my girlfriend into thinking he was single. Compare how these pairs look and sound: cease—cessation concede—concession deceive—deceptive divide—divisive doubt—dubious 4. divisive (dı̆-vı̄sı̆v) adjective base word: divide creating arguments and disagreements; dividing people in opinion Caring for my elderly grandmother is such a divisive issue that my aunt and uncle are no longer talking to each other. divide (dı̆-vı̄d) verb This issue divides us, and a fight is imminent. 6. exemplary (ı̆g-zĕmplə-rē) adjective base word: example worthy of being imitated The student’s exemplary essay provided a model for others. example noun Please set a good example for the children! © Robert Erving Potter II 5. dubious (dō ̄ōbē-əs) adjective base word: doubt doubtful; bad We were dubious of his claim that he was a Russian prince. Donations to the dubious charity were used to buy a private jet. doubt (dout) verb We doubt that we can finish on time. an exemplary essay Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 19 Licensed to: CengageBrain User 20 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary People are expelled from institutions, like schools, organizations, or clubs. Often, the expulsion is permanent. Compare how these pairs look and sound: example—exemplary expel—expulsion judge—judicious omit—omission provoke—provocation A provocation is often done deliberately. 7. expulsion (ı̆k-spŭlshən) noun base word: expel forcing someone to leave; a forced leave Cheating on a test resulted in his expulsion from college. expel (ı̆k-spĕl) verb The French government expelled the spy. 8. judicious (jō ̄ō-dı̆shəs) adjective base word: judge showing good sense and judgment Tyler made the judicious decision to stop texting while driving. judge (jŭj) noun The judge asked lawyers to argue cases succinctly. 9. omission (ō-mı̆shən) noun base word: omit something that is left out The omission of a comma changed the entire meaning of the sentence. omit (ō-mı̆t) verb Don’t omit my name from the graduation list ! 10. provocation (prōvə-kāshən) noun base word: provoke an act that causes a negative reaction The insult was a provocation that started an argument. provoke (prə-vōk) verb Carrying a handgun may provoke the police into arresting you. dEFINITIONS: Write the correct word for each meaning. cessation exemplary concession expulsion deceptive judicious divisive omission dubious provocation �� 1. setting a good example �� 6. end, stop �� 2. dividing people in opinions �� 7. showing good judgment �� 3. doubtful, bad �� 4. misleading �� 5. forcing someone to leave �� 8. an act that causes a negative reaction �� 9. something that is given up �� 10. something left out Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User Lesson 3 Unusual Derivatives; Valuable Words 21 PART 1 EXERCISES CONTEXT: ITEMS 1–9: Choose the best answer. ITEM 10: Circle true (T) or false (F). a. cessation f. exemplary b. concession g. expulsion c. deceptive h. judicious d. divisive i. omission e. dubious j. provocation _____� 1. If you sign up for a smoking ___ program, you may cure your nicotine addiction. _____� 2. This ___ tutoring program is used as a model for others. _____� 3. Because the customer was ___ that the equipment would work, he did not buy it. _____� 4. Surprisingly, after his ___ from high school, he finished by passing the GED exam. _____� 5. He made the ___ decision to stop associating with people who could get him into trouble. _____� 6. By making the ___ of agreeing to a lower salary, he was able to get weekends off. _____� 7. Criticizing a boss in public is a(n) ___ that might get an employee fired. _____� 8. Because of the ___ of chapter four, the entire book had to be reprinted. _____� 9. Managing money can be a(n) ___ issue that causes arguments within families. T F 10. Deceptive advertising is an exemplary business practice. DERIVATIONS: Write the correct word form using the choices below. 1. Until this noise _____________________ I won’t be able to concentrate. (cessation, ceases) 2. The military drills were a _____________________ meant to spark an attack. (provoke, provocation) 3. We called upon our _____________________ grandfather to settle the dispute. (judicious, judge) 4. His crime resulted in his _____________________ from the U.S. Senate. (expulsion, expel) 5. My mother was _____________________ that my brother would come on time. (doubt, dubious) 6. Due to the _____________________ of the ending, the essay was incomplete. (omission, omitted) finish up: Complete each sentence with a detailed phrase. 7. The exemplary student _____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________. 8. If you are a deceptive person, ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________. Give examples: Answer with personal responses. 9. Give two examples of divisive issues. 10. Give an example of a concession you would like to own, and briefly state why. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User 22 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary DESCRIPTIONS: Choose the word that these examples best describe. Example: d kicked out of a club; forced to leave the country; told not to come back to school �� a. exemplary b.provocation c. judicious d.expulsion �� 1. cap instead of camp; name left out; didn’t fill out the online registration form completely a. omission b.deceptive c. dubious d.divisive �� 2. cell phone plan with hidden fees; buried land mine; salesperson lying about what she is selling a. cessation b.concession c. deceptive d.dubious �� 3. lowering a price; letting people have longer to pay; mom letting teenager stay out a half-hour later a. concession b.divisive c. provocation d.exemplary �� 4. getting straight A’s; saving money for college; a gas-saving car that everyone imitates a. exemplary b.dubious c. concession d.cessation �� 5. causes fights; different opinions; politicians arguing viciously about the budget a. expulsion b.dubious c. omission d.divisive STRATEGY PRACTICE: Choose the right definition; Supply the right entry. A. Read each sentence and select the definition that fits best. Sentences: �� 1. We hope this price concession will convince the customer to buy. �� 2. My friend owns a hot dog concession at the ball park. concession a. something that is given up b. a small business using space within a larger business B. Supply the right dictionary entry for each word. Sometimes you cannot find a word you are looking for in a dictionary, so you must look it up under its base word. To find the base word, you often must remove a word ending. Slowly, for example, is listed under slow. The words listed below are not taught in this book. Write the entry you would use to find the meaning of each word. It may be the same as the word provided here. 1. hiccups _______________________ 4. stubbornness _______________________ 2. featuring _______________________ 5. challenge _______________________ 3. respectful _______________________ 6. scheduling _______________________ Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User Lesson 3 Unusual Derivatives; Valuable Words 23 PART 2: VALUABLE WORDS amnesty hypothesis constituent insurrection detrimental shun epidemic simulate fallacy tentative These words are useful in many fields. Amnesty, constituent, and insurrection are political terms. Hypothesis and fallacy are commonly used when we test ideas, be it in economics, the basic sciences, or health services. 11. amnesty (ămnı̆-stē) noun an agreement not to punish someone for breaking a law Perhaps there will be an amnesty for undocumented workers. During a two-week amnesty, people who turn in illegal weapons to the city can evade arrest. 12. constituent (kən-stı̆chō ̄ō-ənt) a. adjective serving as part of a whole A verb is a constituent part of a sentence. Germany is one constituent member of the European Union. b.noun a part of a whole A verb is a constituent of a sentence. c. noun a citizen who is represented by an elected official The senator’s constituents urged him to support lower taxes. 13. detrimental (dĕtrə-mēntl) adjective harmful Pollution is detrimental to the environment. detriment noun His laziness made him a detriment to the team. 14. epidemic (ĕp ı̆-dĕmı̆k) a. noun an outbreak of contagious disease that spreads rapidly Vaccinations help us avoid epidemics of measles. b.noun something bad that becomes widespread There seems to be an epidemic of underage drinking. c. adjective widespread and bad Financial problems in Greece reached epidemic levels. 15. fallacy (fălə-sē) noun a false idea or conclusion, often based on faulty reasoning It is a fallacy to think that our government can reduce the national debt without cutting programs or raising taxes. fallacious adjective Your reasoning is fallacious. 16. hypothesis (hı̄-pŏthı̆-sı̆s) noun plural: hypotheses an untested theory about the cause of something Our experiment tested the hypothesis that if water temperature is raised, the water will dissolve more salt. hypothesize verb Researchers hypothesize that social contacts alleviate memory loss in older people. hypothetical adjective This hypothetical situation does not exist. Amnesty can be used as an adjective, as in “an amnesty agreement.” A constituent can also be a person living in an area, but not able to vote. Example of fallacious reasoning: Statements: Today, Bill has a fever. Bill slept last night. Fallacious conclusion: Sleeping caused Bill’s fever. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User 24 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary 17. insurrection (ı̆nsə-rĕkshən) noun a revolt; an uprising against a government In 1959, an insurrection in Cuba brought Fidel Castro to power. 18. shun (shŭn) verb to ignore or deliberately avoid Club members shunned her after she broke the rules. I am afraid that my uncle will shun his responsibilities to care for my grandfather. © iofoto/shutterstock.com 19. simulate (sı̆myə-lāt) verb to imitate; to model an experience Electronic music can simulate the sound of any instrument. The city simulated a terrorist attack, and monitored the police response. simulation noun The computer simulation allowed designers to see if the new helmet protected workers from accidents. tentative steps 20. tentative (tĕntə-tı̆v) adjective not certain; not confident Our picnic date is tentative and may be cancelled because of rain. With mom’s help, the baby took his first tentative steps. tentatively adverb We tentatively agreed to the plan. dEFINITIONS: Write the correct word for each meaning. amnesty hypothesis constituent insurrection detrimental shun epidemic simulate fallacy tentative �� 1. a pardon �� 6. to ignore �� 2. an untested theory �� 7. a false conclusion �� 3. not certain �� 8. a revolt �� 4. part of a whole �� 9. to imitate �� 5. outbreak of a contagious disease �� 10. harmful Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User Lesson 3 Unusual Derivatives; Valuable Words 25 PART 2 EXERCISES CONTEXT: ITEMS 1–9: Choose the best answer. ITEM 10: Circle true (T) or false (F). a. amnesty f. hypothesis b. constituent g. insurrection c. detrimental h. shun d. epidemic i. simulate e. fallacy j. tentative ____�� 1. There was a one-month ___, when people could pay overdue taxes without penalty. ____�� 2. We expect that the snobby food critic will ___ that cheap, but delicious, restaurant. ____�� 3. There are machines that can ___ what it feels like to travel in outer space. ____�� 4. In 2009, the people of Iran staged an unsuccessful ___ against the government. ____�� 5. As a(n) ___ of the district, I urged my state representative to vote for financial reform. ____�� 6. The Black Plague was a(n) ___ that killed millions of people around the world. ____�� 7. Eating too much fast food can be ___ to your health. ____�� 8. We did an experiment to test our ___. ____�� 9. We may have to change the ___ plans that we made to study together. T F 10. If a hypothesis has a fallacy, it will probably be confirmed as true. DERIVATIONS: Write the correct word form using the choices below. 1. Family fights are _____________________ to the enjoyment of holidays. (detrimental, detriment) 2. Your reasoning is _____________________ so your conclusion is wrong. (fallacious, fallacy) 3. We will test these two _____________________ by doing experiments. (hypothesis, hypotheses) 4. We _____________________ set the time of our meeting for 8 PM. (tentatively, tentative) 5. How did the _____________________ of being under water make you feel? (simulation, simulate) 6. People in the neighborhood _____________________ the homeless man. (shunning, shunned) finish up: Complete each sentence with a detailed phrase. 7. During the period of amnesty, _______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________. 8. After we broke the machine up into its constituent parts, __________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________. Give examples: Answer with personal responses. 9. Give an example of how an epidemic could be alleviated. 10. Give an example of an insurrection that you have read or heard about. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User 26 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary PASSAGE: Cyber Bullying: A New Epidemic Fill in the word from each column’s list that fits best. The text messages said she was fat, ugly, and stupid. She never even knew who sent them. She was a teenage victim of cyber bullying. Bullying has been around a long time, but cyber bullying, done over the Internet or through cell phones, is a new epidemic. Over 20% of students ages 11 to 18 have been victims of bullying that uses technology. Why? One (1) _____________________ is that cyber insults are easily spread. You simply write a message and click. Proxy bullying is particularly cruel. The bully steals the password of a victim. Then, the bully, pretending to be the victim, sends insulting messages to others. People who receive these messages blame the person who they think sent them. Of course, the name of the person who started the trouble is (2) _____________________, so he or she can’t be identified. Cyber bullying can have extremely detrimental effects on young victims. Their classmates often (3) _____________________ and ignore them. They may become too tense to study, or too embarrassed and afraid to attend school. This can lead to failing grades or expulsion. Many of us are (4) _____________________ that people of good mental health can be affected so strongly. But consider the case of Miss Florida of 2010. She is a beautiful woman who has led a(n) (5) _____________________ life of high academic achievement and public service. Yet she was a victim, ridiculed for her height. She now leads a fight to alleviate bullying. Cyber bullying has even ended in suicide. One girl, an immigrant from Ireland, attending high school in the U.S., started dating a football star. According to reports, some jealous girls considered this a provocation. They began bullying her, and the incident ended in her death, when she hung herself. Column 2 Choices: cessation, constituents, deceptive, divisive, insurrection, simulate At times, adults can be involved. A 13-year-old had a fight with a friend. The mother of that friend decided to (6) _____________________ messages from a “boy,” whom the mother invented. At first, the mother, imitating the boy, wrote messages that showed interest in the 13-year-old. This was (7) _____________________, but it did not harm her. Then the messages changed. The “boy” started to insult and ridicule her. Unable to cope, this young girl committed suicide. However, some cyber bullying stories have happy endings. One high school student, made the judicious decision to tell adults how she was being treated. This led to the (8) _____________________ of her problem, and her school began a program to end bullying. Several states have passed laws against cyber bulling. But these have been (9) _____________________, and caused much argument. Some feel that it is a fallacy to think that cyber bullying can be eliminated without infringing upon freedom of speech. Others fear that people will be wrongly prosecuted. A federal law has been proposed by a California representative, and is widely supported by her (10) _____________________. For now, the best way to stop cyber bullying is to report it. If you, or someone you know, is being bullied, tell the authorities immediately. Think About the Passage 1. Give two hypotheses about why people would use technology to bully. 2. Summarize an incident from the passage that ended tragically, and one that ended happily. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ©Monkey Business Images/shutterstock.com Column 1 Choices: exemplary, dubious, hypothesis, omitted, shun, terminated Licensed to: CengageBrain User section R eview 1 This section will help you review words from lessons 1, 2, and 3. It will also provide practice in the strategy of using the dictionary. DEFINITIONS: Fill in the letter that matches the definition of each word. _______ 1.precarious a. experienced through another person _______ 2.idiosyncrasy b.to vary; to change _______ 3.derogatory c. clear; easy to see through _______ 4.transparent d.to avoid deliberately _______ 5.expulsion e. understanding things _______ 6.vicarious f. referring to the home _______ 7.shun g. to discourage or prevent _______ 8.deter h.lacking in security or stability _______ 9.fluctuate i. insulting _______ 10.perceptive j. an individual way of behaving k. forcing someone to leave DERIVATIONS: Write the correct word form using the choices below. 1. After the _______________________ of their food, they had to buy more. (deplete, depletion) 2. He was _______________________ when his method unexpectedly succeeded. (vindication, vindicated) 3. Can’t you understand the _______________________ of your efforts? (futile, futility) 4. His _______________________ dreams prevented him from doing things in the real world. (utopian, utopia) 5. The police instructor created a _______________________ crime and asked trainees to solve it. (hypothesized, hypothetical) 6. Her reputation as a great artist is _______________________. (dubious, doubt) 7. My family can’t _______________________ my tuition. (subsidies, subsidize) Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 27 Licensed to: CengageBrain User 28 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary CONTEXT: Write in the letter of the word that best completes each sentence. a. accessory e. domestic i. latitude b. amnesty f. evade j. pragmatic c. concession g. exemplary k. simulate d. default h. imminent l. tangible �� 1. Chicago and Rome are at the same ___, so they are an equal distance from the north pole. �� 2. An attack is ___, so run into the house now! �� 3. I am ___ and try to be realistic and practical. �� 4. Everyone tried to copy the ___ design. �� 5. Eighth-graders are sometimes given a rubber “baby” that cries, so they can ___ what it is like to care for a real baby. ______ 6. The governor granted ___ to people who had been convicted of minor crimes, and they were released from prison. �� 7. As a(n) ___, I will give you two extra days to finish the assignment. �� 8. He was in ___ on the loan, so the credit card company sued him. �� 9. Chairs and airplanes are ___, but ideas are not. _______10. People should not try to ___ their responsibilities. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Licensed to: CengageBrain User Section 1 Review 29 PASSAGE: The Tulip Bubble Fill in the word from each column’s list that fits best. Column 1 Choices: aversion, epidemic, fluctuated, judicious, nurture, rudimentary, succinctly, terminate Even a person who has only a(n) (1) _____________________ knowledge of economics has heard of a “bubble.” Put (2) _____________________, this is when people keep bidding prices up, and things become overvalued. Everyone can get caught up in this type of bidding war, including (3) _____________________ people, who usually show good judgment. In the early 2000s, there was a housing bubble. And 400 years earlier, in Holland, there was a tulip bubble. Yes, we mean the flower! It was called the Tulipomania. Tulips originally come from Turkey and are grown from bulbs that resemble onions. The people of Holland fell in love with the flower, and there were efforts to breed special, rare varieties, and to (4 ) _____________________ the fragile plants until they bloomed. When this happened, people began to think they were valuable and started to buy them. At first, the prices of tulip bulbs (5) _____________________ up and down. But then, they started to rise fast. Some people were able to buy a bulb and sell it for a much higher price just a few days later. This led to a(n) © Tomas Sereda/Shutterstock.com (6) _____________________ of bidding, with many people participating. Even people who normally had a(n) (7) _____________________ to risky investments began to buy tulip bulbs. As more and more people bought in the hopes of becoming rich, prices went up and up. One man offered twelve acres of land for a Semper Augustus bulb, but the seller decided the offer was too low! Another bulb sold for a new carriage, two horses, and 4,600 florins. Column 2 Choices: appropriate, deceptive, depleted, fallacy, incorporating, omission, provoked, ridicule However, the fact that a tulip bulb looked like an onion caused some problems. One day, a sailor visited the shop of a merchant, only to find that he was not there. Seeing an “onion” lying around, the sailor decided to (8) _____________________ it. He slipped it into his pocket and left. When the merchant appeared, he couldn’t find his valuable tulip bulb. He called for the police, who soon located the sailor, eating happily. He had cut the bulb into small pieces and was (9) _____________________ it into his meal of herring. The sailor finished lunch in jail. In another incident, the (10) _____________________ appearance of the tulip bulb brought financial ruin to a scientist. He was standing alone among a Dutchman’s beautiful plants when he noticed a bulb. He was certain that it was a very interesting onion. Overcome by curiosity, he started to cut it apart. When the Dutch host entered the room and saw what the scientist had done, he was (11) _____________________ into a great rage. “A thousand curses!” he screamed. “It’s an Admiral Van Der Eyck!” The value of the bulb was greater than everything the scientist owned, but he had to raise the money or go to jail. As a result, the scientist’s life savings were entirely (12) _____________________. Of course, it is a(n) (13) _____________________ to believe that a bubble will last forever. One day, the Dutch realized that the little bulbs were not worth the huge prices they had been paying. Suddenly prices stopped rising—and then began to fall rapidly. Hundreds of people who had made sudden fortunes lost them just as quickly. And the tulip was, once again, just a flower. It is easy to (14) _____________________ the foolishness of the Dutch—until we realize that some modern credit bubbles are just as silly as the Tulipomania. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 30 Section 1 Strategy: The Dictionary STRATEGY REVIEW: Read the dictionary entry and answer the questions below. con·serve VERB: (kən-sûrv) key con·served, con·serv·ing, con·serves 1. a. To protect from loss or harm; preserve: calls to conserve our national heritage in the face of bewildering change. b. To use carefully or sparingly, avoiding waste: kept the thermostat lower to conserve energy. 2. To keep (a quantity) constant through physical or chemical reactions or evolutionary changes. 3. To preserve (fruits) with sugar. NOUN: (kŏnsûrv) A jam made of fruits stewed in sugar. ETYMOLOGY: Middle English conserven, from Old French conserver, from Latin cōnservāre OTHER FORMS: con·serva·ble (Adjective), con·server (Noun) �� 1. What two parts of speech does conserve function as? �� 2. What is the past tense form of conserve? �� 3. In the noun form, which syllable receives the most accent? �� 4. What adjective is derived from conserve? �� 5. What does the etymology section tell us about? �� 6. The o in conserve is pronounced like the first vowel in which common word? Items 7–10: Give the part of speech and definition that best fits these sentences. �� 7. We ate two jars of conserves. �� 8. There has been almost no rain, and we have to conserve water. �� 9. My mother is conserving blueberries. ��10. We hope to conserve our traditional values. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., © 2009. Reprinted by permission. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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