Painting of indigo milk cap (Lactarius
(Lactarius indigo)
indigo) fungus as an example of the variety in
color and types of fungi
Decomposers
Fungal mycelia
Septate hyphae (left) and nonseptate hyphae (right)
Cell wall
Cell wall
Nuclei
Pore
Septum
(a) Septate hypha
Examples of fungal hyphae
Nematode
Hyphae
Nuclei
(b) Coenocytic hypha
Generalized life cycle of fungi (Layer 1)
25 µm
(a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey
Fungal hypha
Plant
cell
wall
(b) Haustoria
Haustorium
Plant cell
Plant cell
plasma
membrane
1
Generalized life cycle of fungi (Layer 3)
Arbuscular
mycorrhizal
fungi
Sac
fungi
Club
fungi
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Zygote
fungi
Zygomycota
Chytridiomycota
Chytrids
Glomeromycota
Figure 31.9 Phylogeny of fungi
Figure 31.8 Fossil fungal hyphae and spores from the
Ordovician period (about 460 million years ago; LM)
50 µm
Chytridiomycota
(chytrids)
2
Rhizopus
ZYGOMYCETES
Figure 31.7x1 Young zygosporangium
Heterokaryotic
zygosporangium
10 µm
Figure 31.13 Pilobolus aiming its sporangia
Figure 31.14 A eukaryotic cell
infected by microsporidia
Host cell
nucleus
Developing
microsporidian
Spore
0.5 mm
3
Ascomycetes (sac fungi): Scarlet cup (top left), truffles (bottom left), morel (right)
Figure 31.15 Arbuscular mycorrhizae
2.5 µm
Life cycle of an ascomycete
Apothecium
Basidiomycetes (club fungi): Greville's bolete (top left), turkey tail (bottom left), stinkhorn (right)
4
Tremella messenterica, Witch’s Butter
Geastrum triplex
Amanita
Coprinus comatus, Shaggy Mane
Gills
Stinkhorn
A fairy ring
Fig. 19.21
5
Figure 31.16 Lichens
Impacts of fungi on
other life forms
Anatomy of a lichen
Anatomy of a lichen
Fig.
19.36
6
Budding yeast
Parasitic fungi harm plants and animals
Parasitic
fungi cause disease
– Dutch elm disease
– Corn smut
– Athlete’s foot
Figure 17.19A-C
Figure 31.20x2 Pink ear rot of corn
Figure 31.20x1 Strawberries with Botrytis mold, a plant parasitic fungus
Fungal production of an antibiotic
Figure 31.14 A moldy orange (left), Penicillium with conidiophores(right)
conidiophores(right)
7
Fungi
are also important as food
– Mushrooms are the fruiting bodies of
subterranean fungi
– Yeasts (unicellular fungi) are essential for baking
and beer and wine production
– Fungi are used to ripen
certain cheeses
8