BIL 106 – Introduction to Zoology
STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM IV
Krempels
Half of the final exam will cover material from Lectures since exam III. The
following checklist should help you focus on what’s most important, but don’t
think of it as a substitute for reading the notes and text. And, of course, you’ll
always do much better if you come to class and have things explained in person.
Otherwise…caveat emptor (since you’re paying to be here!).
Fish
Know the meaning/significance of: ostracoderm, osteostracan, placoderm (and what is
Dunkleosteus’s claim to fame?)
Know the general, defining characteristics of: Hagfishes, Lampreys, Lobe-finned fishes
(from before), Cartilaginous Fishes, and Ray-finned fishes.
Know the meaning/significance of: pelagic, oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous, dermal
vs. epidermal scales (which animals have which?), poikilotherm vs. homeotherm, ectotherm
vs. endotherm, swim bladder (see the link in Lecture 13), two-chambered heart.
What parts of the fish brain are most highly developed, and why?
The “invertebrate” Chordates
Remember the differences between protostomes and deuterostomes. Which major groups
of animals are deuterostomes? Which are protostomes?
Know the meaning/significance of bilateral symmetry, triplblasy, coelomate vs.
pseudocoelomate body plans (see Lecture 5 for a review)
Why is the term “invertebrate” not a very good one to use for such a vast diversity of
animals?
Recall the characteristics shared by all chordates. Which of these characters is/are shared
by echinoderms? By hemichordates? What is the significance of this?
Know the defining characteristics of: Cephalochordata (Lancelets), Urochordata (Sea
Squirts). Why are they classified as Chordates? Are they vertebrates? Why or why not?
Echinoderms: Spiny-skinned animals
Know the general characteristics shared by all echinoderms.
Know the defining characteristics and common names of the five major classes of
echinoderms: Crinoidea (Sea Lilies), Ophiuroidea (Brittle Stars), Echinoidea (Sea Urchins
and Sand Dollars), Asteroidea (Sea Stars), and Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers). What do
they have in common? What sets each apart from the others?
Know the meaning/significance of: benthic, planktonic, ossicles, oral vs. aboral surfaces,
sessile, abyssal, Aristotle’s Lantern
Do echinoderms have an internal or external skeleton?
What is the water vascular system, and what is it used for? From what structure is it
derived (hint: it’s the coelom!). Know the major components of the water vascular system
(madreporite, stone canal, ring canal, radial canal, tube feet) and where they are located in
a starfish. Understand how a tube foot works, and why it’s such an effective mechanism for
opening a mussel.
The Earliest Animals: Sponges and Jellies
Know what is meant by the “Cambrian Explosion”. What are some possible explanations
for this sudden emergence of so much animal diversity?
Understand what is meant by “punctuated equilibrium”
Know the general characteristics of a Sponge (Porifera). What are the four types of cells
found in a sponge, and what does each one do?
Know the meaning/significance of: spicules (and what they can be made of).
Know the difference between animals in the Metazoa vs. the Eumetazoa. What does each
name mean? What is a Placozoan? What does it look like? Why is it significant?
Know the difference between the Radiata and the Bilateria. Which animals are classified
into each group?
Know the defining characteristics of the Cnidarians.
Know the meaning/significance of: polyp, medusa, cnidoblast, nematocyst, incomplete
digestive system
Know the three major groups of extant Cnidarians and be able to recognize examples.
Know the defining characteristics of the Ctenophora (comb jellies).
The First Bilaterians: Flatworms
Know the general characteristics of a flatworm.
Know the defining characteristics of each of the three major groups of flatworms:
Turbellaria (free-living flatworms), Trematoda (flukes), and Cestoda (tapeworms).
Know the difference between a definitive and intermediate host in a parasitic life cycle.
Know the difference between horizontal and vertical parasite (or pathogen) transmission.
Where does a larval tapeworm live? What is it called? How can you be infected with a
tapworm?
Lophotrochozoans: Annelids and Mollusks
Know the three major lineages of bilaterally symmetrical animals (Deuterostomia,
Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa), and which major groups of animals are classified in each
group.
Know the characteristics shared by Lophotrochozoans and Ecdysozoans
Know the major characteristics that set them apart from each other.
Know the meaning/significance of: trochophore larva, metamerism, hydrostatic skeleton,
closed vs. open circulatory system.
Know the major body regions of a mollusk (headfoot, mantle, visceral mass, shell)
Know the meaning/significance of the radula
Be able to recognize examples of mollusks and annelids.
Ecdysozoans: The Shedding Animals
Know the meaning/significance of: ecdysis, chitin, exoskeleton,
Know the major groups of animals included in the Ecdysozoa (at least the ones we met):
Nematoda (Roundworms), Onychophora (Velvet Worms), Tardigrada (Water Bears),
Arthropoda (Almost Everything on Earth).
Know the defining characteristics of animals in each of these groups, and be able to tell
them apart if I were to describe them to you.
Know the meaning/significance of: tagmosis, compound eye, ommatidium, metamorphosis
(simple, complete, and mixed)
Be able to tell the difference between a: Chelicerate, Myriapod, Hexapod, or Crustacean
if I were to give you descriptions of them.
Extinction is Forever
Understand the various threats to animal populations posed by human activity.
Know the reasons that each factor is a threat.
Change your behavior to be more mindful of species other than your own.
That is your final assignment.
Half of the 100-question exam will be cumulative
knowledge, “big picture” questions from everything you
(should) have learned in this course.