IT Infrastructure
Information Technology in
Organizations
Part VII:
IT Infrastructure
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
IT Infrastructure Services I
• Computing platforms used to provide computing
services that connect employees, customers, and
suppliers into a coherent digital environment. Mainframes, desktop- and laptop-computers, PDAs,
and Internet appliances.
• Telecommunication services that provide data,
voice, and video connectivity to employees,
customers, and suppliers.
• Data management services that store and manage
corporate data and provide capabilities for analyzing
the data.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
• Information Technology Infrastructure is defined as the shared
techology resources that provide the platform for the firm’s
specific information system applications.
• IT infrastructure includes investment in hardware, software,
and services – such as consulting, education, and training.
• IT Infrastructure consists of a set of physical devices and
software applications that are needed to operate the entire
business as well as of a set of firmwide services budgeted by
management and comprising both humand and technical
capabilities.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
IT Infrastructure Services II
• Application software services that provide
enterprise-wide capabilities such as ERP, CRM,
SCM, and KM that are shared by all business units.
• Physical facilities management services that
develop and manage the physical installations
required for computing, telecommunications, and
data management services.
• IT management services that plan and develop the
infrastructure, coordinate with the business units for
IT services, manage accouting for the IT
expenditure, and provide project management
services.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
1
IT Infrastructure Services III
• IT standards services that provide the firm with
policies that determine which information technology
will be used, when, and how.
• IT education services that provide training in
system use to employees and offer managers
training in how to plan for and manage IT
investments.
• IT research and development services that
provide the firm with research on potential future IT
projects and investments that could help the firm
differentiate itself in the marketplace.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Eletronic Accounting Machine Era 1930-1950
• Specialized
machines
sorting computer cards into
bins, accumulate totals,
print reports.
• Large and cumbersome.
• Software was hardwired
into circuit boards.
• No programmers, and a
human machine operator
was the operating system
controlling all resources.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Evolution of IT Infrastructure
• The IT infrastructure in organizations is an
outgrowth of almost 60 years of evolution in
computing platforms.
• This 60 years can roughly be separated into 5 eras
–
–
–
–
–
Electronic accounting machine era
General purpose mainframe era
Personal Computer era
Client/server network era
Enterprise and internet computing era
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Since 1959: General-Purpose Mainframe and
Minicomputer Era
• Early 50ies: UNIVAC & IBM 700 computers, vacuum tube
computers
• 1959: IBM 1401 and 7090, transistorized machines, first
widely-used mainframe computers.
• 1965: IBM 360: First commercial computer with powerful
operating system supporting time sharing, multitasking, and
virtual memory concepts.
• Mainframes could support thousands of online remote
terminals.
• Mainframe are was a period of highly centralized computing
under control of professional programmers and systems
operators.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
2
Since 1959: General-Purpose Mainframe and
Minicomputer Era II
Since 1983: Client/Server Era I
•
• Most parts of infrastructure
provided by just one vendor
supporting for hard- and
software.
• Thisa changed about 1965
with
the
introduction
of
minicomputers
by
Digital
Equipment Corporation (DEC);
powerful machines cheaper
that IBM’s decentralized
computing, customazation to
specific needs of individual
departments
instead
mainframe- timesharing.
•
•
•
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Since 1983: Client/Server Era II
Desktop- and laptop computers,
clients, networked to powerful
server computers. Processing is
split between these two types of
machines.
Server provide services (like www,
mail), or manages network
activities.
Servers can be mainframes or
powerful versions of personal
computers.
First: 2-tiered architectures, today
n-tiered
architectures
that
distribute requests over several
servers
(example
3-tiered
architecture: client <-> webserver
<-> application server)
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Since 1981: Personal Computer Era
IBM PC 5150
•
•
•
•
Application server software handles all application operations between a
user and an organization’s back-end business systems.
Client/Server computing enables businesses to distribute computing work
across a series of smaller, inexpensive machines
Novel Netware was the leading technology for client/server networking at
the beginning of this era. Today, Microsoft is the market leader (78% of the
lan-market).
Linux is the fastest growing network operating system.
http://mlmlegal.com/images/N-Tier.jpg
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
• First PCs in the 70ies. (Xerox Alto,
Altair, Apple I & II,…)
• PC Era started with introduction of
the IBM PC in 1981 – it was widely
adopted in american business.
Operating System: MS-DOS, later
MS-Windows 3.0
• A lot of usable tools for businessas well as home-users. (word
processing,
spreadshet,
presentation, data management,…)
until 1990 mostly stand-alonesystems.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
3
Since 1992: Enterprise Internet Computing Era I
• Client/Server architecture posed
new problems to firms: Difficult to
integrate all corporate LANs into a
single
coherent
corporate
computing
environment.
Applications developed by local
departments, or in different
geographic areas could not
communicate with another.
• In the early 90ies firms turned to
networking standards and software
tools that could integrate disparate
networks
and
applications
throughout the firm into an
enterprise-wide infrastructure.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Since 1992: Enterprise Internet Computing Era III
• This era should bring a truly integrated computing
and service platform for the management of global
enterprises. The hope is to deliver critical business
information ainlessly and seamlessly to decision
makers.
• Problem: Companies have inhertited a huge amount
of hard- and software-systems from the past.
Integrating older technologies into such an
enterprise-wide infrastructure is a difficult long-term
process that can take ten years and costs million of
dollars.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Since 1992: Enterprise Internet Computing Era II
• After 1995 the internet developed into a truested
communications environment. Business firms began
using the TCP/IP standard to tie their networks
together.
• The resulting intrastructure links different pieces of
computer hardware and smaller networks into an
enterprise-wide network in with information can
freely flow between the firm and their partners.
• It links different types of hardware together:
mainframes, servers, PCs, mobile phones, PDAs,…
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Since 2006: Cloud Computing
• Web Services;
• WSDL, SOAP, Ajax, RDF
• Service
Oriented
Archtecture (SOA)
• Software as a service
(SaaS)
http://bhc3.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/cloud-computing-3-flavors.png
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
4
The Impact of IT Standards I
• Today’s enterprise infrastructure and Internet
computing would be impossible without agreements
among manufacturers and widespread consumer
acceptance of technology standards.
• Standards are specifications that establish the
compatibility of products and the ability to
communicate in a network.
• Technology standards unleash powerful economies
of scale and result in price declines as
manufacturers focus on the products built to a single
standard.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
The Impact of IT Standards III
• Adoption of the Unix OS as a enterprise server OS
replaced the propriety and expensive mainframe
infrastructure.
• Ethernet standard enabled PCs to connect together
in LANs, and TCP/IP enabled these LANs to be
connected into firmwide networks, and to the
internet.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
The Impact of IT Standards II
• Without these economies of scale, computing would
be far more expensive.
• In the 90ies corporations started moving toward
standard computing and communications platforms.
The Wintel PC, and the Office Suite became
standard for desktops.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Some Important Standards - ASCII
• American Standard Code
for Information Interchange
(1958)
– Made it possible for
machines from different
manufacturers to exchange
data;
– later used as the universal
language linking input and
output devices such as
keyboards and mice to
computers.
– Adopted by the American
National
Standards
Institute in 1959
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
5
Some Important Standards - COBOL
• Common Business Oriented
Language (COBOL) (1959)
– An easy-to-use software
language
that
greatly
expanded the ability of
programmers
to
write
business-related programs
and reduced the cost of
software. Developed by the
Department of Defense in
1959
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Some Important Standards – TCP/IP
• Transmission
Protocol/Internet
(1974)
Transport
Protocol
– Suite
of
communication
protocols and a common
addressing
scheme
that
enables millions of computers
to connect together in one
giant global network.
– Later, it became the default
networking protocol suite for
local area networks and
intranets.
– Developed in the early 70’s for
the Department of Defense.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Some Important Standards - Unix
• Unix (1969 – 1975)
– A powerful multitasking, mulituser,
portable operating system initially
developed at Bell Labs (1969) and later
released for use by others (1975). It can
operate on a wide variety of computers
from different manufacturers. Adopted by
Sun, IBM, HP, and others in the 80’s and
became the most widely used enterpriselevel operating system.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Some Important Standards – Ethernet
• Ethernet, 1973
– A network standard for
connecting
desktop
computers into local area
networks that enabled the
widespread adoption of
client/server computing and
local area networks and
further
stimulated
the
adoption
of
personal
computers.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
6
Some Important Standards – IBM/MS/PC
• IBM/Microsoft/Intel Personal Computer (1981)
– The standard Wintel design for personal desktop
computing based on standard Intel processors and
other standard devices, MS Dos (later Windows)
software.
– The emergence of this standard, low-cost product laid
the foundation for a 25-year period of explosive
growth in computing throughout all organizations
around the globe. Todfay, more than one billion PCs
power business and government activities every day.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Infrastructure Components I
• IT infrastructury today is composed of seven major
components.
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Computer Hardware Platforms
Operating Systems Platforms
Enterprise Software Platform
Networking/Telecommunications
Consultants and System Integrators
Data Management and Storage
Internet Platforms
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Some Important Standards – WWW
• World Wide Web (1989)
– Standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and
displying information as a worldwide web of electronic
pages incorporating text, graphics, audio, and video
enable the creation of a global repository of billions of
Web pages.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Infrastructure Components II
• These components are investments that must be
coordinated with one another to provide the firm with
a coherent infrastructure.
• Technology vendors are often in competition with
one another they offered proprietriary, partial,
incompatible solotuins to purchasing firms.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
7
Infrastructure Components III
• But nowadays the vendors have been forced by
large customers to cooperate in strategic
partnerships with one another. Examples: Hard- and
Software provider like IBM cooperates with all major
enterprise software vendors, has strategic
partnerships with system integrators (accounting
firms), and promoises to work with whichever
database its client firms whish to use (even though
IBM sells its own DBMS DB2)
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Computer Hardware Platforms II
• Server
market
is
more
complex, using mostly Intel or
AMD processors in the form of
blade servers in racks. But
there are also Sun SPARC
microprocessors
and
IBM
PowerPC
chips
specially
designed for server use.
• Blade Servers are ultrathin
computers consisting of a
circuit board with processors,
memory,
and
network
connections that are stored in
racks.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Computer Hardware Platforms I
• U.S firms spend about $145 billion on computer
hardware.
• This includes client machines (desktop PCs, mobile
computing devices such as PDAs and laptops), and
server machines.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Computer Hardware Platforms III
• The marketplace for computer hardware has
increasingly concentrated in top firms like IBM, HP,
Dell, and Sun Microsystems, which produce 90% of
the machines.
• The industry has collectively settled on Intel as the
standard processor, with major exceptions in the
server market for Unix and Linux machines, which
might use Sun or IBM Unix processors.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
8
Computer Hardware Platforms IV
• Mainframes have not disappeared. The mainframe
market has actually grown steadily over the last
decade. But only one single provider is left: IBM.
• IBM has also repurposed its mainframe systems so
that they can be used as giant servers for massive
enterprise networks and corporate web sites.
• A single IBM mainframe can run about 17.000
instances of Linux or Windows server software. It is
capable of replacing thousands of smaller blade
servers.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Enterprise Software Applications I
• The larget provider of Enterprise Application
Software are SAP and Oracle (which acquired
PeopleSoft and many other enterprise software
firms in the last years)
• Enterprise Software Applications also include
middleware systems supplied by vendors such as
BEA for achieving firmwide integration by linking the
firm’s existing application systems together.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Computer Hardware Platforms V
• Unix and Linux constitute the backbone of corporate
infrastructure because they are scalable, reliable,
and much less expensive than mainfraem operating
systems. They are portable, which means, that there
are slightly different implementations of Linux or
Unix for IBM, HP, and SUN.
• Altghough Windows continues to dominate the client
marketplace, many corporations have begun to
explore Linux as a low-cost desktop operating
system provided by commercial vendors, like
RedHat.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Data Management and Storage I
• The leading database software
providers are IBM (DB2), Oracle,
Microsoft
(SQL-Server),
and
Sybase
(Adaptive
Server
Enterprise), which supply more
than 90% of the esistimated $42
billion U.S. database management
and storage marketplace.
• A growing new entrant is MySQL,
a Linux open-source relational
database available for free on the
Internet
and
increasingly
supported by HP and others.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
9
Data Management and Storage II
• The physical data storage
market is dominated by
EMC Corporation for largescale systems, and smaller
number of PC hard disk
manufacturers
led
by
Seagate,
Maxtor,
and
Western digital.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Networking/Telecommunication Platforms
• U.S firms spend about $769 billion a year on
networking and telecommunications hardware and
services.
• Nearly al local area networks, as well as large
enterprise networks use TCP/IP as communications
standard.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Data Management and Storage III
• In addition to traditional disk
arrays and tape libraries, large
firms are turning to networkbased storage technologies.
Storage Area Networks (SAN)
connect
multiple
storage
devices on a separate high
speed network didicated to
storage.
• A SAN creates a large central
pool of storage that can be
rapidly accessed and shared
by multiple servers.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Networking/Telecommunication Platforms
• Leading networking providers are Cisco, Lucent,
Nortel, and Juniper Networks.
• Telecommunications platforms are typically provided
by
telecommunications/telephone
service
companies, that offer voice- and data-connectivity,
wide area networking and internet-access.
• Leading providers include: MCI, AT&T,and regional
companies like Verizon.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
10
Internet Platforms I
• Internet platforms overlap and relate to the firm’s
general networking infrastructure and software
platforms.
• A Web Hosting Service maintains a large Web
Server, or series of servers, and provides fee-paying
subscribers with space and services to maintain
their Web Sites.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Internet Platforms III
• The major web application development tools and
suites are supplied by
– Microsoft (FrontPage, and .NET environment),
– IBM’s Websphere line of Internet management tools.
– Sun’s Java which is the most widely used tool for
developing interactive Web Applications on both,
client- and server sides),
– And a host of independent software developers, like
Macromedia/Adobe (Flash), media software (Real
Media), and text tools (Adobe Acrobat).
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Internet Platforms II
• The Internet revolution of the late 1990s led to a
veritable explosion in server computers, with many
firms collecting thousands of small servers to run
their internet operations. Since then there has been
a steady push toward server consolidation, reducing
the number of servers, by increasing the size and
the power of each.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Consulting and System Integration Services I
• 20 years ago it might have been possible for a large
firm to implement all its own IT infrastructure. Today
this is far less common.
• Implementing new infrastructure requires sigificant
changes in business processes, training and
education, and software integration. Firms spend
about $130 billion a year on consulting services and
system integrators.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
11
Consulting and System Integration Services II
• Software Integration means
ensuring the new infrastructure
works with the firm’s older, socalled legacy systems.
• Legacy system are generally
older transaction processing
systems created for mainframe
computers that continue to be
used to avoid the high cost of
replacing or redesigning them.
• Replacing these systems is
cost prohibitive and usually not
necessary if these older
systems can be integrated into
an
contemporary
infrastructure.
Consulting and System Integration Services III
• Most companies in the past relied on their
accounting frims to provide consulting and system
integration services simply because the accounting
firms were the only ones that truly understood a
company’s business processes and had the
experience to change its software. In the U.S.
accouting firms have been prohibited by law from
providing these services and consequently have
split off consulting services into separate entities,
such as Accenture and PwC Consulting.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
The Integration of Computing and
Telecommunications Platforms I
• Today one of the most important tasks is the
convergence of telecommunications and computing
platforms, to a point where computing takes place
over the network.
• Example: Cell Phones are taking on functions of
handheld computers, and PDAs are taking on cell
phone functions. Palm Treo 700w: phone, camera,
music player, handheld computer.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
The Integration of Computing and
Telecommunications Platforms II
•
•
At server and network level, the
growing success of internet
telephone-systems demonstrates
how
historically
separate
telecommunications
and
computing
platforms
are
converging toward a single
network – the Internet.
Other major trends are based in
large part on computing over highcapacity networks. The network
itself is becoming the source of
computing
power,
enabling
businesses to expand their
computing power greatly at very
low
costs
The Network is the Computer!
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
12
Grid Computing I
• Grid
Computing
involves
geographically
remote
computers into a single logical
network to create a virtual
super-computer by combining
the computational power of all
computers in the grid.
• GC takes advantage of the fact
that most computers use their
CPUs on average only 25% of
the time for the work they have
been assigned, leaving these
idle resources available for
other processing tasks.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Grid Computing III
• The business case for using grid computing involves
cost savings, speed of computation, and agility.
• Example:
– Royal Dutch/Shell Group is using a scalable grid
computing platform that improves the accuracy and
speed of its scientific modelling applications to find
the best oil reservoirs.
– This platform, which links 1.024 IBM servers running
Linux, in effect creates one of the largest commercial
Linux computers in the world.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Grid Computing II
• GC was impossible until high-speed Internet connections
enabled firms to conect remote machines economically and
move enormous qunatities of data.
• Grid Computing requires software to control and allocate
resources on the grid, such as open-source projects provided
by Globus Alliance (www.globus.org)
• Client software communicates with a server software
application, which braks data and application code into
chunks that are the distributed to the grid’s machines.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Grid Computing IV
– The grid adjusts to accommodate the fluctuating data
volumes that are typical in this seasonal business.
– Royal Dutch/Shell Group claims the grid has enabled
the company to cut processing time for seismic data,
while improving output quality and helping its
scientists pinpoint problems in finding new oil
supplies.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
13
On-Demand Computing (Utility Computing) I
On-Demand Computing (Utility Computing) II
• On-demand computing refers to firms off-loading
peak demand for computing power to remote, largescale data processing centers.
• Firms can reduce their investments in IT
infrastructure by investing just enough to handle
average processing loads and paying for only as
much additional computing power as the market
demands.
• Another term for on-demand computing is utility
computing, which suggests that firms purchase
computing power from central computing utilities
and pay only for the amount of computing power
they use, much as they would pay for electricity.
• IBM, HP, Oracle, and SUN Microsystems offer utility
computing services on demand.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
On-Demand Computing (Utility Computing) III
On-Demand Computing (Utility Computing) IV
• In addition to lowering costs of owning hardware
resources, on-demand computing gives firms
greater agility to use technology, and greatly
reduces the risk of over-investing.
• On-demand computing shifts firms from having a
fixed infrastructure capacity toward a highly flexible
infrastructure, some of it owned by the firm, and
some of it rented from giant computer centers
owned by computer hardware vendors.
• This arrangement frees firms to launch entirely new
business processes that they would never attempt
with a fixed infrastructure.
• Example: DreamWorks has used HP utility
computing services for about four years. The
company’s demand for computing resources is
cyclical and tied to events such as tight production
deadlines for new films. Rather than purchaes
additional infrastructure to handle this peak lead,
DreamWorks rents this capacity when it needs from
HP.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
14
Autonomic Computing I
• Computer systems today are very complex. Some
experts believe they may not be managable in the
future. With operating systems, enterprise- and
database software with millions of lines of code, and
large systems encompassing many thousands of
networked devices, the problem of managing these
systems looms very large.
• Esistimations say that 1/3 to 1/2 of a company’s
total IT budget is spent preventing or recovering
from system crashes.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Autonomic Computing III
• One approach to dealing
with this problem from a
computer
hardware
perspective is to employ
Autonomic Computing.
• AC is an industry-wide effort
to develop systems that can
configure
themselves,
optimize
and
tune
themselves,
heal
themselves when broken,
and protect themselves
from outside intruders and
self-destruction.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Autonomic Computing II
• About 40% of these crashes are caused by operator
errors – not because the operators are not well
trained. Rather it is because the complexities f
today’s computer systems are too difficult to
understand, and IT operators and managers are
under pressure to make decisions about problems in
seconds.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Autonomic Computing IV
• Example: Imagine a desktop PC that could know it
was invaded by a computer virus. Instead of blindly
allow the virus to invade, the PC would identify and
eradicate, or turn its workload over to another CPU
and shut itself down before the virus destroyed any
resources.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
15
Autonomic Computing V
Autonomic Computing VI
• Concepts of self-management as they are now and
would be with AC: Self-configuration
• Concepts of self-management as they are now and
would be with AC: Self-Optimization
– Current Computing: Corporate Data Centers have
multiple vendors and platforms. Installing, configuring,
and integrating systems is time-consuming and errorpone.
– Autonomic Computing: Automated configuration of
components and systems follows high-level-policies.
Rest of system adjusts automatically and seamlessly.
– Current Computing: Systems have hundrets of
manually set, nonlinear tuning parameters, and their
number increases with each release.
– Autonomic Computing: Components and systems
continually seek opportunities to improve their own
performance and efficiency.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Autonomic Computing VII
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Autonomic Computing VIII
• Concepts of self-management as they are now and
would be with AC: Self-Healing
• Concepts of self-management as they are now and
would be with AC: Self-Protection
– Current Computing: Problem determination in large,
complex systems can take a team of programmers
weeks.
– Autonomic Computing: System automatically detects,
diagnoses, and repairs localized software and
hardware problems.
– Current Computing: Detection of and recovery from
attacks and cascading failures are manual.
– Autonomic Computing: System automatically defends
against malicious attacks or cascading failures. It
uses early warning to anticipate and prevent systemwide failures.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
16
Autonomic Computing VIII
• A few of thes capabilities are present in desktop
operating systems. For instance, virus and firewall
protection software can detect viruses on PCs,
automatically defeat these viruses, and altert
operators.
• IBM and other vendors are starting to build
automatic features into products for large systems.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Edge Computing II
• In this sense, edge computing is another technique
like grid- or on-demand-computing for using the
Internet to share the workload experienced by a firm
across many computers located remotely on the
network.
Edge Computing I
• Edge Computing is a multi-tier, load-balancing
scheme for Web-based applications in which
significant parts of Web site content, logic, and
processing are performed by smaller, lessexpensive servers located nearby the user in order
to increase response time and resilience while
lowering technology costs.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Edge Computing III
• There are three tiers in edge computing:
– the local client,
– the nearby edge computing platform, which consists
of servers positioned at any Internet service
providers,
– And the enterprise computers located at the firm’s
main data center.
• The edge computing platform is owned by a service
firm such as Akamai, which has about 15.000 edge
servers around the U.S.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
17
Edge Computing IV
Edge Computing V
Content
Cache
Client platform
Presentation Business Data
components Logic
Access
Presentation Business Data
components Logic
Access
Edge
Computing
Platform
Content
Databases
• In an edge platform application, requests from the
user’s client computer are initially processed by the
edge servers.
• Presentation components such as static Web page
content, reusable code fragments, and interactive
elements gathered on forms are delivered by the
edge server to the client.
• Database and business logic elements are delivered
by the enterprise computing platform.
Enterprise Computing Platform
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Virtualization I
• As companies deploy hundrets or thousands of
servers, many have discovered that they are
spending more on electricity to power and cool their
systems than they did on acquiring the hardware.
• The average annual utility costs for a 100.000square-foot data center has reached $5.9 million.
• Google is building a new data center in Oregon in
part because electricity costs are cheaper there than
in other parts of the country.
• Cutting power-consumption in data centers is now a
priority for most CIOs.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Virtualization II
• One way of curbing hardware profileration and
power consumption is to use virtualization to reduce
the number of computers required for processing.
• Virtualization is the process of presenting a set of
computing resources so that they can all be
accessed in ways that are not restricted to physical
configuration or geographic location.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
18
Virtualization III
• Server virtualization enables companies to run more
than one operating system at the same time on a
single machine.
• Most servers run at just 10% to 15% of capacity,
and virualization can boost serveer utilization rates
to 70% or higher.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Virtualization V
• Server virtualization software runs between the
operating system and the hardware, masking server
resources, including the number and identity of
physical server, processors, and operating systems,
from users.
• VMWare is the leading virtualization software vendor
for Windows and Linux systems. Microsoft offers its
own Virtual Server product and has built
virtualization capabilities into the newest versions of
Windows Server.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Virtualization IV
• Example:
Denver Health and Hospital Authority servers
mushroomed from 10 in 1996 to 220 in 2005, with
server utilization rates averaging below 20% and
90% of the servers running a single application. The
health care organization used virtualization to
consolidate the work of 15 physical servers onto two
machines running 15 virtual servers.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Virtualization VI
• In addition to reducing hardware and power
expenditures, virtualization allows businesses to run
their legacy apps on older versions of an operating
system on the same server as newer applications.
• Virtualization also facilitates centralization of
hardware administration.
• Disadvantage: Virtual machines all rely on same
physical resources. If they fail, a whole bunch of
virtual servers is down!
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
19
Multicore Processors
• Another way to reduce power requirements and
hardware sprawl is to use mulicore processors.
• A multicore processor is an integrated circuit that
contains two or more CPUs.
• In the past chip producer increased speed of
processors by increasing their frequencies. But this
strategy increased both, heat and power
consumption to the point where very high gigahertz
chips require water cooling.
• Intel and AMD produce multicore processor since
several years. Sun Microsystems sells servers using
its eight-core UltraSparc T1 processors.
Software Platform Trends and Emerging
Technologies
• Currently, there are six major
contemporary platform evolution:
–
–
–
–
–
–
in
Linux and open-source software
Java
Enterprise Software
Web services and service-oriented architecture
Meshups and Web-based software applications
Software outsourcing
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Linux
themes
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Linux II
• OS derived from Unix by Linus
Torvalds, first posted on the
Internet in 1991
• Now the world’s fastest growing
client- and server-OS
• In U.S. Linux was installed in nearly
6% of new shipments of PCs in
2005. Expected to be 20% in 2010.
• In Russia and China, over 40% of
new PCs are shipped with Linux .
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
• Apps for Linux are rapidly growing
also, as well as Linux Integration to
cell phones, PDAs, and other
handheld devices.
• Though Linux is currently a small but
rapidly growing presence on desktop
computers, it plays a major role in the
back office running Web servers and
local area networks. In the $50.0
billion server market, Linux is the
mosty rapidly growing LAN server,
with a current 23% market share
(2005), up from 1% in 1998.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
20
Linux III
Linux IV
• IBM, HP, Intel, Dell, and Sun have made
Linux a central part of their offerings to
coprorations. More the two dozen
countries in Asia, Europe, and Latin
America have adopted open-source
software and Linux
• Costs, reliability, and flexibility are the
major drivers.
• The rise of open-source-software has profund
implications for corporate software platforms: cost
reduction, reliability and resilence, and integration.
• Linux works on all major hardware platforms:
mainframes, servers, clients, mobile devices.
• Linux has potential to break Microsoft’s monopoly of
the desktop.
• Sun’s OpenOffice competes with Microsoft’s Office
productivity suite. (Available for free for Windows
and Linux)
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Java I
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Java II
• Java is an OS-independent, processor-independent,
object-oriented programming language that has
become the leading interactive element for the Web.
• It truly fullfills the write-once-run-everywhereconcept.
• Java was created by James Gosling and the Green
Team at Sun Microsystems in 1992 as a
programming environment to support interactive
cable television cocntent delivery. Widespread use
of Java began in 1995 when a large number of
people started to use the WWW and the Internet.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
• Nowadays all Web-Browsers support
Java. Java also has migrated to
cellular phones, automobiles, music
players, game machines, abd finally,
into set-top cable tv systems serving
interactive content and pay-per-view
services.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
21
Java III
Java IV
• Java is designed to run on any computing device,
regardless of the specific processor or operating
system the device uses. A Macintosh PC, and IBM
PC running Windows, a Sun server running Unix,
and even a mobile phone can share the same Java
application. For each computing environment, Sun
supports a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that
interprets Java programming code (byte-code) for
that machine. In that manner, the code is written
once and can be used on any machine for with there
exists a JVM.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Java V
• Java is very useful in heterogeneous network
environments such as the Internet. Here, Java is
use to create miniature programs, called Applets,
that are designed to reside on centralized network
servers. Those applets are embedded in web-sites,
just like images.
• With Java applets, a user can download only the
functionality and data he needs to perform a
particular task, such as analyzing the revenues from
one sales territory. The user does not need to
maintain large software apps or data files on his
desktop.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Software for Enterprise Integration I
• Java has a powerful API, handling data, text, graphics, sound,
and video.
• It also provides functionalities for writing distributed
applications as well as a large set of functionalites to create
Java-based Web Services, and whole SOA-environments.
(Java Enterprise Edition)
• A security manager and the sand-box-concept ensure that
networked Java software is secure, and can’t be
compromised.
• At the enterprise level, Java is being used for more complex
e-commerce and e-business applications that require
comminucation with an organization’s back-end transaction
processing systems.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
• The most urgent software priority currently is the
integration of existing legacy software with new webbased applications into a coherent single system
that can be rationally managed.
• In the past, companies typically built their own
custom software and made their own choices about
their software platforms. This strategy produces
thousands of computer programs that frequently
could not communicate with other software.
• They were difficult and expensive to maintain, and
were nerly impossible to change quickly as business
models changed.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
22
Software for Enterprise Integration II
• One solution is to replace isolated systems that
cannot communicate with EA for CRM, SCM, KM,
and Enterprise Systems, which integrate multiple
business processes.
• Not all firms can jettison all of their legacy systems.
These existing legacy mainframe apps are essential
to their daily operations and are very risky to
change, but they can become more useful if their
information and business logic could be integrated
with other apps.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Software for Enterprise Integration III
• Firms may choose to write
their
own
software
to
interconnect their apps, but
increasingly
they
are
purchasing
Enterprise
Application
Integration
Software (EAI) packages.
• This software enables mutliple
systems to exvhange data
thorugh a single software hub
rather than building countless
custom software interfaces to
link each system.
• WebMethods,
Tibco,
SeeBeyond, BEA, and Vitria
are examples for EAI-Software
vendors.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Software for Enterprise Integration II
• Some integration of legacy
systems can be achieved
using
special
software
called middleware.
• Middleware acts as a bridge
between
the
legacy
systems and the new, webbased systems. In this
manner it connects tow
otherwise spearate apps,
enabling
them
to
communicate with each
other and to exchange data.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Web Services I
• EAI software tools are product specific. They can
only work with certain pieces of application software
and operating systems. One EAI tool to connect
sales order entry software to manufacturing,
shipping, and billing apps might not work with
another vendor’s order entry software. Software
from BEA might not be able to communicate with
other vendors’ middleware applications that you
purchased in prvious years without are large
expenditure of programming and design resources.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
23
Web Services II
Web Services III
• Web Services seek to
provide
a
standardized
alternative for dealing with
integration problems by
creating a communications
environment that is vendor
neutral.
• Web Services refer to a set
of loosely coupled software
components that exchange
information with each other
using Web communication
standards and languages.
• Web Services can exchange information regardless
of the operating system or programming languages
on which the exchanging systems are based on.
• They can be used to link disparate systems within a
company.
• They can also be fused to build open standard Webbased applications linking systems of different
organizations together.
http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/WebServices/WSPack/webservices_model.gif
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Web Services IV
• The base technology for Web Services is the
Extensible Markup Language (XML), developed in
1996 by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C, the
international body that oversees the development of
the Web).
• XML is a more powerful and felxible markup
language then the Hyptertext Markup Language
(html)
• HTML is limited to describing how data should be
presented in the form of a Web page document.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Web Services V
• XML can perform presentation, communication, and storage
of data.
• XML does not just contain data, like a Word-file, or a pdfdocument. XML tags describe the data, which is stored in it.
• Example: A number in XML is not just a number. An XML tag
specifies whether this number represents a price, a data, or a
ZIP code. Though XML is intended to be computer readable,
they are stored text-based (like html) and therefor even
human-readable.
<!-- Endpoint for Google Web APIs -->
<service name="GoogleSearchService">
<port name="GoogleSearchPort" binding="typens:GoogleSearchBinding">
<soap:address location="http://api.google.com/search/beta2"/>
</port>
</service>
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
24
Web Services VI
• By tagging elements of the content of documents for their
meanings, XML makes it possible for computers to
manipulate, to interprete, to “understand” their data
automatically and perform operations on the data without
humand intervention.
• Web browser and computer programs, such as order
processing or ERP software, can follow programmed rules for
applying and displaying the data.
• Examples:
– <AUTOMOBILETYPE=“Subcompact”>
– <PASSENGER UNIT=“PASS”>4<PASSENGER>
– <PRICE CURRENCY=“USD”>16,800</PRICE>
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Web Services VIII
• The Universial Description,
Discovery, and Integration
Protocol (UDDI) enables a
Web Service to be listed in
a directory of Web Services
so that it can be easily
located.
• Companies discover and
locate
Web
Services
through this directory as
they would locate services
in the yellow pages of a
telephone book.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Web Services VII
• Web Services communicate thorough XML
messages over standard Web protocols.
• The Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) is a set
of rules for structuring messages that enables apps
to pass data and instructions to one another.
• The Web Service Description Language (WSDL) is
a common framework for describing the tasks
performed by a Web Service. It describes the
commands and data it will accept, and how they are
structured. Based on this information apps can
access the described service using SOAP
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Web Services IX
UDDI, WSDL, and SOAP
1.
SearchRequest for a
certain service
2.
UDDI Server answers
with URL of WSDL file
3.
Request for
WSDL file
4.
Use the service with
SOAP
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
25
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) I
• The collection of Web Services that are used to
build a firm’s softeware systems constitutes what is
known as a service-oriented architecture (SOA).
• A SOA is a set of self-contained services that
communicate with each other to create a working
software application.
• Business tasks a accomplished by executing a
series of these services. Software developers
resuse this services in other combinations to
assemble other applications as needed.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) II
• Example: Amazon.com
– Amazon uses SOA to create a
sales platform with 55 million active
customers, and more than onre
million retail partners worldwide.
Up to 2001, Amazon ean a
monolithic app on a Web server
that
created
the
customer
interface, the vendor interface, and
a catalog that operated on a single
database in the backend.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) I
• In the past, firms used to build apps to serve a
specific prupose, like calculate invoices and send
out printed invoices. Usually they would be multiple
programs that performed parts of or all of a task but
used different code to accomplish their objectives.
Node of the programs could talk to each other.
• In a SOA environment an “invoice service” could be
written to be the only program in trhe firm
responsible for calculating invoice information and
reports. Whenever another program needs invoice
information, it would make use of this pre-defined,
sinlge invoice service.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) III
– By 2001 this approach could not scale up, was very
inflexible, and vulnerable to failures at critual points.
– Today, Amazon’s operation is a collection of
hundreds of serivices delivered by a number of
application servers that provide the customer
interface, customer service infrastructure, the seller
interface, billing, and many third-party Web sites that
run on Amazon’s platform.
– What you see on Amazon is the direct result of SOA
services.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
26
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) III
• Example: Dollar Rent A Car
• Dollar Rent a Car systems use Web services to
link its online booking system with Southwest
Airline’s Web Site.
• Algouth both systems are based on different
technology platforms, a person booking a flight
on Southwest.com can reserve a car from Dollar
without leaving the airline’s Web Site.
• Dollar used Microsoft .NET Web services
technology as an intermediary. Reservations
from Southwest are translated into Web
Services, which then automatically are
translated into formats that can be understood
by Dollar’s computers.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) IV
• Other car rental companies have linked there is to
airline companie’s Web sites before. But without
Web Services these connections had to be built one
at a time.
• Web Services provicde a standard way for
computers to “talk” to other companies’ IS without
having to build special links to each one.
• Its not necessary anymore to write new software for
each new partner’s IS or each new device.
KMUTNB 2009 – Dipl. Inf. Daniel Berg - Information Technology for Organizations
27