0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:24 PM Page i Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
THERMAL-FLUID SCIENCES
An Integrated Approach
Thermal-Fluid Sciences is a truly integrated textbook for an engineering course covering thermodynamics, heat
transfer, and fluid mechanics. This integration is based on the fundamental conservation principles of mass, energy,
and momentum; a hierarchical grouping of related topics; and the early introduction and revisiting of practical device
examples and applications.
As with all textbooks the focus is on accuracy and pedagogy. To enhance the learning experience Thermal-Fluid
Sciences features full-color illustrations. The robust pedagogy includes chapter learning objectives, overviews,
historical vignettes, and numerous examples that follow a consistent problem-solving format, enhanced by innovative
self tests and color coding to highlight significant equations and advanced topics. Each chapter concludes with a brief
summary and a unique checklist of key concepts and definitions. Integrated tutorials show the student how to use
modern software including the NIST database (included on the in-text CD) to obtain thermodynamic and transport
properties.
Stephen R. Turns has been a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University since
completing his Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin in 1979. Before that Steve spent five years in the Engine Research
Department of General Motors Research Laboratories in Warren, Michigan. His active research interests include the
study of pollutant formation and control in combustion systems, combustion engines, combustion instrumentation,
slurry fuel combustion, energy conversion, and energy policy. He has published numerous referreed journal articles
on many of these topics. Steve is a member of the ASME and many other professional organizations and has been an
ABET Program Evaluator since 1994. He is also a dedicated teacher, for which he has won numerous awards
including the Penn State Teaching and Learning Consortium, Hall of Fame Faculty Award; Penn State’s Milton S.
Eisenhower Award for Distinguished Teaching; the Premier Teaching Award, Penn State Engineering Society; and the
Outstanding Teaching Award, Penn State Engineering Society. Steve’s talent as a teacher is also reflected in his bestselling advanced undergraduate textbook Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications, 2nd ed. Steve’s
commitment to students and teaching is shown in the innovative approach and design of Thermal-Fluid Sciences: An
Integrated Approach and its companion volume Thermodynamics, also published by Cambridge University Press.
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:24 PM Page ii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
In lecturing on any subject, it seems to be the natural course to begin with a clear explanation
of the nature, purpose, and scope of the subject. But in answer to the question
“What is thermo-dynamics?” I feel tempted to reply
“It is a very difficult subject, nearly, if not quite, unfit for a lecture.”
Osborne Reynolds
On the General Theory of Thermo-dynamics
November 1883
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:24 PM Page iii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
THERMAL-FLUID
SCIENCES
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Stephen R. Turns
The Pennsylvania State University
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:24 PM Page iv Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title:
© Stephen R. Turns 2006
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2006
Printed in Hong Kong by Golden Cup Printing Co. Ltd.
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pages 1157–1158 constitute a continuation of the copyright page.
Turns, Stephen R.
Thermal-fluid sciences : an integrated approach / Stephen R. Turns.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-521-85043-8 (hardback : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-521-85043-6 (hardback : alk. paper)
1. Thermodynamics. 2. Gas flow. 3. Heat–Transmission. I. Title.
QC311.T86 2005
536'.7–dc22
2005026545
ISBN-13 978 0 521 85043 8 hardback
ISBN-10 0 521 85043 6 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility
for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or
third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:24 PM Page v Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
This book is dedicated to
Mike, Matt, Sara, and Bryan
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:24 PM Page vi Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page vii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Contents
S AMPLE S YLLABI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxiii
P REFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxxiii
A BOUT
......................................................
xxxvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxxix
THE AUTHOR
PART ONE:
FUNDAMENTALS 1
Chapter 1
●
BEGINNINGS 2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.1
WHAT ARE THE THERMAL-FLUID SCIENCES? . . .
4
1.2
SOME APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
1.2a
Fossil-Fueled Steam Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
1.2b
Solar-Heated Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.2c
Spark-Ignition Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.2d
Jet Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.2e
Biological Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.3
PHYSICAL FRAMEWORKS FOR ANALYSIS . . . . . .
17
1.3a
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.3b
Control Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.3c
Integral versus Differential Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
1.4
PREVIEW OF CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES . . . . .
21
1.4a
Generalized Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
1.4b
Motivation to Study Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
1.5
KEY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1.5a
Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.5b
States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
page vii
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page viii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
viii
Contents
1.5c
Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.5d
Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
1.5e
Equilibrium and the Quasi-Equilibrium Process . . . . . . . . .
27
1.5f
Local Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
1.6
SOME GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF REAL
FLOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
1.7
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
1.8
PROBLEM-SOLVING METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
1.9
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
KEY CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . .
36
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
APPENDIX 1A: SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES, PROPERTY
RELATIONSHIPS, AND PROCESSES 46
Chapter 2
●
LEARNING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
2.1
KEY DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
2.2
FREQUENTLY USED THERMODYNAMIC
PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Properties Related to the Equation of State . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Number of Moles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
Specific Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
Properties Related to the First Law and Calorific Equation
of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
Internal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Specific Heats and Specific-Heat Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Properties Related to the Second Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Gibbs Free Energy or Gibbs Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
Helmholtz Free Energy or Helmholtz Function . . . . . . . . .
65
2.3
CONCEPT OF STATE RELATIONSHIPS . . . . . . . . . .
66
2.3a
State Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
2.3b
P–v–T Equations of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
2.3c
Calorific Equations of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
2.2a
2.2b
2.2c
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page ix Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Contents
ix
2.3d
Temperature–Entropy (Gibbs) Relationships . . . . . . . . . . .
67
2.4
IDEAL GASES AS PURE SUBSTANCES . . . . . . . . . . .
67
2.4a
Ideal Gas Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
2.4b
Ideal-Gas Equation of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
2.4c
Processes in P–v–T Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
2.4d
Ideal-Gas Calorific Equations of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
2.4e
Ideal-Gas Temperature–Entropy (Gibbs) Relationships . . .
80
2.4f
Ideal-Gas Isentropic Process Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
2.4g
Processes in T–s and P–v Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
2.4h
Polytropic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
2.5
NONIDEAL GAS PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
2.5a
State (P–v–T) Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
Tabulated Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
TUTORIAL 1—How to Interpolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
Other Equations of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
Generalized Compressibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
2.5b
Calorific Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102
2.5c
Second-Law Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102
2.6
PURE SUBSTANCES INVOLVING LIQUID AND
VAPOR PHASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102
State (P–v–T ) Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102
Phase Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102
A New Property—Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105
Property Tables and Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
108
TUTORIAL 2—How to Use the NIST Software . . . . . . . . . . .
111
TUTORIAL 3—How to Define a Thermodynamic State . . . . .
115
T–v Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
119
P–v Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
Calorific and Second-Law Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
123
T–s Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
124
h–s Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126
2.7
LIQUID PROPERTY APPROXIMATIONS . . . . . . . . .
130
2.8
SOLIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
131
2.9
IDEAL-GAS MIXTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
134
2.9a
Specifying Mixture Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
135
2.9b
State (P–v–T ) Relationships for Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . .
135
2.9c
Standardized Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
137
2.9d
Calorific Relationships for Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
141
2.9e
Second-Law Relationships for Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
141
2.10
SOME PROPERTIES OF REACTING MIXTURES . .
142
2.10a Enthalpy of Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
142
2.10b Heating Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
144
2.11
146
2.6a
2.6b
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page x Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
x
Contents
2.11a Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
147
2.11b Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
148
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
KEY CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . .
150
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
151
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
152
QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
154
PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
155
APPENDIX 2A: MOLECULAR INTERPRETATION
OF ENTROPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
168
Chapter 3
●
CONSERVATION OF MASS 172
LEARNING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
173
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
174
3.1
HISTORICAL CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
174
3.2
MASS CONSERVATION FOR A SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . .
175
3.3
MASS CONSERVATION FOR A CONTROL VOLUME
183
3.3a
Velocity Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
183
Velocity Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
183
Streamlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
184
Flow rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
184
Uniform Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
184
Distributed Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
185
Generalized Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
191
3.3c
Average Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
192
3.3d
General View of Mass Conservation for Control Volumes .
195
3.3e
Integral Control Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196
Steady-State, Steady Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196
Unsteady Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
200
Differential Control Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
207
Steady-State, Steady Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
207
Unsteady Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
212
TURBULENCE AND TIME-AVERAGED
PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
213
3.4a
Mean and Fluctuating Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
213
3.4b
Time-Averaged Mass Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
214
Integral Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
214
Differential Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
216
3.5
REACTING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
216
3.5a
Atom Balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
217
3.5b
Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
221
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
224
KEY CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . .
225
3.3b
3.3f
3.4
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xi Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Contents
xi
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
226
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
227
QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
228
PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
229
Chapter 4
●
ENERGY AND ENERGY TRANSFER 242
LEARNING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
243
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
244
4.1
HISTORICAL CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
244
4.2
SYSTEM AND CONTROL-VOLUME ENERGY . . . . .
244
4.2a
Energy Associated with System or Control Volume as
a Whole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
245
4.2b
Energy Associated with Matter at a Microscopic Level . . .
247
4.3
ENERGY TRANSFER ACROSS BOUNDARIES . . . . .
247
4.3a
Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
247
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
247
Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
248
Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
249
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
249
Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
250
4.4
SIGN CONVENTIONS AND UNITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
265
4.5
RATE LAWS FOR HEAT TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . .
272
4.5a
Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
273
4.5b
Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
277
4.5c
Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
287
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
294
KEY CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . .
295
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
296
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
297
QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
299
PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
300
4.3b
Chapter 5
●
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 308
LEARNING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
309
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
310
5.1
HISTORICAL CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
310
5.2
ENERGY CONSERVATION FOR A SYSTEM . . . . . . .
311
5.2a
General Integral Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
312
For an Incremental Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
312
For a Change in State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
313
At an Instant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
321
Reacting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
326
5.2b
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
xii
Contents
Constant-Pressure Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
326
Constant-Volume Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
329
Special Forms for Conduction Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
335
Integral (Macroscopic) Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
335
Surfaces and Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
340
Differential (Microscopic) Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
341
Electric Circuit Analogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
350
ENERGY CONSERVATION FOR CONTROL
VOLUMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
355
5.3a
Integral Control Volumes with Steady Flow . . . . . . . . . . . .
355
5.3b
Road Map for Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
364
5.3c
Special Form for Flows with Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
364
5.3d
Integral Control Volumes with Unsteady Flow . . . . . . . . . .
366
5.3e
Differential Control Volumes with Steady Flow . . . . . . . . .
370
One-Dimensional Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
370
Two-Dimensional Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
375
Differential Control Volumes with Unsteady Flow . . . . . . .
378
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
379
KEY CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . .
380
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
381
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
382
QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
384
PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
385
5.2c
5.3
5.3f
Chapter 6
●
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM 406
LEARNING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
407
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
408
6.1
HISTORICAL CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
408
6.2
FORCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
409
6.2a
Surface Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
409
Pressure Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
409
Viscous Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
410
6.2b
Body Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
413
6.2c
Other Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
414
6.3
MOMENTUM CONSERVATION FOR RIGID
SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
414
Fluid Statics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
415
Manometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
420
Forces on Submerged Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
423
6.3b
Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
430
6.3c
Rigid-Body Motion with Linear Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . .
432
6.4
MOMENTUM FLOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
438
6.3a
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xiii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Contents
6.5
xiii
LINEAR MOMENTUM CONSERVATION FOR
CONTROL VOLUMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
443
6.5a
Simplified General View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
443
6.5b
Integral Control Volumes with Steady Flow . . . . . . . . . . . .
444
6.5c
Integral Control Volumes with Unsteady Flow . . . . . . . . . .
450
6.5d
Differential Control Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
453
Total (or Material) Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
455
Convective Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
456
The Navier–Stokes Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
457
TUTORIAL 4—WHAT IS CFD? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
460
6.6
MECHANICAL ENERGY EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . .
471
6.7
THE BERNOULLI EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
475
6.8
TURBULENCE REVISITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
477
6.8a
Integral Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
478
6.8b
Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
478
Reynolds Averaging and Turbulent Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . .
478
The Closure Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
480
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
480
KEY CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . .
482
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
483
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
484
QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
486
PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
487
APPENDIX 6A: LINEAR MOMENTUM CONSERVATION
FOR CONTROL VOLUMES IN NONINERTIAL
COORDINATE SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
509
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
AND SOME OF ITS CONSEQUENCES 512
Chapter 7
●
LEARNING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
513
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
514
7.1
HISTORICAL CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
514
7.2
USEFULNESS OF THE SECOND LAW . . . . . . . . . . . .
515
7.3
ONE FUNDAMENTAL STATEMENT OF THE
SECOND LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
515
7.3a
Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
517
7.3b
Heat Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
518
7.3c
Thermal Efficiency and Coefficients of Performance . . . . .
521
7.3d
Reversibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
524
7.4
CONSEQUENCES OF THE KELVIN–PLANCK
STATEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
526
7.4a
Kelvin’s Absolute Temperature Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
528
7.4b
The Carnot Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
529
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xiv Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
xiv
Contents
7.4c
Some Reversible Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
531
Carnot Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
531
Stirling Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
532
ALTERNATIVE STATEMENTS OF THE
SECOND LAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
533
7.6
ENTROPY REVISITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
535
7.6a
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
535
7.6b
Connecting Entropy to the Second Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
536
7.6c
Entropy Balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
541
Systems Undergoing a Change of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
541
Control Volumes with a Single Inlet and Outlet . . . . . . . . .
541
7.6d
Criterion for Spontaneous Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
542
7.6e
Isentropic Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
545
7.6f
Entropy Production, Head Loss, and Isentropic Efficiency .
550
7.7
THE SECOND LAW AND EQUILIBRIUM . . . . . . . . .
553
7.7a
Chemical Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
554
Conditions of Fixed Internal Energy and Volume . . . . . . . .
554
Conditions of Fixed Temperature and Pressure . . . . . . . . .
555
Multiple Equilibrium Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
563
Phase Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
563
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
565
KEY CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . .
566
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
567
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
568
QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
570
PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
571
7.5
7.7b
SIMILITUDE AND DIMENSIONLESS
PARAMETERS 582
Chapter 8
●
LEARNING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
583
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
584
8.1
HISTORICAL CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
584
8.2
THE LIMITS OF THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
585
8.3
PARAMETRIC TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
586
8.4
SIMILITUDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
588
8.5
DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
591
8.5a
Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
591
8.5b
Dimensionless Governing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
592
Dimensional Forms of the Boundary-Layer Equations . . . .
592
Characteristic Scales or Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
594
Making the Equations Dimensionless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
596
Reynolds, Peclet, and Prandtl Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
597
Friction Coefficient and Nusselt Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
601
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xv Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Contents
8.5c
PART two:
xv
Other Dimensionless Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
604
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
607
KEY CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . .
608
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
609
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
610
QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
611
PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
611
APPENDIX 8A: THE BUCKINGHAM (VASCHY)
PI THEOREM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
618
BEYOND THE FUNDAMENTALS 627
● EXTERNAL FLOWS: FRICTION, DRAG,
AND HEAT TRANSFER 628
Chapter 9
LEARNING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
629
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
630
9.1
HISTORICAL CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
630
9.2
BASIC EXTERNAL FLOW PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . .
631
9.2a
Boundary Layer Concept Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
632
9.2b
Bluff Bodies, Separation, and Wakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
633
9.3
FORCED LAMINAR FLOW—FLAT PLATE . . . . . . . .
635
9.3a
Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
635
9.3b
Solving the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
640
9.3c
Exact (Similarity) Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
640
Friction and Drag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
640
Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
646
Reynolds Analogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
649
9.3d
Uniform Surface Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
651
9.3e
Calculation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
652
9.4
FORCED TURBULENT FLOW—FLAT PLATE . . . . .
655
9.4a
Transition Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
655
9.4b
Velocity Profiles and Boundary-Layer Development . . . . .
656
9.4c
Friction and Drag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
657
9.4d
Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
660
9.4e
Uniform Surface Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
661
9.5
FORCED FLOW—OTHER GEOMETRIES . . . . . . . . .
665
9.5a
Friction and Form Drag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
666
9.5b
Empirical Correlations for Drag and Heat Transfer . . . . . .
668
Cylinders and Other 2-D Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
668
Spheres and Other 3-D Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
679
9.6
FREE CONVECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
683
9.6a
Vertical, Flat Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
684
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xvi Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
xvi
Contents
Physical Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
684
Mathematical Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
686
Dimensionless Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
687
Solutions and Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
690
Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
690
Other Geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
694
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
702
KEY CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . .
703
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
704
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
706
QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
708
PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
709
APPENDIX 9A: BOUNDARY-LAYER EQUATIONS . . . . . . .
720
APPENDIX 9B: BOUNDARY-LAYER INTEGRAL ANALYSIS
723
9.6b
INTERNAL FLOWS: FRICTION, PRESSURE
DROP, AND HEAT TRANSFER 728
Chapter 10
●
LEARNING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
729
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
730
10.1
HISTORICAL CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
730
10.2
THE BIG PICTURE—INTEGRAL ANALYSES . . . . . . .
731
10.2a Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
731
10.2b Mass Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
732
10.2c Momentum Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
733
Pressure Drop and Wall Shear Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
733
Friction Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
735
10.2d Mechanical Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
735
10.2e Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
736
Nominally Isothermal Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
736
Nonisothermal Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
737
DETAILS—FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOWS
746
10.3
10.3a Laminar Flow Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
746
10.3b Differential Conservation Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
746
10.3c Hydrodynamic Problem Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
747
Velocity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
747
Average Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
749
Wall Shear Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
749
Pressure Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
749
Head Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
752
Friction Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
752
10.3d Thermal Problem Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
755
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xvii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Contents
xvii
Temperature Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
755
Heat-Transfer Coefficient: Uniform Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . .
757
Heat-Transfer Coefficient: Fixed Wall Temperature . . . . . .
757
DETAILS—FULLY DEVELOPED TURBULENT
FLOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
759
10.4a Velocity Distributions and Wall Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
759
A Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
759
Experimental Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
762
Average Velocity and Friction Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
763
Rough Tubes and Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
768
10.4b Heat-Transfer Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
772
10.5
DEVELOPING FLOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
782
10.5a Hydrodynamic Entry Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
782
Hydrodynamic Entrance Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
782
Increased Pressure Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
783
10.5b Thermal Entry Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
786
Thermal Entrance Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
786
Local Heat-Transfer Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
787
Average Heat-Transfer Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
787
DUCTS OF NONCIRCULAR CROSS SECTION . . . . .
795
10.6a Hydraulic Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
795
10.6b Laminar Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
795
10.6c Turbulent Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
795
10.7
MINOR LOSSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
796
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
798
KEY CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . .
799
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
800
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
801
QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
803
PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
804
APPENDIX 10A: SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNING
EQUATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
817
10.4
10.6
THERMAL-FLUID ANALYSIS OF
STEADY-FLOW DEVICES 820
Chapter 11
●
LEARNING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
821
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
822
11.1
STEADY-FLOW DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
822
11.2
NOZZLES AND DIFFUSERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
822
11.2a General Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
824
Mass Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
824
Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
827
Linear Momentum Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
831
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xviii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
xviii
Contents
11.2b Flow Separation and Diffuser Performance . . . . . . . . . . . .
832
11.2c Incompressible Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
837
11.2d Compressible Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
838
A Few New Concepts and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
838
Mach Number–Based Conservation Principles and
Property Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
844
Converging and Converging–Diverging Nozzles . . . . . . . .
848
Nozzle Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
857
THROTTLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
860
11.3a Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
860
Mass Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
860
Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
860
Mechanical Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
861
11.3b Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
862
11.4
PUMPS, COMPRESSORS, AND FANS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
865
11.4a Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
866
11.4b Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
867
Control Volume Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
867
Application of Conservation Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
868
Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
871
TURBINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
881
11.5a Classifications and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
881
11.5b Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
884
11.6
HEAT EXCHANGERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
892
11.6a Classifications and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
892
11.6b Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
894
Application of Conservation Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
894
Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
901
Log-Mean Temperature Difference Method . . . . . . . . . . . .
906
Effectiveness—NTU Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
917
FURNACES, BOILERS, AND COMBUSTORS . . . . . .
923
11.7a Some Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
923
11.7b Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
924
Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
925
Mass Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
925
Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
925
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
926
KEY CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . .
927
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
928
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
929
QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
931
PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
932
11.3
11.5
11.7
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xix Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Contents
xix
SYSTEMS FOR POWER PRODUCTION,
PROPULSION, AND HEATING AND COOLING 948
Chapter 12
●
LEARNING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
949
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
950
12.1
FOSSIL-FUELED STEAM POWER PLANTS . . . . . . .
950
12.1a Rankine Cycle Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
952
12.1b Rankine Cycle with Superheat and Reheat . . . . . . . . . . . . .
958
Superheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
958
Reheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
967
12.1c Rankine Cycle with Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
968
Mass Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
969
Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
970
12.1d Energy Input from Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
972
12.1e Overall Energy Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
978
12.2
JET ENGINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
980
12.2a Basic Operation of a Turbojet Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
980
12.2b Integral Control Volume Analysis of a Turbojet . . . . . . . . .
981
Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
982
Mass Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
982
Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
982
Momentum Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
985
12.2c Turbojet Cycle Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
986
Given Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
986
Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
986
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
986
12.2d Propulsive Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
989
12.2e Other Performance Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
990
12.2f Combustor Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
994
Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
995
Mass Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
995
Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
996
GAS-TURBINE ENGINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1000
12.3a Integral Control Volume Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1001
Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1001
Mass Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1002
Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1002
12.3b Cycle Analysis and Performance Measures . . . . . . . . . . . .
1002
Air-Standard Brayton Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1003
Air-Standard Thermal Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1003
Process Thermal Efficiency and Specific Fuel
Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1005
Power and Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1005
REFRIGERATORS AND HEAT PUMPS . . . . . . . . . . .
1006
12.3
12.4
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xx Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
xx
Contents
12.4a Energy Conservation for a Reversed Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . .
1007
12.4b Performance Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1007
12.4c Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1009
Cycle Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1010
Coefficients of Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1011
AIR CONDITIONING, HUMIDIFICATION,
AND RELATED SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1017
12.5a Physical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1018
12.5b General Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1021
Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1022
Mass Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1022
Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1023
12.5c Some New Concepts and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1023
Psychrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1023
Thermodynamic Treatment of Water Vapor in Dry Air . . . .
1023
Humidity Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1024
Relative Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1025
Dew Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1026
12.5d Recast Conservation Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1029
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KEY CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . .
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX 12A: TURBOJET ENGINE ANALYSIS
REVISITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1036
1037
1038
1039
1041
1041
12.5
APPENDIX A
1064
TIMELINE 1067
APPENDIX B THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
OF IDEAL GASES AND CARBON 1072
Table B.1 CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1073
Table B.2 CO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1074
Table B.3 H2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1075
Table B.4 H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1076
Table B.5 OH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1077
Table B.6 H2O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1078
Table B.7 N2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1079
Table B.8 N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1080
Table B.9 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1081
Table B.10 NO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1082
Table B.11 O2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1083
Table B.12 O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1084
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxi Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Contents
xxi
Table B.13 C(s) (Graphite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1085
Table B.14 Curve-Fit Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1086
APPENDIX C THERMODYNAMIC AND
THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR 1087
Table C.1 Approximate Composition, Apparent Molecular Weight,
and Gas Constant for Dry Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1087
Table C.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Air at 1 atm . . . . . . . . . .
1087
Table C.3 Thermo-Physical Properties of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1090
APPENDIX D THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
OF H2O 1092
Table D.1 Saturation Properties of Water and Steam—Temperature
Increments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1092
Table D.2 Saturation Properties of Water and Steam—Pressure
Increments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1094
Table D.3 Superheated Vapor (Steam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1097
Table D.4 Compressed Liquid (Water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1109
Table D.5 Vapor Properties: Saturated Solid (Ice)–Vapor . . . . . . . .
1112
APPENDIX E
VARIOUS THERMODYNAMIC DATA 1113
Table E.1 Critical Constants and Specific Heats for Selected Gases
1113
Table E.2 Van der Waals Constants for Selected Gases . . . . . . . . .
1113
APPENDIX F THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF SELECTED GASES AT 1 ATM 1114
Table F.1 Thermo-Physical Properties of Selected Gases (1 atm)
1114
APPENDIX G THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF SELECTED LIQUIDS 1120
Table G.1 Thermo-Physical Properties of Saturated Water . . . . . . .
1121
Table G.2A Thermo-Physical Properties of Various Saturated Liquids 1124
APPENDIX H THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF HYDROCARBON FUELS 1126
Table H.1 Selected Properties of Hydrocarbon Fuels . . . . . . . . . . .
1127
Table H.2 Curve-Fit Coefficients for Fuel Specific Heat
and Enthalpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1128
Table H.3 Curve-Fit Coefficients for Fuel Vapor Thermal
Conductivity, Viscosity, and Specific Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1129
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
xxii
Contents
APPENDIX I THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF SELECTED SOLIDS 1130
Table I.1 Thermo-Physical Properties of Selected Metallic Solids
1131
Table I.2 Thermo-Physical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic
Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1136
Table I.3 Thermo-Physical Properties of Common Materials . . . . .
1138
Table I.4 Thermo-Physical Properties of Structural Building
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1140
Table I.5 Thermo-Physical Properties of Industrial
Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1142
APPENDIX J RADIATION PROPERTIES OF
SELECTED MATERIALS AND SUBSTANCES 1144
Table J.1 Total, Normal (n), or Hemispherical (h) Emissivity of
Selected Surfaces: Metallic Solids and Their Oxides . . . . . .
1144
Table J.2 Total, Normal (n), or Hemispherical (h) Emissivity of
Selected Surfaces: Nonmetallic Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1145
APPENDIX K MACH NUMBER RELATIONSHIPS
FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 1146
Table K.1 One-Dimensional, Isentropic, Variable-Area Flow
of Air with Constant Properties ( 1.4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1146
Table K.2 One-Dimensional Normal-Shock Functions for Air
with Constant Properties ( 1.4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1147
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 1149
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS 1157
INDEX 1159
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxiii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Sample Syllabi
Sample Syllabus—One-Semester Survey Course*
Period, Topic(s) followed by Textbook Reference
1 Preliminaries & course introduction ➤ 1.1
Introductory Topics & Groundwork
2 Thermal-science applications, systems & control volumes ➤ 1.2–1.3
3 General conservation principles & key concepts ➤ 1.4
4 Properties, states, processes, cycles, & equilibrium concepts ➤ 1.5
5 Real flows, dimensions & units, problem-solving method ➤ 1.6–1.8
Thermodynamic Properties & Equations of State
6 Common properties related to 1st law & equation of state ➤ 2.1–2.2a
7 State principle, ideal-gas equation of state, P–v–T space ➤ 2.3, 2.4a–2.4c
8 Multiphase substances: phase boundaries, x, tables, & NIST software ➤ 2.6
9 Multiphase substances (continued) ➤ 2.6
Conservation of Mass
10 Conservation of mass: systems & control volumes, flow rates ➤ 3.1–3.3c
11 Conservation of mass: control volumes, steady state, steady flow ➤ 3.3d–3.3e
Calorific Properties & Calorific Equations of State
12 Internal energy, enthalpy, & specific heats ➤ 2.3b
13 Calorific equation of state: ideal gases ➤ 2.4d
Groundwork for Energy Conservation
14 Energy: macroscopic & microscopic ➤ 4.1–4.2
15 Identifying heat & work interactions ➤ 4.3–4.4
* A semester of forty-five class periods is assumed with two periods used for examinations or other activities.
page xxiii
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxiv Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
xxiv
Sample Syllabi
16 Identifying heat & work interactions (continued) ➤ 4.3–4.4
A Closer Look at Heat Transfer
17 Heat transfer modes: conduction & convection ➤ 4.5a–4.5b
18 Heat transfer modes: radiation ➤ 4.5c
Energy Conservation—Thermodynamic Systems
19 Energy conservation for a system & applications ➤ 5.1a–5.2a
20 Energy conservation for a system & applications (continued) ➤ 5.2a
Application of Energy Conservation to Conduction Heat Transfer
21 Conduction analysis: integral (lumped) formulations ➤ 5.2c
22 1-D conduction (planar) & electrical analog ➤ 5.2c
23 1-D conduction (cylindrical) & electrical analog ➤ 5.2c
Energy Conservation—Control Volumes
24 Energy conservation for a control volume ➤ 5.3a–5.3b
25 Steady-flow processes & devices ➤ 5.3a–5.3b, 11.1
Second Law of Thermodynamics & Related Topics
26 2nd law: statement, consequences, & prerequisite concepts ➤ 7.1–7.4a
27 Carnot efficiency, reversibility, & entropy ➤ 7.4b–7.6b
28 2nd-law property relationships ➤ 2.2c, 2.3d, 2.4e–2.4h
29 Isentropic efficiency ➤ 7.6e
Conservation of Momentum & Fluid Statics
30 Conservation of linear momentum—forces ➤ 6.1–6.2
31 Conservation of linear momentum—fluid statics ➤ 6.3a
32 Fluid statics: manometry & forces on submerged surfaces ➤ 6.3a
Momentum Conservation—Control Volumes
33 Momentum flows & conservation of linear momentum: integral CVs ➤ 6.4
34 Momentum flows & conservation of linear momentum: integral CVs ➤ 6.5a–6.5b
35 Mechanical energy equation, Bernoulli equation ➤ 6.6–6.7
Similitude & Dimensionless Parameters
36 Similitude & dimensionless parameters ➤ 8.1–8.5
Conservation Principles Applied to Internal & External Flows
37 External flows: friction and heat transfer; basic flow patterns & physics ➤ 9.1–9.2
38 Forced flows—flat plate ➤ 9.3–9.4
39 Forced flows—other geometries ➤ 9.5
40 Internal flows: friction & heat transfer; integral analyses ➤ 10.2a–10.2d
41 Internal flows: friction & heat transfer; integral analyses (continued) ➤ 10.2e
42 Fully developed laminar flows ➤ 10.3
43 Fully developed turbulent flows ➤ 10.4
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxv Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Sample Syllabi
Sample Syllabus—Thermal-Fluid Sciences I*
Period, Topic(s) followed by Textbook Reference
1 Preliminaries & course introduction ➤ 1.1–1.2
Introductory Topics & Groundwork
2 Physical frameworks & introduction to conservation principles ➤ 1.3–1.4
3 Key concepts & definitions ➤ 1.5
4 Key concepts & definitions (continued) ➤ 1.5
5 Real flows, dimensions & units, problem-solving method ➤ 1.6–1.9
Thermodynamic Properties
6 Motivation for study of properties, common thermodynamic properties ➤ 2.1–2.2
7 Properties related to first & second laws of thermodynamics ➤ 2.1–2.2
8 State principle, state relationships, ideal-gas state relationships ➤ 2.3, 2.4a–2.4c
9 Calorific equation of state; P–v, T–v, u–T, h–T plots for ideal gases ➤ 2.4d, 2.4g
10 Nonideal gases: van der Waals equation of state & generalized compressibility ➤ 2.5
11 Multiphase substances: phase boundaries, quality, T–v diagrams ➤ 2.6a
12 Multiphase substances: tabular data, NIST database, log P–log v diagrams ➤ 2.6b
13 Compressed liquids & solids ➤ 2.7–2.8
Conservation of Mass
14 Conservation of mass: systems ➤ 3.1–3.2
15 Conservation of mass: flow rates & average velocities ➤ 3.3a–3.3c
16 Conservation of mass for integral control volumes: steady state & steady flow ➤ 3.3e
17 Conservation of mass for integral control volumes: unsteady flow ➤ 3.3e
Groundwork for Energy Conservation
18 Energy storage, heat & work interactions at boundaries ➤ 4.1–4.3
19 Identifying heat & work interactions ➤ 4.3–4.4
A Closer Look at Heat Transfer
20 Rate laws for heat transfer: conduction & convection ➤ 4.5a–4.5b
21 Rate laws for heat transfer: radiation ➤ 4.5c
Energy Conservation—Thermodynamic Systems
22 Energy conservation for a system: finite processes ➤ 5.1a–5.2a
23 Energy conservation for a system: at an instant ➤ 5.2a
24 Energy conservation for a system: examples & applications ➤ 5.2a
Application of Energy Conservation to Conduction Heat transfer
25 Conduction heat transfer: Integral (lumped) analysis ➤ 5.2c
* A semester of forty-five class periods is assumed with two periods used for examinations or other activities.
xxv
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxvi Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
xxvi
Sample Syllabi
26 Conduction heat transfer: 1-D differential analysis & solutions ➤ 5.2c
27 Electric circuit analogy for conduction heat transfer ➤ 5.2c
Energy Conservation—Control Volumes
28 Energy conservation for an integral control volume: Introduction ➤ 5.3a–5.3b
29 Steady-flow processes ➤ 5.3c, 11.1
30 Steady-flow devices: nozzles, diffusers, & throttles ➤ 11.2c, 11.3
31 Steady-flow devices: pumps, compressors, fans, & turbines ➤ 11.4, 11.5
32 Steady-flow devices: heat exchangers ➤ 11.6 (early portions)
33 Steam power plants revisited ➤ 1.2a, 12.1a
Second Law of Thermodynamics
34 2nd law of thermodynamics: overview, Kelvin–Planck statement,
consequences ➤ 7.1–7.3
35 Carnot cycle & Carnot efficiency, other 2nd-law statements ➤ 7.4–7.5
36 Definition of entropy, entropy-based statement of 2nd law, & entropy
balances ➤ 7.6a–7.6c
Second-Law Properties, Property Relationships, & Efficiencies
37 2nd-law property relationships ➤ 2.2c, 2.3d, 2.4e
38 T–s relationships for ideal gases, air tables, isentropic relationships ➤ 2.4e–2.4f
39 Isentropic & polytropic processes, T–s & P–v diagrams ➤ 2.4g–2.4h
40 Isentropic efficiencies ➤ 7.6e
Steam Power Plant—Application of the 1st & 2nd Laws
41 Steam power plant: Rankine cycle ➤ 12.1a
42 Steam power plant: superheat & reheat ➤ 12.1b
43 Steam power plant: regeneration ➤ 12.1c
Sample Syllabus—Thermal-Fluid Sciences II*
Period, Topic(s) followed by Textbook Reference
1 Preliminaries & course introduction
Review of Mass & Energy Conservation
2 Flow rates & mass conservation for control volumes ➤ 3.1–3.3e
3 Conservation of energy for systems & control volumes ➤ 5.1a–5.2a, 5.3a–5.3c
Reacting Systems & Flows—Combustion Basics
4 Mass conservation: atom balances & stoichiometry ➤ 3.5a
5 Mass conservation: atom balances & stoichiometry (continued) ➤ 3.5b
6 Ideal-gas mixture properties: specifying composition ➤ 2.9a–2.9b
* A semester of forty-five class periods is assumed with two periods used for examinations or other activities
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxvii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Sample Syllabi
7 Ideal-gas mixture properties: standardized properties ➤ 2.9c–2.9e
8 Enthalpy of combustion & heating values ➤ 2.10
Reacting Systems & Flows—Conservation of Energy
9 Constant-pressure combustion: systems & control volumes ➤ 5.2b, 11.7
10 Constant-pressure combustion: systems & control volumes (continued) ➤ 5.2b, 11.7
11 Constant-volume combustion ➤ 5.2b
Chemical Equilibrium
12 Introduction & relationship to entropy ➤ 7.6d, 7.7a
13 Conditions of fixed temperature & pressure, Gibbs function, & equilibrium
constants ➤ 7.7a
14 Multiple equilibrium reactions ➤ 7.7a
Refrigerators & Heat Pumps
15 Reversed cycles & coefficients of performance ➤ 12.4
16 Vapor-compression refrigeration cycle ➤ 12.4
17 Heat pumps ➤ 12.4
Air Conditioning, Humidification, & Related Systems
18 Physical systems & general analysis ➤ 12.5a–12.5b
19 Air–water vapor mixtures, dew point, & measures of humidity ➤ 12.5c
20 Applications ➤ 12.5d
21 Applications (continued) ➤ 12.5d
Groundwork for Momentum Conservation
22 Forces in fluids, fluid statics, & buoyancy ➤ 6.1– 6.3
23 Manometry ➤ 6.3
24 Forces on submerged surfaces ➤ 6.3
25 Rigid-body motion ➤ 6.3
26 Momentum flows ➤ 6.4
Linear Momentum Conservation—Integral Control Volumes
27 Simplified general view; steady-flow formulations ➤ 6.5a–6.5b
28 Examples & applications ➤ 6.5b, 11.2a
Linear Momentum Conservation—Differential Control Volumes
29 Application of mass & momentum conservation to differential
control volumes ➤ 3.3f, 6.5d
30 Total derivative & convective acceleration ➤ 6.5d
31 The Navier–Stokes equation ➤ 6.5d
Mechanical Energy & Bernoulli Equations
32 Mechanical energy & Bernoulli equations: origins ➤ 6.6–6.7
33 Mechanical energy & Bernoulli equations: applications ➤ 6.6–6.7
xxvii
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxviii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
xxviii
Sample Syllabi
Nozzles & Diffusers—Application of Conservation Principles & Property Relations
34 General analysis ➤ 11.2a–11.2c
35 Compressible flow introduction ➤ 11.2d
36 Choked flow; converging–diverging nozzles ➤ 11.2d
37 Choked flow; converging–diverging nozzles (continued) ➤ 11.2d
Turbojet Engines—Application of Fundamentals to a Complex System
38 Turbojet components & integral control volume analysis ➤ 12.2a–12.2b
39 Integral mass, energy, & momentum analyses (continued) ➤ 12.2a–12.2b
40 Air-standard turbojet cycle analysis & performance measures ➤ 12.2c–12.2d
41 Air-standard turbojet cycle analysis & performance
measures (continued) ➤ 12.2c– 12.2d
42 Combustor analysis ➤ 12.2f
43 Combustor analysis (continued) ➤ 12.2f
Sample Syllabus—Thermal-Fluid Sciences III*
Period, Topic(s) followed by Textbook Reference
1 Preliminaries & course introduction
Differential Forms of the Conservation Principles
2 Mass & energy conservation: differential forms ➤ 3.3f, 5.3e
3 Momentum conservation: differential form ➤ 6.4d
Turbulence Review
4 Tubulent flows & Reynolds decomposition ➤ 1.6, 3.4a
5 Time-averaged integral & differential mass & momentum equations ➤ 3.4b, 6.8
Application of Dimensional Analysis to Thermal-Fluids Sciences
6 Parametric testing & similitude ➤ 8.1–8.4
7 Dimensionless parameters: origins & applications ➤ 8.5
8 Dimensionless parameters (continued) ➤ 8.5
Introduction to External Flows
9 Basic flow patterns & concept of boundary layers ➤ 9.1–9.2
Forced Laminar Flow over Flat Plates
10 Velocity & temperature profiles in boundary layers ➤ 9.3a–9.3b
11 Friction & drag solutions ➤ 9.3c
12 Friction & drag solutions (continued) ➤ 9.3c
13 Heat transfer solutions ➤ 9.3c–9.3e
14 Heat transfer solutions (continued) ➤ 9.3c–9.3e
*A semester of forty-five class periods is assumed with two periods used for examinations or other activities.
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxix Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Sample Syllabi
Forced Turbulent Flow over Flat Plates
15 Laminar–turbulent transition & boundary-layer growth ➤ 9.4a–9.4b
16 Friction & drag ➤ 9.4c
17 Heat transfer ➤ 9.4d–9.4e
Forced Flow over Cylinders, Spheres, & Other Geometries
18 Friction & form drag ➤ 9.5a
19 Empirical correlations for drag & heat transfer ➤ 9.5b
20 Applications & examples ➤ 9.1–9.5
Free Convection
21 Vertical flat plate—physical & mathematical description ➤ 9.6a
22 Vertical flat plate—dimensionless parameters, solutions, & correlations ➤ 9.6a
23 Other geometries, applications, & examples ➤ 9.6b
Introduction to Internal Flows—Integral Analyses
24 Mass, momentum, & mechanical energy conservation ➤ 10.1–10.2c
25 Mass, momentum, & mechanical energy conservation (continued) ➤ 10.2d
26 Energy conservation: isothermal & nonisothermal flows with uniform heat flux ➤ 10.2e
27 Energy conservation: nonisothermal flows with uniform wall temperature ➤ 10.2e
Fully Developed Laminar Flows
28 Laminar flow criterion, differential conservation equations, & solutions ➤ 10.3a–10.3b
29 Laminar velocity distribution: average velocity, wall shear stress, pressure drop ➤ 10.3c
30 Laminar velocity distribution: head loss & friction factor ➤ 10.3c
31 Temperature distributions: heat-transfer coefficients ➤ 10.3d
32 Applications & examples ➤ 10.1–10.3
Fully Developed Turbulent Flows
33 Velocity distributions & wall friction: theory & experiment ➤ 10.4a
34 Average velocity, friction factor, rough tubes, & pipes ➤ 10.4a
35 Heat-transfer relationships ➤ 10.4b
Internal Flows—Additional Considerations
36 Developing flows, ducts of noncircular cross section, & minor losses ➤ 10.5–10.7
37 Developing flows, ducts of noncircular cross section, & minor losses (continued) ➤ 10.5–10.7
Applications to Heat Exchangers
38 Heat exchanger classifications & applications; integral analysis ➤ 11.6
39 Overall heat-transfer coefficient ➤ 11.6
40 Log-mean temperature difference method for heat exchanger design ➤ 11.6
41 NTU–effectiveness method for heat exchanger design & analysis ➤ 11.6
42 NTU–effectiveness method for heat exchanger design & analysis (continued) ➤ 11.6
43 Review and synthesis
xxix
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxx Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
xxx
Sample Syllabi
Sample Syllabus—Traditional One-Semester
Thermodynamics Course*
Period, Topic(s) followed by Textbook Reference
1 Preliminaries & course introduction ➤ 1.1–1.2
Introductory Topics & Groundwork
2 Physical frameworks & introduction to conservation principles ➤ 1.3–1.4
3 Key concepts & definitions ➤ 1.5
4 Key concepts & definitions (continued) ➤ 1.5
5 Real flows, dimensions & units, problem-solving method ➤ 1.6–1.9
Thermodynamic Properties & State Relationships
6 Motivation for study of properties, common thermodynamic properties ➤ 2.1–2.2
7 Properties related to first & second laws of thermodynamics ➤ 2.2
8 State principle, state relationships, ideal-gas state relationships ➤ 2.3–2.4
9 Calorific equation of state; P–v, T–v, u–T, h–T plots for ideal gases ➤ 2.4
10 Nonideal gases: van der Waals equation of state & generalized compressibility ➤ 2.5
11 Multiphase substances: phase boundaries, quality, T–v diagrams ➤ 2.6
12 Multiphase substances: tabular data, NIST database, log P–log v diagrams ➤ 2.6
13 Compressed liquids & solids ➤ 2.7–2.8
Conservation of Mass
14 Conservation of mass: systems; flow rates ➤ 3.1–3.3b
15 Conservation of mass: control volumes ➤ 3.3d–3.3e
Groundwork for Energy Conservation
16 Energy storage, heat & work interactions at boundaries ➤ 4.1–4.3
17 Identifying heat & work interactions ➤ 4.3
Energy Conservation—Thermodynamic Systems
18 Energy conservation for a system: finite processes ➤ 5.1–5.2a
19 Energy conservation for a system: at an instant ➤ 5.2a
20 Energy conservation for a system: examples & applications ➤ 5.2a
Energy Conservation—Control Volumes & Some Applications
21 Energy conservation for a control volume: introduction ➤ 5.3a–5.3b
22 Steady-flow processes & devices ➤ 5.3a, 11.1–11.2a
23 Steady-flow devices: nozzles, diffusers, & throttles ➤ 11.2c, 11.3
24 Steady-flow devices: pumps, compressors, fans, & turbines ➤ 11.4–11.5
25 Steady-flow devices: heat exchangers ➤ 11.6
26 Steam power plants & jet engines revisited ➤ 1.2a, 1.2d, 12.1a, 12.2a
* A semester of forty-five class periods is assumed with three periods used for examinations or other activities.
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxxi Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Sample Syllabi
Second Law of Thermodynamics
27 2nd law of thermodynamics: overview, Kelvin–Planck statement,
consequences ➤ 7.1–7.4a
28 Carnot cycle & Carnot efficiency, definition of entropy ➤ 7.4b–7.6a
29 Entropy-based statement of 2nd law, entropy balances, other 2nd-law
statements ➤ 7.6b–7.6c
Second-Law Properties, Property Relationships, & Efficiencies
30 2nd-law property relationships ➤ 2.2c, 2.3d, 2.4e–2.4h
31 T–s relationships for ideal gases, air tables, isentropic relationships ➤ 2.4e–2.4h
32 Isentropic & polytropic processes, T–s & P–v diagrams ➤ 2.4e–2.4h
33 Isentropic efficiencies ➤ 7.6e, 11.4b, 11.5b
Steam Power Plant—Application of the 1st & 2nd Laws
34 Steam power plant: Rankine cycle ➤ 12.1a
35 Steam power plant: superheat & reheat ➤ 12.1b
36 Steam power plant: regeneration ➤ 12.1c
37 Steam power plant (continued) ➤ 12.1
Turbojet Engine—Application of the 1st & 2nd Laws
38 Jet engines: overall integral control volume analysis ➤ 12.2a–12.2b
39 Turbojet engine cycle analysis ➤ 12.2c
40 Turbojet engine cycle analysis (continued) ➤ 12.2d–12.2e
Other Applications of Thermodynamics & Conservation Principles
41 Selected topics ➤ Chapter 12
42 Selected topics ➤ Chapter 12
xxxi
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxxii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxxiii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Preface
THIS BOOK WAS CONCEIVED to address the needs of instructors desiring
an integrated approach to teaching the thermal-fluid sciences. Traditionally,
the thermal-fluid sciences are taught in a sequence of three or more separate
courses treating individually the disciplines of thermodynamics, fluid
mechanics, and heat transfer. Although this traditional grouping makes
considerable sense, many engineering educators believe that a more effective
and efficient treatment of these subjects can be achieved by integrating
topics. The author hopes that this book will appeal to these educators.
The following organizational principles undergird this book:
●
●
●
The fundamental conservation principles of mass, energy, and momentum
are used as the primary integrating device.
Related topics are grouped together hierarchically.
Many examples revisit a few particular practical devices or applications.
As an understanding of these principles is important to the use of this book,
some elaboration is helpful.
The use of the fundamental conservation principles (mass, energy, and
momentum) is a natural choice as an integrating device for the thermal-fluid
sciences and should be a comfortable choice for many engineering educators.
The conservation principles are introduced in Chapter 1 in two general forms:
a form associated with a process occurring over a finite time interval and a
form expressing the conservation principle at an instant. These general
formulations are then elaborated for mass conservation in Chapter 3, for
energy conservation in Chapter 5, and momentum conservation in Chapter 6.
Entropy balances introduced in Chapter 7 also follow the same general
formulation, although entropy is not conserved in the same sense as are mass,
energy, and momentum. Showing that all conserved quantities obey a single
simple accounting (in minus out plus generated equals stored) provides an
even higher level of integration. Also, stressing that the many ways these
conservation principles are expressed within various subject domains all have
their origins in just three basic statements should help engineering students
structure their knowledge in useful ways. In a sense, this helps to establish the
conservation principles as bedrock in the hierarchy of engineering science.
The second organizing principle, the hierarchical arrangement of subject
matter, is perhaps best illustrated in Chapter 2. In this chapter, essentially all
page xxxiii
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxxiv Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
xxxiv
Preface
material related to thermodynamic and thermophysical properties is grouped
together. In this way, we are able to show clearly the hierarchy of
thermodynamic state relationships starting with the basic equation of state
involving P, v, and T; adding first-law-based calorific equations of state
involving u, h, P, T, and v; and ending with the second-law-based state relationships involving s, T, P, and v, for example. Such arrangement requires that
Chapter 2 be revisited at appropriate places in the study of later chapters. In
this sense, Chapter 2 is a resource that is to be returned to many times.
Chapter 5 is another example of a hierarchical arrangement. Here the
conservation of energy principle is applied to simple systems and then
extended to the most complicated forms typically presented in undergraduate
fluid mechanics and heat-transfer textbooks. For example, both simple
conduction heat transfer and combustion are integrated within the context of
conservation of energy. Therefore, Chapter 5, like Chapter 2, can be revisited
and does not have to be studied from beginning to end.
What purpose is served by such an arrangement? First, it provides an
important structure for a beginning learner. Experts who have mastered and
work within a discipline organize material this way in their minds, whereas
novices tend to treat concepts in an undifferentiated way as a collection of
seemingly unrelated topics.1 It is hoped that providing a useful hierarchy from
the start may speed learning and aid in retention. A second reason for a
hierarchical arrangement is flexibility. In general, the book has been designed
to permit an instructor to select topics from within a chapter and combine
them with material from other chapters in a relatively seamless manner. This
flexibility allows the book to be used in many ways depending on the
educational goals of a particular course or a sequence of courses. The several
syllabi that follow the table of contents suggest some arrangements.
The third device used to promote the integration of the thermal-fluid
sciences is the selection of several topics that are revisited in various
examples used throughout the book. Motivation for the particular topics
chosen is elaborated in Chapter 1.
With this philosophical understanding behind us, we now examine the
specific structure of the book. The book is divided into two parts: Chapters
1–8 comprise the part designated as Fundamentals; Chapters 9–12 are
denoted Beyond the Fundamentals. This division is a natural one in that all of
the fundamental concepts are developed in Chapters 1–8, that is, property
relationships in Chapter 2; the three conservation principles in Chapters 3, 5,
and 6; the second law of thermodynamics in Chapter 7; and dimensional
analysis in Chapter 8. Chapters 9–12 then see the application of these
fundamentals to a variety of mechanical engineering topics. Chapter 9 treats
external flows, combining the problems of friction and drag and heat transfer,
topics usually treated separately in traditional fluid mechanics and heattransfer courses. In a similar way, internal flows are examined in Chapter 10.
Both chapters emphasize conservation principles in both integral and
differential form. Chapter 11 focuses on steady-flow devices. Portions of this
chapter can and should be used earlier than their placement in a later chapter
suggests. For example, entry points into Chapter 11 are indicated in Chapters
5, 6, and 7. Coverage of thermal-fluids systems is grouped in Chapter 12.
Topics from this chapter can be selected to integrate many of the fundamental
concepts developed in earlier chapters. For example, the section on jet
1
Larkin, J., McDermott, J., Simon, D. P., and Simon, H. A., “Expert and Novice Performance in
Solving Physics Problems,” Science, 208: 1335–1342 (1980).
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxxv Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Preface
xxxv
engines combines all three conservation principles. This section also utilizes
advanced ways of dealing with properties and the first and second laws of
thermodynamics when the air-standard cycle is modified to include a
constant-pressure combustion process.
In addition to structure, many other pedagogical devices are employed in
this book. These include the following:
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
An abundance of color photographs and images illustrate important
concepts and emphasize practical applications;
Each chapter begins with a list of learning objectives, a chapter overview,
and a brief historical perspective, where appropriate, and concludes with a
brief summary;
Each chapter contains many examples that follow a standard problemsolving format;
Self tests follow most examples;
Key equations are denoted by colored backgrounds;
Each chapter concludes with a checklist of key concepts and definitions
linked to specific end-of-chapter questions and problems;
The National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) database for
thermodynamic and transport properties (included in the NIST12 v.5.2
software provided with the book) is used extensively.
All of these features are intended to enhance student motivation and learning
and to make teaching easier for the instructor. For example, the many color
photographs make connections to real-world devices, a strong motivator for
undergraduate students. Also, the learning objectives and checklists are
particularly useful. For the instructor, they aid in the selection of homework
problems and the creation of quizzes and exams, or other instructional tools.
For students, they can be used as self tests of comprehension and can monitor
progress. The checklists also cite topic-specific questions and problems. In
his use of the book, the author utilizes the learning objectives to guide reviews
of the material prior to examinations. Having well-defined learning objectives
is also useful in meeting engineering accreditation requirements. Many
questions and problems are included at the end of each chapter. The purpose
of the questions is to reinforce conceptual understanding of the material and
to provide an outlet for students to articulate such understanding. Throughout
the book, students are encouraged to use the National Institute of Science and
Technology (NIST) databases to obtain thermodynamic and transport
properties. The online NIST property database is easily accessible and is a
powerful resource. It is a tool that will always be up to date. The NIST12 v.5.2
software included with this book has features not available online. This userfriendly software provides extensive property data for eighteen fluids and has
an easy-to-use plotting capability. This invaluable resource makes dealing
with properties easy and can be used to enhance student understanding.
TO THE INSTRUCTOR
Two specific uses of this book are envisioned: 1. as the primary textbook for
a multisemester sequence of thermal-fluid science courses for mechanical
engineering majors and 2. as a textbook for a one-semester survey course for
engineering students in disciplines outside of mechanical engineering. (A
similar one-semester survey course for mechanical engineering majors may
also be useful in a modern curriculum.) Because of the inherent flexibility in
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxxvi Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
xxxvi
Preface
the organization of the materials, this book can meet the needs of a course
sequence, or a survey course, in a variety of ways. To assist in selecting topics,
the text distinguishes three levels: level 1 (basic) material is unmarked, level 2
(intermediate) material appears with a blue background and a blue edge stripe,
and level 3 (advanced) material is denoted with a light red background and a
red edge stripe. Instructors can therefore choose from the numerous topics
presented to create courses that meet their specific educational objectives. To
show how this might be done, sample syllabi preceding this preface illustrate
a three-semester sequence of courses and a one-semester survey course. Both
of these examples emphasize topics traditionally included in thermodynamics
courses, reflecting the author’s view on teaching the thermal-fluid sciences. A
three-semester sequence was chosen to be compatible with the present trend in
mechanical engineering curricula to limit the core thermal-fluid sciences to
three 3-credit courses, or their equivalent. In fact, the repackaging of the
thermal-fluids core from typically 12 to 9 credits was a strong motivator for
the creation of this book.
Also presented in the preceding is a syllabus showing how this book can
be used for a traditional single-semester first course in thermodynamics. This
syllabus is presented for two reasons: to illustrate the flexibility of the book
in creating courses to meet specific needs and to provide an option for those
instructors who might want to use the book in a traditional way before trying
a more integrated approach.
Feedback from instructors who use this book is most welcome.
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxxvii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
About the Author
Stephen R. Turns received degrees in mechanical engineering from The
Pennsylvania State University (B.S.), Wayne State University (M.S.), and the
University of Wisconsin-Madison (Ph.D.). From 1970 to 1975, he worked as
a research engineer at General Motors Research Laboratories; for the past
twenty-six years, he has been a member of the mechanical engineering
faculty at The Pennsylvania State University. Turns teaches a wide range of
courses in the thermal-fluids sciences and also conducts research in the area
of combustion. At Penn State, Turns has received numerous teaching awards,
including the University’s prestigious Milton S. Eisenhower Award for
Distinguished Teaching. Turns is a member of The Combustion Institute, the
American Society of Engineering Education, the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, and the Society of Automotive Engineers. He is also
a program evaluator for the Accreditation Board for Engineering and
Technology (ABET), serving in this capacity since 1994. Turns is the author
of An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts & Applications, a textbook
widely used in the United States and around the world.
page xxxvii
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxxviii Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xxxix Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
Acknowledgments
THIS BOOK HAS BEEN A LONG TIME COMING and many people have
contributed along the way. First I would like to thank the many reviewers and
students, too many to name here, all of whom contributed both mightily, and
subtly. Without their candid comments and careful reading this project would
not have been possible.
I am indebted to Peter Gordon at Cambridge University Press for his vision
of a richly illustrated and colorful book and the managers at the Press for
supporting our shared vision. To this end, I am happy to acknowledge Rick
Medvitz and Jared Ahern of the Applied Research Laboratory at Penn State for
their creation of the many exciting computational fluid dynamics illustrations
sprinkled throughout the text. Thanks also are owed to Joel Peltier and Eric
Paterson at ARL for their support of the CFD effort. Regina Brooks and Anne
Wells at Serendipity Literary Agency worked hard to find photographs, and the
cooperation of AGE fotostock is gratefully acknowledged. Jessica Cepalak and
Michelle Lin at Cambridge were indispensable in many ways throughout the
project. The stunning book design was the effort of José Fonfrias. Thank you,
José.
Special thanks go to Chris Mordaunt for his creation of the self tests and
his meticulous reading of the manuscript and insightful comments. Thanks
also go to the members of the solutions manual team: Jacob Stenzler and
Dave Kraige, leaders of the effort, and Justin Sabourin, Yoni Malchi, and
Shankar Narayanan. For nearly a decade, Mary Newby deciphered my pencil
scrawls to create a word-processed manuscript. I thank Mary for her
invaluable efforts.
I would like to acknowledge the production team at Cambridge—Alan
Gold (Senior Production Controller) and Pauline Ireland (Director,
Production and New Media Development)—who broke a great number of old
rules to make a very new book. I especially want to thank Anoop Chaturvedi
and his production team at TechBooks for their careful attention to detail. I
also thank fellow textbook authors Dwight Look, Jr., and Harry Sauer, Jr.;
Glen Myers; Alan Chapman; David Pnueli and Chaim Gutfinger; and
Gertrude Shepherd, wife of deceased author Dennis Shepherd, for their
permission to use selected problems from their works. Thanks also are owed
to Eric Lemmon at NIST for assembling the software provided with this book
and to Joan Sauerwein for making the agreement.
page xxxix
0521850436pre.qxd 15/10/05 3:25 PM Page xl Quark01A Quark01:BOOKS:CU/CB Jobs:CB925-Turns:Chapters:TURNS-FM:
xl
Acknowledgments
For the hospitality shown during a sabbatical year spent writing, I thank
Allan Kirkpatrick and Charles Mitchell at Colorado State University and
Taewoo Lee and Don Evans at Arizona State University. I would also like to
thank good friends Kathy and Dan Wendland for opening their home to us for
an extended stay in Fort Collins. Thanks also are extended to Nancy and Dave
Pearson, more good friends, for their help and companionship in Tempe.
The sales and marketing team at Cambridge are a joy to work with. Thanks
go to Liza Murphy, Kerry Cahill, Liz Scarpelli, Robin Silverman, Ted
Guerney, Catherine Friedl, and Valerie Yaw, along with their counterparts in
the UK, Rohan Seery, Ben Ashcroft, Gurdeep Pannu, and Cherrill Richardson.
I would also like to thank Jae Hong for his contributions to this project.
Moral support has come from many fronts, especially from the crowd at
Saints Cafe and from Bob Santoro. Three people, however, deserve my
heartfelt thanks. The first is Peter Gordon at Cambridge. Peter came to the
rescue in trying times and breathed new life into this project. Second is Dick
Benson, friend and confidant. Without Dick’s enthusiastic support, this book
would not have been possible. Third, but hardly last, is Joan, my wife. I
cannot thank her enough for her help, patience, and support. Thank you, Joan.