PSYCHOLOGY Perceptual Interpretation
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ PSYCHOLOGY ___________________________________ (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers ___________________________________ ___________________________________ PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2007 ___________________________________ 1 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Perceptual Interpretation ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Module 17 ___________________________________ 2 ___________________________________ Perceptual Interpretation ___________________________________ Perceptual Interpretation ___________________________________ Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision ___________________________________ Perceptual Adaptation ___________________________________ Perceptual Set ___________________________________ Perception and Human Factor ___________________________________ 3 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1 ___________________________________ Perceptual Interpretation ___________________________________ Is there Extrasensory Perception? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Claims of ESP Premonitions or Pretensions? ___________________________________ Putting ESP to Experimental Test. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 4 ___________________________________ Perceptual Interpretation ___________________________________ Immanuel Kant (1724‐1804) maintained that knowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences. John Locke (1632‐1704) argued that through our experiences we also learn to perceive the world. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ How important is experience in shaping our perceptual interpretation? ___________________________________ 5 OBJECTIVE 17‐1| Describe the contribution of Restored Vision restored‐vision and sensory deprivation research in our understanding of the nature‐ After cataract surgery blind adults were able to regain sight. These individuals could differentiate figure and ground relationship however had difficulty discriminating a circle and a triangle (Von Senden, 1932). nurture interplay in our perceptions. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 6 ___________________________________ Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 2 ___________________________________ Facial Recognition ___________________________________ ___________________________________ After blind adults were able to regain sight they were unable to recognize faces, they would only recognize distinct features. Normal observers also show difficulty in facial recognition when lower half of the pictures are changed. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Courtesy of Richard LeGrand ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 7 ___________________________________ Sensory Deprivation ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Blakemore & Cooper (1970) 8 OBJECTIVE 17‐2| Explain how the research on Perceptual Adaptation distorting goggles increases our understanding of the adaptability of perception. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Courtesy of Hubert Dolezal Visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field, e.g., prism glasses. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 9 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3 OBJECTIVE 17‐3| Define perceptual set, and Perceptual Set explain how it influences what we do or do not perceive. A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. What you see in the center picture is influenced by flanking pictures. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ From Shepard, 1990. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 10 ___________________________________ Perceptual Set ___________________________________ Other examples of perceptual set. ___________________________________ Frank Searle, photo Adams/ Corbis-Sygma ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Dick Ruhl ___________________________________ ___________________________________ (a) Loch ness monster or a tree trunk; (b) Flying Saucers or Clouds? 11 What we perceive not only comes from the Schemas environment but also from our minds. Schemas or concepts develop through experience. Schemas are concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Courtesy of Anna Elizabeth Voskuil Childrenʹs schemas represent reality as well as their abilities to represent what they see. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 12 ___________________________________ Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4 ___________________________________ Features on a Face ___________________________________ Face schemas are accentuated by specific features in the face. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Kieran Lee/ FaceLab, Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Students recognized caricature of Arnold Schwarzenegger more than his actual photo. 13 Portrait artists understood the importance of this Eye & Mouth recognition and therefore centered an eye in their paintings. Eyes and mouth play a dominant role in face recognition. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Courtesy of Christopher Tyler ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 14 OBJECTIVE 17‐4| Explain why the same Context Effects Context can radically alter perception. stimulus can evoke different perceptions in different contexts. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Is the “magician cabinet” on the floor or hanging from the ceiling? 15 ___________________________________ Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5 ___________________________________ Cultural Context ___________________________________ Context instilled by culture also alter perception. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ To an East African the sitting woman is balancing a metal box on her head and the family was sitting under a tree. 16 ___________________________________ Perception Revisited ___________________________________ Is perception innate or acquired? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 17 OBJECTIVE 17‐5| Describe the role human Perception & Human Factors factors psychologists play in creating user‐ friendly machines and work settings. Human factors psychologists design machines that assist our natural perceptions. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Courtesy of General Electric Photodisc/ Punchstock The knobs for the stove burners on the right is easier to understand than one on the left. 18 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6 ___________________________________ Human Factors & Misperceptions ___________________________________ Understanding human factors can enable us in designing equipment that can avoid disaster. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Two‐thirds of airline crashes are due to human error. Largely based on errors of perception. 19 ___________________________________ Human Factors in Space ___________________________________ To combat conditions of monotony, stress and weightlessness in traveling to Mars, NASA engages Human Factor Psychologists. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Transit Habituation (Transhab), NASA 20 OBJECTIVE 17‐6| Identify the three most Is There Extrasensory Perception? testable forms of ESP, and explain why most Perception without sensory input is called extrasensory perception (ESP). A large percentage of scientists do not believe in ESP. research psychologists remain, skeptical of ESP. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 21 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 7 ___________________________________ Claims of ESP ___________________________________ Paranormal phenomena include claims of astrological predictions, psychic healing, communication with the dead and out‐of‐body experience, but the most relevant are telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 22 ___________________________________ Claims of ESP ___________________________________ 1. Telepathy: Mind‐to mind communication. One person sending thoughts and the other receiving it. 2. Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events. Like sensing a friend’s house on fire. 3. Precognition: Perceiving future events. Such as a political leader’s death. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 23 ___________________________________ Premonitions or Pretensions? ___________________________________ Can psychics see the future? Can psychics aid police in identifying locations of dead bodies? What about psychic predictions of the famous Nostradamus? ___________________________________ The answers to these questions are NO! Nostradamus’ predictions are “retrofitted” to events that took place afterwards. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 24 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 8 ___________________________________ Putting ESP to Experimental Test ___________________________________ In an experiment with 28,000 individuals, Wiseman tested psychically influencing or predicting a coin toss. People were able to correctly influence or predict a coin toss 49.8% of the time. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 25 Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 9
