Biology Study Guide for the Chapter 3 Test on Biochemistry
*A day will take the test Wednesday and Period 1 will take the test Tuesday*
1. For each pairs of terms, explain how the meanings of the terms differ.
a. monomer and polymer: [monomers are small molecules that bond to form polymers]
b. functional groups and macromolecule [functional groups gives identity and purpose to the macromolecules in
living things. Macromolecules are made up of large molecules that are not always functional groups.]
c. monosaccharide and disaccharide [monosaccharides are one sugar and disaccharides are double or 2 sugars]
d. polypeptide and protein [proteins are made by amino acids which then when linked together form
polypeptides]
e. nucleic acid and nucleotide [these two are involved in DNA—Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid]
2. For each pair of terms, explain the relationship between the terms.
a. fatty acid and triglyceride [there are 3 fatty acids in 1 triglyceride]
b. substrate and enzyme [like a lock and a key, the enzymes rely on the proper substrate in order to function]
3. Use the following terms in the same sentence: monomer, polymer, condensation reaction, hydrolysis. [Condensation
reactions chemically bond one monomer to another to form polymers. Then, hydrolysis reactions are responsible for
breaking the polymers up]
4. Explain how the word organic is descriptive of most carbon compounds. [Carbon compounds are typically organic
compounds that are found in or made by living things]
5. Differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds. [Organic compounds contain the mostly carbon atoms and
inorganic compounds with few exceptions do not contain carbon]
6. Relate the properties of carbon to the formation of organic compounds. [When two or more elements combine, they
form a chemical compound. This compound allows for the elements to share electrons. Carbon’s bonding properties
help the element sustain all living things because when it combines with either itself or another element like hydrogen,
it produces a very stable structure whose bonds are hard to break.]
7. Summarize how functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds. [Functional groups are
clusters of atoms that influence or determine the characteristics of the molecules they create. Each functional group
gives the molecules its own identity and purpose. They are as follows: hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate.]
8. Compare how organic compounds are built to how they are broken down. When macromolecules of polymers are
formed, the condensation reaction is responsible for the bonding that takes place. In the situation where the polymers
that make up macromolecules need to be broken down, the hydrolysis reaction breaks them apart.
9. Explain the role of ATP in cellular activities. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) levels represent how much energy is
present in the living thing. Food is chemically broken down to get the ATP energy molecules necessary for survival.
10. List the 4 major classes of organic compounds. Functional groups are clusters of atoms that influence or
determine the characteristics of the molecules they create. Each functional group gives the molecules its own
identity and purpose. They are as follows: hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate.
11. Describe the general structure of carbohydrates. [Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, and Polysaccharide]
12. Define the term isomer. [are chemical compounds with the same chemical formula, but different structures]
13. Summarize the differences between simple sugars, double sugars, and complex sugars. [simple sugars are
monosaccharides, double sugars are disaccharides, and complex sugars are polysaccharides]
14. Describe how a protein’s structure is determined by the arrangement of amino acids. [Amino acids have different
groups that give proteins their different shapes. This is why amino acids create proteins.]
15. State the basic structure of an amino acid.
16. Compare the processes used in the formation of a dipeptide and disaccharide.
17. Summarize the induced fit model of enzyme activity.
18. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated triglycerides.[The term saturated means that the carbons are
bonded to 4 other carbons/hydrogens]
*The term unsaturated means that there is a loss of bonding because they are not bonded 3 and 4 times, but can have
double or triple bonds present.
19. Compare the structures of triglycerides, phosphates, lipids, and steroids.
This picture below is the triglyceride
This picture is a phosphate.
This picture is a lipid
.
20. State how steroids differ from other lipids. [Steroids are NOT composed of fatty acids, but have 4 fused carbon rings]
21. Identify an important characteristic of waxes. [They form the waxy, protective coating on the outer surfaces of
plants. They are also a part of enzymes vent microorganisms from entering the ear canal.]
22. Compare the two kinds of nucleic acids. [DNA has information for cell activities and RNA stores and transfers
information for protein synthesis and are also enzymes.]
23. Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide. [sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base]
24. Concept Mapping between: dipeptide, triglycerides, RNA, phospholipid, carbohydrates, monosaccharide, amino acid,
disaccharide, polypeptide, polysaccharide, proteins, DNA, lipids, nucleic acids, steroids, and waxes.