TABLES OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
TABLES OF CONTENT
TITLE
LIST OF ABBRIEVATIONS
LIST OF CASES
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of Research
1.3 Problem Statements
1.4 Objective of Research
1.5
1.6
Scope of Study
Significcance of Study
1.7 Research Process and Method of Approach
PAGE iv v
2
2
4
6
7
7
8 vi vii ix xi xiv xvii xi

3
2 FORMATION OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Establishing an Agreement
2.2 Offer
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Requirements for an Offer
2.2.3 Offer is Distinguish from Invitation to Treat
2.3 Offers Distinguished from Request for Information
2.4 Acceptance
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Requirements of Acceptance
2.4.3 Continuing Negotiations
2.4.4 The Battle of Form
2.4.5 Counter-Offer
2.4.6 Prescribed Method of Acceptance
2.5 Conclusion
ESTIMATE
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Definiton of Estimate
3.2 An Overview to Contract Formation Process
3.3 Estimates for Different Types of Contract
3.4 Quotation
3.5 Role of Estimating in Construction Industry
3.6 Principle of Estimate
3.6.1 Estimate as Basis Contract
3.6.2 Works Exceed Estimate xii
13
17
17
18
19
26
11
27
27
29
34
46
46
49
54
67
35
36
38
39
67

4
5
CASES ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Estimate as Valid Offer
4.2 Estimate as Not Offer
CONCLUSION
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Summary of Research Findings
5.2 Research Constraints
5.3 Future Research
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY xiii
72
73
76
58
66
57
76
77
79

AC
ACA
AGC
BCIRS
BLR
CIC
CIDA
CII
CIIA
EWCA
EWHC
ICE
JCT
MBA
M4I
NBQB
NE
NEDO
NEC
NSW
LIST OF ABBRIEVATIONS
Law Report: Appeal Case
Association of Consultant Architects
Associated General Contractor
Building and Construction Industry Reform Strategy
Building Law Reports, UK
Construction Industry Council
Construction Industry Development Association
Construction Industry Institute
Construction Industry Institute Australia
England and Wales Court of Appeal
England and Wales High Court
Institution of Civil Engineering, UK
Joint Contract Tribunal, UK
Master Builder Association Incorporation
Movement for Innovation
New Brunswick Queen’s Bench
North Eastern
National Economic Development Office
New Engineering Contract
New South Wales xiv

PPC
SCR
TCC
TPC
TQM
UK
UKHL
USA
VPN
WLR
Project Partnering Contract
Supreme Court of Canada
Technical and Construction Court
Team Partnering Contract
Total Quality Management
United Kingdom
United Kingdom House of Lords
United States of America
Virtual Private Network
Weekly Law Reports xv

xvi
LIST OF CASES
CASES
Adams v Lindsell [1818] 1 B.&A;d 681
A. Davies & Co. (Shopfitters) Ltd v. William Old Ltd [1969] 67 LGR 395
Ayer Hitam Tin Dredging Malaysia Bhd. v YC Chin Enterprise Sdn. Bhd [1994] 2 MLJ 754
Boulton v. Jones [1857] 2 H& N 564
Brinkibon Ltd v. Stahag Stahl Und Stahl Warenhandels-Gesellschaft m.b.H [1983] 2 AC 34
Brogden v. Metropolitan [1877] 2 App. Cas. 666
B.R.S. v. Arthur V. Crutchley Ltd [1968] 1 All ER 811
Butler Machine Tool Co. Ltd. v. Ex-Cell-O Corporation (England) Ltd [1979] 1 WLR 401
Cana Construction Co. Ltd v. Her Majesty the Queen, [1974] S.C.R. 1159
Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1892] 2 QB 484
Cheng Keng Hong v Government of The Federation of Malaya [1966] 2 MLJ
Chillingworth v Esche [1924] 1 Ch 97

xvii
Chin Ah Keow @ Chin Lai Sitt v Anggun Pintas Sdn. Bhd. & Ors
Coelho v. The Public Services Commission [1964] MLJ 12
Courtney and Faibaim Ltd v. Tolaini Brothers (Hotels) Ltd and Another [1973] 1 All ER176
Crowshaw v. Pritchard [1899] 16 TLR 45
Dickinson v. Dodds [1876] 2 Ch. D. 463
Fisher v Bell [1961] 1 Q.B. 394
Gibson v. Manchester City Council [1979] 2 WLR 294
Grainger & Son v Gough [1896] AC 325
Harris v Nickereson [1873] L.R. 8 (Q.B.) 286
Hart v. Mills [1846] 15 LJ Ex 200
Harvela Investments Ltd v Royal Trust Co of Canada [1986] AC 207
Hyde v Wrench [1840] 3 Beav. 334
J. & J.C. Abrams Ltd. v. Ancliffe[1981] 1 NZLR 244
Jackson v. Turquand [1869] L.R. 4 H.L. 305
Jaeger Bros Ltd. v. J.&A. Mcmorland [1902] 10 S.L.T. 63

K.M. Young Ltd v. Cosgrove [1963] NZLR 967, New Zealand.
Kyren Pty Ltd. v Built Projects [2006] SASC 204
Lawrence KL Chin v. Sri Somaha (S) Sdn Bhd, [2010] 7MLJ 341
Low Kar Yit & Ors. v. Mohd Isa & Anor [1963] MLJ 165
Macon Works & Trading Sdn. Bhd. v Phang Hon Chin & Anor [1976] MLJ 177
May and Butcher v The King [1934] 2 KB 17 (HL) xviii
McManus v Fortescue [1907] 2 KB 1
Moneypenny v. Hartland & Ors. [1826]2 Car & P378
New Zealand Shipping Co Ltd v A M Satterthwaite & Co Ltd [1975] AC 154 (PC) 167
North West Leicestershire D.C. v. East Midlands Housing Association [1981] 1 W.L.R.
O.T.M. Ltd. v. Hydranautics [1981] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 2111,215 26
Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 2 All ER 421
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots [1952] 2 QB 795
Peter Lind & Co. Ltd v. Mersey Docks & Harbour Board [1972] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 234
Powell v. Lee [1980] 99 L.T. 284
Preston Corp. Sdn. Bhd. v. Edward Leong & Ors. [1982] 2 MLJ 22

xix
Rental Equipment Inc v. McDanel Builders Inc 91 Cal App. 4 th
445 (2001)
Seaton Brick Co. v Mitchell [1900] 2 F (5 th
Series)550
VeraSun Fort Dodge LLC v. Industrial Air Technology Corp and Industrial Air Technology
Corp v. John Zink Company, (2008) U.S. Dist Lexis 99292 (N.D. Iowa 2008)
Wilkie v London Transport Board [1947] 1 All ER 258
Wolf and Wolf v Forfar Potato Co [1984] S.L.T. 100