Select Word-List from Manorial Records (Revised 2015) All c.1740 words and phrases in this word-list have been found in a manorial record. Of course, any one court will have a much more limited vocabulary. The words recorded here illustrate both the diversity of business within an apparent uniformity of manorial procedures and regional and temporal variations of farming practices and tenurial arrangements. This word-list, although it does include material from extents and manorial accounts, is not complete nor does it include all the numerous variations in spelling common in post classical Latin for which one should consult R.E. Latham The Revised Medieval Latin Word-List (1965). The compiler would welcome authenticated additions to this list. Readers are welcome to download and/or print this list for their personal research. If used for teaching purposes, please acknowledge the source. All intellectual property-rights in this material reserved to the compiler. Christopher Harrison Department of History School of Humanities University of Keele Staffordshire ST5 5BG email: c.j.harrison1@keele.ac.uk a; ab (prep. with abl.) – from; by abbas, -atis (m) – abbot abbatia, -ie (f) – abbey abbuttare (1) – to adjoin, border on, abut abcariare (1) – to carry away abduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum (3) – to remove, drive off, lead away [often used of ‘rescuing’ animals] adiacens, -entis (adj.) – adjacent to abjurare (1) – to abjure, renounce by oath (leg.) abradicare (1) – to tear out absque (prep. with abl.) – without ac (conj.) – and acer also ascer – steeling [of iron tools, by welding steel to cutting edge] accido, -ere, accidi (3) – to occur, happen, fall due accio, -ionis (f) – action (leg.) vel fiat accio – or let action be brought accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum (3) – to take possesion of; to receive acra, -e (f) – an acre [There were four roods (rode) to an acre] ad (prep. with acc.) – towards, at, for, to adhuc (adv. of time) – still, thus far, yet, besides, in addition adducere (3) – to lead to adiacens, -entis (adj.) – bordering on, adjacent to adiaceo, -ere, -ui, -itum – to adjoin adjudicare (1) – to adjudge admerciare (1) – to amerce [Rare] admissio, -ionis (f.) – admission [to a holding] admitto, -ere, -misi, -missum (3) – to admit [to a holding]; to acknowledge adventus, -us (m) – Advent; court appearance adversus (adv. & prep.) – opposite, against, towards afferator, -oris (m) also affirmator – affeerer, assessor (leg.) affero, affere attuli, allatum (3) – to affeer; to bring affraia, -e (f) – an affray or assault affraiam fecit leviter – he slightly assaulted; he made a little affray on affrus, -i (m) – farm horse; ox agistamentum, -i (n) – agistment of pastuage; dues paid for pasturage agistatus, -a, -um (adj.) – put out to pasture agreamentum, -i (n) – agreement agnus, -i (m) – a lamb albanarius, -i (m) also albanus – servile tenant of one lord who has taken up abode on land of another lord [Durham] ago, -ere, egi, actum – to do alias (adv.) – at another time; elsewhere; otherwise; alias alienare (1) – to alienate; to transfer [land] alienatio, -ionis (f) – transfer, alienation (of land) aliquando (adv.) – at some time; at any time aliquis, aliquid (pron.) – anyone, anything aliter (adv.) – otherwise alius, alia, aliud (pron. & adj.) – another; other allecia, -ie (f) also alleca and allecium – herring alter, altera, alterum (adj.) – one of two; the other (of two) ex altera parte – on the other side alternatim (adv.) – alternately, interchangeably altus, -a -um (adj.) – high ambo (adv.) – both ambulatorium, -i (n) – covered walk; bowling alley amerciamentum, -i (n.) – amercement [i.e. financial penalty established by the court (leg.)] amerciare (1) – to amerce (leg.) [Rare] amplius (adj. & adv.) – besides; further; more amputare (1) – to lop, cut off anatula, -e (f) also anaticula – young duck, duckling Anglia -e (f) – England Anglicanus, -a, um (adj.) – English Anglice (adv.) – in English [Often used when the scribe didn’t know the Latin equivalent of an English word or to translate a rare Latin word] animal, -e (n) – animal annalis, -e – yearling (beast) annexare (1) – to annex; to attach to (as of a seal) annualis, -e (adj.) – annual annuatim (adv.) – annually annus, -i (m) – a year Annunciatio, -ionis (f) – The Annunciation Annunciatio beatis virginis Marie – Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary annuus, -a, -um (adj.) – annually anquilla, -e (f) – eel anser, -eris (m) – gander or goose ante (prep. with acc.) – before ante manum – beforehand antea (adv.) – formerly in antea – henceforth; for the future antedictus, -a, -um (adj.) – aforesaid antiquus, -a, -um (adj.) – ancient; old ab antiquo – of old ab antiquo tempore – from ancient times anulus, -i (m) – pig-ring anulatus, -a, um (adj.) – ringed (of pigs) aper, apri (m) – a boar aperio, -ire, -ui, -tum – to open up apparentia, -ie (f) – appearance in court (leg.) appareo, -ere, -ui (2) – to appear in court (leg.) appellare (1) – to appeal; to accuse (leg.) appendo, -ere, -pendi, -pensum – to append appreciare (1) – to appraise, to value appunctare (1) – to appoint; prescribe apud (prep. with acc) – at, near, by, to, towards aqua, -e (f) – water aquare (1) – to soak aquavit canabum – he soaked hemp arabilis, -e (also arrabalis) (adj.) – arable arare (1) also arrare – to plough aratrum, -i (n) – plough; plough-land arbor, -oris (f) – tree arbor spinalis – hawthorn arcus, -us (m) – a bow aretro (adv.) – in arrears armiger, -eri (m) – armiger; esquire [One entitled to bear arms] arreragium, -ii (n) – arrears (of rent) articulus, -i (m) – article, clause asportare (1) – to carry away assartum, -i (n) also essartum – an assart [a clearing in a forest or other ‘waste’] assensus, -us (m) – agreement; assent ex eorum assensu – by their agreement assignare (1) – to appoint; to assign assignatus, -i (m) – an assign or assignee assisa, -e (f) – assize; action or claim assisa panis et cervisie – assize of bread and ale assisus, -a, -um (pat. part.) – fixed Assumpcio, -ionis (f) – the Assumption astrum, -i (n) – hearth atque (conj.) – and attachiare (1) – to attach; to require a defendant to attend a court (leg.) attachiamentum, -i (n) – an attachment (leg.) attornare (1) – to attorn; to depute someone to act as an attorney (leg.) attornatus, -i (m); also attornator, -oris (m) – an attorney [Someone, not necessarily a lawyer, who stands in for someone else in a legal transaction] auca, -e (f) – goose aucarius, -i (m) – gooseherd aucerola, -e (f) also aucula – gosling audio, audire, audivi, auditum (4) – to hear aula, -e (f) – hall; house; room aula placitorum – court-house australis, -e (adj.) – southern aut (conj.) – or aut ... aut – either ... or autem (conj.) – but; however; therefore autumpnus, -i (m) – autumn [sometimes used as a synonym for harvest time] ava, -e (f) – grandmother avalatio, -ionis (f) – migration of eels avantagium, -ii (n) – profit avena, -e (f) – oats averagium, -ii (n) – carriage service averare (1) – to perform carrying service averium, -ii (n) – cattle [Usually found in the plural e.g. averia] avrus, -i (m) also averus, -i (m) – farmhorse or ox avus, -i (m) – grandfather bacium, -ii (n) also basium – harness or horse trappings; pack-saddle baco, -onis – flitch of bacon baculum, -i (m) also baculus, -i (m) – stick ballivus, -i (m) also baillivus; ballius – a bailiff curia ballivis – bailiff’s court [Not known legally yet existed at Wotton in 1380] baro, -onis (m) – baron curia baronis – court baron barrator, -oris (m); barratrix, -ices (f) – one who brings vexatious actions in court (leg.) barrator, -oris (m) also barretor – a disturbance bassus, -a, -um (adj.) – low bator, -oris (m) – thresher batura, -e (f) – assault; battery beatus, -a, -um (adj.) – blessed beia, -e (f) – bay (of a building) bene (adv.) – rightly, well, truly bera, -e (f) – beer bercaria, -ie (f) – a sheepfold bercarius, -ii (m) – shepherd; sheepfold bidens, -entis (f.) – sheep biga, -e – cart bigarius, -ii (m) – carter bini et bini (adv.) – two and two bis (adv.) – twice bladum, -i (n) – corn or cornfield bona, -orum (n.pl.) –goods, income, revenue bonus, -a, -um (adj.) – good bordarius, -ii (m) also but more rarely bondarius and bondus – borderer, bordar, servile tenant borealis, -e, (adj.) also borialis – northern, north borialiter (adv.) – on the north bos, bovis (m) – a bull; an ox domus bovili – cattleshed bosca, -e (f) – a wood; firewood boscus, -i (m) also boccus & boccum – a wood; woodland botha, -e (f) – booth, stall bovaria, -e (f) – a bovate [a measure of land] boverium, -ii (n) – cattle-shed bovettus, -i (m) – bullock boviculla, -e (f) – heiffer boviculus, -i (m) – bullock braciare (1) also brasiare – to brew braciata, -us -um – malted brasiator, -oris (m) – brewer braseum, -ei (n) & brassium, -ii (n) – malt breve, -is (n) – writ (leg.) brevis, -e (adj.) – short infra breve – in a short while bruera, -e (f); brueria, -ie (f); bruerium, -ii (n); – heath, heathland bulla, -e (f) – seal bunda, -e (f) – boundary burgagium, -ii (n) – burgage tenement [i.e. a tenement in a town] burgensis, -is (m) – burgess burgus, -i (m) – borough, town bussellus, -i (m) – bushell [a cubic measure used mainly for grain and fruit] butta, -e (f) – butt of land buttyrum, -i (n) – butter cadaverator, -oris (m) – cadaverer, man engaged to collect and bury the bodies of animals killed by the murrain . (This manorial office ceases by the end of C14.) calabs, -is (m) – steel calebius, -a, -um (adj.) – made of steel calumnia, -e (f) also calumpnia – accusation, charge; a claim (leg.) calumniare (1) also calumpniare (1) – to challenge (in a court of law); to claim land (leg.) camera, -e (f) – room, chamber caminus, -i (m) a forge campus, -i (m) – field campus communis – common field campus in blado – cornfield campus seminatus – sown field canillum, i (n) – dog-kennel canis, -is (m) – a dog cannabum, -i (n) also canabum and canabis – hemp capellanus, -i (m) – chantry priest; chaplain capio, -ere, cepi, captum (3) – to take, to hold (a court), to seize etc. capistra, -e (f) also capistrum, -i (n) – halter capitalis, -e (adj) – chief capitalis plegius – head tithing man capo, -onis (m) – capon caput, capitis (n) – head prout patet in capite – as appears above his name carbo, -onis (m) – coal, sea-coal [Note: in C16 English ‘coal’ means ‘charcoal’.] carbonarius, -i (m) – charcoal-maker carca, -e (f) also carcum – load, cargo carcacio, -ionis – carriage; freight carcer, -eris (m) – prison carcosium, -ii (n) – hide [animal skin] carecta, -e (f) also carrata; carectata – a cart; a cartload carectarius, -ii (m) – carter cariagium, -ii (n) – carriage cariare (1) – to carry carnaliter (adv.) – carnally carnifex, -icis (m) – butcher carniprivium, -ii (n) also carnis privium – the beginning of Lent carpentarius, -ii (m) – carpenter caro, carnis (f) – flesh, meat carruca, -e (f) also caruca – plough; ploughman; carrucate [a unit of land-tax assessment] carruca juncta – plough-team; carta, -e (f) – charter, deed (leg.) caseus, -i (m) – cheese casus, -us (m) – case, suit (leg.) catellum, -i (n) – cattle; chattel causa, -e (f) – cause (leg.) cecta, -e (f) also secta – suit of court (leg.) celdra, -e (f) also caldarium – chalder (dry measure of grain usually) cementarius, -i (m) – mason cena, -e (f) – dinner centum (indecl.) – hundred centum majus – greater hundred, long hundred i.e. 120 centum minus – lesser hundred i.e. 100 cepes, -is (f) – hedge or fence cera, -e (f) – wax certiorare (1) to inform, notify, show (leg.) certus, -a, -um (adj.) – fixed, certain certum, -i (n) – ‘head-silver’ [payment in lieu of reading roll of suitors at view of frankpledge] cervisia, -e (f) – beer ceteri, -e, -a (pl.) – the others, the rest chevagium, -ii (n) – capitation payment, polltax (due annually) cibum, -i (n) – food cippus, -i (m) – tree-stump; in the plural it meant a set of stocks circa (adv. & prep. with acc.) – about, around, near to, nearly circiter (adv.) – about; not far from circumquaque (adv.) – on all sides cissera, -e (f) also sicera – cider citare (1) – to cite or summon (leg.) citra (adv. & prep. with acc.) – since; on this side; apart from, except; before claia, -e (f) also cleia & clata – hurdle clamare (1) – to claim (leg.) clamare quietum – to quitclaim (leg.) clameum, -ei (n) – claim (leg.) clamor, -oris (n) – claim (leg.); complaint; clamour clarus, -a, -um (adj.) – clear, net [of accounts] claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum (3) – to enclose; to close claudere diem extremum – to die clausum, -i (n) – close, enclosure clausura, -e (f) – enclosure; enclosed field clava, -e (f), clavis, -is (f) – key clavus, -i (m) – nail clericus, -i (m) – clerk [used of someone in holy orders but not necessarily a priest] cluttum, -i (n) – iron ‘clout’ coactus, -a, -um (adj.) – forced cognomen, -inis (n) – name; nickname cognosco, -ere, -gnovi, cognitum (3) – to know, acknowledge, admit cohabitare (1) – to live with collector, -oris (m) – collector colligo, -ere, -legi, -lectum (3) – to collect, gather collistrigium, -ii (n) – pillory; tumbrel; cuckingstool [when applied to women] columbare, -is (n) also columbarium, -i (n) – dove-cot columbella, -e (f) columbellus, -i (m) – dove; pigeon comburo, -ere, bussi, -bustum (3) – to burn; to burn lime comes, -itis (m) – earl comitatus, -us (m) – county; earldom; county court commodum, -i (n) – profit communarius, -i (m) – commoner [one having rights of common] commune, -is (n) – common land; common rights de communis – of common [suit] communis, -e (adj) – common communis objurgatrix – common scold communis parva latruncula – petty larcener; petty thief communiter (adv.) – commonly comparatio, -ionis (f) – appearance (in court) (leg.) compareo, -ere, -parui – to be present; to appear in court (leg.) compertum est – it was (is) found (by the court) compos, -otis (adj.) – in the possession of compositio, -ionis (f); composicio – composition; payment in lieu of obligation pro compositone – by way of composition compotus -i (m); computus – account; audit concedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum (3) – to grant, allow (leg.); to go from; to withdraw ideo cessit processus – therefore the lawsuit has ceased concelamentum, -i (n) –concealment (leg.) concelare (1) also concellare – to conceal concernare (1) – to concern, have regard to; to consider, perceive concordor, -ari, -atus sum (dep.) – to come to terms; to agree with (leg.) pro licencia concordandi – for licence to agree per licentiam concordati sunt – they have agreed by permission [of the court] concubina, -e (f) – concubine conculare (1) – to tramble. to tread upon condonare (1) – to grant; to remit, excuse, pardon conducere (3) – to assemble, gather; to hire conductio, -ionis (f) – a meeting confessor, -oris (m) – confessor confirmare (1) – to confirm (leg.) congrue (adv.) – fitly, agreeably conjunctim (adv.) – jointly conlibet – it pleases; it is agreeable conquerens, -entis (m,f) – plaintiff (leg.) consanquinia, -ie (f) – kinswoman consensus, -us (m) – agreement considare (1) – to give judgement (leg.) consideratum est – it is (was) decided constabularius, -ii (m) – constable consuetudo, -inis (f) – custom; usage secundum consuetudinem manerii – according to the custom of the manor de consuetudine – in accordance with custom consuetus, -a, -um (adj.) – accustomed de iure consueta – lawfully accustomed contingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum (3) – to border on; to abutt contra (adv. & prep. with acc.) – against; contrary to; before (of time) contra plebicitum vicinorum – contrary to the byelaw of [made by] neighbours contra consuetudinem manerij – contrary to the custom of the manor contra proximam – by the next [court] contraversia, -e (f) – controversy; dispute conventionare (1) – to agree conventio, -ionis (f) – agreement ex conventione – by agreement conversatio, -ionis (f) – ‘conversation’; manner of living; mode of behaviour de male conversacionis – of evil behaviour [usually used of (single) women and implying sexual misbehaviour] cooperio, -eri, -perui, -pertum – to cover; to roof coopertorium, -ii (n) – roof; roofing cooptura, -e (f) – roofing; covering copia, -e (f) – copy (leg.) copia rotulorum curie – copy of the court rolls per copiam – by copy [of court roll] copus, -i (m) – cloak coquina -e (f) – kitchen coram (adv. & prep. with abl. or acc.) – in the presence of; before cornagium, -ii (n) – cornage [rent paid for grazing rights in Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland & Westmoreland) corredium, -ii (n) also corrodium – in manorial records usually means food and/or drink allowance given to peasants performing certain services. corrigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectum (3) – to correct, amend corrium, -ii (n) also correum – hide corvus, -i (m) – a crow or raven cotagium, -ii (n) – cottage coterillus, -i (m) – cottager crastinum, -i (n) – the morrow in crastino (+ gen.) – on the morrow (of) crescens, -entis (adj) – growing crofta, -e (f) also croftum, -i (n) – a croft crofta, -e (f) – croft crux, crucis (f) – cross culpabilis, -e (adj.) – guilty (leg.) cultellus, -i (m) – a knife cultura, -e (f) – a furlong; a strip of cultivated i.e. ploughed land cum (conj.) – when; since; whereas cum (prep. with abl.) – with cumulus, -i (m) – measure of grain, cheese or plaster cunstabularius, -e (m) – constable [annually elected officer] curia, -e (f) – court curia ballivis – bailiff’s court [Not known legally yet existed at Wotton in 1380] curia baronis – court baron curia customaria – customary court curia Christianitatis – church court curia generalis – court general [usually meaning a court leet] curia legalis – manor court; law-day court curia leta – court leet curia magna – great court [usually meaning a court leet] curia prima – first court [usually the first court of a new lord] parva curia – small court curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum (3) – to flow, run curtilagium, -ii (n) – curtilage, yard or enclosure next to a dwelling custos, -odis (m) – keeper apium custos – bee-keeper custos averiorum – keeper of the stock custos camporum – keeper of the fields custumarius, -a, -um (adj.) – customary custumarius tenens – customary tenant custumarius, -ii (m) – customary tenant custumarii basse tenure – customary tenants of base tenure cuva, -e (f) – tub, vat, bowl daeria, -e (f) – dairy dama, -e (f) – a doe damnum, -i (n) also dampnum – loss; damage damus, -i (m) – a buck datus, -a, -um (past part.) – given; dated de (prep. with abl.) – of, from, as, regards, concerning de cetero – in the future de consuetudine – in accordance with custom de consensu – with the consent of de dono or ex dono – as a gift de jure – lawfully de iure consueta – lawfully accustomed de novo – newly de plano – summarily de prope – near debeo (2) – to owe debiter (adv.) – duly debitus, -a, -um (past. part.) – owed, due debitum, -i (n) – a debt decem (indeclinable) – ten decenna, -e (f); dicena; disena; dissena – tithing (leg.) decennarius, -ii (m) also decenarius – tithingman (leg.) decima, -e (f) – tithe decimus, -a, -um (adj.) – tenth decollare (1) – to lop (the tops of trees) decollatio, -onis (f) – beheading defalta, -e (f) – default (leg.) defamare (1) – to defame; to accuse (leg.) defamatio, -ionis (f) – defamation (leg.) defectus, -us (m) – default (leg.) defendens, -entis (m,f) – defendant (leg.) defensor, -oris (m) – defendant (leg.) deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum – to default (leg.) deforciare (1) – to deforce (leg.) deforciator, -oris (m) – deforciant, illegal occupant (leg.) defunctus, -a, -um (past part.) – deceased, dead deinceps (adv.) – next deinde (adv) – then, next, thereafter deliberare (1) – to deliver demandare (1) – to claim, demand demitto, -ere, -misi, -missum (3) – to demise [i.e. pass land to] denarius, -ii (m) – a penny [there were 12 pennies in a shilling] cum denariis suis – with his own money, [i.e. at his own cost] deparcacio, -ionis (f) – pound-breaking (leg.) deparcare (1) – to break pound [i.e. to take animals out of the pound] depono, -ere, -posui, -positum (3) – to depose, to state as evidence (leg.) deputare (1) – to appoint; to depute descendo, -ere, -di, -sum (3) – to descend (of property); to go down destruo, -ere, -struxi, -structum (3) – to destroy detinere (2) – to detain deus, -i (m) – God dexter, -tra, -trum (adj.) – right (as opposed to left) dico, -ere, dixi, dictum (3) – to say; to declare formally dictus, -a, -um (adj.) – said; called dies, diei (m) – (1) day for appearance in court (leg.) [see habere below] (2) day [Whilst dies changes case according to its position in a sentence, the qualifying word retains its genitive form at all times.] dies dominica – Sunday dies paschalis – Easter Sunday dies lune – Monday dies Martis – Tuesday dies Mercurij – Wednesday dies Iovis – Thursday dies Iovis absolutionis – Maundy Thursday dies Veneris – Friday dies veneris sanctus – Good Friday dies Sabbati – Saturday quo die – on which day dieta, -e (f) – a diet i.e. a measure of land; a day’s work on the land difficilis, -e (adj.) – difficult dilectus, -a, -um (adj.) – beloved dimidia, -e (f) – half dimidius, -a, -um (adj) – half dimissio, -ionis (f) – a demise; a handing over [usually of land] (leg.) dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missum (3) – to demise (leg.) discedere also descedere – to leave, depart dispergo, -ere, -si, -sus – to disperse, scatter disseisare (1) – to lease, disseise (leg.) disseisina, -e (f) – disseisin (leg.) districtio, -ionis (f) – a distraint (leg.) distringere (3) – to distrain (leg.) distringatur – he should be distrained distringitur – he is to be distrained distructio, -ionis (f) – damage, destruction diu (adv.) – for a long time, long since diutissime (adv.) – longest diutius (adv.) – longer diversus, -a, -um (adj.) – various divisa, -e (f) – boundary; boundary mark divisim (adv.) – separately do, dare, dedi, datum (1) – to give or grant dare in manu – to pledge (leg.) dola, -e (f) – dole or share domina, -e (f) – lady dominica, -e (f) – Sunday dominicalis, -e (adj.) – demesne dominium, -i (n) also dominicum, -i (n) and dominitium, -i (n) – demesne (the lord’s land) dominus, -i (m) – lord domus, -us (f) – house domus mansionalis – dwelling house donarium, -ii (n) – gift or grant donum, -i (n) – gift de dono – as a gift ex dono – as a gift dorsum, -i (n) also dorsus, -i (m) – the back (of a beast of burden); also used to describe the back or rough side of parchment. dos, dotis (f) – dowry; widow’s dower dotare (1) – to dower; to endow dotarium, -ii (n) -widow’s dower dragium, -ii (n) – dredge [mixture of barley and oats] drengus, -i (m) – dreng (servile tenant of old kingdom of Northumbria) (leg.) dringagium, -ii (n) – drengage-tenure (see above) (leg.) duco, -ere, duxi, ductum (3) – to lead ducens – leading (to) duodecimus, -a, -um (adj.) – twelfth duodecimi – the Twelve [i.e. the jury] (leg.) dum (conj.) – whilst, until; provided that (with subj.) dumus, -i (m) – thorn-bush, bramble durare (1) – to last, extend durante minore etate – during [their] minority durus, -a, -um (adj.) – hard dux, ducis (m) – duke ecclesia, -e (f) – church eciam – also (see etiam) ed (for et) – and edificare (1) – to build edificium, -ii (n) – building ebdomada, -e (f) also hebdomoda – week; weekly duty effodio, -ire, -fodi, -fossum – to dig effusio, -ionis (f) – shedding effusio sanquinis – blood shedding elapsus, -a, -um (adj.) – past, elapsed eligo, -ere, -legi, -lectum (3) – to elect; to choose emenda, -e (f) also amenda and emendatio – fine; compensation emendare (1) – to pay a fine; to compensate; to repair emitto, -ere, -misi, -misum (3) – to publish an order (leg.) emo, emere, emi, emptum (3) – to buy enim (conj.) for; in fact eo, ire, ivi, itum (4) – to go episcopus, -i (m) – bishop equa, -e (f) – mare equalis, -e (adj.) equal equaliter (adv.) – equally, in equal parts equus, -i (m) – horse equus scabiosus – mangey horse eradicare (1) – to dig-up, uproot erga (prep. with acc.) – towards erigo, -ere, erexi, erectum – to erect or build erronice (adv.) – in error; wrongly escaeta, -e (f) also escheta – escheat (leg.) escambiare (1) – to exchange escambium. -ii (n) also excambium – exchange escurare (1) excurare (1) – to scour out [usually of a ditch or drain] escuratio, -ionis (f) – scouring out [of a ditch] esperverium, -ii (n); espervarius, -ii (m) – sparrow esse – to be essiamentum, -i (n) – easement essonia, -ie (f) – essoin (leg.) essoniare (1) – to essoin (leg.) estas, -atis (f) – summer; the summer season estavalis, -e (adj.) – summer estovarium, -ii (n) – an estover [an allowance of wood not timber] et (conj.) – and et ... et – both ... and etas, -atis (f) also aetas – age; summer, summer season etiam also eciam (conj.) – also, furthermore, even evellere (2) – to pluck or take [wood from hedges] ewangelista, -e (m) – evangelist ex (prep. with abl.) – from; out of; as a result of; according to ex antiquo – of old ex dono – as a gift ex nunc – hereafter ex quo – since, insomuch as ex tunc – thereafter exactio, -ionis (f) – charge, accusation (leg.) excavare (1) – to dig out, excavate excessive – excessivley; over-priced exellentissimus, -a, -um (adj.) – most excellent exeo, -ire, -ivi, -itum – to issue from exiens, exuentis – issuing from (pres. part. of exire) exigo, -ere, exegi, exactum – to demand exitus, -us (m) – profits; revenue; issues exoneratio, -ionis (f) – discharge (leg.) explorare (1) – to snoop explorans – snooping [into] extendens, -entis (adj.) – extending extenta, -e (f) – an extent or survey extra (adv. & prep. with acc.) – without, on the outside, beyond, besides extracta, -e – estreat (leg.) extraho, -ere, extraxi, extractum (3) – to copy extrahere sanquinem – to draw blood; to wound extrahura, -e (f) – a stray or estray [Only used of domestic and farm animals.] extraneus, -a, -um (adj.) – stranger, foreign extraneus, -i (m) – a stranger faber, fabri (m) – smith fabrateria, -e (f) – smithy fabrica, -e (f) – forge facio, -ere, feci, factum (3) – to do, make, act facere affraiam – to make an affray on; to assualt facere forstallum super – to take cattle (from the pound) facere pro – to give a verdict in favour of (leg.) per factum domini – by the lord’s fiat facilis, -e (adj.) – easy falcabilis, -e (adj.) – fit to mow falcare (1) – to mow falcatio, -ionis (f) – mowing; scything falso (adv.) – falsly falda. -e (f) – foldyard falx, falcis (f) – a scythe famare (1) – to defame familia, -e (f) – household famulus, -i (m) – (household) servant; farmservant faragina, -e (f) – straw farina, -e (f) – flour femina, -e (f) – woman; wife fensata, -e (f) – fencing; a fence fensura, -e (f) – fence fenum, -i (n) – hay feodotalis, -is (f) – fealty, feudal service (leg.) feodum, -i (n) – fee (leg.) feoffare (1) – to enfeoff (leg.) fera, -e (f) – beast of the chase ferculum, -i (n) – a dish or course in a meal; barrow fero, feronis (f) – ferret [Invented word found in Bandon court roll, 1511] ferrum, -i (n) – iron festum, -i (n) – feast or festival fidelis, -e (adj.) – faithful fidelitas, -atis (f) – fealty (leg.) et fecit domino fidelitatem – and did fealty to the lord fideliter (adv.) – faithfully fides, fidei (f) – faith; fealty fidei defensoris – defender of the faith [in the genitive] figere (3) – to drive (cattle) filia, -a (f) – daughter fimum, -i (n) – dung, manure filius, -ii (m) – son finalis, -e (adj.) – final finis, -is (m) – fine; entry fine (leg.) de fine pro ingressu – as entry fine cum finibus et amerciamentis – with fines and amercements finum, -i (n) – hay firma, -e (f) – farm (leg.); fixed payment; rent firmarius, -ii (m) – farmer (leg.) fodio, -ere, fodi, fossum (3) – to dig fons, fontis (m) – spring; fountain; well foragium, -ii (m) – fodder; forage forinsecus (adv.) – foreign, external, on the outside forinsecus, -a, -um (adj.) – forinsec, external, foreign, additional (leg.) foris (adv.) – in public; out of doors forisfacere (3) – to forfeit (leg.) forisfactum, -i (n) also forisfactura, -e (f) – forfeiture; penalty (leg.) forstallum, i (n) – (1) forestalling the market (2) recovering impounded cattle (see facere) fossa, -e (f) – dike; embankment; ditch fossare (1) – to trench fossator, -oris (m) – ditcher fossatus, -i (m) also fossatum, -i (n) – a ditch fovea, -e (f) – a ditch or dyke; small pit fovere – to nourish; to keep warm; to warm by sexual activity fractio sepes – hedge-breaking i.e. taking wood from hedges Francia, -e (f) – France franciplegius, -ii (m) – frankpledge francus, -a, -um (adj) – free frango, -ere, fregi, fractum (3) – to break frater, fratris (m) – brother fraxcinus, -i (m) – ash-tree frequentare (1) – to usually use frequentavit – he usually used friscus, i (m) also fruscus, frissus – fallow (land) frumentum, -i (n) – corn fugare (1) – to drive cattle; to hunt fugator, -oris (m) – drover fundare (1) – to lay the bottom [of a road] furor, -atus, -ari (dep.) – to steal; pilfer furca, -e (f) – fork furce judiciales – gallows furnacium, -i (n) – furnace; oven fusillus, -i (m) – spindle fusus, -i (m) spindle gabella, -e (f) – (customary) rent galerus, -i (m) – hat gallina, -e (f) – hen gallinarium, -ii (n) – hen-house garba, -e (f) – sheaf of corn gardianus, -i; gardianus ecclesie (m) – churchwarden gardinum, -i (n) – garden garrulator, -oris (m); – a contentious person; a scold garrulatrix, -ices (f) – chatterer; scold gaudeo, -eri, -gavisus sum (2 semi-depon.) – to possess, use, enjoy the use of generalis, -e (adj.) – general generosus, -i (m) – gentleman [not quite an armiger q.v.] gercia, -e (f) – yearling ewe gersuma, -e (f) – a gersum or gressum [a customary payment] (leg.) gersumare (1) – to pay a gersum gestrum, -i (n) – dagger glandia, -arum (f & pl.) – acorns globus, -i (m) – globe [in the plural ‘bowls’] gramen, -inis (n) – pasture, pasturage graminellus, -i (m) – little meadow granarium, -ii (n) – granary grangia, -e (f) – grange grangia decimalis – tithe-barn granum, -i (n) – grain gratia, -e (f) – grace; favour dei gratia – by the grace of god ex gratia – by grace grator (1, depon.) – to acknowledge (leg.) gravidus, -a, -um (adj.) – pregnant; burden gravamen, -inis (n) – accusation, grievance; injury (leg.) gravis, -e (adj.) – grievous grecia, -us, um (adj.) – grey grex, gregis (m) – flock; herd, drove; swarm grossus, -a, -um (adj.) – large gubanatrix, -ices (f) – scold; bossy woman guilda, -e (f) – gild gula, -e (f) – throat; gulley; water-course gula Augusti – Lammas Day (1 August) gurges, -itis (m) – weir habere (2) – to have habere diem – to have day; to have notice (leg.) habendum et tenendum (+ dat.) – to have and to hold (leg.) habitare (1) – to dwell, reside, live in haia, -e (f) also haya– a hay [legal division of a forest or clearing in a forest]; a hedge [term used in the west of England] halmotus, i (m) – halmote; manor court hebdomada, -e (f) also ebdomoda – week; weekly duty herbagium, -ii (n) – pasture; right to pasture hercia, -e (f) – a harrow herciare (1) – to harrow herciator, -oris (m) – harrower hereditamentum, -i (n) – hereditament i.e. both the land and rights in that land (leg.) hereditarius, -a, -um (adj.) – hereditary hereditario, -ionis (f) – inheritance heres, heredis (m,f) – heir, heiress herietum, -i (n) also harietum, -i (n) – heriot [A death duty usually in the form of best beast or chattell.] (leg.) Hibernia, -e (f) – Ireland hida, -e (f) – a hide (of land) (leg.) hiemalis, -e (adj.) – winter hiems, hiemis (f) – winter hinc (adv.) – hence hinc inde – hereupon hogasterus, -i (m) also hoggus & hogrus – hog or hogget homagium, -ii (n) – homage; jury (leg.) homo, hominis (m) – man honestus, -a, -um (adj.) – honest honor, -oris (m) – honour [feudal estate] hora, -e (f) – hour horreum, -ei (n) also orreum – granary; barn hospitere (3) – to entertain or give hospitality to; to keep a whorehouse; to keep an alehouse hospitium, -ii (n) – hospital; guest-house; lodging-house hostilamenta (n. pl.) – household goods humitorium, -i (n) – tanning yard hundredum, -i (n) – the Hundred or Hundred court (leg.) hussus, -i (m) – holly hurtardus, -i (m) – ram hutesium, -ii (n) – hue-and-cry (leg.) levare hutesium – to raise the hue and cry iaceo, -ere, -ui, -itum – to lie ianua, -e (f) – entrance, gateway [into a field] ibi (adv.) – there ibidem (adv.) – at or in the same place; there idem, eadem, idem (pron.) – the same ideo (adv.) – therefore ignis, -is (m) – fire; fireplace ignorare (1) – to not to know; to be unaquainted with ignotus, -a, -um (adj.) – unknown ille, illa, illud – that illicitus, -a, -um (adj.) – unlawful; morally wrong impedio, -ivi, -itus, -ire (4) – to hinder, to prevent imperpetuum (adv.) – for ever, in perpetuity impono, -ere, -posui, -positum – to impose; to impute; to charge with imposterium (adv.) – hereafter; for the future; forever imprimis (adv.) – firstly, first in (prep. with abl.) – in, on in (prep. with acc.) – into, towards in antea – beforehand, henceforth in capite – in chief (leg.) in principali – in chief in proximo – soon in quantum – as far as in solidum – wholly, completely inclausura, -e (f), inclausuratum, -i (n) – enclosure includo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum (3) – to enclose (land) inclusator, -oris (m) – pinder incrementum, -i (n) – land recently brought under cultivation incrochiamentum, -i (n) – encroachment (of land) incrochiare (1) – to encroach upon incurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum (3) – to run into; to incur ideo incurrit penam – therefore he incurs the penalty [i.e. the ‘pain’ is to be imposed] inde (adv.) – thence indentura, -e (f) – indenture (leg.) indigeo, -ere, -ui – to need, want, demand inferius (adv.) – below; later infirmus, -a, -um (adj.) – infirm, weak, ill infra (adv.) – within; below; overleaf ingredior, -gredi, -gressus sum (3) – to enter into property or rights ingressus, -us (m) – entry fine; right of entry into property; dues paid on entry into a possession (leg.) inhabitans, -antis – inhabitant; dweller; resident iniuria, -e (f) – injury iniuste (adv.) – unjustly; wrongfully; improperly iniustifacatus, -a, -um (adj.) – unlawfully; unlicensed inquisitio, -ionis (f) – inquest; jury of inquest insalubris, -e (adj.) – unhealthy insolutus, -a, um (past part.) – unpaid instancia, -ie (f) – instance instans, -antis (adj.) – present, immediate, current instauratio, -ionis (f) also instaurum; instauramentum – stock (of a manor) insuper (adv. & prep.) – above, moreover, as mentioned above insultare (1) – to attack, assault inter (with acc.) – between; among interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum – to kill intrare (1) – to enter invenire (4) – to furnish, provide, find, come upon invicem – on each other ; simultaneously ita (adv.) – thus, so iter, itineris (n) itineratio – eyre, circuit of judges; journey; a (right of) way iugatus, -a. -um (adj.) – yoked iugum, -i (n) – a yoke iurare (1) – to swear (an oath) iurator, oris (m); jurator (m) – juror (leg.) jana, -e (f) – field "gate" jus, juris (n) – law; right (leg.); privilege (leg.) de jure – lawfully; by rights justicarius, -ii (m) – judge; justice justicarius in itinere also justicarius de itinere– justice in eyre justificare (1) – to justify, set right; to bring to justice; to licence habent diem justificandos porcos suos – they have a day for the licensing of their pigs jure (adv.) – justly juvenca, -e (f) also juvencula – heifer juxta (adv. & prep. with acc.) – next to, beside, according juxta quod – according to kidda, -e (f) – faggot kidellus, -i (m) – fish-trap; stake-net lacerare (1) – to break; mutilate lactagium, -ii (n) – (profits of) dairy produce lada, -e (f) – load; cartload; measure of ore lagena, -e(f) – gallon lana, -e (f) – wool lanatus, -a, -um (adj.) also lanuta – woollen pellis lanuta – wool-fell landa, -e (f) also londa – ‘lawn’, forest glade, untilled land lanius, -i (m) also laniator – a butcher lapis, -idis (m) – stone; ore latitudo, -inis (f) – width; breadth latomus, -i, latamus, -i (m) – mason latro, -onis (m) – thief latruncula, -e (f) – thief latta, -e (f) – lath latum, -i (n) – a width (of cloth) latus, -a -um (adj) – wide latus, eris (n) – side of flank of animal or man lavare (1) – to wash ledo, -ere, lesi, lesum – to injure legalis, -e (adj.) – lawful legare (1) – to depute legare (1) ligare – to tie up, to bind, to tether legitime (adv.) – lawfully legitimus, -a, -um (adj.) – law-worthy; lawful legius, -i (m) – liege man (leg.) lego, ere, legi, lectum (3) – to read lepa, -e (f) – leap (dry measure) [half a bushell] leporarius, -ii (2) – greyhound lepus, -oris (m) – a hare leta, -e (f) – leet curia leta – court leet (leg.) levare (1) – to raise ad levandum fenum – for making hay levare hutesium – to raise the hue and cry leviter (adv.) – slightly, a little, not much lex, legis (f) – law (leg.) liber, libera, liberum (adj.) – free liberalis, -e (adj.) – free-born; free liberaliter (adv.) – freely; without compulsion or force liberatio, -ionis (f) – payment; handing over; livery liberare (1) – to hand over; to set free; to pay liberi, -orum (m.plural) – children libertas, -atis (f) – liberty; franchise (leg.) libra, -e (f) – a pound (weight or money) [A pound sterling was worth 20 shillings] lica, -e (f) – a balk liceat – let it be authorized licentia, -e (f) – licence; permission licet – it is allowed liciviosus, -a, -um (adj.) – lascivious ligare (1) – to tie up, to bind, to tether ligatio, -ionis – binding (of sheaves) ligeantia, e (f) – allegiance lignum, -i (n) – wood; firwoood lingincula, -e (f) – small wood linteum, -ii (n) lintheum – linen sheet linum, i (n) – flax; linen litigator, -oris (m); litigatrix, -ices (f) – a contentious person; a scold locare (1) – to place locus, -i (m) – place longitudo, -inis (f) – length loquela, -e (f) – suit; action loquelor (1, depon.) – to plead; to implead (leg.) loquori (3) – to speak lucrare (1) – to make a profit lucrum, -i (n) – interest on money; profit ludere (3)– to play ludimagister, -stri (m) – school master ludus, -i (m) – a game lupanar, -aris (n) & lupanis, -e – brothel; house of ill-repute lupanatrix, -ices (f) – harlot, whore luxuriose (adv.) – lecherously mactare (1) – to slaughter mactatio, -ionis – slaughter magister, -tri (m) – master magnus, -a -um (adj.) – great, large magna curia – great court (leg.) male (adv.) – badly maletotare (1) – to ill-treat mancornum, -I (m) – maslin (a mixture of grains) mandare (1) – to enjoin; order; command mandra, -e (f) – hovel; cattle-pen maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum (2) – to remain, stay manerium, -ii (n) – manor (leg.) manucapio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum (3) – to undertake; to go bail for (leg.) manucaptio, -ionis (f) – bail or mainprize (leg.) manucaptor, -oris (m) – surety; mainprize (leg.) manupastus, -i (m) – household; member of a household manus, -us (f) – hand in manus domini – into the hands of the lord sexto manu – six-handed [with six supporting witnesses] manutergium, -ii (n) – towel marca, -e (f) also marcella, -e (f) – mark; a weight; sum of money (13s. 4d.) maresium, -ii (n); mariscus, -i (m) – marsh maritagium, -ii (n) – marriage-portion; dowry; customary payment on marriage of villein-daughter maritare (1) – to marry maritus, -i (m) – husband marlaria,-e (f) – marl-pit Martius, -ii (m) – March (month) mater, matris (f) – mother matutinalis, -e (adj.) – of or for the morning; of or for mattins medietas, -atis (f) – half; moiety melius (adv.) – better mensis, -is (m) – month mensura, -e (f) – measure mensura cumulata – where the bushel was heaped up mensura rasa – where the bushel was straked so as to fill it but no more mensurare (1) – to measure merchetum, -i (n) – merchet (leg.) meremium, -ii (n) – timber; timbering meretrix, -ices (f) – whore, prostitute; loose-woman; merlengus, -i (m) – whiting messor, -oris (m); messarius, -ii (m) – hayward messuagium, -ii (n) – messuage [farmhouse or the whole holding] meta, -e (f) – boundary; boundary mark metebene, -is (f) – boon reaping meto, -ere, messui, messum – to reap miles, militis (m) – knight minare (1) – to drive beasts minare aratrum – to plough minime (adv.) – least minimus, -a, -um (adj.) – least, smallest minor, minus (adj.) – lesser; smaller durante minore etate – during [his] minority miseracio, -ionis (f) – mercy; amercement (leg.) miserandus, -a, -um (adj.) – lamenatble, pitiable misericordia, -e (f) – mercy; amercement (leg.) mitto, -ere, misi, missum (3) – to send; to place mixstellio, -ionis (f) – maslin, mixed grain mixtilio, -ionis (f) also mastillio – maslin [mixed grain, usually rye and wheat] moderatus, -a. -um (adj.) – moderated; restrained modo (adv.) – now; only; lately mola, -e (f) – millstone molendarius, -ii (m) – miller molendinum, -i (n) – a mill m. ad ventum – wind-mill m. ventricule – wind-mill m. aquaticum – water-mill m. equinum – horse-mill molta, -e (f) also multura – dues for milling at the lord’s mill monere (2) – to summon; to warn non monitus – not warned; not informed monitio, -ionis (f) – a warning super monitionem – upon warning mora, -e (f) – moor; marsh mordeo, -ere, momordi, morsum – to bite morina, -e (f) also murina – murrain, animalplague mors, mortis (f) – death mortuus, -a, -um (adj.) – dead; deceased moveo, -ere, movi, motum – to institute (a plea) mulier, -ieris (f) – wife; woman mullus, -i (m) also muluellus – mullet multiloquor – to "blab"; to be talkative multimodo (adv.) – in many ways multo, -onis (m) – sheep; wether mutare (1) – to exchange; change; lend nare (1) – to swim narrare (1) – to plead; to make a claim natale, -is (n) – birthday nativitas, -atis (f) – birth nativus, -i (m.) – villein; serf nativus, -a, -um (adj.) – born terra nativa – land held by villein tenure native tenentes – serfs; sokemen [at Forncet] natus, -a, -um (adj.) – born nec (conj.) also neque – and not, nor nec ... nec – neither ... nor necessarius, -a, -um (adj.) – needful necne (adv.) – or not necnon – and also, in fact, and besides negare (1) – to deny nemo, neminis (m,f) – no one, nobody [ne + homo] nescio, -ire, -scivi, -scitum (4) – to be ignorant of, not to know nihil also nichil – nothing nimis (adv.) – too much, excessively nimius, -a, -um (adj.) – excessive nix, nivis (f) – snow noctivagator, -oris (m) – a night-wanderer nocumentum, -i (n) – nuisance; damage; harm ad nocumentum vicinorum suorum – to the nuisance of his neighbours nominare (1) – to name nomen, -inis (n) – name nomine (plus gen.) – in the name of non – not nondum (adv) – not yet [often written non dum] nonus, -a, -um – ninth noster, -tra, -trum (adj.) – our notitia, -e (f) – knowledge novem (indeclinable) – nine novus, -a, -um (adj.) – new nox, noctis (f) – night nulligare (1) – to neglect nullus -a -um (adj.) – nothing; no; not any numquam also nunquam (adv.) – never nunc (adv. & adj.) – now; present nundine, -arum (f and pl.) – fair nuper (adv. & adj.) – recently, lately; the late nutritus, -a, -um (adj) – weaned ob (prep. plus acc.) – on account of obeo, -ire, -ii, obitum (4) – to die obitus, -us (m) – death objugare (1) – to scold objurgator, -oris (m); objurgatrix, -ices (f) – contentious person; scold; shrew oblatio, -ionis (f) – offering; payment obolus -i (m) – half-penny obscurare (1) – to scour obstupare (1) – to stop up, to block [a road, watercourse etc.] obtruncare (1) – to cut down; to behead obtruncavit arbores in Netchwood – he topped the trees in Netchwood occidentalis, -e (adj) – western occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum (3) – to kill occupare (1) – to seize or occupy [land or property] (leg.) occupatio, -ionis (f) – occupation octavus, -a -um (adj.) – eighth octo (indeclinable) – eight officiarius, -ii (m) – official, officer officium, -ii (n) – office olla, -e (f) – pot, jar omnis, -e (adj.) – all, every omnia bene – all [is] well onerare (1) – to charge; to make answerable for; to overburden [pasture with more animals than allowed] onus, -eris (n) – burden operablis, -e (adj.) – working operatio, -ionis (f) – daywork operare (1) – to work optimus, -a, -um (adj.) – best opus, operis (n) –work; customary service; day-work ad opus et usum – to the use and behoof of (leg.) ordeum, -ii (n) – barley ordinacio, -ionis (f) – ordinance; bye-law (leg.) ordinare (1) – to ordain; to order (leg.) ordinatum est quod – it is ordained that orientalis, -e (adj.) – eastern orreum, -ei (n) also horreum – granary; barn ostendo, -ere, -di, -sum (3) – to show ostendere evidenciam – to show (his) evidence ostium, ii (n) – door; field "gate" ovile, -is (n) – sheepfold ovis, -is (f) – sheep ovis matrix – a ewe palmare (1) – to grasp, to stun pandoxare (1) – to brew pandoxator, -oris (m) – brewer, ale-house keeper pandoxatrix, -icis (f) – brewer, ale-wife panetarius, -i (m) – baker panis, -is (m) – bread pannagiare (1) – to pasture pigs in woodland pannagium, -ii (n) – pannage; right of pannage (leg.) pannus, -i (m) – cloth pannus non scissus – uncut cloth parcare (1) – to impound parcella, -e (f) – parcel [of land] parcus, -i (m) – park; pound parare (1) – to prepare pars, partis (f) – part; party (leg.) ex parte – on behalf of ex una parte – on one side in hac parte – in this matter parvus, -a, -um (adj.) – small; little curia parva – small court (leg.) Pascha, -e (f) – Easter Sunday pascalis, -e (adj.) – of or for Easter dies paschalis – Easter Sunday pasco, -ere, pavi, pastum (3) – to pasture pascua, -e (f) – pasture; grazing land passagium, -ii (n) – right of way; passage (leg.) pastor, -oris (m) – shepherd; herdsman pastura, -e (f) – pasture land; right of pasture pater, patris (m) – father pateo, -ere, -patui (2) – to manifest, show patet – it is manifest pateat – let it be known prout patet – as appears pauper, -eris (adj.) – poor valde pauper – exceedingly poor pavo, -onis (m) peacock pavenna, -e (f) peahen pax, pacis (f) – peace; agreement (leg.) pacis perturbatrix – disturber of the peace pecunia, -e (f) – cattle; cash pedale, -is (n) – plough-iron [? plate protecting underside of the plough] pediale ferreum – plough-iron peior, peius also pejor, pejus (adj.) – worse pejorare (1) – to injure pejoratio, -ionis (f) – injury pellis, -is (f) – a skin; hide pellis lanuta – wool-fell pena, -e (f) – pain; bye-law; penalty (leg.) sub pena – under a pain of (leg.) pendere (3) – to weigh; to hang up (as in a gate) per (prep. with acc.) – by, through, per facetum Anglie – by the courtesy of England [Widower’s land rights] (leg.) per quod – whereby per virgam – by the yard or rod (leg.) perdere – to lose perditio, -ionis (f) – loss, injury perditus, -a, -um (past part.) – lost, ruined peregrina, -e (f) perigrina – female wanderer or vagrant peregrinus, -i (m) – male wanderer or vagrant periculum, -i (n) – danger, peril periculosus, -a, -um (adj.) – dangerous; hazardous permitto. -ere, -misi, -missus (3) – tp permit, allow perquisitio, -ionis (f) perquisitum, -i (n) – perquisite, benefit perquisitum curie – perquisite of the (manorial) court personaliter (adv.) – personally pertica, -e (f) also perticata; partica; parcata; percha – a perch [measure of land] pertinens, -entis (pres. part.) – pertaining (to) pertinentia, -e (f) – appurtenance pertineo, -etre, -tinui (2) – to belong to, pertain to pertranseo, -ire, -ii, -itum (irreg.) – to wander perturbatio, -ionis (f) – disturbance perturbatrix, -ices (f) – disturber [of the peace] pervitiosus, -a, um (adj.) – very wicked, most wicked pes, pedis (m) – foot petens, -entis (m. f.) – plaintiff (leg.) peto, -ere, petivi, -itum (3) – to claim, petition, seek petit legem – he seeks judgment petivit admitti tenens – he petitoned to be admitted tenant pila, palmaria – handball pileus, -e (m) pilius – a (felt) cap piper, -eris (n) – pepper piscare (1) – to fish piscaria, -ie (f) also piscarium, -ii (n) – right to fish (leg.); fish-pond piscis, -is (m) – fish pistor, -oris (m) – baker pistor panis – baker of bread pistorium, -ii (n) also pistrina – bakery pisum, -i (n) also pisa and pisus – pea; peas placitare (1) – to plead (leg.) placitum, -i (n) – a plea [in court] (leg.) de placito debiti – in a plea of debt de placito defamationis – in a plea of slander de placito dotis – in a plea of dowry in placito transgressione – in a plea of trespass intrare placitum – to enter a plea plana, -e (f) – open ground; feeding ground; field planum, -i (n) – open country plaustrum, -i (n) – wagon; wagon-load plebicitum, -i; plebiscitum (n) – byelaw (leg.) plegius, -ii (m) – pledge, one who goes surety for another (leg.) plegius de lego – pledge at law capitalis plegius – head or chief tithing man plene (adv.) – fully plenus, -a, -um (adj.) – full in plena curia – in open court plurimus, -a, -um (adj.) – most plus, pluris (adj.) – more pomarium, -ii (n) – orchard pombregium, -ii (n) – pound-breach pomum, -i (n) – apple pono, -ere, posui, positum (3) – to place, appoint, produce in court (leg.) ponere in respectum – to adjourn or respite (leg.) ponere se in – to put oneself on (leg.) ponere se super – to submit to (leg.) ponit se – he submits to [judgement] (leg.) porcaria, -e (f) – pigsty porcarius, -ii (m) – swineherd porcus, -i (m) – pig porta, -e (f) – gate [usually used of a field gate] portare (1) – to carry portio, -ionis (f) – share, part, portion possessio, -ionis (f) – property; occupation possum, posse, potui (irreg.) - to be able post (adv. & prep with acc.) – after, afterwards, according to posta, -e (f) – post postea (adv.) – hereafter, thereafter, afterwards postmodo (adv.) – afterwards postquam (conj.) – after potagium, -ii (n) also patagium – drinkmoney potagium, -ii (n) also patagium – broth or porridge pratum, -i (n) – meadowland pre (adv. & prep with abl.) – before precaria, -e (f) also precarium; precatio – boon-work i.e. labour service additional to week-service precedens, -entis (adj.) – preceeding preceptor, -oris (m) – preceptor [head of Templar or Hospitaller house] preceptum, i (n) – precept; command preceptum est -- it is ordered precium, -ii (n) also pretium – price predictus, -a, -um (past part.) – aforesaid predilectus, -a, -um (adj.) – well-beloved prefatus, -a, -um (adj.) – aforesaid prefectus, -i (m) – reeve premanibus – in advance; in cash; cash down premonere (2) – to advise; oversee premunire (4) – to give notice of, cite, summon (leg.) prenominatus, -a, -um (adj.) – aforenamed prepositura, -e (f) – reeveship, office of reeve, ‘grave’ prepositus, -i (m) – reeve prepotentissimus – most powerful presens, -entis (adj.) – present presentare (1) - to present (leg.) presentant – they present i.e. charge presentat se ipsum – he presents himself prestare (1) – to lend pretendo, -ere, -i, -tentum – to claim, allege preter (adv. & prep. with acc.) – past, beyond, besides, except pretera (adv.) – besides, moreover, henceforth preteritus, -a, -um (past. part.) – past pretium, -ii (n) – price, value primus, -a, -um (adj.) – first prior, prius (adj.) – first, former prius (adv.) – before, first pro (prep. with abl.) – for; during; in; as far as; in accordance with; in return for pro certo – certainly pro eo quod – because pro nunc – at the present; for the present pro parte – on behalf of pro placito – at will, at pleasure pro tunc – then, at that time probare (1) – to prove [usually but not exclusively of a will] processus, -us (m) – process (leg.); proceedings proclamatio, -ionis (f) – proclamation; formal announcment prohibere (2) – to forbid projectio sepes – throwing down (newlyplanted) hedges prolocutor, -oris – spokesman propars, propartis (f) – a share or portion (leg.) prope (adv.) – near propinquarius, -ii (m) – relation, kinsman propinquior, -ioris (adj. & noun) – nearest, next [of kin] propinquus, -a, -um (adj.) – near, neigbouring propius, -a, -um (adj.) – ones own, special, proper in propria persona sua – in his own person propter (adv. & prep. with acc.) – near, close to, on account of, because of propterea (adv.) – therefore prosequor, -sequi, -setus sum (3 dep.) – to prosecute (leg.) prosterno, -ere, -stravi, -stratum – to fell, pull down; to level, fill up prout (adv.) – according as; in proportion; just as provenire (4) – to come forth; to issue from (of revenue or profits) proventus -us (m) – income; proceeds proxime (adv.) – next, nearest, lastly proximus, -a, -um (adj.) – next pudor, -oris (m) – shame, affront puella, -e (f) – girl puer, -eri (m) – boy pullanus, -i (m) – colt pullus, -i (m) – chicken; colt or foal punctus, -i (m) also punctum – point (of sword) super punctum falcis sue – upon the point of his scythe punda, -e (f) – pound, pinfold punderus, -i (m) – pounder; keeper of the pinfold punior, -itis, -iri (dep.) – to punish Purificatio, -ionis (f) – Purification purpars, -partis (f) – share, part purprestura, -e (f) – illegal encroachment [of land] (leg.) putare (1) – to think, to suppose puteus, -i (m) – well Quadragesima, -e (f) – Lent quadrans, quadrantis (m) – farthing quadriga, -e (f) – wagon quadrigare (1) – to cart; to carry in a wagon qualis, -e (adj. & pron.) – of what kind, what kind of a; of such a kind, of such qualiscumque, qualecumque – whatever kind qualiter (adv.) – in what way or manner qualitercumque (adv.) – in whatsoever way quam (adv.) – how; how much; in what manner quamdiu (adv.) – as long as quamquam (adv.) – though, although quando (adv. & conj.) – when quandoque (adv.) – whenever quandocumque (adv.) – whensoever quandoquidem (adv.) – since, seeing that quare (adv.) – wherefore quarta, -e (f) – farthing quartium, -ii (n) – quarter [dry measure usually of grain] quasi (adv.) – as if; just as quartus, -a, -um (adj.) – fourth quattuor (indeclinable) – four -que [added to end of word] – and quercus, -us (f) – an oak querela, -e (f) – plaint, suit or action (leg.) querelare (1) – to bring an action; to implead (leg.) querens, -entis (m,f) – plaintiff (leg.) quero, -ere, quesivi, quesitum (dep.) – to bring an action (leg.) quia (conj.) – whereas; because quidam, quedam, quoddam (pron,) – certain person or thing quietclamare (1) – to quitclaim (leg.) quiete (adv.) – peacefully, quietly quilibet, quelibet, quidlibet (pron.) – anyone you like quietus, -a, -um (adj.) – quit; free (leg.) quindina, -e (f) – period of 15 days quinque (indeclinable) – five quintus, -a, -um – fifth quittus, -a, -um (adj.) – quit, free (leg.) quoad (adv.) – as long as, as far as, regards quod (conj.) – (1) because (2) that [after verbs of knowing, saying etc.] quomodo (adv.) – in what manner quoquomodo (adv.) – in whatever place quondam (adv.) – formerly, the late quoniam (adv.) – whereas, since quoque (conj.) – also quotiens (adv.) – as often as totiens ... quotiens – as often ... as quousque (adv.) – until radix, -icis (f) – a root radix arboris – tree-root ramus, -i (m) – branch; bough rastrum, -i (n) – hoe, rake; mattock raticare (1) – to ratify rationabilis, -e (adv) – reasonable, rational; regular, in due form rationabiliter (adv.) – regularly, in due form realis, -e (adj.) – real (as in ‘real estate’) realiter (adv.) – really, actually, with regard to real property recepta, -e (f.) also receptum, -i (n) – receipt; money received recipio, -ere, cepi, -ceptum – to receive recompensare (1) – to recompense, compensate for recte (adv.) – rightly rectus, -a, -um (adj.) – right; direct (of heirs) recupare (1) – to recover recuperet – he should recover; he should be awarded redditus, -us (m) – rent, revenue redditus assise – fixed rent paid by free tenants redditus certus – fixed rent redditus mobilis – rent in kind reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditum (3) – to give back, to pay, to surrender or hand over reddere computum de – to render account of regina, -e (f) – the Queen regnum, -i (n) – reign relaxare (1) – to release, remit, discharge relevium, -ii (n) – relief [payment] relicta, -e (f) – widow remaneo, -ere, remansi – to remain remittere (3) – to remit; to remise; to surrender a claim; to commute (leg.) renovare (1) – to renew reparatio, -ionis (f) – repairs; reparation reparare (1) – to repair repastus, i (m) – a meal reprisa – reprise, deduction rescessus, -us (m) – rescue (leg.) [Illegal recovery of goods, animals or persons from custody] residens, -entis (m, f) – resident tenant respectare (1) – to respite, adjourn (leg.) fidelitas respectatur – fealty adjourned i.e. postponed to a later court (leg.) respectus, -us (m) also respectum, -i (n) – respite; adjournment; postponement (leg.) respondere (2) – to reply; to answer; with de or pro to be answerable for responsalis, -e (adj.) – answerable for or to responsum, -i (n) – answer; reply restitere (3) – to restore; to set up again rete, retis (n) – a net [Non-standard 3rd declension noun but also found as a regular 1st declension noun. i.e. reta] reversio, -ionis (f) also revertio – reversion (of land) (leg.) rex, regis (m) – king ripa, -e (f) – river bank riparia, -e (f) – river or river bank rivulus, -i (m) – a stream rixator (m) rixatrix (f) – a contentious person; a scold roda, -e (f) – rood [measure of land] rogare (1) – to ask rosa, -e – rose rota, -e (f) – wheel rotulus, -i (m) – roll; record (leg.) ruber, bra, -brum (adj.) – red ruinosus, -a, um (adj.) – ruined; impassable Sabbati dies – Saturday saccus, -i (m) – sack; dry measure sacer, -r, rum (adj.) – sacred sacramentum, -i (n) – an oath (formal) sagitta, -e (f) – arrow sagittare (1) also sagitare – to practice archery; to shoot arrows sal, salis (m) – salt salvare (1) – to save salvus, -a, -um (adj) – safe; in abl.absol. – excepting only, saving, without violation of salvo jure – reserving (legal) rights sanare (1) – to heal, to make sound sanare defaltam – to remedy default (leg.) sanctus, -a, -um (adj.) – holy sanguis, sanguinis (m) – blood sanitas, -atis (f) – health sarclare (1) also sarcliare – to hoe; to weed sarclatio, -ionis (f) – weeding sarclator, -oris (m) sarculatrix (f) – hoer; weeder satis (adv.) – enough scandilum, -i (n) also scandile – a style scilcet (adv.) – namely scindere – to cut; split scio, scire, scivim, scitum (4) – to know sciatus, -a, -um (adj.) – situated scitus, -us (m) – site scitus manerii – curtilage of the manor house Scotia, -e (f) – Scotland seco, -are, ui, -tum (1) – to cut secta, -e (f) – suit of court (leg.) secta multure – service by which tenants were required to grind their corn at the lord’s mill sectator, -ores (m) – suitor; one owing suit of court (leg.) secundum (adv., prep + acc.) – according to secundus, -a, -um (adj.) – second sed also set (conj.) – but seisare (1) – to take possession of (leg.) seisatus, -a, -um (adj.) – seised (leg.) seisina, -e (f) – seisin (of land) selio, -ionis (f) also sullo, -onis – selion, strip in open field semel (adv.) – once semen, -inis (n) – seed; sowing time seminare (1) – to sow (a field) semita, -e (f) – lane; footpath senescallus, -i (m) – steward subsenescallus – sub-steward senior, -ioris (adj.) – elder; senior separabilis, -e (adj.) – ‘several’; land held separately i.e. inseveralty pastura separabilis – land not in the common fields separatim (adv.) – separately sepe (adv.) – often sepes, -is; cepes, -is (f) – hedge or fence fractio sepes – hedge-breaking [i.e. taking wood from hedges] projectio sepes – throwing down (newlyplanted) hedges septem (indeclinable) – seven septimana, -e (f) – a week septimus, -a, -um – seventh sequela, -e (f) – suit of court (leg.) sequens, -entis (pres. part.) – following sequens, -entis (m, f) – suitor (leg.) sequentia, -e (f) – suit (leg.) servare (1) – to keep [e.g. X servat Y in domo sua ut inmate] servicium, -ii (n) – service (leg.) per servicium militare - by military service (leg.) serviens, -ientis (m, f) - servant; tenant holding by military service servilis, -e (adj.) – pertaining to the services or status of a villien servisia, -e (f) – beer servus, -i (m) also serva, -e – serf, villein; slave; servant sespes also cespes also cespites – turf(s) set (conj.) – but seu ... seu; sive ... sive – whether ... or sex (indeclinable) – six sextus, -a, -um – sixth shopa, -e (f) also schopa – a shop or workshop. [Sometimes used of an alehouse.] si (conj.) – if; whether sic (adv.) – thus; so sicare (1) – to dry sicut (adv.) – just as sicut pluries – like several others sigillare (1) – to seal [a document] siligo, -ionis (f) – rye silva, -e (f) – a wood similis, -e (adj.) – like, similar similiter (adv.) – similarly simul (adv.) – together; at the same time;; also; likewise sine (prep. + abl.) – without sine die – without a day [i.e. no need to return] (leg.) sinere (3) – to allow, permit sinister, -tra, -trum (adj.) – left socmannus, -i (m) also sokmannus – sokeman [one who holds by privileged tenure as the heir of the Danes] solemniter (adv.) – solemnly soliata, -us, -um; solidata, -us, -um (adj.) – ‘soiled’ (see terra) solidus, -i (m) – shilling [there were 20 shillings in a pound sterling] soleo, -ere, solitus sum (semi dep.) – to be accustomed solum, -i (n) – soil; ground; land solutio, -ionis (f) – payment solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum (3) – to pay soror, -oris (f) – sister; nun spado, -onis (m) – gelding spargo, -ere, -si, -sum – to spread or turn hay spectare (1) – to belong to; to look to, to face spina, -e (f) – thorn-bush arbor spinalis – hawthorn spoliatio, -onis (f) – spoliation stabula -e (f) – stable stagnum, -i (n) – pond; damn (of a mill) stallagium, -ii (n) – stallage; charge for setting up a market-stall stallum, -i (n) – market-stall; hive unum stallium apium – one stall or hive of bees statim (adv.) – at once, immediately statuare (1) – to erect (a structure) staurum, -i (n) – stock [In the plural it can mean stores] sterilis, -e (adj.) – barren sterquilinium, -ii (n) – a dung-heap stipendium, -ii (n) – wages, fee, stipend [usually a year’s wages] stotta, -e (f) – heifer stottus, -i (m) – steer stramen, -inis (n) – straw strata, -e (f) – way, road strata alta – highway strata regis – king’s highway sub (prep. with abl. and acc.) – under, below; towards; shortly before, just after; during sub pena - under the pain of; on pain of subboscus, -i (m) – underwood subito (adv.) – suddenly, immediately subscriptus, -a, -um (past part.) – underwritten, written below subtenens – sub-tenant (see tenens) subtus also suptus (prep. with acc.) – under subventio, -ionis (f) – aid, assistance, financial aid subvertere (3) – to divert; to overthow subvertit aquam a – he diverts water from succido, -ere, -cidi, -citum (3) – to fell or cut down [usually of trees] sufficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum – to be sufficient, suffice, be adequate summa, -e (f) – sum; total summa totalis – sum of the total summonere (2) – to summon (leg.) summonitus est – he was summoned sumptus, -us (m) – expense, charge sulcus, -i (m) – furlong; baulk super (adv. & prep. with acc.) – above, upon; on, at, against, in et super hoc –hereupon super quo – whereon superannutus, -a, -um (adj.) – having outrun a year’s time limit; time expired (leg.) superonerare (1) – to overstock or overburden [pasture or common land] superstes. -stitis (adj.) – surviving supervisor, -oris (m) – surveyor; overseer supervisus, -us (m); supervisio, -ionis (f) – a survey (of land) supervivo, -ere, vixi (3) – to survive supra (adv. with acc.) – above, beyond, before, over supra etatem xij annorum – over the age of 12 years supradico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum (3) – to mention above supradictus, -a, -um (adj.) – above-mentioned suprascriptus, -a, -um (past part.) – above-written suptus – see subtus sursumreddio, -ere, -reddidi, -reditum (3) – to surrender or give up land (leg.) sursumredditio, -ionis (f) – a surrender (of land) (leg.) sus, suis (m or f) – pig or sow tabernare (1) – to lease or let out land [Latinisation of a dialect word from Durham] et habet licentiam tabernandi – and has a licence to lease or let out tabule (f.pl) – tables [synonym for backgammon or shovehappeny] [e.g. Goodwin ludebat ad tabulas] talis, -e (adj.) – such tallagium, -ii (n) – customary tax, tallage tallia, -e (f) – tally tam ... quam – both ... and; so ... as; as ... as tamdiu (adv.) – so long; for so long a time tamen (adv.) – nevertheless; however; yet; though tamquam (adv.) – as much as; as it were; so to speak tandiu (adv.) – so long, for so long a time tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum (3) – to touch, concern tarde (adv.) – slowly tardus, -a, -um (adj.) – late; slow tascare (1) also taxare – to assess tassa, -e (m); tassus, -i (m) – hay-rick tassare (1) – to stack tastator, -oris (m) – aletaster taurus, -i (m) – a bull taxare (1) – to assess (damages) taxatio, -ionis (f) – assessment tectura, -e (f) – roof; roofing tegula, -e (f) - tile tegulator, -oris (m) - tiler tempus, -oris (n) – time tempore seisone frumenti – in the time for sowing wheat i.e. autumn tenator, -oris (m) – ploughman; ploughholder tenementum, -i (n) – tenement; holding (leg.) tenementum liberum – free-holding (leg.) tenens, tenentis (m, f) – tenant extratenens – stranger; non-tenant libere tenentes – freeholders native tenentes – serfs; [sokemen at Forncet, Norf.] subtenens – sub-tenant teneo, -ere, tenui, tentum (2) – to hold [in particular to hold land] tenere per virgam – to hold by the rod (leg.) tenere debitum – to owe tenere rectum – to do right tentus, -a, -um (past part.) – held tenura -e (f) – tenure; holding tenura antiqua – ancient demesne land [i.e. land once held by the Crown] (leg.) tenura, -e (f) – tenure (leg.) tercius -a, -um; tertius (adj.) – third terminus, -i (m) – term; fixed period of time (leg.) pro termino vite sue – for the term of his life (leg.) terra, -e (f) – land; a plot of land; strip of land in a common field terra communis – common land terra frisca – waste land terra forinseca – land outside of the manor or borough terra mensuranda – land surveyed using a measuring pole terra nativa – land held by villein tenure terra soliata; terra solidata – ‘soiled’ land [former freehold land purchased by bondmen (Norf. & Suff.)] territorium, -i (n) – territory; townfield; ‘terrier’ or land book timor, -oris (m) – fear, dread tinctor, -oris (m) – dyer tingnum, -i (n) – a beam; timber tipulator, -oris (m) – tippler; seller of ale titulus, -i (m) – title tofta, -e (f) – toft or house-site tolnetum, -i (n) – toll tonsio, -ionis (f) – sheep-shearing tonsura, -e (f) – shorn sheep; shearing ante tonsuram – before shearing tot ... quot – so many ... as totaliter (adv.) – entirely totius, -a, -um (adj.) – the whole, all, entire toties quoties – on every occasion totiens ... quotiens – as often ... as traciare (1) – to track (animals) traditio, -ionis (f) – surrender; demise; conveyance; inheritance (leg.) trado, -ere, tradidi, traditum (3) – to handover; to demise or lease tradere ad firmam – to let at farm (leg.) traho, -ere, traxi, tractum (3) – to draw trahere sanquinem – to draw blood transeo, -ere, -ivi, -itus – to run over (with a vehicle) transgressio, -ionis (f) also trangressus, -us (m) – trespass; offense (leg.) in placito transgressione – in a plea of trespass trava, -e (f) also thrava – measure of corn traventarius, -ii (m) – itinerant vendor, tranter; tapster traventria, -e (f) – hawking goods; custom levied on tranters in traventria – by hawking tricesimus, -a, -um (adj.) – thirtieth trituracio, -ionis (f) – threshing triturare (1) – to thresh trituratio, -ionis (f) – threshing triturator, -oris (m) – thresher tunc (adv.) – then tuthinga, -e (f) – a tithing turba, -e (f) – turf; turvery turbarium, -ii (n) also turbaria, -e (f) – turfpit, turbary ubi (adv.) – where; when ubicumque (adv.) – wheresoever ubique (adv.) – wheresoever; everywhere ulmus, -i (f) also ulmellus and elmus – elm tree ulna, -e (f) – ell; elbow ulterius (adv.) – furthermore ultra (adv., prep. with acc.) beyond ultimus, -a, -um (adj.) – last ultima curia – the last court; the previous court unctum, -i (n) also unctus – fat, grease unde (adv.) – whence; concerning which universus, -a, -um (adj.) –the whole, all usitare (1) – to use usque (adv.) – until, as far as, up to ussetus, -i (m) – holly ussus, -i (m) – holly usualis, -e (adj.) – usual usus, -us (m) – use; enjoyment or right of possession (leg.) uva, -e (f) – grape ut (adv. and conj.) – in order that; as; that uterque, utraque, utrumque (pron.) – each uxor, -oris (f) – wife vacca, -e (f) – cow vacca de metride – cow in milk (Durham) vaccaria, -e (m) – cow-close vadiare (1) – to give security for; to wage (leg.) vadiavit ad legem – he produced compurgators vadiavit legem – he/she waged his/her law (compurgation -- oath-helpers) vadium, -ii (n) – pledge, security vadum, -i (n) – a ford vagabundus, -i (m) – vagabond persone vagentes – vagrants vagare, vagari (dep.) – to wander abroad at night without lawful cause valde (adv.) – strongly, intensely, exceedingly valde pauper – exceedingly poor valens, -entis (n) also valentia – value ad valens; ad valentium – to the value of valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum (3) –to be worth; to have power to; to be capable of vanga, -e (f) – spade, shovel vannare (1) – to winnow vannatio, -ionis (f) – winnowing vannatarius, -ii (m) also vannator, -oris – winnower vastum, -i (n) – waste vel (conj.) – or vel ... vel (conj.) – either ... or vellus, -eris (n) – fleece vendicare (1) – to claim vendere (3) – to sell venditio, -ionis (f) – sale; right of sale venditio stauri – sale of stock venella, -e (f) – a lane venenose (adv.) – in poisonous fashion; venomously venire (4) – to come venit – he came veniunt – they came ventilacio, -ionis (f) – winnowing ventilare (1) – to winnow verberare (1) – to beat, to thrash verbum, -i (n) – word vere (adv.) – truthfully veredarius, -ii (m) also viridarius – verderer, forest-official veredictum, -i (n) – verdict veritas, -atis (f) – truth versus (adv., prep. with acc.) – against; towards verus, -a, -um (adj.) – true vervexius, -ii (m) – tup; wether vesca, -e (f) also vicia – vetch vescallum, -i (n) – container vetus, -eris (adj.) – old via, -e (f) – the way; the road via alta – the highway via regia – king’s highway via veridia – green lane viaticus, -i (m) – tramp, wayfarer vicarius, -ii (m) – vicar vice – in place of vicesimus, -a, -um (adj.) – twentieth vicinetum, -i (n) – venue, place, neighbourhood vicinus, -a, -um (adj.) – neighbouring; close to vicinus, -i (m) – neighbour vicinum, -i (m) also visinetum and visnetum – neighbourhood vicus, -i (m) – a street; a place videlicet (adv.) – clearly; namely; that is video, -ere, -vidi, -visum (2) – to see, to view, to inspect videtur dictis iuratis – it seems to the said jurors vidua, -e (f) – widow vigilatio, -ionis (f) – the night-patrol; the watch; religious vigil [eve of a festival] vigilator, -oris (m) – one who wanders abroad at night without lawful cause villa, -e; villata, -e (f) – vill, village, township villanus, -i (m) – villein villenagium, -ii (n) – villein land; land held by villein tenure vinarium, -ii (n) also vinea also vinetum – vineyard vinculum, -i (n) – chain violentia, -e (f) – violence vir, viri (m) – man; husband virga, -e (f) also virgata, -e (f) – virgate or yardland [measure of land]; a yard or stick; a yard i.e. 3 feet per virgam – by the rod (leg.) virgo, -inis (f) – virgin virgultum, -i (n) – wood of small trees or brushwood; a copse viridis, -e (adj) – green viridarius, -i (m) also veredarius – verderer, forest-official vis, viris (f) – force visus, -us (m) – view (leg.) visus franciplegii – view of frankpledge (leg.) vita, -e (f) – life vivarium, -ii (n) – fish-pond, stew vitula, -e (f) also vitulus, i (m) – calf vltimus, -a, -um (adj.) – last vocare (1) also vocavere – to call; to vouch, call as evidence (leg.) vocatus, -a, -um (past. part.) – called volo, velle, volui – to wish, intend voluntas, -atis (f) – wish, will pro voluntate domini – as the lord wills vomer (m) – plough-share warantia, -e (f) – warranty (leg.) warecta, -e (f) – fallow land wastum, -i (n) – waste; waste land [often land over which copyholders had pasture and other rights] wodemotum, -i; woodmotum, -i (n) – wood-mote, court of attachment in forest woedwardus, -i; woodwardus, -i (m) – woodward [a forest official]