OBAN HIGH SCHOOL
PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
S1 P.E.
ACE Workbook
Health and Well Being Unit 1
BONES AND JOINTS
Name
Class
Teacher
What will you learn about during this block ?
Why do we have a skeleton ?
The names of the major bones that make up the
skeleton.
The different types of bones.
The main types of joints in the body ?
The structure of Joints
The movement that different joints create.
WHY DO WE HAVE A SKELETON ?
Functions of the Skeleton.
There are 4 main reasons why we have a skeleton.
•
Protection
Parts of the body are delicate and could be easily damaged. The skeleton protects
them. The most delicate part is the brain which is protected by the cranium. The
spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae. Your ribs and sternum protect the heart and
lungs.
•
Blood formation
Inside the larger bones of the body bone marrow produces red blood cells. Areas
where this take place include the humerus, ribs and femur
•
Movement
Some of the bones in the body are held together by freely moveable joints. This
means that you can bend and move your body about.
•
Support
•
The skeleton gives the body shape otherwise it would be flabby and shapeless. It
also holds your vital organs in place by providing a framework.
THE MAJOR BONES OF THE SKELETON
The skeleton gives the body its shape it is made up of 206 bones in total which come in four
types
•
Long bones
•
Short bones
•
Flat bones
•
Irregular bones
These are held together by joints
THE JOINTS OF THE BODY
A joint is the place where two or more bones meet, There are many types of joint in the
body, including joints that we do not move and joints that only move slightly. The
movement of joints are important factors affecting participation and performance.
JOINT STRUCTURE
Muscles
Muscles make the joints stable. You can not make the joints move without a muscle.
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. Muscles always work in pairs as one muscle
contracts (gets shorter) the other lengthens.
Tendons
Tendons attach muscles to bones. When a muscle contracts to move a joint, the muscle
pulls on the tendon which is joined to the bone and the bone moves.
Cartilage
Cartilage is fibrous elastic tissue found in the body. In the knee and it acts as a pad/shock absorber
between the bones of the upper and lower leg
Cartilage is a soft cushioning substance which covers the ends of the bones and helps
reduce stress by making the surface smooth and reduces the rubbing of the bone surfaces.
Ligaments
Hold joints in place/restrict the movement of joints. Ligaments hold the bones together and
prevents over-twisting and over-stretching.
Muscles/Muscle groups and Joints in the body
Shoulder
elbow
JOINTS
The type of joints that are particularly important for physical activity and sport are:
Ball and socket joints The hip and the shoulder are ball and socket joints.
Range of movement of a ball and socket joint
Full range of movement/all the way around/360 degrees.
Hinge joints The knee and elbow are hinge joints. movement in one plane: flexion and extension.
JOINT MOVEMENT
Range of movement of a hinge joint
Back and forward in one plane of movement.
Type of joint
Hinge
Ball and
socket
Where joint is found in the body
Knee and elbow
Hip and shoulder
Range of movement
Back and forward in one plane only
Full range of movement/all the way
around/360 degrees
Movement of a Hinge Joint
To straighten the arm the triceps shortens/contracts while the biceps lengthens/extends. This is because
muscles work in pairs. Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. As the triceps shortens, it pulls on the
tendon which pulls on the bone causing movement.
To bend the arm, the biceps shortens/contracts and the triceps lengthens extends.
For movement of the leg, substitute:
Hamstring for Biceps
Quadriceps for Triceps
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOVEMENT:
 FLEXION - flexion is the bending of a joint. For example, flexion occurs at the knee
as the foot is drawn back to kick a ball.
 EXTENSION - extension is the straightening of a limb at the joint. For example, when
putting the shot the elbow is straightened during release.
 ROTATION - rotation is the ‘swivelling of a joint. for example, moving the head from
side to side.
 Abduction involves moving a limb(s) away from the the central axis of your body.
 Adduction is the opposite from abduction, moving a limb(s) back towards the central
axis of your body.
 The central axis is a straight line travelling from the top of your head straight down to
the ground.
USEFUL LINKS
CALCIUM
http://www.kelloggs.co.uk/health/lifestages/children/calcium.aspx
YOUR DIET NEEDS HEALTHY BONES
http://health.marksandspencer.com/your-diet-needs/healthy-bones
THE VIRTUAL BODY NARRATED
http://www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp
BUILD A SKELETON
http://www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp
Homework
1
Complete the table below by filling in the type of joint and the range of movement
which it has. An example has been given.
Name of Joint
Type of Joint
Movement
wrist
hinge
one direction
shoulder
ball and socket
elbow
knee
one direction
hinge
hip
2
all directions
Name a skill which involves a jumping action and list 2 joints which you used in the
jump.
Skill
Joint 1
Joint 2
3
What attaches the muscle to the bone.
4.
Use arrows to join up the correct words and phrases
Attach muscles to bones
cartilage
Always work in pairs
ligaments
Reduces the rubbing of the bone
sufaces
muscles
Holds bones together preventing
Over twisting and stretching
tendons
Structure and Function
Name 2 activities and the main joint used in the performance of a
skill or technique.
An example has been given for you
ACTIVITY: Swimming
SKILL/TECHNIQUE: Backstroke
MAIN JOINT: Shoulder joint (Ball and Socket)
ACTIVITY:
SKILL/TECHNIQUE:
MAIN JOINT:
ACTIVITY:
SKILL/TECHNIQUE:
MAIN JOINT:
BONES WORDSEARCH
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E
Below is a list of words related to BONES.
Try to find them in the wordsearch.
The words can only be found in rows or columns; no words are hidden along diagonal lines.
BACKBONE
CARPALS
CLAVICLE
DIAPHYSIS
EXERCISE
FLAT
ILIUM
LUMBAR
METACARPALS
PATELLA
PLATE BONE
RADIUS
SACRUM
SKELETON
STERNUM
TIBIA
VERTEBRA
BONE MARROW
CARTILAGE
COCCYX
DIET
FEMUR
HIPGIRDLE
IRREGULAR
MANDIBLE
METATARSAL
PERIOSTEUM
POSTURE
RED MARROW
SCAPULA
SPINE
TARSALS
TWO HUNDRED AND SIX
VERTEBRAE
YELLOW MARROW
CERVICAL
CRANIUM
EPIPHYSIS
FIBULA
HUMERUS
LONG
MARROW CAVITY
OSSIFICATION
PHALANGES
PROTECTION
RIBS
SHORT
SPONGY BONE
THORACIC
ULNA
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
BONE CLASSIFICATION
On the skeleton below, classify the bones of the body using a color-coding system.
Complete the color key by assigning a color to represent the long bones, another color to
represent the short bones, one for the flat bones and one for the irregular bones and one
for the sesamoid bones. Use the key to color the skeleton.
Bone Classification Colour Key
Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones