The Giant APUSH Midterm Review
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What were the goals and motivations behind English colonization of the Chesapeake?
Why was the survival rate so low for the English settlers of early Virginia?
What was the headright system? How did this policy promote British migration to
the New World?
What was the nature of the early relationship between the Virginia colonists and
the local native Indian tribes? What happened in 1622 that changed that
relationship?
How did the introduction of tobacco to the Chesapeake region affect the colony of
Virginia?
Explain the system of indentureship. What was life like for indentured servants?
Why did indentured servants become important to the early Virginia economy and
society?
How did the evolution of the Virginia colony between 1607 and 1625 reveal the
impact of New World conditions on aims and expectations?
Why was Maryland founded? How did it differ from the Virginia colony?
What problems plagued the Maryland colony?
What powers did a proprietor have?
What was the role of the "back-country" settlements in the early colonial
Chesapeake region?
Why were the back-country settlers such an annoyance to the colonial government?
Why did Bacon's Rebellion occur in 1675-1676?
What impact did this Rebellion have on African slavery?
What were the goals of the Separatists who settled in Plymouth in 1620?
How was the early "Plymouth Plantation" governed?
What was the Pilgrims' relationship with Native Americans? How did their
experiences differ from those of the Virginia settlers?
What were some of the religious beliefs of the early Puritans who settled in New
England? Why were they called Puritans?
What were the differences between Puritans and Pilgrims?
According to their leader, John Winthrop, what did the Puritans believe to be their
purpose in coming to America?
List some of the reasons for dissent in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Trace the
evolution of increased political participation of the colony's male members.
What threats did Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson pose to the Massachusetts
Bay leadership?
What did the challenges to Puritan authority reveal about Puritan religious and
social beliefs?
What was the basis of economic wealth in the New England colonies?
How was agriculture and the economy in New England different from that in the
South?
What factors caused relations between the Native Americans and the colonists in
New England to result in the Pequot War?
What were the causes of King Philip's War? What were the long-term affects of
this war on Native Americans? on the New England colonists?
29. How was New England society different from that created in the Chesapeake
colonies?
30. How did the Stuart Restoration affect those English colonies already established in
America? How did it affect attitudes about founding more settlements?
31. What sort of social order took root in the Carolinas? Why was it different from
that proposed under Carolina's Fundamental Constitution?
32. How did southern Carolina's close ties with the British island of Barbados influence
the development of the colony's society?
33. Why were the Carolinas one of the most unstable of all the English colonies in
America?
34. Why did the English resent the Dutch presence in America?
35. Why did power in New York remain widely dispersed? Who shared this power?
36. Why were the Dutch unable to maintain a colony in New York? How were the British
able to acquire it?
37. List some of the major social and economic characteristics of the royal colony of
New York.
38. Identify the key beliefs and practices of the Quakers. Why can it be said that
they were the most anarchistic and democratic of all the Protestant sects?
39. What plans did William Penn have for the establishment of a new colony from the
land granted him by King Charles II?
40. How did the influence of the Quakers make Pennsylvania an unique colony? Why was
it called a "holy experiment?"
41. Why did social and political tensions eventually occur in the Pennsylvania colony?
42. Why did British colonists in the Caribbean turn to African slavery as a source of
labor?
43. Why was it difficult to establish a stable society and culture in the Caribbean
colonies?
44. Why was Georgia founded? How was it different from the other British colonies?
45. What were the colonization policies of James Oglethorpe and his fellow trustees in
Georgia? Why did the strict rules governing life in the colony ensure the failure of
Oglethorpe's vision?
46. Explain the relationship between Europeans and Native Americans in the "middle
grounds."
47. Describe the economy of the Chesapeake region, and explain why it developed as it
did.
48. How did the economy of South Carolina and Georgia differ from that of the
Chesapeake? How was it similar?
49. Explain the commercial economy that emerged in the northern colonies alongside the
agricultural one. What role did technology play in this?
50. What were the limitations of colonial technology? Just how self-sufficient were
American colonists?
51. What were the goals of a mercantilist economic policy?
52. What was the "Triangle Trade?" How was it a response to British mercantile
policies?
53. How were the Navigation Acts an example of Britain's mercantilist thinking? How
successful were they in achieving their goals?
54. Explain the growing preoccupation with consumption of material goods in the British
colonies and how this preoccupation was associated with social status.
55. How did the plantation system in the American South illustrate both the
differences between the colonial and English class systems and the way in which
colonial communities evolved in response to local conditions?
56. What were the characteristics of plantation slavery?
57. How was the plantation an economic unit? a social unit?
58. What was the cause of the Stono Rebellion?
59. What were the characteristics of communities that emerged in Puritan New
England?
60. How was the family central to the Puritan community?
61. How did the experience of America affect the patriarchal family?
62. Why did people accuse someone of witchcraft?
63. Who were the typical accused? typical accusers?
64. Why did "witchcraft" seem to appear so suddenly in Salem, MA in 1692? Were
there any political / economic / cultural reasons?
65. How did the witchcraft hysteria of the 1680s and 1690s result from a "gap between
the expectations of a united community and the reality of a diverse and divided
one?"
66. How was the Halfway Communion [Halfway Covenant] a move to address these
tensions?
67. What was the First "Great Awakening?" Who brought it about? What groups in
colonial society were most attracted to this religious movement?
68. Identify the differences between the "Old Lights" and the "New Lights."
69. What were the effects of the Great Awakening?
70. What was the Enlightenment? How did it differ from the Great Awakening?
71. What colonial colleges were in operation by 1763? Why was each founded, and what
subjects were studied in the mid-18c?
72. What evidence was there that the influence of the Enlightenment was spreading in
America?
73. Explain the working of the law in colonial America--the concepts on which it was
based, and the way it functioned.
74. What was the significance of the John Peter Zenger trial?
75. How did the relationship between king and Parliament change during the early 18c?
What role did the prime minister play in this change?
76. Why was the period of the late 17c and early 18c called the "Era of Salutary
Neglect?"
77. How did British officials in the colonies carry out [or fail to carry out] their duties?
What was the effect of their activities?
78. What was the Albany Plan of Union? Why did it fail? What did it reveal about
colonial unity?
79. How did the French attempt to secure their hold on the vast areas they claimed in
North America?
80. What were the causes of the "Great War for Empire" [the Sevens Years' War or
French and Indian War]? Why was it given that name?
How did the Great War for Empire become a truly international conflict? What role
did the French and British colonies play in this war?
82. What were the stereotypes that the English had about the American colonists?
that the American colonists had about the British?
83. What role did Native Americans play in the French and Indian War?
84. Why did the French lose?
85. List the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763.
86. What arguments were raised for and against the post-1763 "territorial
imperialism?" How did this new policy alter British attitudes toward the colonies?
87. What initial policy changed occurred when George III ascended the throne? What
were the king's motives for these changes?
88. Why was King George II the wrong monarch at the wrong time for England in regard
to its North American colonial empire?
89. How did Prime Minister George Grenville change British policy toward her colonies in
North America?
90. What was it about post-1763 British policy that would cause colonists in every
section to see the disadvantages rather than the advantages of being part of the
British Empire?
91. Why did the Stamp Act so antagonize the American colonists?
92. How did actions by the Stamp Act crowd raise questions of whether protests in the
colonies represented more than opposition to British policies?
93. What was England's response to the American protests over the Stamp Act.
Explain how the policies of Charles Townshend and of Lord North differed.
94. What role did Samuel Adams play in the American protests? How did his view of
the need for American independence differ from those of most other colonial
leaders at the time?
95. How did the Boston Massacre add to the growing tensions between the colonists and
the British presence in North America?
96. How did the colonial view of the nature of the British Empire differ from the view
by George III and his supporters?
97. What was the "political outlook" that gained a following in America and ultimately
served to justify revolt?
98. Why was the Tea Act seen by many Americans as a threat to themselves and their
institutions?
99. What were the Coercive Acts? How did the Quebec Act help to unite the colonies
with Boston in opposition to these acts?
100. How and why did taverns become a central institution in colonial American social
life? What circumstances and events helped make taverns central to political life as
well?
101. What role was played by Committees of Correspondence in the American protests?
102. What were the FIVE major decisions made at the First Continental Congress? What
was their significance?
103. What British leaders spoke out in support of the American cause? What were their
reasons for doing so?
104. What were the circumstances that led to the fighting at Lexington and Concord?
81.
List the divisions within the Second Continental Congress and give the aim of each
faction. How did the factions attempt to gain their ends?
106. What were the major arguments presented by Thomas Paine in Common Sense?
107. How did the pamphlet, Common Sense, address the problem of the aim of the war?
What was its impact on American opinion?
108. What were the philosophical roots of the Declaration of Independence? What
effect did the Declaration have on the struggle?
109. What are the major interpretations of the origins of the American Revolution that
have been advanced by historians?
110. What were the characteristics of the governments--state and national--set up by
Americans to conduct the war?
111. What problems did the Americans face in providing the necessary supplies and
equipment for the war and in paying for them? How were these problems, at least
initially, overcome?
112. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of both the Patriots and the British on
the eve of the Revolutionary War.
113. Why was George Washington selected as the best person to make the most of these
advantages?
114. What were the initial setbacks in the war during 1776? What was the significance
of the Battles of Trenton and Princeton in this regard?
115. What was the initial plan for the British campaign of 1777? How was this altered?
What affect did this alteration have on the outcome?
116. What were the American diplomatic goals at the start of the war? What problems
did they face? What efforts were made to overcome them?
117. How did the victory at Saratoga affect American diplomatic efforts? How did
England and France respond to this news? What was the result?
118. Why did the British decide to launch a campaign against the southern colonies in
1778? What advantages and disadvantages did each side have in this region?
119. Why did the British "Southern Strategy" backfire?
120. How was Spain an obstacle to the American hopes for peace with independence?How
did this affect American diplomacy before the Battle of Yorktown?
121. What was the significance of the Yorktown victory for the colonists? for the
British?
122. What were the provisions of the Treaty of Paris in 1783? How did the Treaty
affect relations among the United Sates, France, and Spain?
123. Who were the Loyalists? What elements in America remained loyal to the King, and
for what reasons?
124. What happened to the Loyalists?
125. What effect did the war have on other minorities? How was its significance to
African-Americans both limited, and yet significant?
126. How did the Revolution affect the way American women thought about their
status? What changes resulted from this new awareness?
127. What changes did the Revolution produce in the structure of the American
economy?
128. What was it about the concept of a republican government that so appealed to
Americans?
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How did Americans propose to avoid what they considered to be the problems of the
British system they were repudiating?
What was unique about the constitution drawn up by Massachusetts?
How did these new constitutions deal with the question of religious freedom? How
did they deal with slavery?
What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create? What were its
major features?
Why was the Confederation government organized as it was?
Why was there a delay in its ratification? How were the obstacles to its
ratification overcome?
How did the Treaty of Paris of 1783 fail to resolve, or in some cases help to create,
strain between the United States, England, and Spain?
What commercial arrangements did American shippers and traders want after the
war had ended? Why did they feel this was needed, and how successful were they
in accomplishing their aims?
What postwar problems existed between the United States and Spain? What
attempts were made to solve the problems? Why did these attempts fail?
Explain how different versions of the cadastral system have profoundly different
consequences for the way colonial lands and societies developed.
How did the government of the United States determine which cadastral system
was most appropriate for the new republic?
How did the Confederate Congress attempt to solve the problem of the status of
western territory that the states had ceded to it?
Which interest groups favored which plans for the sale and distribution of land?
How did the Confederation deal with the Indians who also claimed the western land?
What were the sources of the Confederation's postwar economic problems? How
did the government attempt to solve them? What were the results?
Why was paper money seen as a solution to the economic problems of one element in
American society? Who opposed this and why?
How did the action of Daniel Shays and his followers relate to the economic
problems of the Confederation period? What was the significance of the movement
he led?
Who were the advocated of centralization? Why did they want to alter or abolish
the Articles of Confederation?
What did those who favored centralization see as the most serious problem of the
Articles? How would they have changed them? What had prevented any changes?
What were the characteristics of the men who met at the Constitutional Convention
in Philadelphia? What were their socio-economic backgrounds?
What were the main positions of the Virginia and New Jersey Plans?
How did the Great Compromise draw from those Plans?
How did sectionalism and the issue of slavery influence the Constitution?
List the provisions and the underlying principles of the U. S. Constitution.
Explain the ongoing debate between historians over the motives of the men who
framed the American Constitution.
How has the debate over the origins of the Constitution mirrored the debate over
the causes of the American Revolution?
What were the reasons for the Whiskey Rebellion? Who was it aimed at
particularly?
156. How did Washington's reaction to the Whiskey Rebellion underscore the difference
between the Constitution and the Articles of Confederation?
157. How did the government under the Constitution guarantee that people on the
frontier would be loyal to it? What was the impact on Native Americans?
158. What diplomatic problems did the French Revolution and the war that followed pose
for the United States? How did Washington and Congress deal with this problem?
159. What were the circumstances that sent John Jay to England? What were the
results of his mission?
160. How did Jay's Treaty affect American relations with Spain?
161. Why was John Adams selected as the Federalist candidate in 1796?
162. What circumstances led to an administration with a Federalist president and a
Republican vice president?
163. What caused the "quasi-war" with France during the Adams administration? What
was the result of this struggle?
164. How did the Federalists attempt to silence those who opposed the undeclared war,
and what groups did these attempts most affect?
165. What gave rise to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? What attitude toward the
nature of the federal government did these Resolutions reveal?
166. What were the key issues in the 1800 presidential election? Why is it called the
"Revolution of 1800?"
167.
Why was education "central to the Republican vision of America?"
168.
What effect did Republican ideology have on education in the United
States?
169.
Explain the "cultural independence" that Jeffersonian Americans sought.
What means of expression did this "independence" find?
170.
What were the obstacles faced by Americans who aspired to create a more
elevated national literary life? What efforts were made to overcome these
obstacles?
171. What sort of works by American authors were most influential? Why?
172.
How did the American Revolution affect traditional forms of religious
practice? What challenges to religious traditionalism arose during this period?
173.
What caused the Second Great Awakening?
174.
Why were the Methodists, the Baptists, and the Presbyterians so successful
on the frontier?
175.
What was the "message" and the impact of the Second Great Awakening?
What impact did it have on women? on African Americans? on Native Americans?
176.
Explain the reasons for the initial American ambivalence toward British
industrialism. What technological advances helped change this attitude?
177.
What role did Eli Whitney play in America's Industrial Revolution? What
impact did his inventions have on the South? on the North?
178.
What effect did America's transportation system have on industrialization?
179.
What were the characteristics of American population growth and expansion
in the years between 1790 and 1800?
180. What were the fundamental principles of Jeffersonian democracy?
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181. What reform was made to avoid the problems caused by the 1800 presidential
election?
182. Why did Aaron Burr hate Alexander Hamilton so much? What was the "Burr
Conspiracy?"
183. What role did Tenskwatawn [the "Prophet"] play in Native American resistance to
further American westward expansion in the early 19c?
184. What was Tecumseh's agenda? Was it achieved?
185. Why did the United States feel that is neutrality rights were being violated by
Britain and France in 1805-1807?
186. What was the impact of the Chesapeake incident on Anglo-American relations?
187. How economically and politically effective was the Embargo Act? What role did it
play in the 1808 presidential election?
188. What problem was solved/not solved by the Non-Intercourse Act?
by Macon's Bill #2?
189. Who were the "War Hawks?"
190. What role did Dolly Madison play during her husband's presidency?
191. How prepared was America for war in 1812? Where was recruitment appealing?
Where did it not go well and why?
192. What were the successes and failures of the American military in the first year of
the war?
193. Explain President Madison's strategic vision for the invasion of Canada. Why did it
fail?
194. What were the causes/effects of the British invasion of 1814?
195. How was Andrew Jackson already making a military name for himself in the first
years of the war?
196. What effect did the Battle of New Orleans have on the war? on Andrew Jackson's
career?
197. List the provision of the Treaty of Ghent?
198. Identify the immediate and long-term effects of the War of 1812 on America.
199. Why did New England oppose the War of 1812?
200. What effect did the Hartford Convention have on Federalist policy?
201. Was the War of 1812 "America's Second War for Independence?"
202. What were the major components of Madison's post-war agenda? How did he
inspire a wave of nationalism?
203. Why was the Monroe presidency called the "Era of Good Feelings?"
204. Who were the leading exponents of the "national" over the "local" or "sectional"
point of view that arose after the War of 1812? What factors contributed to the
growth and development of this attitude?
205. What were the programs proposed by the "nationalists" to deal with problems of
currency and credit, "infant industries," and transportation? How ere these
separate programs linked together into a cohesive plan to develop America?
206. What was the "internal improvements bill?" How did it fit into the nationalists'
program, and what happened to it?
207. What were the general characteristics of the westward movement after the War of
1812? What geographic factors affected the decisions of where to settle?
208. How did the advance of the southern frontier differ from the advance of
settlement in the North?
209. What kind of trade developed between the western regions of North America and
the United States in the early 19c?
210. Why were the leaders of New England disturbed at the nomination and election of
James Monroe for president? What did Monroe do to calm their fears?
211. Why did the United States want to annex Florida? How did the Adams-Onis
negotiations resolve the issue?
212. What were the causes of the Panic of 1819? What political and economic issues did
the Panic raise?
213. What was the purpose of the Tallmadge Amendment introduced in the House in
1819?
214. What were the major elements of disagreement in the debate over the admission of
Missouri into the Union?
215. What were the provisions of the Missouri Compromise of 1820?
216. How was this "compromise" not a long-term solution to the problem of slavery in the
Western territories? What other problems did it create for the future?
217. What was the net effect of the opinions delivered by the Marshall Court? How did
these opinions reflect John Marshall's philosophy of government?
218. Who led the opposition to the Marshall Court? What was the position they took in
denouncing it?
219. How were the nationalist inclinations of the Marshall Court visible in its decisions
concerning the legal status of Indian tribes within the United States?
220. How was it that the United States' proclamation of neutrality in the wars between
Spain and its colonies actually aided the colonies? Why did the United States do
this?
221. What was the Monroe Doctrine? Why was it announced? What was its significance?
222. Why was the caucus system viewed with such disdain before the election of 1824?
223. Who were the candidates in the 1824 presidential election? What "problem" arose
during this election? How was it resolved?
224. How did the election of 1824 signal the end of the "Era of Good Feelings?"
225. What did John Quincy Adams plan to accomplish during his presidency? What role
was the federal government to play in these plans? How successful was he?
226. What problems brought on the tariff debates of 1827 and 1828? In what way did
the South respond to northeastern demands for a higher tariff? On what did the
anti-tariff forces base their stand?
227. What was the outcome of these tariff debates? Why was it that few were pleased
with those results?
228. How had Andrew Jackson's supporters prepared for the election of 1828? What
were the issues in the campaign?
229. Who were the National Republicans? their leaders?
230. What programs did the National Republicans support? From what areas did they
draw their strength?
231. What were the general characteristics of "Jacksonian Democracy" [its philosophy,
practice, etc.]?
232. How did the spoils system fit into Jackson's "democratic" plans? What other means
did he use to bring more people into the political process?
233. What role did social rank and occupation play in the growing democratization of
American politics? What was the reaction in New York and Rhode Island to these
democratic trends?
234. What groups were excluded from this widening of political opportunity? Why?
235. What was the effect of this growth of democracy? How did it change, or not
change, the American political system?
236. How have historians differed over the nature of Jacksonian Democracy?
237. Explain how these different opinions reflect divisions over what historians feel was
the role Andrew Jackson played in the era named for him.
238. Why did South Carolinians refer to the Tariff of 1828 as the "Tariff of
Abomination?"
239. What was John C. Calhoun's theory of nullification as set forth in the South
Carolina Exposition and Protest?
240. What was the "Kitchen Cabinet?" Who were its members? How did it come into
existence?
241. What were the origins of the Calhoun-Jackson split? How did the Eaton Affair
contribute to this division?
242. How did the Webster-Hayne debate fit into the controversy between Jackson and
Calhoun?
243. What was the major point of disagreement between Webster and Hayne? What
arguments were advanced on either side?
244. What were the whites' attitudes toward Native American tribes? How did they
contribution to the decision in favor of their removal westward?
245. What was the program (inherited by Jackson) designed to deal with the Indians who
lived east of the Mississippi? What happened when this program was applied to the
Cherokee in Georgia?
246. Explain the Supreme Court's decisions regarding the Indian tribes and Jackson's
response.
247. How did Jackson's action in the matter of the Cherokee removal correspond to his
views on the role of the president and on the issue of states' rights?
248. How were Jackson's views concerning the Indians "little different" from those of
most white Americans? What was the meaning of "removal?"
249. What was Jackson's opinion on the Bank of the United States? On what did he base
his views? What other factors contributed to his stand?
250. What was Nicholas Biddle's initial attitude toward the Bank's involvement in
politics? What caused him to change his mind and what steps did he take to resolve
the situation?
251. How did Jackson respond to the efforts to re-charter the Second BUS? What
reasons did he give for his action?
252. What effect did the election of 1832 have on Jackson's Bank policy?
253. How did the supporters of the Bank respond to Jackson's action? What did Biddle
do? What were the results?
254. How did the Supreme Court under Roger B. Taney differ from the court under John
Marshall? What groups profited from Taney's decisions?
255. How did the "party philosophy" of the Whigs differ from that of the Democrats?
256. Who were the Whig leaders? How do they reflect the variety of political opinions
found in the Whig Party?
257. What was the Whig strategy in the election of 1836? Who was their candidate?
Why was he selected?
258. What were the results of the 1836 presidential election?
259. What was the general condition of the American economy in 1836? What factors
contributed to that condition?
260. Identify the most pressing problem that Congress and the administration faced
between 1835 and 1837. How did they propose to solve it?
261. What was the effect of the government's decision to lend surplus money to state
banks? What action did Jackson take to ease that effect? What was the result?
262. What caused the Panic of 1837? What effect did it have on the nation? on the
Democratic Party?
263. What programs did Martin Van Buren propose? How did these proposals reflect the
balance of power in the Democratic Party?
264. How did the advent of the "penny press" reflect the social, technological, and
cultural changes taking place in America during the 1820s and 1830s?
265. How did the "penny press" capture the spirit of the "Age of Jackson?"
266. Why did the Whigs select William Henry Harrison as their presidential candidate in
1840? How did his campaign set a new pattern for presidential contests?
267. What did the selection of John Tyler as Harrison's vice-presidential running mate
reveal about the composition of the Whig Party?
268. What was the legislative program that Clay and the leading Whigs hoped to institute
under Tyler? On what parts did Tyler agree? disagree?
269. What was the origin of the split between Tyler and Clay? What effect did it have
on the administration? on the Whig Party?
270. What were the accomplishments of Whig diplomacy?
271. What were the reasons for the rapid increase in population between 1820 and
1840? What were the effects of this increase?
272. What were the major immigrant groups that came to the United States and where
did they settle?
273. What population shifts took place between 1820 and 1840? How did they affect
political divisions?
274. Why was the rise of New York City so phenomenal? What forces combined to make
it America's leading city?
275. How did the foreign-born population become a major factor in American political life
between 1820 and 1850? What elements considered this an "alien menace" and what
was their response?
276. Why did Americans continue to use, whenever possible, water routes for
transportation and travel? What advantages did water have over land?
277. Why were natural means of carrying commerce [lakes and rivers] unsatisfactory to
most Americans?
278. How did Americans propose to overcome the geographic limitations on water travel?
What role was the federal government forced to play in this? Why?
279. What were the "water power towns"? How did they relate to the streams that
served them?
280. Which area took the lead in canal development? What was the effect of these
canals on that section of the country? How did other sections respond to this
example?
281. What were the general characteristics of early railroad development in the United
States?
282. What innovations aided the progress of railroads? What advantages did railroads
have over other forms of transportation?
283. How did innovations in communications and journalism draw communities together?
How did these innovations help divide the sections?
284. In the broadening of business described in your textbook, what shifts in
manufacturing took place? What business innovations occurred?
285. What effect did all of these innovations have on the general distribution of goods in
America?
286. What influence did technology have on the growth of American industry?
287. What forces contributed to the rise of the factory in the Northeast? How did this
promote industrial development?
288. What role did American inventors and industrial ingenuity play in the growth of
American industry?
289. How did the textile mills recruit and use labor? What was the general response to
the Lowell method, by worker and by observer?
290. What caused the breakdown of the Lowell [or Waltham] system?
291. What was the "lot of working women" in Lowell and other factory towns? How did
this differ from conditions in Europe?
292. What problems did the "Lowell girls" have in adjusting to factory and factory-town
life?
293. With the growth of industry came the growth of labor, but how did the rise of
American labor organizations differ from the usual patterns of union growth? What
groups organized first, and why?
294. What was the "factory system?" What impact did it have on the American artisan
tradition?
295. What was the general condition of workers in northeastern factories?
296. What attempts were made to better conditions in northeastern factories? What
role did unions play in these attempts? What was accomplished?
297. What was "the most important economic development in the South of the mid-19c?"
What caused this, and what was its economic impact?
298. What were the agricultural region in the South? What crops were grown in them?
299. How did cotton become "king" in the South? What did this mean for the
development of the region?
300. What role did the "business classes" of the South play in the region's economic
development? What element was most important in this group and why?
301. What is meant by the statement that the Antebellum South had a "colonial"
economy?
302. What was the "Cavalier" image? How were southern planters able to create it?
303. Though only a small minority of southern whites owned slaves, the region was seen-both by the outside world and by many southerners themselves--as a society
dominated by great plantations and wealthy landowning planters. How did this
happen?
304. How did the idea of "honor" affect southern life in the years prior to the Civil War?
305. How was the role played by affluent southern white women like that of their
northern counterparts? How was it different?
306. What accounted for the differences between southern and northern women? Why
did so few southern white women rebel against their social/economic roles?
307. If the typical white southerner was not a great planter, what was he? What was
life like for southern "plain folk' or yeomen?
308. Why did so few non-slaveholding whites oppose the slaveholding oligarchy? Where
did these opponents live?
309. How have historical interpretations of the impact of slavery on the slaves evolved
over the years? What factors shaped these historians' assessments?
310. What were slave codes? What function did they serve? How were they applied?
311. How was slave life shaped by the slave's relationship with his or her owner?
312. Explain the debate over the actual material condition of slavery.
313. How did slavery in the cities differ from slavery on the plantation? What effect
did urban slavery have on the "peculiar institution" and on the relationship between
white and black?
314. How extensive was the practice of manumission in the South?
315. What was the status of the freed slave in the South? How did this compare with
the status of freed people in the North?
316. Explain the characteristics of the foreign and domestic slave trade. On what
grounds was this trade criticized? How did the South answer this criticism?
317. How did the slave respond to slavery? What evidence exists to show that slaves did
not accept their condition without protest and, in some cases, outright defiance?
318. What were the most widely recognized slave revolts? What did they accomplish?
319. How did the process of adaptation help slaves develop their own separate culture?
How was this a form of resistance as well?
320. How did music both shape and reflect the lives of African Americans on slave
plantations?
321. What role did religion play in the life of slaves? What role did the slave family
play?
322. What was the anti-slavery philosophy of William Lloyd Garrison? How did he
transform abolitionism into a new and "dramatically different phenomenon?"
323. What role did black abolitionists play in the movement? How did their philosophy
compare with that of Garrison?
324. Who was David Walker? What was the response of free African-Americans to
gradualism and colonization as methods of dealing with the institution of slavery?
325. Why did many northern whites oppose the abolitionist movement? How did they
show this opposition?
326. What efforts did abolitionists make to find political solutions to the question of
slavery? How successful were they initially?
327. How did abolitionists attempt to arouse widespread public anger over slavery
through the use of propaganda? What was the most significant work to emerge
from this effort? Why did it have such an impact?
328. What was the impact of anti-slavery reform on American national politics in the
1840s?
329. How effective was the Liberty Party on the national level?
330. How did pressure of world opinion and Enlightenment ideals combine to end the slave
trade and slavery in countries other than the United States?
331. How did world opinion and Enlightenment ideals influence the abolition movement in
the United States? How, in turn, did American abolitionism help reinforce the
movements abroad?
332. How was the work of James Fennimore Cooper the culmination of an effort to
produce a truly American literature? What did the work suggest about the nation
and its people?
333. List the major characteristics of the early 19c artistic movement known as the
Hudson River School.
334. Why was Whitman called the "poet of American democracy?"
335. Who were the transcendentalists? What was their philosophy? How did they
express it in literature?
336. How were the transcendentalists among the first Americans to anticipate the
environmental movement of the 20c?
337. What are the basic characteristics of utopian socialism?
338. How did the transcendentalists attempt to apply their beliefs to the problems of
everyday life at Brook Farm? What was the result?
339. What other utopian schemes were put forth during this period? How did these
utopian societies propose to reorder society to create a better way of life?
340. How did the antebellum utopian communities attempt to redefine gender roles?
Which communities were most active in this effort? What did they accomplish?
341. Who were the Mormons? What were their beliefs? Why did they end up in Utah?
342. The "philosophy of reform" that shaped this era rose from what two distinct
sources?
343. How were early 19c political ideals connected to evangelical Christianity?
344. What was the view of 18c Americans concerning crime, poverty, and deviance? How
did this view change in the 19c?
345. How did these changes in attitude impact ideas on prison, work house, and asylum
reform during the first half of the 19c?
346. What gave rise to the crusade against drunkenness? What successes and failures
resulted from the movement's efforts?
347. What was the biggest problem facing American medicine during this period? What
impact did this problem have on health care in the United States?
348. How did efforts to produce a system of universal public education reflect the spirit
of the age?
349. What were the problems facing public education? What types of institutions were
created to deal with them?
350. Why did New England play a significant role in the education reform movement?
351. What conditions put women in a "separate sphere?" What were the characteristics
of the "distinctive female culture" women developed?
352. What was the "Cult of Domesticity?" What costs and benefits did it bring to
middle-class women? to working-class women?
353. How did the rise of feminism reflect not only the participation of women in social
crusades, but also a basic change in the nature of the family?
354. What is the historical significance of the Seneca Falls Convention and its adoption
of the Declaration of Sentiments?
355. What legal rights did single women have in the early 19 c? married women?
356. How did feminists benefit from their association with other reform movements,
most notably abolitionists, and at the same time suffer as a result?
357. Explain how sentimental novels of the antebellum era "gave voice to both female
hopes and female anxieties."
358. Explain the philosophy of "Manifest Destiny." What forces created this concept?
359. What was the "empire of destiny?" How was it achieved? What doubts were raised
by its desirability?
360. How did the ideas of Manifest Destiny reflect certain racial attitudes prevalent in
the country in the mid-19c?
361. Why was the policy of Manifest Destiny closely associated with the Democratic
party?
362. Why did the Mexican government initially allow American colonization of Texas?
363. Who were the Tejanos? What role did they play in the Texas War for
Independence?
364. What were the characteristics of western migration in the 1840s-1850s?
365. What problems did settlers migrating westward during the antebellum period face?
How were these problems overcome?
366. Where did the Oregon Trail begin and end? Who were the overlanders who used
the Trail to migrate West?
367. Why did Clay and Van Buren wish to avoid taking a stand on the question of the
annexation of Texas? What effect did this have on their efforts to be nominated
by their party?
368. How did Van Buren's position on Texas help the candidacy of James K. Polk? How
did Polk's campaign catch the spirit of the time?
369. What effect did Clay's position on Texas have on his campaign?
370. How did James K. Polk's campaign catch the spirit of time? Why was he called
"Little Hickory?"
371. What were the goals of President Polk? How did he resolve the Oregon question?
372. What tensions emerged in the Southwest that threatened to lead the United States
into war with Mexico?
373. How did American interest in California develop?
374. What were the origins of the Slidell Mission? What was its goal? What did it
accomplish? What was Polk's response to it?
375. On what grounds did President Polk ask Congress to declare war on Mexico? On
what grounds was Polk's call to war criticized?
376. What were the objectives of the American offensives in the Mexican War? Why
were the Americans ultimately victorious?
377. List the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
378. What was the Wilmot Proviso? What arguments were advanced in its favor?
379. Identify the South's arguments against the Wilmot Proviso. On what points did
they differ from the arguments given by the North?
380. What compromises were proposed to settle the issues raised by the Wilmot
Proviso?
381. What part did the issue of slavery in the territories play in the election of 1844?
382. What problems faced President Zachary Taylor when he took office? How did
propose to solve them? What action did Congress take?
383. How did the South react to President Taylor's program?
384. What was the Compromise of 1850? How was it passed?
385. How did the 1850 Compromise negate the Missouri Compromise of 1820?
386. Identify the "younger" politicians who emerged after 1850. How did they differ
from the leaders they replaced?
387. How did the political parties react to the Compromise of 1850? How did the
sections of the country react?
388. What was the "Young America" movement? What national sentiment did it reflect?
Who were its spokespersons and what did it accomplish?
389. How was it that American foreign policy objectives in the 1850s began to reflect
the growing sectional divisions in the country?
390. Why did the issue of a transcontinental railroad help to reopen the sectional
controversy?
391. Identify the candidates, the issues, and the results of the presidential election of
1852.
392. List the provisions of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and explain its impact on
sectionalism. What effect did it have on the Whigs? on the Democrats?
393. How did the North react to the Kansas-Nebraska Act? the South? What effect
did it have on the Whigs? on the Democrats?
394. Who were the new Republicans? Which groups comprised this party? What was its
platform?
395. What problems were faced in the attempt to organize a legitimate government in
Kansas? Why did these problems arise?
396. How was it that Kansas became a battle ground for the sectional controversy?
397. Explain the maneuvering by pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces to gain control of
the Kansas government. What did both sides come to believe that Kansas
symbolized for the nation?
398. What type of society did northerners with to create? How did "free soil" and "free
labor" fit into their plans?
399. How did the "free soil" ideology manifest itself in the Republican Party? What
diverse views did it unite?
400. What were the elements of the South's pro-slavery response? Who were its major
spokespersons?
401. What effect did the depression of 1857 have on political divisions in America? How
did it increase the tension between the North and South?
402. What transpired in the Sumner-Brooks incident?
403. What were the origins of the Dred Scott case? What issues were involved?
How did Chief Justice Taney rule on this case? What was the impact of the
decision on the nation's efforts to reach a compromise regarding the slavery issue?
405. Why did the Lincoln-Douglas debates take place? Why did they draw so much
attention?
406. How did Lincoln and Douglas differ in their solution to slavery in the territories?
407. How was Douglas's stand reflected in the Freeport Doctrine? What affect did this
position have on Douglas's future presidential aspirations?
408. How did the Lincoln-Douglas debates define the distinctions between the
Democratic and Republican parties?
409. What were the goals of John Brown's raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry,
VA? How did the South react to this event?
410. Why is John Brown's raid considered to be a turning point in the South's road to
secession?
411. What caused the split between northern and southern Democrats in 1860? What
was the result of this division?
412. What was the Republican platform in 1860? To whom did it appeal most?
413. What role did the Lyceum play in educating the American public, especially with
regard to public controversies of the period?
414. What sort of people took part in the Lyceum movement?
415. On what constitutional interpretation was the concept of secession based? What
was the reaction of the United States government to the southern states that
seceded first?
416. What compromises were proposed to bring these states back into the Union? Why
did they fail?
417. What was Lincoln's opinion regarding the legality of secession? How was that
opinion reflected in his action concerning Fort Sumter?
418. What problem presented itself to the South by Lincoln's decision to re-supply Fort
Sumter?
419. Explain the various interpretations that historians have advanced to explain why the
Civil War took place.
420. How have these interpretations followed the general outlines laid down by Senator
William H. Seward in 1858?
421. Create a CHART which analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the North and
the South in terms of their readiness for war.
422. How did the Republican Party act to expand the American economy during the war?
To which pre-war party was their program similar? Why were they able to enact it,
whereas the previous party had not been successful?
423. How did the Union propose to finance the war? How successful was this? What was
the effect on the economy?
424. How did the Union propose to raise troops? To what extent was it forced to use
conscription? How did the nation react to this method?
425. What was Lincoln's view of the extent of presidential war powers?
426. Who were the opponents war in the North? How did Lincoln use his powers against
them? What was the outcome?
427. For what reason was the "Union Party" created? Who were its candidates?
404.
428. What were the two factions trying to control the Republican Party? What were
their goals? Which group did Lincoln support?
429. How was this split in the Republican Party revealed in the debate over what to do
about slavery? What action did each faction propose? What was Lincoln's response
to each faction?
430. What factors, other than political pressure, brought about the Emancipation
Proclamation? What did the proclamation really accomplish?
431. What role did African Americans play in support of the Union cause?
432. What impact did the Civil War have on the Northern industrial economy? on women
in the North?
433. What part did women play in the Union war effort?
434. What were the origins of the Confederate government? How did its constitution
differ from that of the United States?
435. What problems did the new leaders of the Confederacy face?
436. How did the Confederacy attempt to finance the war?
437. How did the Confederacy propose to raise troops for the war? How did these plans
compare with those of the Union? How successful were they?
438. Why was states' rights the "great dividing force" i the Confederacy's war effort?
What caused this division? What was the effect?
439. How did the Civil War "transform" Southern society? How was this transformation
like that which took place in the North? How was it different?
440. What impact did the war have on the lives and circumstances of women? of slaves?
441. Explain the 19c worldwide movement to create large, consolidated nations. How did
the American Civil War fit into this movement?
442. What does the popularity of baseball indicate about America at the time of the Civil
War?
443. Why was Lincoln more successful at organizing a command system than Davis?
444. What role did Lincoln propose for the United States Navy? How did the
Confederacy attempt to overcome this naval advantage?
445. What were the foreign-policy objectives of the Union and of the Confederacy? How
did each attempt to achieve these objectives? Which was most successful and why?
446. How did the West play a continuing political, diplomatic, and military part in the
conflict?
447. How did advances in the effectiveness of arms and artillery change the way soldiers
in the field fought?
448. What was the response of the border states to the outbreak of war?
449. Why was the outcome of the First Battle of Bull Run [First Manassas] such a
shock? What did it reveal about the possibility of an early end to the struggle and
about the readiness of the two sides for a major conflict?
450. What were the strengths and weaknesses of General George McClellan's military
leadership? of General Robert E. Lee's military leadership?
451. What was the Union plan for the conquest of the West? How did the Confederates
propose to defend this area?
452. How did the battle of Shiloh change Grant's thinking about his military plans?
453. Why was the Battle of Antietam considered to be one of the turning points in the
war?
454. Why was 1863 the "Year of Decision?"
455. What was Grant's grand strategy for 1864? What were his objectives?
456. How was the Confederacy finally defeated? In what way did the Union forces
destroy the South's will to carry on the fight?
457. What effects did the Civil War have on the economy and social system of the
South?
458. What special problems did the freedmen face immediately after the war? What
efforts were made to help them?
459. What were the competing notion of freedom that existed in the post-war South?
460. What political implications did the readmission of the Southern states pose for the
Republicans?
461. What were the differences between the Conservative, Radical, and Moderate
factions of the Republican Party during Reconstruction?
462. What were the objectives and provisions of Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction? How
did the Radical Republicans respond to it?
463. Describe Andrew Johnson's approach to Reconstruction. How was it shaped by his
political background and his personality?
464. What did the Southern state governments do during the "Presidential"
Reconstruction of 1865 and 1866?
465. How did Congress respond to the Black Codes and other Southern state actions of
1865 and 1866?
466. What did the congressional elections of 1866 reveal about the public attitude
toward Reconstruction?
467. Identify the basic provisions of the Congressional plan of Reconstruction of 1867.
On what principle was it based?
468. What measures did the Radical Republicans take to keep President Johnson and the
Supreme Court from interfering with their plans?
469. Why did Radical Republicans want to impeach President Johnson? Why did they
fail?
470. What three groups constituted the Republican Party in the South during
Reconstruction?
471. What role did blacks play in southern political life during Reconstruction?
472. What was the balance between corruption and positive accomplishments by the
Reconstruction-era state governments in the South?
473. What patterns of Southern education began to emerge during Reconstruction?
474. What changes in land distribution occurred in the South after the Civil War?
475. How did the sharecropping system of labor assist Southern whites in reasserting
control over black labor?
476. Why did the government's attempt to redistribute land to freedmen fail?
477. What economic advances did the freedmen make? How did the economic status of
blacks compare with that of the average white Southerner?
478. How did the crop-lien system overshadow the economic gains made by blacks and
poor whites?
479. How did freedom affect black family life?
480.
How did Ulysses S. Grant's political accomplishments compare with his
military ability?
481.
What was President Grant's position on Reconstruction?
482.
What were the scandals that came to light during the Grant
Administration? What role did Grant play in these scandals?
483.
People in what financial condition were most likely to favor expansion of the
currency supply with greenbacks?
484.
What was done about the "greenback" issue?
485.
What were some of the diplomatic accomplishments of the Grant
administration?
486.
What tactics did white Southern Democrats use to restrict or control black
suffrage?
487.
Why did Northern Republicans begin to take less interest in Reconstruction
and the cause of the freedmen after about 1870?
488.
Why was the presidential election of 1876 disputed? How was the
controversy resolved by the "Compromise of 1877?"
489.
What was President Rutherford B. Hayes's objective in the South? How
successful was he in meeting that objective?
490.
Compare white and black expectations for Reconstruction with the actual
results.
491.
How have historians differed over the nature of Reconstruction? What part
has the public played in this debate? Why is the era so controversial?
492.
What were the socio-economic and political characteristics of the
"Redeemers" [Bourbons]?
493.
How did the policies of the "Redeemer" governments compare with those of
the Reconstruction-era administrations?
494.
In what particular products was industrialization in the South most
advanced? What factors attracted industrial capital to the region after the war?
495.
How did industrialization in the South compare with that in the North?
496.
Identify the composition of the industrial workforce in the South. What
problems did the workers face?
497. Describe the rise of the black middle class. How widespread were economic gains by
Southern blacks?
498. What was Booker T. Washington's prescription for black advancement? Why did
many blacks feel that Washington favored a second-class citizenship?
499. How did W. E. B. DuBois's approach differ from that of Booker T. Washington?
500. How did the civil-rights cases of 1883 and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) substantially
negate the effect of the equal-protection clause of the 14th Amendment?
501. What strategies and legal devices did the Southern states use to evade the spirit of
the 15th Amendment?
502. List several of the Jim Crow laws that appeared in Southern states during and
immediately after Reconstruction.
503. What alternative paths of accommodation and resistance did black leaders propose
to the rise of Jim Crow?
504. Explain how Southern whites used lynching to control the black population. How did
some whites, both Northern and Southern, respond?
505. What role did Ida B. Wells play in response to the increased horror of lynchings?
506. How have historians attempted to explain the origins of segregation in America?
507.
How have social and political developments in the United States influenced the
debate over the origins of segregation?