Ancient Rome
I.
Italy
-Through ____________, the Greeks influenced the Italian peninsula
by _____________there; though the _______________ were already
living there..
-________________ cut off land t_____________, thus, the people
depended on ___________ trade.
-Became the ____________ of trade between _________,
___________, and _______________.
A.
The Rise of Rome
1. A __________began to brew between two ___________ who
wanted to start their own city by the __________ River. As
babies, they had been abandoned and nursed by a
_________. While building their cities, ____________ made
fun of _____________’ efforts, and in a fit of rage, Romulus
_________ Remus. He went on to create ____________.
2. Under ____________ rule, two social classes developed.
a. _____________-the wealthy nobility.
b. _____________-the artisans and farmers.
-_____ could vote, but only the ______________could hold
___________.
3. The Roman Republic-__________ elect leaders to
______________them. 2 branches of _______________were
formed:
a. ____________________-2 officials were elected for 1
year terms. Called _____________, they consulted each
other before acting, and could _______ (Latin for “I
forbid”) each other. They oversaw __________,
_________, and _______ collectors.
b. ____________________-divided between 2 __________
of government.
i.
Assembly of ____________-lower house of 100
men; they elected ____________ in the executive
branch.
ii.
____________-upper house of 300 men who
outweighed the Assembly. They ____________
consuls and served for __________.
B.
Plebeians against Patricians
-wanted representation in government, and refused to serve in
the ___________- until given a voice. Patricians then allowed
plebeians to elect representatives, _______________, who had
power to veto legislation and were _____________ from the
____________ of __________. The plebeians insisted the
government write down the _______, thus the _____________
were written. Plebeians also could _____________ in some
unsalaried public offices.
C.
II.
Religion
-Romans borrowed ________ gods and gave them new names:
_____________ (love) became Venus; _________(war) became
Mars; old god ____________was given characteristics of Zeus.
They also worshipped ________________ spirits at home.
Roman Expansion
A.
Legionaries-Roman _________________ conquered new land
and established permanent _____________ settlements called
________________, forming a chain of roads and major
___________ routes.
B.
Punic Wars with Carthage
1.
The First Punic War-_______________ (Punici) wanted to
gain control over a strategic ________ _______ of the
___________. Rome hooked to Carthage ships and
boarded, easily winning. Carthage repaid a huge
______________ for damages.
2.
The Second Punic War-New Carthaginian leader,
_____________, crossed the _________ with __________
to defeat Rome. Romans rallied, attacked ___________
and Hannibal had to go home; Carthage _____________.
3.
The Third Punic War-Rome wanted to end Carthaginian
______________ for good and _____________ Carthage,
selling the population into ______________.
-Rome now had ___________ control over the __________
___________ from __________ to _________ _____________.
C.
Problems in the New Provinces
1.
Roman democracy was only good for the small
______________. The Senate appointed a ____________
(governors) who accepted __________ and _______from
the __________. The ______________ (tax collectors)
also ________. This caused many territories to _______.
2.
_________________(large estates owned by the
_________) used _______ labor and cheap labor to
produce more ____________, causing small farmers to
______ ________ and go to the ______, where jobs there
were already _________ by slaves. A new _________
_________ thus developed between the plebeians and
patricians: __________-wealthy enough to ride _______
in battle, but not ____________ enough to be patricians.
D.
Reform
1.
Tiberius Gracchus-a ______________who decided to
represent the ___________ in the __________,
developed a law to return _______ back to landless
citizens. After passage, a ___________developed
against him, killing ______ and _______ followers.
2.
Gaius Gracchus-Tiberius’ ___________ then elected to
the Tribune; he set up a government program to sell
_________ at _________ prices to the _______. He
started a new _______ using the equites, and upset the
________. He was also ________ by his opponents.
3.
Gaius Marius-elected __________ and gave poor people
______ by enlisting them into the _______, led by
General __________, who turned against Marius,
______________ the government and appointing himself
as ______________.
4.
The First Triumvirate-___________ and ___________
were elected consuls, gaining the support of _________
____________, a young ____________. The three united
and formed a ________________, meaning three leaders
with __________ ___________ controlling the
government. Caesar, a strong _____________ leader,
conquered __________. Crassus wanted to _______ his
leadership, but was __________ in battle; Pompey was
________ Caesar might use his army to take _________
control, thus, Pompey and the Senate ________ Caesar
to leave his ____________ behind and return to Rome.
Caesar ___________ to step down, and with his troops,
________ Pompey and his ________ out of __________.
5.
Julius Caesar-45 B.C., became dictator for _______,
giving jobs to the ___________ and land to the _______.
Many thought Caesar was a ________ ruler; others felt
he was a ________who wanted to be ________ and end
the republic. To prevent his rule, ________ and
_________ assassinated Caesar as he entered the
Senate on _______ ___, 44 B.C.-the ________ of March.
6.
The Second Triumvirate-Octavian (__________ of Julius
Caesar), Marc Antony, & Marcus Lepidus condemned to
death Caesar’s ____________, dividing the Roman
Empire into _______ empires: Octavian-________ &
_________; Antony-___________ & _________; Lepidus________ ____________.
7.
Octavian-wanted the __________ empire, and forced
____________ out of power; _____________ the Romans
that ___________ and _______________(queen of Egypt)
wanted to ___________ them, thus, declared ______ on
them. To evade capture, they committed ___________ in
Egypt, giving Octavian _________ of Rome.
III.
Roman Empire
A. Octavian gave himself the title of ______________ (Majestic One);
27 BC-AD14
-became Rome’s first _____________ (absolute ruler)
-r____________ the city of ___________; built new ________; fed
the __________; became a great _____________ of the arts.
-built new _________________ with concrete and stone (e.g._________________, where _____________, meaning armed
slaves, competed; ______________, a ____________ for the gods).
-created __________________ to carry water.
-instituted the ______ _____________ (Roman Peace) that lasted
______ years. During this time, the conquest of colonies
increased _________ and the ___________. There were changes
in ____________: more ____________, fewer ___________, and
women gained some _________ _________. Those __________
were able to move up the ____________ ladder and become
_____________. 130 __________ were celebrated each year;
among the favorites were the ____________ fights, where men
often faced _________ with wild ______________.
-Augustus chose his own ____________ but failed to devise any
law for the ____________ of later ________________.
B. Julian Emperors (all __________ to Julius Caesar); 14AD to 68AD.
1. Tiberius-accused people of ____________ against him.
2. Caligula-mentally ___________ and ________________.
3. Claudius-very _______; had problems with ____________.
4. Nero-_________________ Rome to pay for his ________
_________ habit and ________ of music; killed his ________,
__________, many ____________; was sentenced to death for
crimes against the ___________, but committed ____________
before the sentence was carried out.
C. Good Emperors
AD96-Senate chose _______ as emperor, followed by _________,
___________, ____________ _______, and __________
__________.
-These emperors ruled according to the ___________ created by
____________, with “____ ___________,” a law that dealt with
foreigners and non-citizens; and “_____ __________,” a law for
citizens. The authority of the state was ____________ over the
___________________; the accused was considered innocent
_________ proven guilty. People lived by the _______ philosophy
which stressed ________ over _____________.
D. Diocletian- realized the Roman Empire was too ______ for _____
man, thus he ___________ it into two ______________ units. To
slow inflation, he issued the _______ ___ _________, freezing
wages and setting ____________ prices for goods. Citizens sold
goods on the _______ __________-through _______________&
__________ trade. Many workers were forced to remain working
the same job for __________.
E. Constantine-came to power after years of ________ war. He made
it legal for landowners to ________ their ________ so they would
not leave. All jobs became __________; sons had to follow in
their fathers ___________. The __________ of the empire was
moved from Rome to _______________ and renamed
_____________________ (an ideal site for trade).
F. Theodosius- declared that the ___________ and _________
sections of the empire be divided into the _____________ Empire
in the east, and the ______________ Empire in the West.
G. Roman Decline
-________________ tribes had always been a _________. After
the ________ Emperors, Rome was in constant ___________
searching for good emperors, but ending up with a series of
________emperors.
-Armies fought ____________ and could not easily defend Rome’s
__________ from Germanic tribes: _______, ________, and
___________, ending the _____ __________.
-The economy also __________. Trade and crops ___________.
More money was __________; a time of ___________-rise of
prices due to a _____________ in the ___________ of money.
-Germanic invasions occurred because they were searching for a
_____________ climate and wanted a share in the Roman’s
____________. Romans considered them to be _________. Three
tribes successful in bringing down the Roman Empire:
_____________, ________ (leader-Attila; efforts ended early when
the plague hit), and the ____________, who overtook Rome,
setting up their own _______________.
H. Other Aspects of Roman Civilization
1. _________ was the official ____________ of Rome. Many
words had ______________ meanings. Latin served as the
foundation for the ___________ languages-__________,
_________, ____________, ___________, and Romania. Latin
words are the basis for many ___________ words.
2. Roman writers
a.
___________-a Roman senator who published many
______________.
b.
___________-a poet who wrote about the shortness of
______ and rewards of ________________.
c.
___________-wrote the ____________-an epic that
expresses the __________ and ___________ of Romans.
The Rise of Christianity: Although many Chrisitians were at first
_____________, this belief in _______ _________ continued to _________.
The Romans became _____________ with their ______________ religion,
feeling it had ___________ them. ________________, while leading his
army into battle, saw a flaming ________ in the sky. He ordered his troops
to __________ crosses on their ____________. After ______________the
battle, Constantine __________ the victory to _________ and started
_________________ Christians, allowing them to worship __________ and
ordering that destroyed _____________ be ___________. Christianity
spread throughout the _____________ world and ________________ the
creation of the _________ ______________ ___________.