Structure
Function
Digestive System
Esophagus - Muscular tube that carries food and liquids from mouth to stomach
Stomach - Storage and digestion of food
Liver - Creates bile, aids in digestion, creates some blood proteins
Gall Bladder – Stores and secretes bile which helps digest fats in the small intestine
Small Intestine - Digestion of food and absorption of nutrients
Large Intestine - Reabsorbs water
Rectum - Lowest portion of the large intestine that connects to the anus. Collects waste
for expulsion from body
Anus - Expulsion of solid waste from the body
Pancreas - Secretes digestive fluid into sm. intestine and insulin into bloodstream
*Cardiac Sphincter - Muscular ring between esophagus and stomach
*Pyloric Sphincter - Muscular ring between stomach and sm. Intestine
Spleen - Destroys old blood cells, stores blood, produces white blood cells
Epiglottis - Fold of skin to close the trachea while swallowing
Appendix - Accessory part of a bodily organ, attached to large intestine
Mesentery – Thin layer of skin holding intestines together
Papillae – Taste buds, located on the end and base of the tongue
Salivary glands - glands located in the mouth that produce saliva. Saliva contains
enzymes that break down carbohydrates (starch) into smaller molecules.
Duodenum - The beginning portion of the small intestine; it is C-shaped and runs from
the stomach to the jejunum.
Peritoneum - The serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and folds
inward to enclose the viscera.
common bile duct -duct in the liver through which bile leaves
Circulatory
Vena Cava - Oxygen poor blood returns to (heart) right atrium
Aorta - Carries O2 rich blood away from the heart and distributes it throughout the body
Coronary Artery - Supplies O2 rich blood to the heart itself
Right Atrium - Receives O2 poor blood from body. Sends blood to right ventricle
Left Atrium - Receives O2 rich blood from the lungs
Right Ventricle - Receives O2 poor blood from right atrium and sends it to lungs
Left Ventricle - Receives O2 rich blood from left atrium and sends it to the body
Pericardium - Protective membrane that encloses the heart
Tricuspid Valve - Controls the flow of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle
Bicuspid Valve - Controls the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle
Pulmonary Artery - Transports O2 poor blood to the lungs
Thymus Gland – Aids the immune system
Thyroid Gland - Gland found in all vertebrates which regulates the rate at which your
body carries on its necessary functions
Spleen - Destroys old blood cells, stores blood, produces white blood cells
aorta -major systemic artery that originates from the left ventricle of the heart
pulmonary vein -major vein carrying oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart
renal artery -major artery supplying blood to the kidney
renal vein -major vein taking blood from the kidney into the postcaval vein
ductus arteriosus -connection between the pulmonary artery and aorta that prevents much
of the blood from reaching the lungs during fetal development
Respiratory
Glottis - Vocal apparatus of the Larynx
Nares - Passageways for air to enter the trachea; nostrils
Larynx - Walls of muscle and cartilage that contains the vocal cords
Trachea - Transports air from mouth/nose to lungs and lungs to mouth/nose
Lungs - Site of Gas (CO2 and O2) exchange
Diaphragm - Muscular membrane separating abdominal and thoracic cavity. Helps
breathing process
Thoracic cavity - Chest cavity including the heart, lungs, trachea, area between the neck
region and the diaphragm.
Epiglottis - The thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at the root of the tongue that
folds over the e glottis to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during the act
of swallowing.
Excretory - Removes metabolic wastes and foreign substances from body
Kidney - Extracts waste and foreign substances from the bloodstream
Ureter - Transports urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary Bladder - Stores urine
Urethra - Allows urine to exit the body (from bladder to outside body)
Reproductive
Male
Testes - Male reproductive gland which produces sperm
Epididymis - Sperm duct that carries sperm away from testes to vas deferens
Penis - The male organ of copulation and of urinary excretion
Vas Deferens - A duct that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
Female
Ovaries - Female reproductive organ that stores eggs and produces estrogen and
progesterone
Fallopian Tubes - Duct that carries eggs from Ovary to uterus
Uterus - Hollow muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity of female mammals in which
the fertilized egg implants and develops
Vagina - Genital canal leading from the opening of the vulva to the cervix
Nervous
Cerebrum - The large, rounded structure of the brain occupying most of the cranial
cavity, divided into two cerebral hemispheres that are joined at the bottom by the corpus
callosum. It controls and integrates motor, sensory, and higher mental functions, such as
thought, reason, emotion, and memory.
cerebellum -region of the brain involved with coordination of skeletal muscle activity;
located posteriorly and caudally to the cerebrum
brainstem -collective term used to describe the area of the brain containing the pons and
the medulla
spinal cord -column of nerve tissue running from the brain down the vertebral column;
contains sensory, motor and association tracts
Hypothalamus- controls emotions; brain
Medulla- lower part of brainstem, controls blood pressure, breathing, automatic functions
External:
umbilical cord-term referring to the cord supplying nourishment to and waste removal
from the fetus
umbilical arteries -pair of arteries that return blood from the fetus to the placenta; located
within the umbilical cord
umbilical vein -carries oxygenated blood from the placenta into the fetus; located within
the umbilical cord
urogenital opening-common area in the female into which both the vagina and urethra
open
kidney -excretory organ responsible for the filtration of waste products from the blood
nephrons structural and functional units of the kidney; filtering components
Dorsal- back
Ventral- front
Other
“blue baby”- An infant born with cyanosis as a result of a congenital cardiac or
pulmonary defect that causes inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
Diagrams: