CHAPTER 22
Accounting Changes and Error Analysis
ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE
Topics
1.
Differences between change in
principle, change in estimate,
change in entity, errors.
2.
Accounting changes:
3.
*4.
Brief
Exercises Exercises
Questions
a.
Comprehensive.
b.
Changes in estimate.
c.
Changes in depreciation
methods.
d.
2, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 11, 12,
13, 15, 16
Problems
Cases
3
1, 2, 3, 4,
5
1, 2, 3, 7
1, 2, 4, 5,
6
4
2, 3, 4, 16
1, 2, 5
2, 3, 4, 5,
7
1. 2
1, 2, 3, 5, 6,
10, 16, 17
1, 5, 6
1, 3, 4, 7
Changes in accounting for
long-term construction
contracts.
7
6
1, 2, 5
e.
Change from FIFO to
average cost.
8
f.
Change from FIFO to LIFO. 10
9
g.
Change from LIFO.
h.
Miscellaneous.
9
3
8
1, 3, 8
1, 2, 5
4
6
1, 6
2, 4, 5
Correction of an error.
a.
Comprehensive.
14, 17, 19
7
10, 12, 15,
16, 17, 18
5, 6, 8, 9,
10
b.
Depreciation.
18, 21
5, 6
1, 13, 14
1
c.
Inventory.
20
11, 13
2, 10
19, 20
11, 12
Changes between fair value and
equity methods.
8, 9
*This material is dealt with in an Appendix to the chapter.
22-1
1, 2
ASSIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS TABLE
Item
Description
Level of
Difficulty
Time
(minutes)
E22-1
E22-2
E22-3
E22-4
E22-5
E22-6
E22-7
E22-8
E22-9
E22-10
E22-11
E22-12
E22-13
E22-14
E22-15
E22-16
E22-17
E22-18
*E22-19
*E22-20
Error and change in principle—depreciation.
Change in principle and change in estimate—depreciation.
Change in principle and change in estimate—depreciation.
Change in estimate—depreciation.
Change in principle—depreciation.
Change in principle—depreciation.
Change in principle—long-term contracts.
Various changes in principle—inventory methods.
Change in principle—FIFO to LIFO.
Error correction entries.
Change in principle and error; financial statements.
Error analysis and correcting entry.
Error analysis and correcting entry.
Error analysis.
Error analysis; correcting entries.
Error analysis.
Error analysis.
Error analysis.
Change from fair value to equity.
Change from equity to fair value.
Simple
Moderate
Moderate
Simple
Simple
Moderate
Simple
Moderate
Simple
Simple
Moderate
Simple
Simple
Moderate
Simple
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Complex
Moderate
15-20
30-35
20-25
10-15
20-25
20-25
10-15
20-35
10-15
15-20
25-35
10-15
10-15
25-30
20-25
20-25
10-15
5-10
25-30
15-20
P22-1
P22-2
P22-3
P22-4
P22-5
P22-6
P22-7
P22-8
P22-9
P22-10
*P22-11
*P22-12
Change in estimate, principle, and error correction.
Comprehensive accounting change and error analysis problem.
Comprehensive accounting change and error analysis problem.
Change in principle (LIFO to average cost), income statements.
Error corrections.
Error corrections and changes in principle.
Comprehensive error analysis.
Error analysis.
Error analysis and correcting entries.
Error analysis and correcting entries.
Fair value to equity method with goodwill.
Change from fair value to equity method.
Moderate
Complex
Complex
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Complex
Moderate
Moderate
30-35
30-40
30-40
40-50
30-35
25-30
25-30
20-25
20-25
50-60
20-25
20-25
C22-1
C22-2
C22-3
C22-4
C22-5
C22-6
C22-7
Analysis of various accounting changes and errors.
Analysis of various accounting changes and errors.
Analysis of three accounting changes and errors.
Analysis of various accounting changes and errors.
Comprehensive accounting changes and error analysis.
Accounting changes.
Change in estimates, ethics
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
25-35
20-30
30-35
20-30
30-40
20-30
20-30
22-2
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1.
The major reasons are:
(1) Desire to show better profit picture.
(2) Desire to increase cash flows through reduction in income taxes.
(3) Recommendations by Financial Accounting Standards Board to change accounting
methods.
(4) Desire to follow industry practices.
(5) Desire to show a better measure of the company’s income.
2.
(a) Change in accounting principle; current or catch-up approach; the cumulative effect of the
adjustment should be reflected in the income statement between the captions “extraordinary
items” and “net income.”
(b) Change in accounting principle; no restatement is made as the base-year inventory is the
opening inventory of the period of change.
(c) Prior period adjustment; adjust the beginning balance of retained earnings.
(d) Credit to revenue—possibly separately disclosed.
(e) Change in accounting estimate; currently and prospectively. Part of operating section of
income statement.
(f) Charge to expense; possibly separately disclosed.
(g) Change in accounting principle; retroactive restatement of all affected prior period financial
statements.
3.
The current or catch-up method has the following advantages:
(1) Prior periods are not restated and therefore investor confidence is not lost.
(2) Upsetting of legal conditions if restatement is permitted is avoided.
(3) All revenues and expenses are run through the income statement instead of being buried in
restatements.
(4) Cost of restatement is high.
(5) Restatement may be difficult to compute.
4.
Pro-forma amounts are reported whenever a company changes from one generally accepted
accounting principle to another. These amounts permit financial statements users to determine
the net income that would have been shown if the newly adopted principle had been in effect in
earlier periods.
5.
A change in an estimate is simply a change in the way an individual perceives the realizability of
an asset or liability. Examples of changes in estimate are: (1) change in the realizability of trade
receivables, (2) revisions of estimated lives, (3) changes in estimates of warranty costs, and (4)
change in estimate of deferred charges or credits. A change in accounting estimate is considered
affected by a change in accounting principle when a new accounting principle is adopted to
reflect an expected change in future economic events. An example would be switching from
capitalizing advertising expenditures to expensing them if the future benefit of the expenditures
can no longer be estimated with reasonable certainty.
6.
This is an example of a situation in which it is difficult to differentiate between a change in
accounting principle and a change in estimate. In such a situation, the change should be
considered a change in estimate, and accordingly, should be handled currently and
prospectively. Thus, all costs presently capitalized and viewed as providing doubtful future values
should be expensed immediately, and costs currently incurred should also be expensed
immediately.
22-3
Questions Chapter 22 (Continued)
7.
(a) Charge to expense—possibly separately disclosed.
(b) Change in accounting principle—current or catch-up approach; the cumulative effect of the
adjustment should be reflected in the income statement between the captions “extraordinary
items” and “net income.”
(c) Charge to expense—possibly separately disclosed.
(d) Prior period adjustment—adjust the beginning balance of retained earnings.
(e) Change in accounting principle—retroactive restatement of all affected prior-period financial
statements.
(f) Change in accounting estimate—currently and prospectively.
8.
This change is to be handled as a correction of an error. As such, the portion of the change
attributable to prior periods ($33,000) should be reported as an adjustment to the beginning
balance of retained earnings in the 2004 financial statements. If statements for previous years
are presented for comparative purposes, these statements should be restated to correct for the
error. The remainder of the inventory value ($29,000) should be reflected in the 2004 statements
as a reduction of materials cost.
9.
Preferability is a difficult concept to apply. The problem is that there are no basic objectives to indicate which is the most preferable method, assuming a selection between two generally
accepted accounting practices is possible, such as accelerated and straight-line depreciation. If a
FASB standard creates a new principle or expresses preference for or rejects a specific
accounting principle, a change is considered clearly acceptable. A more appropriate matching of
revenues and expenses is often given as the justification for a change in accounting principle.
10.
When a company changes to the LIFO method, the base-year inventory for all subsequent LIFO
calculations is the beginning inventory in the year the method is adopted. Prior years’ income is
not restated because it would be too impractical. The only adjustment necessary may be to
restate the beginning inventory from a lower of cost or market approach to a cost basis.
11.
Where individual company statements were reported in prior years and consolidated financial
statements are to be prepared this year, the following reporting and disclosure practices should
be implemented:
(1) The financial statements of all prior periods presented should be restated to show the
financial information for the new reporting entity for all periods.
(2) The financial statements of the year in which the change in reporting entity is made should
describe the nature of the change and the reason for it.
(3) The effect of the change on income before extraordinary items, net income, and earnings
per share amounts should be disclosed for all periods presented.
12.
This change represents a change in reporting entity. This type of change should be reported by
restating the financial statements of all prior periods presented to show the financial information
for the new reporting entity for all periods. The financial statements of the year in which the
change in reporting entity is made should describe the nature of the change and the reason for it.
13.
This change represents a change in accounting principle for which retroactive restatement is
required. As such, this change would be reported in the financial statements by the restatement
of all prior periods presented to reflect the newly adopted depreciation method. The statements
for the current year would, of course, reflect the newly adopted method. (This procedure of
restatement upon the issuance of securities may be used only by closely held companies and
then only once.)
14.
Counterbalancing errors are errors that will be offset or corrected over two periods. Non-counterbalancing errors are errors that are not offset in the next accounting period. An example of a
counterbalancing error is the failure to record accrued wages or prepaid expenses. Failure to
capitalize equipment and record depreciation is an example of a non-counterbalancing error.
22-4
Questions Chapter 22 (Continued)
15.
A correction of an error in previously issued financial statements should be handled as a priorperiod adjustment. Thus, such an error should be reported in the year that it is discovered as an
adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings. And, if comparative statements are
presented, the prior periods affected by the error should be restated. The disclosures need not be
repeated in the financial statements of subsequent periods.
As an illustration, assume that sales of $40,000 were inadvertently overlooked at the end of
2004. When the error was discovered in a subsequent period, the appropriate entry to record the
correction of the error would have been:
Accounts Receivable .................................................................................
Retained Earnings .............................................................................
40,000
40,000
16.
This change represents a change from an accounting principle that is not generally accepted to
an accounting principle that is acceptable. As such, this change should be handled as a
correction of an error. Thus, in the 2005 statements, the cumulative effect of the change should
be reported as an adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings. If 2004 statements
are presented for comparative purposes, these statements should be restated to correct for the
accounting error.
17.
Retained earnings is correctly stated at December 31, 2005. Failure to accrue salaries in earlier
years is a counterbalancing error that has no effect on 2005 ending retained earnings.
18.
December 31, 2005
Machinery ..................................................................................................
Accumulated Depreciation—Machinery .............................................
Retained Earnings .............................................................................
(To correct for the error of expensing installation costs on
machinery acquired in January, 2004)
Depreciation Expense [($38,000 – $3,800) ÷ 20] .......................................
Accumulated Depreciation—Machinery .............................................
(To record depreciation on machinery for 2005 based on a
20-year useful life)
19.
8,000
800
7,200
1,710
1,710
The amortization error decreases net income by $2,850 in 2004. Interest expense related to the
discount should have been charged for $150, but was charged for $3,000. The entry to correct for
this error is as follows:
Discount on Bonds Payable .......................................................................
Interest Expense ................................................................................
2,850
2,850
The entry to record accrued interest on the $100,000 of principal at 11% for 6 months is:
Interest Expense........................................................................................
Interest Payable .................................................................................
20.
5,500
This error has no effect on net income because both purchases and inventory were understated.
The entry to correct for this error, assuming a periodic inventory system, is:
Purchases .................................................................................................
Accounts Payable ..............................................................................
21.
5,500
13,000
13,000
This error increases net income by $1,800 in 2004. Depreciation should have been charged to
net income. The entry to correct for this error is as follows:
Depreciation Expense................................................................................
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment .............................................
22-5
1,800
1,800
SOLUTIONS TO BRIEF EXERCISES
BRIEF EXERCISE 22-1
Accumulated Depreciation ........................................
Deferred Tax Liability .........................................
Cumulative Effect of Change in Accounting
Principle—Depreciation..................................
48,000
16,800
31,200
BRIEF EXERCISE 22-2
Income before cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle
Cumulative effect of change in depreciation methods
Net income
Earnings per share
Income before cumulative effect
Cumulative effect
Net income
Pro-forma amounts
Net income
Earnings per share
$250,000
(84,000)
$166,000
$25.00
(8.40)
$16.60
$250,000
$25.00
BRIEF EXERCISE 22-3
Inventory .....................................................................
1,000,000
Deferred Tax Liability ............................................
Retained Earnings .................................................
BRIEF EXERCISE 22-4
Depreciation Expense ...................................................
Accumulated Depreciation ....................................
$48,000 – $10,000

 $19, 000


4 –2

22-6
400,000
600,000
19,000
19,000
BRIEF EXERCISE 22-5
Equipment.......................................................................
Accumulated Depreciation.....................................
Deferred Tax Liability .............................................
Retained Earnings ..................................................
($30,000 = $75,000 X 2/5; $13,500 = $45,000 X 30%)
75,000
30,000
13,500
31,500
BRIEF EXERCISE 22-6
WILLIAM R. MONAT COMPANY
Retained Earnings Statement
December 31, 2005
Retained earnings, 1/1/05, as previously reported
Correction of depreciation error, net of tax
Retained earnings, 1/1/05, as adjusted
Add: Net income
$2,000,000
(300,000)
1,700,000
900,000
2,600,000
250,000
$2,350,000
Deduct: Dividends
Retained earnings, 12/31/05
BRIEF EXERCISE 22-7
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2004
Overstated
Overstated
Understated
Overstated
No effect
2005
Understated
Overstated
Overstated
Understated
Overstated
*BRIEF EXERCISE 22-8
Cash
..........................................................................
Available-for-Sale Securities .................................
Dividend Revenue...................................................
22-7
7,600
1,200
6,400
*BRIEF EXERCISE 22-9
Investment in Terminator Stock ...................................
Cash ........................................................................
Retained Earnings .................................................
478,000
Investment in Terminator Stock ...................................
Available-for-Sale Securities .................................
185,000
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity ...................
Securities Fair Value Adjustment
(Available-for-Sale) ............................................
34,000
22-8
445,000
33,000
185,000
34,000
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
EXERCISE 22-1 (15-20 minutes)
December 31, 2005
Retained Earnings ($550,000 X 9/55) ............................
Accumulated Depreciation—Machinery................
(To correct for the omission of depreciation
expense in 2003)
Accumulated Depreciation—Machinery .......................
Cumulative Effect of Change in Accounting
Principle—Depreciation .....................................
(To record the accounting change using ..........
the catch-up method)
Straight-line depreciation
2002
2003
2004
90,000
90,000
105,000
105,000
Sum-of-the-years’-digits depreciation
$ 55,000
55,000
55,000
$165,000
2002
2003
2004
(10/55 X $550,000)
(9/55 X $550,000)
(8/55 X $550,000)
Depreciation Expense ....................................................
Accumulated Depreciation—Machinery................
(To record depreciation expense for 2005)
$100,000
90,000
80,000
$270,000
55,000
55,000
EXERCISE 22-2 (30-35 minutes)
(a) Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment ...............
($408,000 – $306,000)
Cumulative Effect of Change in Accounting
Principle—Depreciation ..............................
102,000
102,000
Sum-of-the-years’-digits depreciation
Straight-line depreciation
2002 (5/15 X $510,000)
2003 (4/15 X $510,000)
2004 (3/15 X $510,000)
2002
2003
2004
$170,000
136,000
102,000
$408,000
22-9
$102,000
102,000
102,000
$306,000
EXERCISE 22-2 (Continued)
(b) Comparative data:
Income before cumulative effect of change
in accounting principle
Cumulative effect on prior years of
retroactive application of new depreciation
method for equipment
Net income
Per share of common stock:
Income before cumulative effect of
change in accounting principle
Cumulative effect of change in
depreciation method
Net income
2005
2004
$391,243*
102,000
$493,243
$380,000
$3.91
1.02
$4.93
Depreciation expense per books 2005
($693,000 ÷ 30)
Depreciation per adjustment
[$693,000 – ($23,100 X 3) ÷ (40 – 3)]
Increase in net income in 2005
$380,000
$3.80
$3.80
$23,100
16,857
$ 6,243
*$385,000 + $6,243 = $391,243
Pro-forma amounts assuming retroactive application of new depreciation method:
2005
$391,243
$3.91
Net income
Net income per common share
2004
$380,000**
$3.80
**Depreciation is the same for both straight-line and sum-of-the-years’digits in 2004 ($102,000).
22-10
EXERCISE 22-3 (20-25 minutes)
(a) Computation of cumulative effect of change in principle:
Double-declining balance depreciation
2001 ($800,000 – $0)
X .05*
$ 40,000
2002 ($800,000 – $40,000) X .05
38,000
2003 ($800,000 – $78,000) X .05
36,100
2004 ($800,000 – $114,100) X .05
34,295
$148,395
**(1 ÷ 40) X 2
**($800,000 – $50,000) ÷ 40
Straight-line depreciation
2001
$18,750**
2002
18,750
2003
18,750
2004
18,750
$75,000
Cumulative effect of change: $148,395 – $75,000 = $73,395
(b) Accumulated Depreciation—Building ......................
Cumulative Effect of Change in Accounting
Principle—Depreciation .................................
(To record the change in accounting
principle)
73,395
73,395
No entry is necessary for the change in the estimated life of the
equipment. Such changes are accounted for prospectively—in the
current and future periods.
(c) Computation of 2005 depreciation expense on the equipment:
Cost of equipment
Accumulated depreciation
[($100,000 – $10,000) ÷ 12] X 4 years
Book value, 1/1/05
2005 Depreciation expense:
$100,000
30,000
$ 70,000
$70,000 – $5,000 $65,000

= $13,000
(9 – 4)
5
EXERCISE 22-4 (10-15 minutes)
(a) No entry necessary.
22-11
EXERCISE 22-4 (Continued)
(b) Depreciation Expense ..............................................
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment .........
*Original cost
Accumulated depreciation
[($510,000 – $10,000) ÷ 10] X 7
Book value (1/1/05)
Estimated salvage value
Remaining depreciable basis
Remaining useful life
(15 years – 7 years)
Depreciation expense—2005
19,375*
19,375
$510,000
(350,000)
160,000
(5,000)
155,000
÷
8
$ 19,375
EXERCISE 22-5 (20-25 minutes)
(a)
Difference
2003
2004
Deferred income taxes
Cumulative effect—
Increase in income
$125,000
100,000
Tax Effect
34%
$42,500
34,000
$76,500
Effect
on Income
(Net of Tax)
$ 82,500
66,000
$148,500
(b) Accumulated Depreciation ....................................
Cumulative Effect of Change in
Accounting Principle—Depreciation.........
Deferred Tax Liability .....................................
225,000
148,500
76,500
(c)
2005
Income before cumulative effect of change in
accounting principle
Cumulative effect on prior years of
retroactive application of new depreciation
method
Net income
22-12
2004
$300,000
$270,000
148,500
$448,500
$270,000
EXERCISE 22-5 (Continued)
Pro-forma (as if) amounts, assuming retroactive application of new
depreciation method:
2005
2004
Net income
$300,000
$336,000
*($270,000 + $66,000)
EXERCISE 22-6 (20-25 minutes)
(a) Accumulated Depreciation..........................
Deferred Tax Liability ...........................
Cumulative Effect of Change in
Accounting Principle—
Depreciation .....................................
Year
Pre-2004
2004
DoubleDeclining
Balance
Straight-line
Depreciation Depreciation
$ 950,000
260,000
$1,210,000
$400,000
150,000
$550,000
660,000 (a)
198,000 (b)
462,000 (c)
(a)
Difference
(b)
Tax Effect
30%
(c)
Effect on
Income
(Net of Tax)
$550,000
110,000
$660,000
$165,000
33,000
$198,000
$385,000
77,000
$462,000
Income before cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle
Cumulative effect on prior years of retroactive
application of new depreciation method, net of
tax of $198,000
Net income
Per-share amounts
Earnings per share (200,000 shares):
Income before cumulative effect of a change
in accounting principle
Cumulative effect on prior years of retroactive
application of new depreciation method
Net income
22-13
$1,400,000
462,000
$1,862,000
$7.00
2.31
$9.31
EXERCISE 22-6 (Continued)
Pro-forma (as if) amounts, assuming retroactive application of new
depreciation method:
Net income
2005
2004
$1,400,000
$1,277,000
$7.00
$6.39
Earnings per common share
The pro-forma net income is computed as follows:
Net income (2004) not restated
Excess of double-declining depreciation
over straight-line depreciation (2004), net
of tax of $33,000
Pro-forma net income (restated)
$1,200,000
77,000
$1,277,000
(b) Depreciation expense to be reported in 2005 is $140,000.
EXERCISE 22-7 (10-15 minutes)
(a) The net income to be reported in 2005, using the retroactive approach,
would be computed as follows:
Income before income taxes
$700,000
Income taxes (35% X $700,000)
245,000
Net income
$455,000
(b) Construction in Process.......................................
Deferred Tax Liability ....................................
Retained Earnings .........................................
190,000
66,500
123,500*
*($190,000 X 65% = $123,500)
EXERCISE 22-8 (20-35 minutes)
(a) Cumulative Effect of Change in Accounting
Principle—Inventory .............................................
Inventory ............................................................
22-14
8,000
8,000*
EXERCISE 22-8 (Continued)
*2002
*2003
*2004
$2,000
5,000
1,000
$8,000
($26,000 – $24,000)
($30,000 – $25,000)
($28,000 – $27,000)
2005
2004
2003
2002
Income before cumulative
effect
Cumulative effect of change
Net income
($30,000
$28,000
$30,000
$26,000
( (8,000)
($22,000 $28,000
$30,000
$26,000
Pro-forma: Net income
($30,000
$25,000
$24,000
$27,000
(b) Inventory ....................................................................
Retained Earnings ..............................................
*2002
*2003
*2004
$ 6,000
9,000
4,000
$19,000
19,000
19,000*
($26,000 – $20,000)
($30,000 – $21,000)
($28,000 – $24,000)
Net income
2005
2004
2003
2002
($34,000
$28,000
$30,000
$26,000
EXERCISE 22-9 (10-15 minutes)
(a) Inventory ....................................................................
Cumulative Effect of Change in Accounting
Principle—Inventory ......................................
14,000*
*($19,000 + $23,000 + $25,000) – ($15,000 + $18,000 + $20,000)
22-15
14,000
EXERCISE 22-9 (Continued)
2005
2004
Income before cumulative effect of change in
accounting principle
Cumulative effect of change in principle
Net income
$32,000
14,000
$46,000
$20,000
Pro-forma: Net income
$32,000
$27,000
(b)
(c) Inventory ...................................................................
Retained Earnings .............................................
$20,000
24,000*
24,000
*($19,000 + $23,000 + $25,000) – ($12,000 + $14,000 + $17,000)
EXERCISE 22-10 (15-20 minutes)
1.
Accumulated Depreciation—Machinery ..................
Depreciation Expense .......................................
Retained Earnings .............................................
Depreciation taken
Depreciation (correct)
25,500
8,500
17,000
2003-2004
2005
$170,000*
$85,000
* 153,000
76,500
*$ 17,000
$ 8,500
*$510,000 X 1/6 X 2
2.
Retained Earnings ....................................................
Sales Salaries Expense.....................................
3.
No entry necessary.
4.
Amortization Expense—Copyright ..........................
Retained Earnings ....................................................
Copyright ...........................................................
($45,000 ÷ 20 = $2,250;
($2,250 X 2 = $4,500)
22-16
45,000
45,000
2,250
4,500
6,750
EXERCISE 22-10 (Continued)
5.
6.
Inventory ....................................................................
Retained Earnings ..............................................
71,000
Loss on Write-down of Inventories ..........................
Retained Earnings ..............................................
87,000
71,000
87,000
EXERCISE 22-11 (25-35 minutes)
(a)
DENISE HABBE INC.
Comparative Income Statements
For the Years 2005 and 2004
2005
Sales
Cost of sales
Gross profit
Expenses
Income before cumulative effect of a
change in accounting principle
Cumulative effect on prior years of retroactive application of new depreciation
method
Net income
2004
$340,000
$270,000
176,000*
166,000**
164,000
104,000
83,000***
50,000
81,000
54,000
15,000
$ 96,000
$ 54,000
***$200,000 – $24,000
***$142,000 + $24,000
***$88,000 – ($30,000 – $25,000)
DENISE HABBE INC.
Statement of Retained Earnings
For the Years 2005 and 2004
Retained earnings (January 1)
Net income
Dividends
Retained earnings (December 31)
22-17
2005
2004
$101,000
96,000
(30,000)
$167,000
$ 72,000
54,000
(25,000)
$101,000
EXERCISE 22-11 (Continued)
Note to instructor:
1.
2004 cost of sales increased $24,000; 2005 cost of sales
decreased $24,000.
2.
2004 expenses remained unchanged.
3.
2005 expenses decreased $5,000 ($30,000 – $25,000).
4.
2005 cumulative effect is the difference in the prior year’s depreciation ($40,000 – $25,000).
5.
Additional disclosures would be:
6.
a.
Footnote describing accounting change.
b.
Pro-forma amounts, assuming retroactive application of new
depreciation method.
Another acceptable presentation for the retained earnings statement for 2005 is:
Retained earnings (January 1),
unadjusted
$125,000
Prior period adjustment—inventory error
(24,000)
Retained earnings adjusted
101,000
Net income
96,000
Dividends
(30,000)
Retained earnings
$167,000
22-18
EXERCISE 22-11 (Continued)
(b)
DENISE HABBE INC.
Income Statement
For the Year 2005
Sales
Cost of sales
Gross profit
Expenses
Income before cumulative effect of a change
in accounting principle
Cumulative effect on
prior years of retroactive application of
new depreciation
method
Net income
DENISE HABBE INC.
Statement of Retained Earnings
For the Year 2005
$340,000 Retained earnings
(January 1)
176,000 Prior period
164,000 adjustment—
83,000 inventory correction
Retained earnings
adjusted
81,000 Net income
Dividends
Retained earnings
(December 31)
$125,000
(24,000)
101,000
96,000
(30,000)
$167,000
15,000
$ 96,000
EXERCISE 22-12 (10-15 minutes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Wages Expense ......................................................
Wages Payable ................................................
3,400
Vacation Wages Expense.......................................
Vacation Wages Payable ................................
31,100
Prepaid Insurance ($2,640 X 10/12) .......................
Insurance Expense .........................................
2,200
Sales Revenue ........................................................
[$2,120,000 ÷ (1.00 + .06) X 6%]
Sales Tax Payable ...........................................
120,000
Sales Tax Payable...................................................
Sales Tax Expense ..........................................
103,400
22-19
3,400
31,100
2,200
120,000
103,400
EXERCISE 22-13 (10-15 minutes)
Retained Earnings ............................................................
Inventory ...................................................................
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment .................
($38,500 – $17,000)
37,700
16,200
21,500
Computations:
Effect on retained earnings
over (under) statement
Overstatement of 2005 ending inventory
Overstatement of 2004 depreciation
Understatement of 2005 depreciation
Total effect of errors on retained earnings
($16,200
( (17,000)
( 38,500
($37,700
Note: The understatement of inventory in 2004 was a self-correcting error
at the end of 2005.
EXERCISE 22-14 (25-30 minutes)
(a) Effect of errors on 2002 net income: $24,700 overstatement
Computations:
Effect on 2005 net income
over (under) statement
Understatement of 2004 ending inventory
Overstatement of 2005 ending inventory
Expensing of insurance premium in 2004
($66,000 ÷ 3)
Failure to record sale of fully depreciated
machine in 2005
Total effect of errors on net income
(overstated)
22-20
($ 9,600
8,100
22,000
(
(15,000)
(
$24,700
EXERCISE 22-14 (Continued)
(b) Effect of errors on working capital: $28,900 understatement
Computations:
Effect on working capital
over (under) statement
Overstatement of 2005 ending inventory
Expensing of insurance premium in 2004
(prepaid insurance)
Sale of fully depreciated machine
unrecorded
Total effect on working capital (understated)
$( 8,100
(22,000)
(15,000)
$(28,900)
(c) Effect of errors on retained earnings: $26,600 understatement
Computations:
Effect on retained earnings
over (under) statement
Overstatement of 2005 ending inventory
Understatement of depreciation expense in
2004
Expensing of insurance premium in 2004
Failure to record sale of fully depreciated
machine in 2005
Total effect on retained earnings
(understated)
$( 8,100
(
2,300
(22,000)
(15,000)
$(26,600)
EXERCISE 22-15 (20-25 minutes)
(a) 1.
2.
3.
Supplies Expense ($2,700 – $1,100) ......................
Supplies on Hand ............................................
1,600
Salary and Wages Expense....................................
($4,400 – $1,500)
Accrued Salaries and Wages .........................
2,900
Interest Income ($5,100 – $4,350) ..........................
Interest Receivable on Investments ...............
750
22-21
1,600
2,900
750
EXERCISE 22-15 (Continued)
4.
5.
6.
7.
(b) 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Insurance Expense ............................................
($90,000 – $65,000)
Prepaid Insurance ......................................
25,000
Rental Income ($28,000 ÷ 2) ..............................
Unearned Rent ............................................
14,000
Depreciation Expense ........................................
($50,000 – $5,000)
Accumulated Depreciation ........................
45,000
Retained Earnings..............................................
Accumulated Depreciation ........................
7,200
Retained Earnings..............................................
Supplies on Hand .......................................
1,600
Retained Earnings..............................................
Accrued Salaries and Wages .....................
2,900
Retained Earnings..............................................
Interest Receivable on Investments ..........
750
Retained Earnings..............................................
Prepaid Insurance ......................................
25,000
Retained Earnings..............................................
Unearned Rent ............................................
14,000
Retained Earnings..............................................
Accumulated Depreciation ........................
45,000
Same as in (a).
22-22
25,000
14,000
45,000
7,200
1,600
2,900
750
25,000
14,000
45,000
EXERCISE 22-16 (20-25 minutes)
Income before tax
Corrections:
Sales erroneously included in 2004 income
Understatement of 2004 ending inventory
Adjustment to bond interest expense*
Repairs erroneously charged to the
Equipment account
Depreciation recorded on improperly
capitalized repairs (10%)
Corrected income before tax
2004
2005
$101,000
$77,400
(38,200)
8,640
(1,450)
(8,500)
38,200
(8,640)
(1,552)
(9,400)
850
1,790
$ 62,340
$97,798
*Bond interest expense for 2004 and 2005 was computed as follows:
2004
2005
Book Value of Bonds
Stated Interest
Effective Interest
$235,000
236,450
$15,000
15,000
$16,450**
16,552*
**$235,000 X 7%
Difference between effective interest at 7% and stated interest (6%):
2004:
$1,450
2005:
1,552
***Erroneous depreciation taken in 2005:
on 2004 addition ($8,500 ÷ 10)
on 2005 addition ($9,400 ÷ 10)
Total excess depreciation 2005
22-23
$ 850
940
$1,790
EXERCISE 22-17 (10-15 minutes)
Item
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
2004
OverUnderstatement statement
No
Effect
X
X
2005
OverUnderstatement statement
X
X
X
No
Effect
X
X
X
X
X
X
EXERCISE 22-18 (5-10 minutes)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b.
c.
a.
c.
c.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
b.
c.
b.
c.
a.
*EXERCISE 22-19 (25-30 minutes)
Because Streisand Co. now has a 30% interest in John Corp. as of 7/1/05, it
is necessary to first adjust the investment in John to the equity method in
prior periods. The following schedule provides this information:
Streisand’s equity in earnings of John Corp. (10%)
Dividends received
Adjustment
12/31/04
6/30/05
($70,000
0
($70,000
($50,000
(
0
($50,000
Note to instructor: Under the recent accounting standard, SFAS No. 142,
goodwill is not amortized.
22-24
*EXERCISE 22-19 (Continued)
A computation of the ending balance in the investment account of John
Corp. can now be made as follows:
Investment in John Corp. 1/1/04
Additional purchase 7/1/05
Adjustment for 2004 income (prior period)
Adjustment for 2005 income to 6/30 (prior period)
Income (7/1/05–12/31/05) $815,000 X 30%
Dividends (7/1/05–12/31/05) $1.55 X 75,000 shares
Investment in John Corp. 12/31/05
$1,400,000
3,040,000
70,000
50,000
244,500
(116,250)
$4,688,250
*EXERCISE 22-20 (15-20 minutes)
(a) Prior to January 2, 2004, Aykroyd Corp. carried the investment in
Belushi Company under the equity method of accounting as
evidenced from the entries in the investment account. Use of the
equity method was appropriate because Aykroyd’s interest in Belushi
exceeded 20%. With the sale of 126,000 shares, Aykroyd’s interest
dropped to 12% and it could no longer use the equity method of
accounting for the investment. Aykroyd must change to the fair value
method. Cessation of the equity method (increasing the investment
for the proportionate share of earnings and decreasing it for dividends
received) occurs immediately. The carrying value of the remaining
12% interest becomes the carrying amount for the fair value method
with adjustments for cumulative excess dividends received after the
change from the equity method over its share of Belushi Company’s
earnings. That carrying amount is transferred from the investment in
Belushi account to the Available-for-Sale Securities account.
22-25
*EXERCISE 22-20 (Continued)
(b) The carrying amount of the investment in Belushi as of December 31,
2004, would be computed as follows:
Carrying amount, 12/31/03 (from the given
account information)
Less portion attributable to 126,000 shares
sold 1/2/04
Balance, 1/2/04
Less cumulative excess dividends received
over share of Belushi earnings
Carrying amount, 12/31/04
a
$3,690,000
(2,214,000)a
1,476,000
(14,400)b
$1,461,600
$3,690,000 X 126/210
b
Computation of Excess Dividends Received over Share of Earnings:
Dividends Share of Belushi Co. Excess Dividends Received
Received
Income
Over Share of Earnings
2004
c
$50,400
$36,000c
$(14,400)
$300,000 X 12% = $36,000
Note to instructor: The entry in 2004 to record the receipt of the
dividend would be:
Cash ..........................................................................
Available-for-Sale Securities ...........................
Dividend Revenue ............................................
50,400
14,400
36,000
(c) The entry to recognize the excess of fair value over the carrying
amount of the securities is as follows:
December 31, 2004
Securities Fair Value Adjustment
(Available-for-Sale) ............................................
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—
Equity ($1,570,000 – $1,461,600) ...............
22-26
108,400
108,400
TIME AND PURPOSE OF PROBLEMS
Problem 22-1 (Time 30-35 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires the student to: (1) account for a change in estimate,
(2) record a correction of an error, and (3) account for a change in accounting principle. The student is
also required to compute corrected/adjusted net income amounts and pro-forma net income.
Problem 22-2 (Time 30-40 minutes)
Purpose—to develop an understanding of the journal entries and the reporting which are necessitated
by an accounting change or correction of an error. The student is required to prepare the entries to
reflect such changes or errors and the comparative income statements and retained earnings
statements for a two-year period.
Problem 22-3 (Time 30-40 minutes)
Purpose—to develop an understanding of the way in which accounting changes and error corrections
are handled in accounting records. The problem presents descriptions of various situations for which
the student is required to indicate the correct accounting treatment and to prepare comparative income
statements for a four-year period.
Problem 22-4 (Time 40-50 minutes)
Purpose—to develop an understanding of the impact which a change in the method of inventory pricing
(from LIFO to average cost) has on the financial statements during a five-year period. The student is
required to prepare a comparative statement of income and retained earnings for the five years
assuming the change in inventory pricing with an indication of the effects on net income and earnings
per share for the years involved.
Problem 22-5 (Time 30-35 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires the student to analyze eleven transactions and to prepare
adjusting or correcting entries for these transactions.
Problem 22-6 (Time 25-30 minutes)
Purpose—to provide a problem that requires the student to: (1) prepare an end-of-period adjusting
entry for previously recorded compensation expense (SAR plan), (2) prepare correcting entries for two
years’ unrecorded sales commissions and three years’ inventory errors, and (3) prepare entries for two
different changes in accounting principle.
Problem 22-7 (Time 25-30 minutes)
Purpose—to allow the student to see the impact of accounting changes on income and to examine an
ethic situation related to the motivation for change.
Problem 22-8 (Time 20-25 minutes)
Purpose—to help a student understand the effect of errors on income and retained earnings. The
student must analyze the effects of six errors on the current year’s net income and on the next year’s
ending retained earnings balance.
Problem 22-9 (Time 20-25 minutes)
Purpose—to develop an understanding of the effect that errors have on the financial statements. The
student is required to prepare a schedule portraying the corrected net income for the years involved
with this error analysis.
22-27
Time and Purpose of Problems (Continued)
Problem 22-10 (Time 50-60 minutes)
Purpose—to develop an understanding of the correcting entries and income statement adjustments that
are required for changes in accounting policies and accounting errors. This comprehensive problem
involves many different concepts such as consignment sales, bonus computations, warranty costs, and
bank funding reserves. The student is required to prepare the necessary journal entries to correct the
accounting records and a schedule showing the revised income before taxes for each of the three
years involved.
*Problem 22-11 (Time 20-25 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with a problem involving an investment that grows from 10% to 40%
(lack of significant influence to significant influence). The student is required to account for the effect of
this change on income and to include the amortization of goodwill arising from acquisition of the
investment.
*Problem 22-12 (Time 20-25 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with an understanding of the proper entries to reflect a change from
the cost method to the equity method in accounting for an investment. The student is required to
prepare the necessary journal entries for a three-year period with respect to this stock investment and
the change in reporting methods.
22-28
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 22-1
(a) 1.
2.
No entry is necessary. A change in estimate is accounted for
prospectively in the current and future years.
Accumulated Depreciation—Building ...............
Cumulative Effect of Change in
Accounting Principle—Depreciation......
60,000*
60,000
*($60,000 + $54,000) – ($27,000 + $27,000)
3.
Accumulated Depreciation—Machine ...............
Retained Earnings .......................................
[($10,000* – $9,000**) X 2 years]
*$80,000 ÷ 8
2,000
2,000
**($80,000 – $8,000) ÷ 8
(b) Computation of 2004 depreciation expense on the equipment:
Cost of equipment
Accumulated depreciation ($6,000 X 3 years)
Book value, 1/2/04
2004 depreciation expense:
(c)
$65,000
18,000
$47,000
$47,000 – $3,000 $44,000
=
= $11,000
7–3
4
BRUESSEN COMPANY
Comparative Income Statements
For the Years 2004 and 2003
2004
Income before cumulative effect of change
in accounting principle
Cumulative effect of change in depreciation
methods
Net income
*$300,000 – $11,000 – $27,000 – $9,000
**$210,000 + ($10,000 – $9,000)
22-29
$253,000*
2003
$211,000**
60,000
$313,000
$211,000
PROBLEM 22-1 (Continued)
Pro-forma amounts, assuming retroactive application of new depreciation method:
Net income
$253,000
***$211,000 + ($54,000 – $27,000)
22-30
$238,000
PROBLEM 22-2
(a) 1.
Cumulative Effect of Change in Accounting
Principle—Depreciation................................
Accumulated Depreciation—Asset A.......
94,500
94,500
Computations:
Straight-line depreciation
2002
2003
2004
2.
$ 49,500
49,500
49,500
$148,500
Sum-of-the-years’-digits
$ 90,000
81,000
72,000
$243,000
Difference
(10/55 X $495,000)
(9/55 X $495,000)
(8/55 X $495,000)
$94,500
Depreciation Expense (7/55 X $495,000) .........
Accumulated Depreciation—Asset A.......
63,000
Depreciation Expense ......................................
Accumulated Depreciation—Asset B.......
17,000
63,000
17,000
Computations:
Original cost
Accumulated depreciation (1/1/05)
$8,000 X 4
Book value (1/1/05)
Estimated salvage value
Remaining depreciable base
Remaining useful life
(9 years—4 years taken)
Depreciation expense—2005
3.
$120,000
32,000
88,000
3,000
85,000
÷
5
$ 17,000
Asset C ..............................................................
Accumulated Depreciation—Asset C.......
(4 X $14,000)
Retained Earnings .....................................
140,000
Depreciation Expense ......................................
Accumulated Depreciation—Asset C.......
14,000
22-31
56,000
84,000
14,000
PROBLEM 22-2 (Continued)
(b)
ELOISE KELTNER INC.
Comparative Income Statements
For the Years 2005 and 2004
Income before cumulative effect of change
in accounting principle
Cumulative effect on prior years of
retroactive application of new
depreciation method
Net income
Earnings per share of common stocks
(100,000 shares):
Income before cumulative effect of a
change in accounting principle
Cumulative effect on prior years of
retroactive application of new
depreciation method
Net income
2005
2004
$251,000
$356,000
(94,500)
$156,500
$356,000
$2.51
$3.56
(.95)
$1.56
$3.56
Pro-forma amounts, assuming retroactive application of new depreciation method:
Net income
$251,000
Earnings per common share
$2.51
Computations:
*Income before depreciation expense
(2005)
Depreciation for 2005
Asset A
Asset B
Asset C
Other
Income after depreciation expense
22-32
$333,500***
$3.34
$400,000
$63,000
17,000
14,000
55,000
(149,000)
$251,000
PROBLEM 22-2 (Continued)
***Income before error correction (2004)
Error correction—Asset C
Income after error correction
$370,000
(14,000)
$356,000
***Pro-forma net income—2004
Income after error correction
Excess of sum-of-the-years’-digits depreciation
over straight-line for 2004 ($72,000 – $49,500)
(c)
$356,000
(22,500)
$333,500
ELOISE KELTNER INC.
Comparative Retained Earnings Statements
For the Years 2005 and 2004
Balance, January 1, as previously reported
Add: Prior period adjustment—Error in
recording Asset C
Balance, as adjusted
Add: Net income
Balance, December 31
22-33
2005
$570,000
2004
$200,000
84,000
98,000
654,000
156,500
$810,500
298,000
356,000
$654,000
PROBLEM 22-3
(a) 1.
Bad debt expense for 2002 should not have been reduced by
$12,000. A change in the experience rate is considered a change
in estimate, which should be handled prospectively.
2.
A change from LIFO to FIFO is considered a change in accounting
principle, which must be handled retroactively.
3.
A change from the accelerated method of depreciation to the
straight-line method is considered to be a change in accounting
principle, which is reflected as a cumulative adjustment.
4.
a. The inventory error in 2004 is a prior period adjustment and
the 2004 and 2005 statements should be restated.
b. The lawsuit settlement is correctly treated.
(b)
LARRY KINGSTON INC.
Comparative Income Statements
For the Years 2002 through 2005
2002
Income before
extraordinary item and
cumulative effect of
change in accounting
principle
Extraordinary gain
Income before cumulative
effect of change in
accounting principle
Cumulative effect on prior
years of change to a
new depreciation
method
Net income*
2003
2004
2005
$143,000
$125,000***
40,000
$204,000
$271,000
143,000
165,000
204,000
271,000
$143,000
7,000
$172,000
$204,000
$271,000
22-34
PROBLEM 23-3 (Continued)
*Computations:
Net income (unadjusted)
1. Bad debt expense
adjustment
2. Inventory adjustment
3. Depreciation adjustment
4. Inventory overstatement
5. Tax settlement
2002
2003
$140,000
(12,000)
$160,000
15,000
5,000
7,000
$143,000
**Reflects FIFO inventory for 2005
***$160,000 – $40,000 + $5,000 = $125,000
22-35
$172,000
2004
2005
$205,000 $260,000**
10,000
(11,000)
11,000
$204,000
$271,000
PROBLEM 22-4
SCOTT KREITER INSTRUMENT COMPANY
Statement of Income and Retained Earnings
For the Years Ended May 31
2000
2001
Sales—net
Cost of goods sold
Beginning inventory
Purchases
Ending inventory
Total
Gross profit
Administrative expenses
Income before taxes
Income taxes (50%)
Net income
Retained earnings— beginning:
As originally reported
Adjustment (See note* and
schedule)
As restated
Retained earnings—ending
$13,964
Earnings per share (100 shares)
$15,506
2002
$16,673
2003
$18,221
2004
$18,898
950
13,000
(1,124)
12,826
1,138
700
438
219
219
1,124
13,900
(1,091)
13,933
1,573
763
810
405
405
1,091
15,000
(1,270)
14,821
1,852
832
1,020
510
510
1,270
15,900
(1,480)
15,690
2,531
907
1,624
812
812
1,480
17,100
(1,699)
16,881
2,017
989
1,028
514
514
1,206
(25)
1,388
12
1,759
46
2,237
78
3,005
122
1,181
$ 1,400
1,400
$ 1,805
1,805
$ 2,315
2,315
$ 3,127
3,127
$ 3,641
$
$
$
$
$
2.19
4.05
5.10
8.12
5.14
*Note to instructor:
The retained earnings balances are usually reported in the above manner.
If desired, only the restated balances might be reported. The adjustments
are simply the cumulative difference in income between the two inventory
methods, net of tax. For example, the negative $25 in 2000 reflects the
difference in ending inventories in 1999 ($1,000 – $950) times the tax rate
50%. In 2001, the difference in income of $37 between the two methods in
2000 is added to the negative $25 to arrive at a $12 adjustment to the
beginning balance of retained earnings in 2001.
22-36
PROBLEM 22-4 (Continued)
In 2004, the Company changed its method of pricing inventory from the
last-in, first out (LIFO) to the average cost method in order to more fairly
present the financial operations of the company. The financial statements
for prior years have been restated to retroactively reflect this change,
resulting in the following effects on net income and related per share
amounts:
Increase in
Net income
Earnings per share
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
$ 37
$0.37
$ 34
$0.34
$ 32
$0.32
$ 44
$0.44
$ 44
$0.44
2003
2004
Schedule of Income Reconciliation
and Retained Earnings Adjustments
2000–2004
1999
Beginning Inventory LIFO
Average Cost
Difference
Tax Effect (50%)
Effect on Income*
2000
2001
2002
$1,000
950
50
25
$ 25
$1,100.00 $1,000.00 $1,115.00 $1,237.00
1,124.00 1,091.00
1,270.00 1,480.00
(24.00)
(91.00)
(155.00)
(243.00)
†
†
12.00
45.50
77.50
121.50†
$ (12.00) $ (45.50) † $ (77.50) † $ (121.50)
Ending Inventory LIFO
Average Cost
Difference
Tax Effect (50%)
Effect on Income**
$1,000
950
50
25
$ (25)
$1,100
1,124
(24)
12
$ 12
$1,000.00 $1,115.00 $1,237.00 $1,369.00
1,091.00 1,270.00
1,480.00 1,699.00
(91.00)
(155.00)
(243.00)
(330.00)
†
†
†
45.50
77.50
121.50
165.00
†
†
†
$ 45.50 $ 77.50 $ 121.50 $ 165.00
Net Effect on Income
Cumulative Effect on
Beginning Retained
Earnings
$
$
37
$
33.50† $
32.00
$
12
$
45.50† $
77.50† $ 121.50 $ 165.00
(25)
$
44.00 $
43.50†
**Larger (smaller) beginning inventory has negative (positive) effect on net income.
**Larger (smaller) ending inventory has positive (negative) effect on net income.
†
The tax effects are rounded up to the next whole dollar in the problem. Therefore, the net
effects on income and retained earnings are effectively rounded down to the next whole
dollar.
22-37
PROBLEM 22-5
(1)
Depreciation Expense ...................................................
Accumulated Depreciation—Delivery Vehicles ...
3,200
(2)
Income Summary ..........................................................
Retained Earnings .................................................
19,000
3,200
19,000
(3)
No entry.
(4)
Cash ...............................................................................
Accounts Receivable .............................................
(5)
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment......................
Equipment ..............................................................
Gain on Sale of Equipment ...................................
5,600
5,600
22,000
18,300
3,700
(6)
Estimated Litigation Loss .............................................
Estimated Litigation Liability ................................
125,000
(7)
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income .................
Securities Fair Value Adjustment (Trading) .........
2,000
(8)
Accrued Salaries Payable ($16,000 – $12,200) ............
Salaries Expense ...................................................
3,800
(9)
Depreciation Expense ...................................................
Equipment ......................................................................
Repairs Expense ....................................................
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment ..............
22-38
125,000
2,000
3,800
4,000
32,000
32,000
4,000
PROBLEM 22-5 (Continued)
(10)
Insurance Expense ($15,000 ÷ 3).......................................
Prepaid Insurance ..............................................................
Retained Earnings ......................................................
5,000
7,500
(11)
Amortization Expense ($50,000 ÷ 10) ................................
Retained Earnings ..............................................................
Trademark ...................................................................
5,000
5,000
22-39
12,500
10,000
PROBLEM 22-6
1.
2.
Retained Earnings ....................................................
Sales Commissions Payable ............................
Sales Commissions Expense ...........................
4,000
Cost of Sales ($21,000 + $6,700) ..............................
Retained Earnings .............................................
Inventory ............................................................
27,700
2,500
1,500
21,000
6,700
Income Overstated (Understated)
Beginning inventory
Ending inventory
3.
4.
2003
2004
2005
$(16,000)
$(16,000)
$16,000
(21,000)
$ (5,000)
$21,000
6,700
$27,700
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment .................
Depreciation Expense .......................................
2,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment .................
Cumulative Effect on Prior Years’
Income—Depreciation...................................
Deferred Tax Liability ........................................
30,000
Construction in Process...........................................
Income Taxes Payable ......................................
Retained Earnings .............................................
55,000
22-40
2,000
18,000
12,000
22,000
33,000
PROBLEM 22-7
(a)
PLATO CORPORATION
Projected Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2004
________________________________________________________________
Sales
$29,000,000
Cost of Goods Sold
$14,000,000
Depreciation
1,600,000a
Operating Expenses
6,400,000
22,000,000
Income before Income Taxes
$ 7,000,000
Unrealized Holding Gain
2,000,000b
Income before Taxes and Bonus
$ 9,000,000
President’s Bonus
1,000,000
Income before Income Taxes
$ 8,000,000
Provision for Income Taxes
Current
$ 3,000,000
Deferred
1,000,000c
4,000,000
Net Income
$ 4,000,000
Conditions met:
1.
2.
Net income before taxes and bonus > $8,000,000.
Payable for income taxes does not exceed $3,000,000.
a
Depreciation for the current year includes $600,000 for the old equipment and $2,000,000 for the robotic equipment. If the robotic equipment is changed to straight-line, its depreciation is only $1,000,000
and the total is $1,600,000.
b
By urging the Board of Directors to change the classification of
Securities A and D to Trading securities, income is increased by a
$2,000,000 recognition of a holding gain.
c
The unrealized holding gain is not currently taxable.
(b) Students’ answers will vary.
There is nothing unethical about changing the first-year election of
depreciation back to the straight-line method provided that it meets
22-41
PROBLEM 22-7 (Continued)
with the approval of appropriate corporate decision makers. Considering the immediate needs for cash of $1,000,000 for the president’s
bonus and $3,000,000 for income taxes, there may be a need to sell
some of the marketable securities. Therefore, the transfer of $3,000,000
of available-for-sale securities to trading securities may also be
appropriate.
It is naive to believe that corporate officers do no planning for year-end
(or interim) financial statements. The slippery slope arises with manipulation of financial statements. The security reclassification for the
selected securities clearly manipulates the income to the benefit of the
president. While legal and within GAAP guidelines, the ethics of this
situation are borderline. Any auditor would automatically bring this
transaction to the attention of the board of directors.
Some stakeholders and their interests are:
Stakeholder
Interests
President
Personal gain of $1,000,000 bonus.
CFO
Placed in ethical dilemma between the interests
of the president and the corporation.
Board of Directors
May be subject to the manipulations of the CEO
for his personal gain.
Stockholders
Increased income from higher (paper) income
may increase demand for dividends. Lower income from bonus may decrease cash available
for dividends.
Employees
President takes 25% of net income for himself.
This could have been used to start a pension
plan for all of the employees.
Creditors
The increased income represents a 33% inflation of the true net income of the corporation.
This may lead to unreliable decisions of
creditworthiness.
22-42
PROBLEM 22-8
Net Income for 2003
Retained Earnings 12/31/04
Item
Understated
Overstated
Understated
Overstated
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
$14,100
$ 7,000
0
$33,000
0
$18,200
0
0
$22,000
0
$20,000
0
0
$ 5,000
0
$33,000
0
0
0
0
$11,000
0
$10,000
0
Although explanations were not required in answering the question, they
are included below for your interest.
Explanations:
1.
The net income would be understated in 2003 because interest income
is understated. The net income would be overstated in 2004 because
interest income is overstated. The errors, however, would counterbalance (wash) so that the Balance Sheet (Retained Earnings) would be
correct at the end of 2004.
2.
The depreciation expense in 2003 should be $1,000 for this machine.
Since the machine was bought on July 1, 2003, only one-half of a year
should be taken in 2003 ($8,000/4 X 1/2 = $1,000). The company
expensed $8,000 instead of $1,000 so net income is understated by
$7,000 in 2004. An additional $2,000 of depreciation expense should
have been taken in 2004. At the end of 2004, retained earnings would
be understated by $5,000 ($7,000 – $2,000).
3.
In FASB No. 2 the FASB states that all research and development
costs should be expensed when incurred. Net income in 2003 is
overstated $22,000 ($33,000 research and development costs capitalized less $11,000 amortized). By the end of 2004, only $11,000 of the
research and development costs would remain as an asset. Therefore,
retained earnings would be overstated by $11,000 ($33,000 research
and development costs – $22,000 amortized).
22-43
PROBLEM 22-8 (Continued)
4.
The security deposit should be a long-term asset, called refundable
deposits. The $8,000 of last month’s rent is also an asset, called
prepaid rent. The net income of 2003 is understated by $33,000
($25,000 + $8,000) because these amounts were expensed. Retained
earnings will continue to be understated by $33,000 until the last year
of the lease. The security deposit will then be refunded, and the last
month’s rent should be expensed.
5.
$10,000 or one-third of $30,000 should be reported as income each
year. In 2003, $30,000 was reported as income when only $10,000
should have been reported. Because $20,000 too much was reported,
the net income of 2003 is overstated. At the end of 2004, $20,000
should have been reported as income, so retained earnings is still
overstated by $10,000 ($30,000 – $20,000).
6.
The ending inventory would be understated since the merchandise
was omitted. Because ending inventory and net income have a direct
relationship, net income in 2003 would be understated. The ending
inventory of 2003 becomes the beginning inventory of 2004. If
beginning inventory of 2004 is understated, then net income of 2004 is
overstated (inverse relationship). The omission in inventory over the
two-year period will counterbalance, and retained earnings at the end
of 2004 will be correct.
22-44
PROBLEM 22-9
Net income, as reported
Rent received in 2004, earned in 2005
Wages not accrued, 12/31/03
Wages not accrued, 12/31/04
Wages not accrued, 12/31/05
Inventory of supplies, 12/31/03
Inventory of supplies, 12/31/04
Inventory of supplies, 12/31/05
Corrected net income
22-45
2004
$29,000
(1,300)
1,100
(1,500)
(1,300)
740
$26,740
2005
$37,000
1,300
1,500
(940)
(740)
1,420
$39,540
PROBLEM 22-10
22-46
PROBLEM 22-10 (Continued)
(b)
LARRY LANDERS COMPANY
Journal Entries
March 31, 2005
Sales ...........................................................................
Merchandise on Consignment ..................................
Cost of Goods Sold ............................................
Accounts Receivable .........................................
(To adjust for consignments treated as
sales, 3/31/05)
5,590
4,300
Sales ...........................................................................
Retained Earnings ..............................................
(To adjust for C.O.D. sales not recorded,
3/31/04)
6,100
Warranty Expense .....................................................
Retained Earnings ($3,908 + $3,443) ........................
Estimated Liability Under Warranties ...............
(To set up allowance for warranty
expense)
5,067
7,351
Retained Earnings ($331 + $594) ..............................
Manager’s Bonus Expense .......................................
Accrued Bonus Payable ....................................
(To set up accrued bonus payable to
manager)
925
476
Retained Earnings ($1,584 + $1,237) ........................
Bad Debt Expense .....................................................
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts .....................
(To set up allowance for uncollectible
accounts)
2,821
608
Dealers’ Fund Reserve (held by bank) .....................
Finance Expense ................................................
Retained Earnings ($3,000 + $3,900).................
(To record finance charge reserve held
by bank)
12,000
22-47
4,300
5,590
6,100
12,418
1,401
3,429
5,100
6,900
PROBLEM 22-10 (Continued)
Commissions Expense ....................................................
Retained Earnings ($1,400 – $600) .................................
Accrued Commissions Payable ..............................
(To adjust for accrued commissions)
22-48
320
800
1,120
*PROBLEM 22-11
(a)
LATOYA INC.
Schedule of Income or Loss from Investment
For Year Ending December 31, 2003
Dividend revenue
(10,000 shares X $2.00 dividend/share)
(b)
$20,000
LATOYA INC.
Schedule of Income or Loss from Investment
For Years Ending December 31, 2004 and 2003
Income from investment in Jones
(Schedule 1)
Schedule 1
2004
2003
$185,000
$50,000
Latoya’s Share of Investee’s Income
2004
Income for 2003 ($500,000 X 10%)
Income for 2004
First half ($250,000 X 10%)
Second half ($400,000) X 40%)
22-49
2003
$50,000
$ 25,000
160,000
$185,000
$50,000
*PROBLEM 22-12
January 3, 2002
Available-for-Sale Securities ........................................
Cash ........................................................................
(To record the purchase of a 10% interest in
Coolidge Corp.)
500,000
500,000
December 31, 2002
Cash ...............................................................................
Dividend Revenue ..................................................
(To record the receipt of cash dividends from
Coolidge Corp.)
15,000
15,000
December 31, 2002
Securities Fair Value Adjustment
(Available-for-Sale) ....................................................
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity ...........
(To recognize as part of stockholders’ equity
the increase in fair value of available-for-sale
securities)
70,000
70,000
December 31, 2003
Cash ...............................................................................
Dividend Revenue ..................................................
(To record the receipt of cash dividends from
Coolidge Corp.)
20,000
20,000
December 31, 2003
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity ...................
Securities Fair Value Adjustment
(Available-for-Sale) ............................................
(To recognize as part of stockholders’ equity
the decrease in fair value of available-for-sale
securities)
22-50
55,000
55,000
*PROBLEM 22-12 (Continued)
January 2, 2004
Investment in Coolidge Corp. ..................................
Cash...................................................................
Retained Earnings ............................................
(To record purchase of additional interest
in Coolidge and to reflect retroactively
a change from the fair value to the equity
method)
1,560,000
1,545,000
15,000
Computation of Prior Period Adjustment
Calvin equity in earnings of Coolidge
(10%)
Amortization of excess of purchase
price over underlying equity
[$500,000 – ($3,750,000 X 10%) ÷ 10]
Dividend received
Prior period adjustment
2002
2003
Total
$35,000*
$40,000
$75,000
(12,500)
(15,000)
$ 7,500
(12,500)
(20,000)
$ 7,500
(25,000)
(35,000)
$15,000
*$350,000 X 10%
January 2, 2004
Investment in Coolidge Corp. ..................................
Available-for-Sale Securities ...........................
(To reclassify investment carried under
fair value method to investment carried
under equity method)
500,000
Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity ..............
Securities Fair Value Adjustment
(Available-for-Sale) .......................................
(To eliminate accounts and balances used
under fair value method accounting)
15,000
22-51
500,000
15,000
*PROBLEM 22-12 (Continued)
December 31, 2004
Investment in Coolidge Corp. .......................................
Revenue from Investment .....................................
(To record equity in net income of
Coolidge—40% of $550,000 less $50,000
amortization of excess cost over
underlying equity)
Computation of amortization:
2002 purchase
($125,000 ÷ 10 years)
2004 purchase
[$1,545,000 – ($4,150,000
[X 30%) ÷ 8 years]
Total
170,000
$12,500
37,500
$50,000
Cash ...............................................................................
Investment in Coolidge Corp. ...............................
(To record the receipt of cash dividends
from Coolidge Corp.)
22-52
170,000
70,000
70,000
TIME AND PURPOSE OF CASES
Case 22-1 (Time 25-35 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with some familiarity with the applications of APB Opinion No. 20.
This case describes several proposed accounting changes with which the student is required to identify
whether the change involves an accounting principle, accounting estimate, or correction of an error,
plus the necessary reporting requirements for each proposal.
Case 22-2 (Time 20-30 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with an understanding of the application and reporting requirements of
APB Opinion No. 20. This case describes many different accounting changes with which the student is
required to identify the type of change involved and to indicate which changes necessitate the
restatement of prior years’ financial statements when presented in comparative form with the current
year’s statement.
Case 22-3 (Time 30-35 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with an understanding of APB Opinion No. 20 and its respective
applications. This case describes three independent situations with which the student is required to
identify the type of accounting change involved, the reporting which is necessitated under current
generally accepted accounting principles, and the effects of each change on the financial statements.
Case 22-4 (Time 20-30 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with an understanding of how changes in accounting can be reflected
in the accounting records to facilitate analysis and understanding of financial statements. This case
involves several situations with which the student is required to indicate the appropriate accounting
treatment that each should be given.
Case 22-5 (Time 30-40 minutes)
Purpose—to help a student identify the type of change and explain the accounting treatment required.
The student discusses the impact on the external auditor’s report for each of the four types of
accounting changes. For each of seven changes described, the student explains which type of
accounting change it is.
Case 22-6 (Time 20-30 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to explain how to account for various accounting
change situations. Explanations for a change in estimate, change in principle, and change in entity are
communicated in a written letter.
Case 22-7 (Time 20-30 minutes)
Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to explain the ethical issues related to changes in
estimates.
22-53
SOLUTIONS TO CASES
CASE 22-1
(a)
1.
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable. This is a change in accounting estimate.
Restatement of prior periods is prohibited.
2.
Depreciation.
a.
This is a change in accounting estimate. Restatement of opening retained earnings is
prohibited.
b.
This is a change in accounting principle. Restatement of prior periods is not permitted.
The cumulative effect would be shown on the current year’s income statement.
c.
This is a new method for a new class of assets. No change is involved.
3.
Mathematical Error. This is a correction of an error and prior period treatment would be in
order.
4.
Preproduction Costs—Furniture Division. This should probably be construed as an
inseparability situation in that the change in accounting estimate (period benefited by
deferred costs) has been affected by a change in accounting principle (amortization on a
per-unit basis). Consequently, it is treated as a change in accounting estimate. Restatement
of opening retained earnings would not be permitted.
5.
FIFO to LIFO Change. This is a change in accounting principle. Restatement of December
31, 2004 retained earnings is not permitted. Note that a LIFO to FIFO change does qualify
for restatement of opening retained earnings, but FIFO to LIFO does not qualify.
6.
Percentage of Completion. This is a change in accounting principle. Retained earnings
should be restated.
(b)
Pro-forma presentations would be made for item 2b. Item 5 would not require pro-forma
presentation, but the reason for not presenting pro-forma amounts would be given. Because
restatement would be made for item 6, no pro-forma presentation is necessary.
(c)
The adjustment to the December 31, 2004 retained earnings balance would be computed as
follows:
Item 6
Item 3
Increase in 12/31/04—Retained Earnings
$1,175,000
(235,000)
$ 940,000
The cumulative effect adjustment would be $380,800 for item 2b. Item 5 would be disclosed in
the footnotes. Items 1 and 2a would also be discussed in the notes, if material.
22-54
CASE 22-2
Item
Change
Type of Change
Should Prior
Years’ Statements
Be Restated?
1.
An accounting change from one generally accepted accounting
principle to another generally accepted accounting principle.
Yes
2.
An accounting change involving a change in an accounting estimate.
No
3.
An accounting change involving both a change in accounting
principle and a change in accounting estimate. Although the effect of
the change in each may be inseparable and the accounting for such
a change is the same as that accorded a change in estimate only, an
accounting principle is involved. Handle as a change in estimate.
No
4.
Not an accounting change but rather a change in classification.
Yes
5.
An error correction not involving an accounting principle.
Yes
6.
An accounting change involving a correction of an error in principle
which is accounted for as a correction of an error.
Yes
7.
An accounting change involving a change in the reporting entity
which is a special type of change in accounting principle.
Yes
8.
Not a change in accounting principle. Simply, a change in tax accounting.
No
9.
An accounting change from one generally accepted accounting
principle to another generally accepted accounting principle.
No
CASE 22-3
Situation 1.
(a)
A change from an accounting principle not generally accepted to one generally accepted is a
correction of an error.
(b)
When comparative statements are presented, retroactive adjustments for this change should be
made for the amount of net income, components of net income, retained earnings, and any other
affected balances for all periods presented. When single period statements are presented, the
required adjustments should be reported in the opening balance of retained earnings. A
description of the change and its effect on income before extraordinary items, net income, and
the related per share amounts should be disclosed in the period of the change. Financial
statements of subsequent periods need not repeat the disclosures.
(c)
If the error relates to prior periods, the beginning balance of retained earnings in the balance
sheet is adjusted. The income statement for the current year should report the correct approach
to revenue recognition. If prior years’ financial statements are presented, they should be adjusted
directly.
22-55
CASE 22-3 (Continued)
Situation 2.
(a)
The change in method of computing depreciation for all fixed assets (previously recorded and
future acquisitions) represents a change in accounting principle, as defined by the Accounting
Principles Board in Opinion No. 20.
(b)
Accordingly, the cumulative effect of the change should be reflected in the current year financial
statements, and the financial statements included for comparative purposes should be presented
as previously reported. The cumulative effect is determined by recomputing earnings and
retained earnings balances for all applicable prior periods as if the change had been applied
retroactively. The difference between the recomputed retained earnings balance at the beginning
of the current period and the original opening balance of retained earnings in the current period
represents the contra-expense amount reflecting the cumulative effect of the change on prior
year financial statements.
(c)
As a result of the change to straight-line, the current year statement of financial position will
reflect a lower accumulated depreciation amount and the book value of the existing fixed assets
will be increased. The current year income statement will be affected directly in two specific
areas: depreciation expense for the current period and the cumulative effect (contra-expense)
shown after extraordinary items. The cumulative effect amount is the effect of the change on the
beginning retained earnings of the current period, as though the change had been applied in the
earliest applicable period.
The Accounting Principles Board also concluded that the effect of the change should be
disclosed for the current period and on a pro-forma basis for all prior period financial statements
included with the current financial statement for comparative purposes. The effect of the change
in each instance should be disclosed for income before extraordinary items, net income, and all
related per-share amounts.
Situation 3.
(a)
A change in the depreciable lives of fixed assets is a change in accounting estimate.
(b)
In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, the change in estimate should be
reflected in the current period and in future periods. Unlike a change in accounting principle, the
change in accounting estimate should not be accounted for by showing the cumulative effect of
prior periods in current earnings or by presenting pro-forma earnings data giving effect to the
change as if it had been applied retroactively.
(c)
This change in accounting estimate will affect the balance sheet in that the accumulated
depreciation in the current and future years will increase at a different rate than previously
reported, and this will also be reflected in depreciation expense in the income statement in the
current and future years.
CASE 22-4
1.
This situation is a change in estimate. Whenever it is impossible to determine whether a change
in principle or a change in estimate has occurred, the change should be considered a change in
estimate. A change in estimate employs the current and prospective approach by:
a.
Reporting current and future financial statements on the new basis.
b.
Presenting prior periods’ financial statements as previously reported.
22-56
CASE 22-4 (Continued)
c.
Making no adjustments to current opening balances for purposes of catch-up and making
no pro-forma presentations.
2.
This situation is considered a change in estimate because new events have occurred which call
for a change in estimate. The accounting should be the same as discussed in 1.
3.
This situation is considered a correction of an error. The general rule is that careful estimates
which later prove to be incorrect should be considered changes in estimates. Where the estimate
was obviously computed incorrectly because of lack of expertise or in bad faith, the adjustment
should be considered an error. Changes due to error should employ the retroactive approach by:
a.
Restating, via a prior period adjustment, the beginning balance of retained earnings for the
statements of the current period.
b.
Correcting all prior period statements presented in comparative financial statements. The
amount of the error related to periods prior to the earliest year’s statement presented for
comparative purposes should be included as an adjustment to the beginning balance of
retained earnings of that earliest year’s statement.
4.
No adjustment is necessary—a change in accounting principle is not considered to have
happened if a new principle is adopted in recognition of events that have occurred for the first
time.
5.
This situation is considered a change in estimate because new events have occurred which call
for a change in estimate. The accounting should be the same as discussed in 1.
6.
This situation is considered a change in accounting principle. A change in accounting principle
should employ the current or catch-up method by:
a.
Reporting current results on the new basis.
b.
Reporting the cumulative effect of the adjustment in the current income statement between
the captions “extraordinary items” and “net income.”
c.
Presenting prior period financial statements as previously reported.
d.
Presenting pro-forma data on net income and earnings per share data for all prior periods
presented.
CASE 22-5
(a)
Changes in Accounting Principle.
1.
A change in accounting principle is a change from one method of accounting for an item or
transaction to another method of accounting for the same item or transaction, when both
methods adhere to generally accepted accounting principles.
2.
Changes in accounting principle require the current or catch-up approach. This is done by
reporting current results on the new basis, reporting the cumulative effect of the change in
the current income statement, presenting prior period financial statements as previously
reported, and presenting pro-forma data on income and earnings per share for all prior
periods presented. Exceptions to this general rule require the use of a retroactive approach.
22-57
CASE 22-5 (Continued)
Changes in Accounting Estimates.
1.
Estimates based on judgments have a substantial role in accounting. A change in an
accounting estimate results from new information, changed conditions, or additional
experience.
2.
Changes in estimates require the current and prospective approach by reporting current
and future financial statements on the new basis, and presenting prior period financial
statements as previously reported.
Changes in Entity.
1.
A change in entity is a change from reporting as one type of entity in one period to another
type of entity in another period. A change in entity results if the financial statements are, in
effect, those of a different reporting entity. An example of this type of change is changing
the subsidiaries comprising the group of companies for which consolidated statements are
presented.
2.
Any changes in reporting entity result in financial statements that are actually the
statements of a different entity. The retroactive approach should be used. Thus, any prior
period financial statements presented should be restated to show the financial information
for the new reporting entity for all periods presented.
Changes Due to Error.
(b)
1.
A change due to error is a correction of an error arising from mistakes such as
mathematical errors, misapplication of accounting principles, oversight or misuse of facts, or
the incorrect classification of an expense as an asset (and vice-versa).
2.
Changes due to error require the retroactive approach by recasting all prior period
statements presented and restating the beginning balance of retained earnings for the first
period presented when a prior period is affected.
1.
The change to a three-year remaining life for the purpose of computing depreciation on
production equipment is a change in estimate due to a change in conditions.
2.
The change to expensing preproduction costs (writing the costs off in one year as opposed
to several years) is a change in estimate due to a change in conditions.
3.
This is an expense classification change arising from a change in the use of the building for
a different purpose. Thus, it is not one of the four types mentioned.
4.
This oversight is a mistake that should be corrected. Such a correction is considered a
change due to error.
5.
This change is not one of the four types mentioned. Neither the method of accounting for
certain receivables nor the method of accounting for income taxes (interperiod allocation)
was changed. The only change is for tax reporting purposes.
6.
Both FIFO and LIFO are generally accepted accounting principles; thus, this is a change in
accounting principle.
7.
Both the completed-contract method and the percentage-of-completion method are
generally accepted accounting principles; thus, such a change is a change in accounting
principle.
22-58
CASE 22-6
Mr. Ben Thinken, CEO Sports-Pro Athletics
Dear Mr. Thinken:
You recently contacted me about several accounting changes made at Sports-Pro Athletics, Inc. in
2004. This letter details how you should account for each change.
Your change from one method of depreciation to another constitutes a change in accounting principle.
As such, you must show the cumulative effect of this change on net income during the period in which
the change occurred. In addition, you should present pro-forma information for all prior periods
reported, illustrating what the effect of this change on net income and earnings per share would have
been had the change taken place before the earliest period presented.
Your change in salvage values for your office equipment is considered a change in estimate. This type
of change does not really affect previous financial statements and is thus accounted for currently and
prospectively. The change is included in the most current period being reported. There is no need to
present pro-forma information nor is there a need to restate prior periods’ financial statements.
Finally, your change in specific subsidiaries results in a change in reporting entity which must be
reported by restating the financial statements for all periods presented. The effect of this change should
be shown on income before extraordinary items, net income, and earnings per share amounts. In
addition, you must disclose in a footnote the nature of the change as well as the reasons for it. No
cumulative effect nor pro-forma information should be presented.
I hope that this information helps you account for the various changes which have taken place at
Sports-Pro Athletics. If you need further information, please contact me.
Sincerely,
CASE 22-7
(a)
The ethical issues are the honesty and integrity of Usher’s financial reporting practices versus the
Corporation’s and the accounting manager’s profit motives. Shortening the life of fixed assets
from 10 to 6 years may be evidence that depreciation expenses during the first five years were
understated. Such a practice distorts Usher’s operating results and misleads users of Usher’s
financial statements. If this practice is intentional, it is unethical.
(b)
The primary stakeholders in the above situation include Usher’s stockholders and creditors. Frain
and his auditing firm are stakeholders because they know of the depreciation practices at Usher.
(c)
Frain should report his finding to the partner-in-charge of the Usher engagement. If this practice
is deemed to be intentional and fraudulent, then Frain’s firm has a professional responsibility to
report this incident to the highest levels of management within Usher (the Audit Committee of the
Board of Directors).
22-59
FINANCIAL REPORTING PROBLEM
(a) During the fourth quarter of 2000, the company changed its revenue
recognition policies. Essentially, the new policies recognize that the
risks and rewards of ownership in many transactions do not
substantively transfer to customers until the product has been
delivered, regardless of whether legal title has transferred. In addition
to this change in accounting that affected a substantial portion of its
product sales, the company has revised aspects of its accounting for
services provided in several of its smaller businesses. These new
policies are consistent with the guidance contained in SEC Staff
Accounting Bulletin No. 101.
(b) The effect of these changes in revenue recognition policies, as of
January 1, 2000, is reported as the cumulative effect of an accounting
change in 2000. This change did not have a significant effect on
previously reported 2000 quarters or on prior years.
3M discusses several new accounting pronouncements in Note 1 to its
financial statements . . . none of these new standards will have effects
until future periods:
SFAS No. 141, "Business Combinations", and No. 142, "Goodwill and
Other Intangible Assets." The provisions of SFAS No. 142 will be
effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2001. The
principal effect of SFAS No. 142 will be the elimination of goodwill
amortization. Amortization of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible
assets in 2001 was $67 million (net income impact of $51 million, or 12
cents per diluted share).
In June 2001, the Financial Accounting Standards Board also issued
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 143,
"Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations", which must be
adopted no later than January 1, 2003.
In August 2001, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued
SFAS No. 144, "Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of LongLived Assets", which will be adopted by the company on January 1,
2002. The company does not expect this standard to have a material
impact on its consolidated financial statements.
22-60
FINANCIAL REPORTING PROBLEM (Continued)
The company will adopt Emerging Issues Task Force Issue No. 00-25,
"Vendor Income Statement Characterization of Consideration Paid to a
Reseller of the Vendor's Products", effective January 1, 2002. This
statement addresses whether certain consideration from a vendor to a
reseller of the vendor's products is an adjustment to selling prices or a
cost. It is estimated that this statement will result in Consumer and
Office segment annual net sales and advertising cost (included in
selling, general and administrative expenses) being reduced by
approximately $25 million annually for years 1999 through 2001. This
statement would have no effect on the company's net income or its
financial position.
(c) 3M does not report any change in estimate for 2001. For 1999, 3M
reported a net gain of $100 million ($52 million after tax), or 13 cents
per diluted share, related to gains on divestitures, litigation expense,
an investment valuation adjustment, and a change in estimate that
reduced 1998 restructuring charges.
22-61
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CASE
THE COCA-COLA COMPANY VS. PEPSICO, INC.
(a) and (c) for Coca-Cola Company:
Effective January 1, 2001, the Company adopted Statement of Financial
Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 133, "Accounting for Derivative
Instruments and Hedging Activities," as amended by SFAS No. 137 and
SFAS No. 138. Consolidated Financial Statements were prepared in
accordance with the provisions of SFAS No. 133. Prior years' financial
statements have not been restated. The cumulative effect of these
transition adjustments was an after-tax reduction to net income of
approximately $10 million.
Effective January 1, 2001, our Company adopted the provisions of
Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) Issue No. 00-14, "Accounting for
Certain Sales Incentives," and EITF Issue No. 00-22, "Accounting for
'Points' and Certain Other Time-Based or Volume-Based Sales Incentive
Offers, and Offers for Free Products or Services to be Delivered in the
Future." Both of these EITF Issues provide additional guidance relating to
the income statement classification of certain sales incentives. The
adoption of these EITF Issues resulted in the Company reducing both net
operating revenues and selling, administrative and general expenses by
approximately $580 million in 2001, $569 million in 2000, and $521 million in
1999. These reclassifications have no impact on operating income.
In June 2001, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued
SFAS No. 141, "Business Combinations," and SFAS No. 142, "Goodwill and
Other Intangible Assets." SFAS No. 142 is effective for the Company as of
January 1, 2002.
(b) and (c) for PepsiCo, Inc.:
In July 2001, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141, "Business Combinations."
SFAS 141 eliminates the pooling-of-interests method of accounting for
business combinations and modifies the application of the purchase
accounting method. The elimination of the pooling-of-interests method is
effective for transactions initiated after June 30, 2001. Adoption of this
statement does not have an impact on the accompanying consolidated
financial statements.
22-62
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CASE (Continued)
In July 2001, the FASB also issued SFAS 142, "Goodwill and Intangible
Assets." SFAS 142 eliminates the current requirement to amortize goodwill
and indefinite-lived intangible assets, addresses the amortization of
intangible assists with finite lives and addresses impairment testing and
recognition for goodwill and intangible assets. SFAS 142 applies to
existing goodwill and intangible assets, as well as to transactions
completed after the statement's effective date. SFAS 142 is effective for
2002.
In June 2001, the FASB issued SFAS 143, "Accounting for Asset
Retirement Obligations." SFAS 143 addresses the financial accounting and
reporting for obligations associated with the retirement of tangible longlived assets and the associated asset retirement costs. It requires that we
recognize the fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation in the
period in which it is incurred if a reasonable estimate of fair value can be
made. We are currently assessing SFAS 143 and the impact that adoption,
in 2003, will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2001, the FSAB issued SFAS 144, "Accounting for the
Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets." SFAS 144 establishes a
single model for the impairment of long-lived assets and broadens the
presentation of discontinued operations to include more disposal
transactions. SFAS 144 is effective for 2002. Adoption will not have a
material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
22-63
RESEARCH CASES
CASE 1
Answers will vary among students based on the sources used and the
companies selected.
CASE 2
(a) A change in an estimate is simply a change in the way an individual
perceives the realizability of an asset or liability. Perceptions change
due to changes in the environment or in other conditions surrounding
application of accounting. Examples of changes in estimate are:
(1) change in the realizability of trade receivables, (2) revisions of
estimated lives, (3) changes in estimates of warranty costs, and
(4) change in estimate of deferred charges or credits. An error results
from incorrect application of accounting rules to transactions, such as
failure to record assets or expenses or ignoring salvage value in
computing depreciation. Thus, rather than a change in conditions
surrounding appropriate application of accounting rules, an error
reflects incorrect application of the rules, given the conditions.
(b) The accounting for a change in estimate and an error reflects these
distinctions. Changes in estimates are handled prospectively. Thus,
no adjustments are made to prior reported amounts and the new
estimates are applied in current and future periods. Disclosure of the
changes is made in the year of the change. A correction of an error in
previously issued financial statements should be handled as a priorperiod adjustment. Thus, such an error should be reported in the year
that it is discovered as an adjustment to the beginning balance of
retained earnings. And, if comparative statements are presented, the
prior periods affected by the error should be restated. The disclosures
need not be repeated in the financial statements of subsequent
periods.
As discussed in the article, by increasing the residual value Xerox would
have higher profits on each lease (because the sale price will be higher). By
reporting the change as an error, Xerox would be able to restate its prior
statements to show higher income and increase retained earnings. The
change in estimate would not allow restatement of prior periods. The
change in residual value resulting in any gain would be recognized only at
the termination of the lease.
22-64
RESEARCH CASES (Continued)
(c) Yes, the SEC’s position is supported in the literature. According to
FASB SFAS No. 13 and Technical Bulletin 79-14 (FTB 79-14), residual
values may not be adjusted. Quoting from FTB79-14, Par. 2:
“Paragraphs 17(d), 18(d), and 46 of Statement 13 require the
lessor to review annually the estimated residual value of
sales-type leases, direct financing leases, and leveraged
leases, respectively. Those paragraphs also contain a
provision that prohibits any upward adjustment of the
estimated residual value. The prohibitions of paragraphs
17(d), 18(d), and 46 of Statement 13 against upward
adjustments to the leased property’s estimated residual
value are equally applicable to the guaranteed portion. If a
lease initially transferred substantially all of the benefits and
risks incident to the ownership of the leased property, it
would not seem appropriate that the lessor could
subsequently increase the benefits that were accounted for
as having been retained initially.”
22-65
PROFESSIONAL SIMULATION
Journal Entries
(a)
Inventory
Cumulative Effect of Change
in Accounting Principle—Inventory
18,000*
18,000
*($20,000 + $24,000 + $27,000) – ($15,000 + $18,000 + $20,000)
(b) Inventory
Retained Earnings
28,000*
28,000
*($20,000 + $24,000 + $27,000) – ($12,000 + $14,000 + $17,000)
Financial Statements
Basic EPS = $30,000 ÷ 10,000 = $3.00
Diluted EPS
Net Income
Add: Interest savings ($200,000 X 6%)
Adjusted net income
$200,000 ÷ $1,000 =
200 bonds
X 30
6,000 shares
Diluted EPS: $42,000 ÷ (10,000 + 6,000) = $2.63
2005
2004
Net income
Basic EPS
Diluted EPS
$30,000
$ 3.00
$ 2.63
$27,000
$ 2.70*
$ 2.44*
*2004 Income
Add: Interest
$27,000
12,000
$39,000 ÷ 16,000 shares = $2.44
22-66
$30,000
12,000
$42,000