Global Studies
Semester II Study Guide
Name:
Date:
KEY
Semester II Skills:
 Students will interpret primary and secondary source materials.
 Students will find the main idea of documents.
 Students will interpret data from charts, graphs & maps.
 Students will analyze images and photographs
 Students will use analysis skills to interpret political cartoons and images.
Unit 4: Why does Change occur?
Renaissance
1. Define Renaissance. Rebirth; time period of great change in society, the arts and thinking
2. Define Humanism. Focus on Individuals achievements and potential
3. Define Perspective. Painting technique to make images look more realistic
1. What is the printing press AND how did it change society? machine that printed documents; allowed the Bible and other
documents to be spread around the World; allowed the Bible and other works to be printed en mass and distributed to the
people
4.
How does each of the following areas change between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?
 Art: Use of Perspective
 Science: discoveries in space, on earth, interest in the human body
 Religious Importance: Less concerned with the afterlife
Protestant Reformation
2. Define Protestant Reformation. movement led by Martin Luther, John Calvin and others in splitting from the Catholic church
3.
Who is Martin Luther? Why is he significant to the Protestant Reformation? He was the Catholic monk whose Ninety-Five Theses
helped to launch the Reformation.
1.
What were the criticisms of the Catholic Church in the 1500’s?
 Popes spent extravagantly on personal pleasures, fought wars and patronized the arts.
 Lower clergy were uneducated
 Clergy broke priestly vows such as marrying, gambling and drinking to excess
 Popes and members of clergy too occupied with money and wealth
 Objected to Selling of indulgences
 Pardons – Free Passes - from punishment or sin
2.
What were the causes of the Protestant Reformation?
 Renaissance emphasis on the secular (non-religious) and individual challenged Church authority
 Printing press spreads secular (non-religious) ideas
 Ruler’s resent popes’ attempts to control them
 Northern merchants resented paying taxes to Rome
4.
Why did Martin Luther create the 95 Theses? What was his goal? document written by Martin Luther about his grievances with
the Catholic Church
3.
What does Luther’s phrase “justification by faith alone” mean? only faith in God mattered; Bible is the sole religious authority
4.
Why does Henry VIII (Henry the 8th) split from the Catholic Church creating his own in England? Personal reasons-he wanted a
divorce so he could remarry and have a son-heir to the throne
5.
What are the results of the Protestant Reformation? Creation of protestant sects of Christianity-Lutherans, Anglican Church,
Calvinists, etc. Henry VIII breaks away from Rome.
French Revolution
6. Describe/Define the 7 common characteristics of revolution.
a) An autocratic form of government: The government has nearly absolute control of the citizenry, usually repressing
civil rights.
b) A very unequal distribution of power or resources: The majority of the power and wealth of the nation is possessed
by a small fraction of the population.
c)
An emerging, educated middle class: The economy is changing leading to the economic rise of a middle class, generally
consisting of skilled workers and merchants that possess a rudimentary education.
d) A discontented middle class: The middle class is no longer complacent about the privileged lives of the nobles, or
traditional oligarchic class
e) A repressive form of punishment: A show of power by the government that is viewed by the citizens as over the top or
overly harsh
f)
A philosophical movement: A change in the way the people view their place in society, or their system of government,
generally lead by philosophers
g)
A spark to ignite the fire of revolution: An event or series of events that raises the willingness of the average citizen to
support revolution.
7.
Who is the king of France before the revolution? Why did the people not like him? King Louis XVI; Ruled as Absolute monarch
Increased debts due to foreign wars and poor economics
8.
Who is the queen of France before the revolution? Why did the people not like her? Queen Marie Antoinette (of Austria); Not
liked because not French; Spent a lot of money
9.
Define Estate. “classes” of society
10. First Estate: Clergy
11. Second Estate: Nobles
12. Third Estate: Peasants
13. What is the Reign of Terror? What happens during this time? a brutal attempt at eliminating anyone who was suspected of
disloyalty, led by Robespierre
Industrial Revolution
5. Define Cottage Industry. small scale industry where the work day was determined by nature, workers were hard to replace,
productivity is low, worker possesses knowledge of the trade.
14. Define Factory System. large scale industry where the work day was determined by clock, workers were easy to replace,
productivity is high, worker possesses little knowledge of the trade.
15. Define Capitalism. Economic system in which individuals rather than governments control the factors of production
16. Define Communism. Government owns the means of production and controls economic planning; believed that violent
revolution against owners was necessary
17. Where were early factories located? Why? Water power to move waterwheels 2nd: Steam engine—used in factories and
eventually in boats and railroads. Use coal to heat water and create steam. No longer need to be directly on rivers, but rather
near both water (including canals) and coal mines
18. What is the purpose of a political cartoon?
19. Explain each of the following 5 features that are used in political cartoons.
a. Symbolism
b. Exaggeration
c. Labeling
d. Analogy
e. Irony
20. Why did they use women and children to work in factories as opposed to men? Cheaper labor; children could fit in between
moving machinery more easily to fix them.
21. How did technology change transportation during the Industrial Revolution? With the invention of the steam engine, the
locomotives (railroads) were built, which allowed goods and people to travel further, quicker!
22. What reforms were made during the Industrial Revolution leading to the improvement of the working class conditions? Child
Labor laws, Factory Acts of 1833
Globalization
6. Define Globalization: Refers to the process by which national economies, politics, cultures, and societies become integrated
with those of other nations around the world.
7.
Explain what Multinational Corporations are: Global Market Place; Conducts research, operates factories, & sells products in
many countries, just NOT where its headquarters and principle shareholders are located.
8.
List and explain the positive & negative impact of globalization throughout the world today.
Positives
Negatives
• Global trade provides consumers with a greater variety
of goods and services.
• Concern that rich nations are exploiting (taking
advantage of) the poor countries.
• Competition keeps prices lower.
• Mass movement from rural to urban areas
• Many believe that the World Bank and the IMF should
be doing more ease the economic problems that many
nations face today.
gives people better access to education and
• Environmentalists push for sustainability, development
health care.
• Introduction of new technology.
• Overall higher standard of living.
Unit 5: United Nations
23. Define Resolution. A formal expression of opinion or intention made, usually after voting, by a formal organization, a legislature,
a club, or other group.
24. Define Charter. A document that describes an organizations goals and principles.
25. Define Convention.
26. Define Intervention.to become involved in something (such as a conflict) in order to have an influence on what happens
27. What is the purpose of the United Nations and where is it located today? To create a place where nations can communicate to
reduce isolationism and non-intervention by foreign nations in times of need; headquarters in New York City
28. What events prompted the creation of the United Nations? Failure of the League of Nations; end of World War II
29. Define the role of the following groups within the United Nations:
□ The general assembly- Major branch of the UN that includes equal representation of all member nations, which
receives reports and makes resolutions to increase discussion and diplomacy amongst nations
□
the secretary general- Secretariat—Branch of the UN which runs the major organizations, administers peacekeeping
operations, and is run by the Secretary General—the elected leader of the UN
□
the security council- Made up of 15 nations including 5 permanent members who have veto power over resolutions;
Permanent Members: US, UK, France, Russia, China; 10 other nations elected regionally for 2 years
□
□
the economic and social council- Oversees economic and social work of 14 agencies including UNICEF (Children’s Fund),
UNHCR (Refugees), and various other organizations dealing with human rights as defined by the “Universal Declaration
of Human Rights”
30. Define Genocide. Any acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.
31. List and explain the 8 stages of genocide
1. Classification-Categorizing people by race, ethnicity, religion or nationality. This is done in nearly all societies,
however polarized societies are the most likely to commit genocide
2.
Symbolization-Symbols or names are given to groups to identify and separate them. Generally these serve as a
way to divide “us” and “them”
3.
Dehumanization-Using broadcast and print media, one group is proclaimed as less than human. They are often
compared to vermin or insects. This is key because it helps divert the general repulsion to murder.
4.
Organization-Genocidal governments create special killing units, usually militias, such as the Janjaweed to allow
for deniability.
5.
Polarization-Groups are driven farther apart, laws may forbid inter-marriage, propaganda encourages extreme
views, moderates are silenced or eliminated
6.
Preparation-Victims are identified, often forced to wear identification, often segregated into ghettoes or camps.
7.
Extermination-Mass killing of the victims begins and usually happens on a large scale. It is often referred to as
extermination to continue to dehumanize victims
8.
Denial-The act that follows a genocide. Officials hide evidence, intimidate witnesses, and blame the victims.
32. Explain the role of the UN in genocide—what must be done? Countries have claimed ‘Never Again’
33. What gaps are there in the laws of the Genocide Convention that does not cause the UN to get involved?
34. Define Nuclear Weapons. weapons that harness the power of the atom and are vastly more powerful than conventional
weapons
35. Define Nuclear Proliferation. a rapid spread or increase of nuclear weapons to countries around the world
36. Which countries around the world are trying to get nuclear weapons? Iran, Pakistan, North Korea
37. What is the biggest concern about nuclear weapons and terrorist organizations? Black Market sales; nowhere to retaliate
38. Define natural disaster. a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples include floods, volcanic
eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes. A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage
39. Give examples of types of natural disasters. Earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes (cyclones, typhoons), Landslides, Flooding
40. Define Early Warning Systems. Systems put in place to predict, prevent damage, warn people and respond to emergencies.
41. Describe each of the four components of Early Warning Systems.
 Risk Knowledge-Knowledge of the relevant hazards and of the vulnerabilities of the people and society to these
hazards
 Monitoring and Warning Service-a technical capacity to monitor hazard warning signs, to forecast the hazard
evolution, and to issue warnings
 Dissemination and Communication-the spread of understandable warnings, and prior preparedness information,
to those at risk
 Response capability-knowledge, plans and capacities for timely and appropriate action by authorities and those at
risk
42. What is meant by the cost-benefit analysis of Early Warning Systems? Analyzing the amount you will spend versus the benefit of
having the system
43. Explain the purpose and reasoning behind the UN’s Millennium Goals. Measure Progress to ensure elimination of extreme
poverty
44. List and explain what the Millennium Goals are.
1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2) Achieve universal primary education
3) Promote gender equality and empower women
4) Reduce child mortality rate
5) Improve maternal health care
6) Combat HIV / AIDs, malaria, and other diseases
7) Ensure environmental sustainability
8) Develop a global partnership for development