Study Guide for Frost Chapter Three The history of the classical age is largely one of….war. The Persian Conflict with Cities on Ionia as the Spark for Persian Wars 550-336 BCE. Athens key role in the victory (esp. Marathon) let to her dominance of the Greek World for fifty years. Spartan fear of Athens (Thucydides) was cause of Peloponnesian War between Sparta (and allies) v. Athens (and allies) from 431-404 BCE Major Players were Sparta, Athens, and Ionian cities Sparta “Elitist Communism” Limited citizenship---landowners and warriors. Noble families only allowed to participate as citizens. Helots – serfs who worked land, mostly from neighboring Messenia Kings led committee of five ephors, supported by council of elders (gerousia) Spartan citizens usually took the right wing of the line of battle. (no shields on right to protect warrior. Changes in Sparta after winning war w/Athens---end of isolation 371 BCE Spartans lose to Thebes under Epaminondas Ionia (city states on the coast of modern Turkey) Originator of Greek philosophy and lyric poetry Most cities were colonies from other city states Cultural mix on trading routes made of vibrant social and intellectual life. 499 BCE Ionian revolt against Persia (Herodotus says) led to long Persian wars, and ultimate Greek victory Identify Herodotus, Anaxagoras, and Aspasia Athens ---Develops first democracy Economic difficulties lead to Solon’s reforms Written laws establish tribal council Persian Wars and Athenian “Empire” lead to major changes --- ultimately to Acropolis and other major public works Pericles and end of the nobles’ domination of Athens Cleon --- the first demagogue The Thirty Tyrants Return of the democrats to Piraeus Harbor (The Piraeus Party) Macedonians under Philip end Athenian freedom in 338 BCE at Chaeronea. For Geography Know Three major areas: Thessaly, Central Greece (Boetia around Thebes, Attica around Athens), and Peloponnesus (Corinth, Argos, Sparta, Messenia) Know role of sea and mountains in establishing cities. Know development of High City (Acropolis) for protection, city nearby, farms further away.