THEORY OF MACHINES & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LABORATORY
SPECIFICATIONS
P1150 STATIC & DYNAMIC BALANCING MACHINE
[1] To permit static and dynamic balancing of rigid rotors.
[2] To determine avector, pivot cradle and nodal point balancing.
[3] To comprise cradle supported on crossed spring pivot and furnished with ball bearing system with
variable speed electric drive with provision for testing rotors of different diameters.
[4] To be mounted on a substantial base plate and provided with transducer and readout system for
amplitude measurement.
[5] Stroboscope for angle measurement.
[6] To be complete with five-disc rotor on which the discs are adjustable for angular position and provided
with a means for fitting out-of-balance and balancing masses.
[7] Masses to be included.
P1151 THREE DISC ROTOR
[1] 450mm long fitted with two balancing and one plane disc.
[2] For use with the Static and Dynamic Balancing Machine.
[3] Similar to five disc rotor.
P1152 SIMULATED ARMATURE
[1] 360mm long fitted with two balancing discs.
[2] For use with the Static and Dynamic Balancing Machine.
P1153 AUTOMOBILE CRANKSHAFT
[1] Original 4 cylinder automobile crankshaft fitted with two 360º protractor scales.
[2] For use with the Static and Dynamic Balancing Machine.
P1901 TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS APPARATUS
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Determines torsional stiffness of a shaft.
Determines polar moment of inertia by acceleration and oscillation.
Comprises D section tubular steel bed with feet for bench mounting and brackets for wall mounting.
Bearing housings (4) furnished with hollow spindle and fitted chuck and flange.
Inertia discs (2 plain, 1 divided).
Torsion shaft.
Geared drive assembly with differential crank mechanism.
Hydraulic damping unit.
Transducer units (2) and frequency control unit.
P1902 OSCILLOSCOPE FOR USE WITH P1901
[1] Two beam suitable for use with torsional vibrations apparatus.
P1903 TWIN CHANNEL RECORDING UNIT
[1] Comprises a portable mains operated two channel thermal array recorder with variable speed paper
drive giving a range from 0.1 cm / second.
[2] Frequency response from dc to 100Hz.
[3] Built in pre-amplifier with switchable variable gain upto a sensitivity of 0.05 V / cm.
[4] Supplied with 1 roll of thermal sensitive paper, power cable, connector set and user manual.
P1906 LINEAR VIBRATION APPARATUS
1. Comprises a drive unit and vibration generator with experimental accessories.
1
2. The drive unit consists essentially of an oscillator and a power amplifier designed to provide a sinewave
power output suitable for driving the vibration generator
Oscillator
The circuit provides a stable sinewave input to the power amplifier, consisting of three operational amplifier
stages of a switch, and two integrators. A sinusoidal input to the power amplifier is established, which
contains approximately 4% distortion from a pure sinewave. A feedback loop then stabilises the waveform
level about zero.
Power Amplifier
The amplifier comprises a differential input amplifier, a buffer stage with split level output and a push-pull
output stage. It can be driven from an external oscillator and may be regarded as an operational amplifier
with a voltage gain of +1 and minimal phase shift from DC to 10 KHz.
A differential input reduces the effect of unstabilised voltage lines whilst the application of heavy negative
feedback enhances the performance of the amplifier, modifying the output impedance to suit the low
impedance load of the vibration generator.
Vibration Generator
The vibration generator functions by the interaction between a steady magnetic field, produced by a
permanent magnet and an oscillatory current flowing in the moving coil.
A force is produced perpendicular to the lines of flux and conductors carrying the current.
In this way a test load mounted on the moving coil drive spindle can be vibrated at any frequency set on the
frequency dial, whilst the amplitude of vibration is proportional to drive current
P2072 FLETCHER TROLLEY APPARATUS
1. The Trolley apparatus is manufactured to the well known sturdy design
2. The apparatus is elaborately equipped for a wide range of investigations into both linear and angular
motion.
3. This all metal system consists of a steel guided plane, 180 cm long, machined from a stiff girder section
with a “V” groove and flat for guiding.
4. The centre is slotted for the Rolling Disc experiment.
5. A pair of echelon pulleys is provided at either end and there are two bridges adjustable for position
along the length of the plane.
6. The slope is controlled by an adjusting screw and measured on a scale.
7. Two trolleys are provided, equipped with buffers and spear and plug for
Supplied complete with trolley masses, double set of slotted weights and hangers, balanced rolling disc and
axle, rolling balls, 2 vibrating arms, packing block, paper rolls, ink and brushes.
P2073 Swinging Arm for Fletcher Trolley Apparatus
1. For experiments on Moment of Momentum and Angular Acceleration and mounted on a bracket
provided on the plane of Apparatus P2072.
2. The lever is 58 cm (23") long accurately balanced and mounted on ball bearings. It is provided with
buffers and adjustable masses.
P2075 Consumables Pack
1. For use with Fletcher Trolleys comprises six rolls of paper, bottle of ink and brush.
P2180 EXTENSION & COMPRESSION OF SPRINGS
[1] Determines load and deflection relationships for close coiled springs.
[2] Modulus of rigidity for spring material.
[3] Wall mounted apparatus (for loading spiral springs in either tension or compression with direct
gravitational loads) with accurately divided scale and vernier.
2
[4] Supplied complete with four compression and four extension springs each approximately 18cm long
(7”) long.
P2181 HANGER AND MASSES FOR P2180
[1] Comprises suitable range of masses and hangers for use with Extension & Compression of Springs
Apparatus.
P2776 ENERGY OF FLYWHEEL
[1] Determines maximum energy of a flywheel of varying mass.
[2] Determines moment of inertia and radius of gyration.
[3] Comprises comprehensive flywheel with two rings and one disc removable from main wheel, complete
with vibrator.
[4] Fitted with a special anti-friction bearing within the wheel.
[5] Wheel complete 300mm diameter x 75mm thick.
[6] For wall mounting.
[7] Approximate overall dimensions 450mm long by 400mm wide by 360mm high.
P2777 HANGER AND MASSES
[1] Comprises 1x500gm hanger and 5x500gm masses.
[2] For use with energy of flywheel apparatus.
P2799 CENTRIPETAL FORCE APPARATUS
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
Verifies theory of forces associated with angular motion revolving masses.
Verifies the effect of speed and radius.
Bench mounted.
300mm diameter turntable complete with two pairs of masses mounted on radius rods.
Integral control box with variable speed electric drive and tachometer.
P4120 STRUCTURES
This range of bench top products is designed to work from a single basic frame P4120 a requirement for all
experiments and with a range of dial gauges, displacement indicators weights and load cells.
The equipment is complimented by Cussons structures software system which provides an interactive
system for the input of loads and calculation of displacements. However many teachers find that the
traditional weights and dial gauge system provides a better teaching base.
P4125 Deflection of Beams allows the deflections of cantilevered, encastre and simply supported beams to
be measured under load. Four beams are supplied as standard
P4126 Buckling of Struts allows vertical struts to be loaded and the deflections measured. Four struts are
supplied as standard.
P4127 Measurement of Shear Forces provides a special beam that is joined from two parts and constrained
in such a way that it only has freedom in shear. The shear is resisted by a load cell.
P4121 is a required accessory. The beam can be simply supported or encastre.
P4128 Measurement of Bending Moments provides a special beam that is joined from two parts with a
pivot. Rotation of the pivot is resisted by a load cell.
P4121 is a required accessory. The beam can be simply supported or encastre.
P4130 Rigidly Supported Arch provides an arch, which is located rigidly at one end and with freedom of
horizontal movement at the other. The arch can be loaded at a number of points, and the deflections
measured together with the lateral force at one end and the bending moment at the other.
P4131 Two Hinged Arch is similar to
3
P4130 but allows each end of the arch to rotate.
P4132 Three Hinged Arch is similar to P4131 but with a central hinge point and a bridge structure.
P4133 Suspension Bridge structure allows the loads on the suspension cable to be measured whilst loads are
applied to the roadway structure. Deflections of the structure can be measured.
P4134 Forces in a Truss allows a truss to be built up and loads within the truss members to be measured.
Deflections on the structure can be measured at various points and the loads applied.
P4135 Portal Frame allows loads to be applied both vertically and horizontally to the frame. Deflections can
be measured in each direction as the load is applied and removed.
P4140 Plastic Deflection of a Beam allows additional movement of the beam, its loads and its measuring
devices to take the beam through the point of plastic failure. The beam is allowed to move from one end
horizontally as the beam deforms. Simply supported
and encastre beam supports are available.
P4141 Plastic Deflection of Portals also allows portals to be deflected beyond the point of yield.
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
P4120 Single Basic Frame is required for all of the above experiments, and should be purchased as a stand
alone item. Additional P4120 Frames allow different groups of students to conduct different tests at the
same time. P4120 includes two dial gauges
adapted for mounting on the frame, and two sets of weights and hangers for applying manual loads.
OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT
P4121 provides two electronic load cells by which forces can be applied, together with a digital display of
the force. It also includes two displacement indicators, and display for measuring deflections
P4334 TORSION APPARATUS
[1] Demonstration of torsion characteristics of small diameter rods of different materials.
[2] Determination of modulus of rigidity of different materials.
[3] Compact bench top unit.
[4] Simple operation, with accurate repeatable results.
[5] Consists of a horizontal unit to take specimens up to 6mm diameter by 450mm long (0.25” x 18”).
[6] The torsion head to be supported in ball bearings and torque is applied by a mass hanger and masses.
[7] Angular displacement to be measured by a dial and pointer which can slide along the base to enable
readings to be taken at any point.
[8] Supplied complete with a stainless steel specimen of 6mm dia and one pointer.
P4335 DIAL GAUGE ATTACHMENT FOR P4334
[1] Dial gauge attachment.
P4336 3 EXTRA SPECIMENS FOR P4334
[1] Extra specimens.
[2] Comprises bright mild steel and stainless steel of 4.5mm dia and brass of 6mm dia.
P4337 MASSES FOR P4334
[1]
Set of masses to comprise Hanger 1, Masses 2 x 2kg + 1 x 1kg + 1 x 500g + 2 x 200g.
P5000 FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION APPARATUS
[1] Permits experiments on free and forced vibration of single degree of freedom systems with or without
viscous damping.
[2] Comprises a vibrating mass (mass variable) mounted in air bearings with one degree of freedom
(translation).
4
[3] Provided with a means of exciting by 1) external forcing frame moving in SHM at variable frequency,
2) rotating out-of-balance at variable frequency mounted on the mass.
[4] Pen recorder system employing Teledeltos paper and constant speed electric drive.
[5] Eddy current damper coils and armature.
[6] Power pack incorporating variable voltage DC supplies with ammeter for damper coil current, motor
drives and Teledeltos supply.
[7] Supplied complete with compressed air filter and control unit for connection to external compressed
air supply at pressure not less than 1 bar (15 lb/in²).
[8] Arranged for bench mounting.
P5001 DIGITAL COUNTER FOR P5000
[1] A 4½ digit, time interval conversion computing tachometer capable of measuring speeds down to 0.005
rpm via one automatic and five manually selected ranges.
[2] The instrument is to be a portable/bench mounted model with sample and mains supply operation.
[3] To be complete with optical sensor, 1.5 metre extension cable and pack of reflective tape.
P5002/CK CONSUMABLES KIT FOR P5000
[1] 6 rolls of Teledeltos paper
P5003 AIR COMPRESSOR
[1] For use where laboratory air supply is not available.
[2] Self-contained electrically operated oil free air compressor.
P5013 JOURNAL FRICTION APPARATUS
[1] Determines friction torque in a journal bearing assembled in a combination of 3 shaft sleeves and 3
bearing widths.
[2] Comprises steel frame and instrument panel with ball bearing mounted countershaft carrying overhung
mandrel with variable speed drive by D.C. motor and A.C. solid state control unit.
[3] Journal shaft assembly with hardened steel sleeves (3).
[3] Split journal bearing assembly with set of thin wall bearing shells.
[4] Hydrostatic pad.
[5] Mass hanger and masses (total 50 kg).
[6] Pressurised oil supply with pump and reservoir.
[7] Ammeter and electrical resistance meter.
[8] Sensitive torque meter and tachometer (analogue).
Dimensions 1.6m high x 0.84m wide x 0.75m deep. Nett weight 210 kg.
P5014 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION APPARATUS
[1] Compares summated pressures with applied load under different conditions.
[2] Equipment to be used conjunction with Journal Friction Apparatus comprising journal bearing
assembly with multiple pressure tappings.
[3] Supplied complete with pressure probe fitted bourdon gauge and blanking plugs.
P5015 BEARING ATTITUDE APPARATUS
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Measures bearing attitude for different conditions of load and speed.
Equipment to use in conjunction with Journal Friction Apparatus comprising a pair of gauging nozzles.
Standard test pressure gauges (2) with reducing valve and fittings for connection to air circuit.
Supplied together with separate calibration fixture with micrometer head.
P5016 AIR COMPRESSOR FOR P5013/4/5
[1] Supplies compressed air at pressure not less than 6 bar.
5
P5226 ANGULAR ACCELERATION APPARATUS
1. The apparatus consists essentially of a low inertia circular disc mounted onto a vertical axle that can be
rotated under the action of a falling mass.
2. The low inertia circular disc, which is 300 mm diameter and 50.8 mm thick, is manufactured from
plywood and is keyed to a 12 mm diameter by 305 mm long stainless steel axle.
3. A 50 mm diameter pulley is attached to the axle.
4. The circular disc and axle are mounted with the axle vertical between pivots, one on the base and one on
a radial brace from a vertical pillar.
5. The upper surface of the circular disc is scribed with circles of 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm
diameter and two holes are provided on each circle as sites to locate additional inertia discs.
6. Four inertia discs are provided, each disc is 50 mm diameter by 15 mm and is manufactured from brass
with a mass of 250 gm.
7. A spring steel vibrator, fitted with a fine brush, is supported from the base on a block so that it vibrates
at a natural frequency of 5 Hertz.
8. The brush is attached to the vibrator by a hollow screw which allows its position to be readily adjusted
so that it draws a fine line on a paper strip fastened to the cylindrical rim of the circular disc.
9. A 10 gram mass hanger and a set of brass masses of 3 off 50 gm, 2 off 20 gm and 1 off 10 gm are
provided to accelerate the system via a 1/16" cord passing over a pulley mounted on the vertical pillar and
fastened to the pulley on the circular disc axle.
10. A release mechanism is provided which will simultaneously release the vibrator and the circular disc.
P5377 ELECTRICAL GYROSCOPE COMPLETE WITH OPTICAL TACHOMETER
[1] Investigates the fundamentals of gyroscopic motion.
[2] Demonstrates relationships between gyro speed and torque, precession and notation.
[3] Investigates behaviour of a suspended gyroscope.
[4] Comprises a disc rotor of approx. 150mm diameter mounted on a low voltage D.C. motor and furnished
with pivot bearings and counter masses.
[5] To be complete with support column and integral power pack for bench mounting.
[6] Supplied complete with hand held optical tachometer
P5428 WHIRLING OF SHAFTS APPARATUS
[1] Rigid light alloy bed, 1.8m in length, fitted with countershaft assembly at one end with high speed low
voltage DC motor connected to experimental shaft.
[2] Set of 3 specimen shafts with inertia discs and bushes.
[3] Four adjustable ball bearing brackets support the shaft and provide nodal points.
[4] Three guard rings supplied to limit shaft deflection.
[5] AC control unit to provide infinitely variable speed control.
[6] Shaft speed displayed by precision electronic tachometer.
P5464 INCLINED PLANE/SLIDING FRICTION APPARATUS
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Determines the coefficient of friction between steel plane and various materials.
Determines the effects of friction on an inclined plane.
Bench mounted.
Ground steel plane to be 900mm long.
Course and fine adjustment of plane angle measured by clinometer.
Weight carriers of eight different materials to be supplied.
To be complete with masses to increase carrier weight.
P5465 HANGER AND MASSES FOR P5464
[1] Comprises a set of hanger and masses suitable for use with Inclined Plane/Sliding Friction Apparatus.
6