BIOLOGY EOC STUDY GUIDE: Use with brightstorm.com
Chapter 1 Section 3
You should be able to:
 Define the eight Characteristics of Life
 Relate the central themes of biology
Chapter 2, sections 3 and 4
You should be able to:
 relate the types of macromolecules to
o examples
o their structures
o their functions
o their characteristics
 compare monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
 describe environmental variables that can affect enzyme action
 explain how enzyme and substrate interact and cause a reaction to occur
 describe the use of indicators to identify macromolecules in foods
 identify the IV, DV, control and constants in an experiment
 explain the results of an experiment
Chapters 3/8
You should be able to:
 Be able to write the overall equation for cellular respiration
 How does it compare to the equation for photosynthesis
o How does it compare to the equation for photosynthesis
o What are the end products and reactants for the equations
 List the three major steps in cellular respiration
 Location in cell
o Products generated at the end of each step
Be able to describe what anaerobic respiration is and what types of products
result in
Animal cell/ Plant cells/yeast cells
Chapter 7 Sections 1, 2 and 3
Students must be able to:
 Relate the cell theory
 Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes
o Size
o DNA
o Membranes
 List the cell organelles, define function, location and type of cell
o Cytoplasm
o Vacuole
o Lysosome
o Cytoskeleton
o Centriole
o Ribosome
o Endoplasmic reticulum - rough and smooth
o Golgi apparatus
o Chloroplast
o Mitochondria
o Cell wall
o Lipid bilayer
o Nuclear envelop
 Define passive transport
o Diffusion
o Facilitated Diffusion
o Aquaporin
o Osmosis
o Effects of osmosis on animal and plant cells
o Isotonic
o Hypotonic
o Hypertonic
o Osmotic Pressure
 Define Active Transport
o Molecular transport
o Bulk transport
o Endocytosis
o Exocytosis
o Phagocytosis
 Explain how cells maintain homeostasis
o Cell specialization
 Explain the levels of organization
o Cells
o Tissue
o Organ
o Organ system
o Organism
 Explain how cell communicate
Chapter 11 sections 1, 2 and 3
Student must be able to explain the significance of Mendelian Genetics
 Define the following terms:
o Genetics
o Fertilization
o Trait
o Hybrid
o Genes
o Alleles
o Principal of dominance
o Principal of segregation
o Gametes
 Construct a monohybrid Punnett square
 List the probabilities of the results using the terms
o Heterozygous
o Homozygous
o Dominate
o Recessive
o Phenotype
o Genotype
o Incomplete dominance
o Codominance
Chapter 11 section 4
Students must be able to:
 trace the events during each phase of mitosis and meiosis
 compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis
 define the following terms
o homologous
o tetrad
o crossing-over (where did it occur)
o zygote
Students must be able to:
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compare sexual and asexual reproduction
tell what chromosomes do in cell division
list the main events of the cell cycle
tell what occurs during each of the four phases of mitosis
explain how daughter cells split apart after mitosis
describe how the cell cycle is regulated
 explain how cancer cells are different from other cells
Chapter 12 sections 2 and 3
Students must be able to:
 Explain the role of DNA in heredity (three roles)
 Explain the chemical components of DNA
 Relate the scientists findings
o Chargaff
o Watson and Crick
 Describe the double-helix model
o Antiparallel strands
o Hydrogen bonds
o Base pairing
 Define the role of DNA Polymerase in copying DNA
 Trace the Replication Process
o Role of enzymes
o Telomeres
o Compare and contrast DNA replication in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
Chapter 13 Sections 1, 2 and 3
Students must be able to:
 Explain how RNA differs from DNA
o Make a T- chart comparing and contrasting DNA and RNA (3)
 Explain the types different types of RNA (3) and their functions
 Describe how cells make RNA
 Transcription
o Role of RNA polymerase
o Promoters
o Introns / exons
 Protein Synthesis
o Polypeptides
o Genetic code – codons
 Start and stop codons
Translation figure 13-7
o Anticodons
 Explain what is the “Central Dogma” of molecular biology
 Describe what mutations are and how they affect genes
o Gene mutations
 Substitutions
 Insertions and deletions
 Frameshift
o Chromosomal mutations
o Mutagens
o Harmful mutations
o Beneficial mutations
Chapter 14 Sections 1, 2 3 and 4
Students must be able to:
 What are Karyotypes and how are they used to show genetic disorders
o State how many chromosomes do humans naturally have
 Sex chromosomes
 Autosomes
 Sex linked genes
 Describe how pedigrees are used to analyze human inheritance
 Explain how small changes in DNA molecules affect human triats
o Disorders/ Advantages
 Sickle Cell Disease
 Cystic Fibrosis
 Huntington’s disease
o Nondisjuction
 Down Syndrome
 Turners Syndrome
 Human Genome Project
o Restriction Enzyme
o Gel Electrophoresis
o Bioinformatics
Chapter 16 sections 3 and 4; Chapter 17 sections 2 and 3
Students must be able to:
 Describe the theory of evolution and evidence for evolution
 Compare and contrast artificial and natural selection
 Define “fit” as it is used in the survival of the fittest
 Describe gene pool
 Explain how DNA can provide information about evolutionary
relationships
 Explain what industrial melanism is as in peppered moths
 Predict what adaptations would survive in a given situation
 Suggest what forces of nature could cause a species to evolve