BIOLOGY: Cell Unit Review Guide
Fill in the following Unit Guide Sheet using pictures, explanations, examples and
comparisons and ways to remember in order to have a personalized set of notes.
Part I ( Due Friday December 2)
Discovery of the Cell :
Robert Hooke: First to see Cells, coined the phrase “cells” after looking at cork.
Van Leewenhoek: First to see microscopic organisms. Helped science
understand that life was everywhere
Cell Theory (name the three parts)
#1 Cells are the Basic Unit of Life
#2 All Life is composed of Cells
#3 Cells come from preexisting cells
Prokaryotic characteristics (list at least three).
1. Single Cellular
2. No nucleus
3. No membrane bound organelles
4. 1 chromosome
5. circular DNA
6. very small (200X smaller than eukarytoic cells)
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Prokaryotic Picture
BIOLOGY: Cell Unit Review Guide
Eukaryotic characteristics (list at least three).
1. Have a nucleus
2. have membrane bound organelles
3. single cellular or multicellar organisms
4. plant, animal, fungus, protist
5. linear DNA
Eukaryotic picture
Cell Organelles (For each organelle write the letter it is in the picture below, define
its function, and find a picture from the web)
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BIOLOGY: Cell Unit Review Guide
Cell membrane (D) Allow the passage of materials into and out of the cell
Fluid mosaic model: The membrane is not static, but flows and moves
around the cell, it is made of many smaller subunits
Cytoplasm: (H) Inner space within the cells, where the organelles are found
Cytosol: (H) Liquid of the cell
Nucleus: (I) Holds the Chromosome
Nucleolus: (J) Where Ribosomes are made
Mitochondria: (K) Converst sugar into usable (ATP) energy by the process known
as cellular respiration.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate): Energy molecule of all life
Ribosome: Where amino acids are bonded together to form proteins.
(Translation)
Endoplasmic reticulum: Transport system of the cell as well as protein
refinement organelle
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BIOLOGY: Cell Unit Review Guide
Rough: Studded with ribosomes
Smooth : Not Studded with ribosomes
Golgi apparatus: Packages proteins for use with in the cell or for transport out of
the cell
Lysosomes : Organelle that digestes waste
Cytoskeleton: Network of fillaments that give cells internal structure
Centriole : Found only in animal cells, aide in cellular division
Cilia : Found primarily in protist, used for movement
Flagella: Found primarily in protist and sperm cells, used for movement
Cell wall (Plants, Fungus, Bacteria) Structure and protection
Vacuole (Large in Plants) Storage of water and minerals
Plastid (plants only): Specialized light trapping organelles
Chloroplasts: Organelle that is filled with chlorophyll a chemical that can
use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen
Part II: Structure and Function of DNA ( Due Tuesday December 6)
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BIOLOGY: Cell Unit Review Guide
DNA (define it's function and insert a labeled picture)
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Store information needed for repair, and growth, as well as other chemicals produced
by the cell
James Watson, Francis Crick…Rosalind Franklin (explain how each scientist was
involved in the discovery of DNA)
James Watson and Francis Crick: Discovered the shape of DNA and the A-T, C-G
relationship
Rosalind Franklin: Studied DNA and took special photographs of the molecule that
were critical to understanding its shape
Nucleotide: What is it, what are the three parts that make it up?
Building block of Nucleic Acids
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BIOLOGY: Cell Unit Review Guide
DNA: Deoxyribose Sugar, Nitrogen Bases (A,T,C,G) Phosphate group
RNA: Ribose Sugar, Nitrogen Bases (A,U,C,G) Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous base (name, define and find a picture of each of the following
nitrogen bases)
A: Adenine
T: Thymine
G: Guanine
C: Cytosine
Base pairing rule (explain what bases pair together)
A always with T
C always with G
What is a triplet?
Three DNA letters that code for an amino acid
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BIOLOGY: Cell Unit Review Guide
What is a gene?
Segment of DNA that is Many triplets long and codes for a protein
RNA (define it's function and find a picture)
To Convert DNA into information that cell can use, crucial in protien synthesis
What is Uracil
Nitrogen base found only in RNA, replaces Thymine
DNA vs. RNA (compare and contrast DNA and RNA)
DNA
Deoxyribose
Double Helix
A,T,C,G
Large Molecule
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RNA
Ribose
Single Helix
A,U,C,G
Smaller Molecule
BIOLOGY: Cell Unit Review Guide
Part III: Protein Synthesis ( Due Friday December
9)
Protein synthesis: Process by which a protein is made starting with transcription in
the nuclues and ending with translation at the ribosome
Describe the role of Each as they relate to protein synthesis.
Transcription: Converting DNA triplets into mRNA codons
Nucleus: Where the process happens
DNA: Holds the information, must open up with the help of an enzyme
Triplet: Three letter long sections that code for an amino acid
Gene: Section of DNA that codes for the protein
mRNA: messanger RNA, built off DNA triplet code
Codon: Three letter sections of RNA, where uracil has replaced thymine
Nuclear Pore: Small hole that mRNA leaves the nucleus
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BIOLOGY: Cell Unit Review Guide
Translation: Converting mRNA codons into Amino Acid Sequences
Ribosome: Where the processes happens
tRNA: Transfer RNA, carries the correct amino acid to the ribosome
Codon: mRNA code
Anti- Codon: Found on tRNA, matches the mRNA codon to ensure the correct
amino acid is dropped off
Start Codon: Codon that initiates protein synthesis
Stop Codon: Codon that terminates protein synthesis
Amino acid: building block of proteins
Polypeptide: many amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds
Protein: Macromolecule that serves many functions throughout all organisms
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Refines proteins
Golgi Apparatus: Packages proteins
Enzymes: Describe enzymes using the terms and ideas below.
Catalyst: Chemical that speeds up chemical reactions but is not part of the
reaction. It does this by lowering the activation energy of the reaction
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BIOLOGY: Cell Unit Review Guide
Activation Energy: Energy required to start the reaction
Substrate: Chemical the enzyme works one
To be Denatured: When and enzyme is changed such that it no longer works
Lock and Key: Analogy for how enzymes work where the lock is the substrate
and the key is the enzyme
Metabolism: All the chemical reactions that take place in an organisms body,
controlled by enzymes.
Chemical Reactions
Respiration equation: Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide and Water and energy
C6H12O6 + O2 => CO2 +
H20 and energy
Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration
Photosynthesis equation: Carbon Dioxide + Water (light) => Glucose and Oxygen
CO2 + H2O (light) => C6H12O6 + O2
Chloroplasts : Site of photosynthesis
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