NAME:
Hour:
A.P. Psychology 2 Trimester Exam Review
nd
Learning: Chapter 5
1. Define conditioned stimulus (CS), unconditioned stimulus (UCS), conditioned response (CR),
unconditioned response (UCR) and be able to identify them in an example.
2. What’s another word for conditioning?
3. Define and be able to identify from an example these terms: acquisition, generalization,
discrimination, spontaneous recovery, shaping, taste aversion.
4. Explain the contributions each of these men made to learning: Thorndike, Watson, Pavlov, Rescorla
Skinner.
5. Explain the difference between negative reinforcement & punishment. Define and be able to identify:
positive reinforcement, partial reinforcement, continuous reinforcement, fixed-interval reinforcement,
fixed ratio reinforcement, variable-interval reinforcements, variable-ratio reinforcement, secondary
reinforcer, primary reinforces, learned helplessness, instinctive drift.
6. Explain the Bobo doll experiment
7. Explain E.C. Tollman’s rat maze experience.
Memory: Chapter 6
8. Define and be able to identify an example of the following terms: context effects, state-dependent
memory, mood congruence, semantic encoding, elaborative rehearsal, maintenance rehearsal,
proactive interference, retroactive interference, misinformation effect, spacing effect, chunking,
hierarchical organization
9. Define and know the difference between iconic memory, echoic memory, sensory memory, long-term
memory, short-term memory, implicit memory, explicit memory, flashbulb memory, retrograde
amnesia, anterograde amnesia, infantile amnesia,
10. What did Sperling’s experiment show about sensory memory.
11. What did Ebbinghaus’ research find?
12. What is meant by the term long-term pontentiation?
Thinking, Language & Intelligence: Chapter 7
13. Define and be able to identify an example of the following terms: schema, cognition, heuristic,
availability heuristic, representative heuristic, prototype, algorithm, functional fixedness, insight, trial
& error, confirmation bias, framing, belief bias.
14. Define the following parts of language: phoneme, morpheme, syntax, semantics, language.
15. Explain the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Is it considered correct today?
16. Explain the following theories of intelligence: Spearman’s g factor, Thurstone’s theory, Sternberg’s
Triarchic Theory, Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences, emotional intelligence
17. Define these intelligence testing terms and be able to identify them in an example: achievement tests,
aptitude tests, standardization, validity, reliability,
18. Explain how the Standford Binet IQ Test and Weschler Tests differ.
19. What types of things are and are not measured/assessed on IQ tests?
20. Explain the evidence for both heredity and environment when it comes to IQ.
Stress & Health: Chapter 13
21. Give the definition for stress and explain how today’s health psychologists believe people cope with
major life events.
22. Explain the difference between daily hassles and major life change events. Which one is a better
predictor of psychological distress and physical illness?
23. Explain the gender differences found in what kinds of daily hassles give them the most stress.
24. Define and identify an example of the types of conflict: approach-avoidance, approach-approach,
avoidance-avoidance.
25. Define and be able to identify an example of acculturation, assimilation, corticosteroids, lymphocytes,
general adaptation syndrome, stress contagion.
26. Explain Walter Cannon’s theory on the sequence your body uses in the fight-or-flight response to
acute stress.
27. Explain how stress can effect our health and immune system. How do social relationships effect the
same thing?
28. Explain how a optimistic and pessimistic explanatory style are different. Do the same for Type A and
Type B behavior patterns.
29. What are the effects of stimulant drugs on our ability to handle stress?
30. How do collectivist versus individualistic cultures differ in their handling of stressful situations?
31. How does physical activity effect a person’s stress & health?
Personality: Chapter 11
32. Define personality.
33. What are the three major parts of the mind according to Freud and what are their functions?
34. What is free association and a “Freudian Slip?”
35. What was the role of dreams according to Freud?
36. Name and explain Freud’s psychosexual stages of development. Know the order they occur in and
how fixation can occur.
37. What are defense mechanisms? Be able to identify various types based on examples.
38. Name the NeoFreudians and explain each of their theories. How did they differ from Freud?
39. Define the terms trait, surface trait and source trait.
40. Describe the trait theory of Raymond Cattell.
41. What are the basic trait dimensions according to Hans Eysenck?
42. Explain Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and how it pertains to self-actualization.
43. Explain Carl Roger’s theory of self congruence.
44. Explain Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory and his idea of self-efficacy.
45. What characteristics make up the Big Five Theory and why is this the most widely accepted trait
theory?
46. What do behavioral genetics study?
Motivation: Chapter 8
47. What are the three things that characterize motivated behavior?
48. Explain the following motivational theories: Instinct, Drive, Incentive, Humanistic, Arousal, SelfDetermination, Competence, Achievement
49. Define what is meant by positive energy balance and negative energy balance.
50. Define the following chemicals and explain where they come from and their effects on eating
behavior: CCK, NPY, CRH, Leptin, Insulin, Glucose,
51. What is the difference between BMI and BMR? At what age is our metabolism operating at its highest
level?
52. What are the parts of the hypothalamus that are involved in eating behavior?
53. What is meant by satiation and sensory-specific satiety?
54. Explain set-point theory and homeostasis
55. What is the difference between the cafeteria diet effect and sensory-specific satiety?
56. What is the main difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
Emotion: Chapter 8
57. Define emotion and its function. What are the basic emotions?
58. Explain the differences between the following emotional theories: James-Lange, Cannon-Bard,
Schachter Two-Factor, Cognitive-Mediational
59. What are the two neural pathways for fear? Which is quicker and why is this looked at as proof of
evolutionary theories?
60. What is the facial-feedback hypothesis and what theory does it best support?
61. What are microexpressions and what can they be used for?
62. What do infants tell us about facial expressions and emotions?
63. Define anthropomorphism.