Supplemental Materials
Intergenerational Transmission of Self-Regulation: A Multidisciplinary Review and Integrative Conceptual Framework
by D. J. Bridgett et al., 2015, Psychological Bulletin
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038662
Table S1
Studies Reporting Direct Associations between Parent and Child Self-Regulation
First Author & Date
Caregiver SelfRegulation
Construct
Top-Down or
Bottom-Up
Regulation
Child Age &
Outcome
Top-Down or
Bottom-Up
Regulation
General
Methodology
Key Findings
Support for
Model
(Yes, Some,
No)
1.
Bornstein,
2000
Baseline Vagal
Tone and Baselineto-Task Change in
Vagal Tone;
Baseline Heart
Period and
Baseline-to-Task
Change in Heart
Period
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation
Children Assessed at
2 Months and 5 Years
of Age; Baseline
Vagal Tone and
Baseline-to-Task
Change in Vagal
Tone; Baseline Heart
Period and Baselineto-Task Change in
Heart Period
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation
Mothers and
Children Only;
Longitudinal; ECG
Data; N = 81;
Generally Low
Risk, Semiurban
Sample;
Laboratory Visit
Maternal Baseline-toTask Change in Vagal
Tone Positively
Related to Child
Baseline-to-Task
Change in Vagal Tone
Yes
2.
CumberlandLi, 2003
Maternal and
Paternal Self
Reported Effortful
Control Measured
with Inhibitory
Control, Attention
Shifting, and
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Children Ranged
from 4 to 8 Years of
Age; Cheating
Observed During a
Difficult Laboratory
Task and Maternal,
Paternal, and Teacher
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Mothers, Fathers,
and Teachers;
Mixed Methods; N
= 214; Mixed Risk
(Some Low, Some
High); Laboratory
Visit
Maternal Effortful
Control Negatively
Associated with Child
Cheating and
Positively Associated
with Maternal
Reported Child
Some
Attention Focusing
Subscales of the
Adult
Temperament
Questionnaire
(Derryberry &
Rothbart, 1988)
Reported Effortful
Control Measured
with the Child
Behavior
Questionnaire
(Rothbart et al., 2001)
Effortful Control, but
not with Teacher or
Paternal Reported
Child Effortful
Control; Paternal
Effortful Control
Positively Associated
with Child Cheating
and Paternal Reported
Child Effortful
Control, but not with
Maternal or Teacher
Reported Child
Effortful Control
3.
Pears, 2007
Father, Mother,
and Teacher
Reported
Adolescent
Inhibitory Control
Measured with the
Child Behavior
Checklist
(Achenbach &
Edelbrock, 1983)
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Children Were 3
years of Age; Mother
and Father Reported
Inhibitory Control of
Generation 3 During
Childhood Measured
with the Child
Behavior Checklist
(Achenbach, 1992)
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Multigenerational,
Longitudinal;
Mixed Methods; N
= 206; Primarily
Euro-American,
Lower and
Working-Class
Sample
Parent Inhibitory
Control not Correlated
with Child Inhibitory
Control
No
4.
Valiente, 2007
Parent Self
Reported Effortful
Control Measured
with the Attention
Shifting, Activation
Control, and
Inhibitory Control
Subscales of the
Adult
Temperament
Questionnaire
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Children Ranged
from 7 to 12 Years of
Age; Child Self
Reported Effortful
Control Measured
with the Attention
Shifting, Activation
Control, and
Inhibitory Control
Subscales of the Early
Adolescent
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Mostly Mothers,
Some Fathers; Self
Report Only; N =
188; Mixed Risk
(Some Low, Some
High)
Maternal Effortful
Control Positively
Related to Child
Effortful Control
Yes
(Derryberry &
Rothbart, 1988)
Temperament
Questionnaire
(Rothbart et al., 2001)
5.
Verhoeven,
2007
Parent Self
Reported Self
Control Measured
with a 24-Item
Questionnaire
(Grasmick et al.,
1993).
Combination of
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation,
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation,
Bottom-Up
Impulsivity
Children were 17
Months of Age;
Maternal Reported
Child Inhibitory
Control Measured
with the Inhibitory
Control Subscale of
the Early Childhood
Behavior
Questionnaire
(Putnam et al., 2006)
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Mothers and
Fathers; Parent
Report Only; N =
111 Two Parent
and Child
Families; Male
Children Only;
Mixed Risk (Some
Low, Some High)
Positive Association
between both Mother
and Father Self
Control and Toddler
Inhibitory Control
Yes
6.
Brodsky, 2008
Maternal Self
Reported
Impulsivity
Measured with The
Barratt Impulsivity
Scale (Barratt,
1965)
Primarily
Bottom-Up
Impulsivity;
Some items
assessed TopDown
Behavioral
Regulation
Children Ranged
from 10 to 17 Years
of Age; Parent
Reported Child
Impulsivity Measured
with Impulsivity
Subscale of The Iowa
Conners Parent
Physical Report
(Pelham et al., 1989)
Bottom-Up
Impulsivity
Mother and Father
Inpatients and
Outpatients; N =
271 Parents, 507
Children; High
Risk
Parent Impulsivity
Positively Related to
Offspring Impulsivity
Yes
7.
Epstein, 2008
Parent Impulsivity
Measured with a
Computerized
Impulsivity Task
(Dougherty et al.,
2005)
Bottom-Up
Impulsivity
Children Ranged
from 8 to 12 Years of
Age; Child
Impulsivity Measured
with a Computerized
Impulsivity Task
(Dougherty et al.,
2005)
Bottom-Up
Impulsivity
Parents (Not Clear
if Mothers,
Fathers, or Both);
Mixed Methods; N
= 50 Parent-Child
Dyads; Laboratory
Visit
Non-Significant
Positive Association
Between Parent and
Child Impulsivity
No+
8.
Perlman, 2008
Primary Caregiver
Top-Down
Children Ranged
Top-Down
Mostly Mothers,
No Association
No
9.
Jester, 2009
10. Kim, 2009
Resting Vagal
Tone
Emotional
Regulation
from 4 to 5 Years of
Age; Resting Vagal
Tone
Emotional
Regulation
Some Fathers, and
Children; N=42;
Mixed Risk (Some
Low, Some High)
Between Caregiver
and Child Resting
Vagal Tone
Composite of
Scores from Lab
Administered
Executive Function
Tasks Assessing
Set Shifting (The
Trail Making Test,
Reitan, 1979; The
Wisconsin Card
Sort, Heaton,
1993), Planning
and Working
Memory (Tower of
Hanoi, Lezak,
1995; The Paced
Auditory Serial
Addition Test,
Gronwall, 1977),
Inhibitory Control
(The Stop Task,
Logan et al., 1997)
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Children Ranged
from 12 to 17 Years
of Age; Composite of
Scores from Lab
Administered
Executive Function
Tasks Assessing Set
Shifting (The Trail
Making Test, Reitan,
1979; The Wisconsin
Card Sort, Heaton,
1993), Planning and
Working Memory
(Tower of Hanoi,
Lezak, 1995; The
Paced Auditory Serial
Addition Test,
Gronwall, 1977),
Inhibitory Control
(The Stop Task,
Logan et al., 1997)
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Mothers and
Fathers; N = 204
Families (434
Children; 376
Parents);
Longitudinal;
Mixed Risk (Some
Low, Some High);
Laboratory Visit
Mother and Father
Executive Functioning
Positively Related to
Child Executive
Functioning
Yes
Parental Regulation
Measured with Self
Reports (The
Caprara Irritability
Scale, Caprara et
al., 1985; StateTrait Anxiety
Scale, Spielberger,
1983; Minnesota
Multiphasic
Primarily TopDown Emotion
Regulation;
Some assessed
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation and
Bottom-Up
Impulsivity
Children Ranged
from 10 to 20 Years
of Age; Son Emotion
Regulation Measured
with Self Reports
(The State-Trait
Anxiety Scale,
Spielberger, 1983;
The Center for
Epidemiologic
Primarily
Top-Down
Emotion
Regulation;
Some Items
assessed TopDown
Behavioral
Regulation
and Bottom-
Mothers and
Fathers;
Longitudinal;
Mixed Methods; N
= 206; High Risk
Sample: Home
Visit
Parent Emotion
Regulation Positively
Related to Child
Emotion Regulation 7
Years Later
Yes
Personality
Inventory,
Hathaway &
McKinley, 1951;
and The Activity
Survey, Jenkins,
1972), Son Reports
(Items from a
Telephone
Interview, Dishion
et al., 1984), and
Observer Reports
(Interviewer and
Coder Ratings)
Studies Depression
Scale, Radloff, 1977;
The Perceived Stress
Scale, Cohen et al.,
1983; The Young
Adult Self Report,
Achenbach, 1993)
and Parent Reports
(The Child Behavior
Checklist, Achenbach
& Edelbrock, 1983;
The Young Adult
Adjustment Scale,
Capaldi et al., 1992;
The Young Adult
Behavior Checklist,
Achenbach, 1993)
Up
Impulsivity
11. Moore, 2009
Maternal
Respiratory Sinus
Arrhythmia, at Rest
and During Task
(Face to Face Still
Face Paradigm)
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation
Children Were 6
Months of Age;
Infant Respiratory
Sinus Arrhythmia, at
Rest and During Task
(Face to Face Still
Face Paradigm)
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation
Mothers
Participated;
Children Aged 6
Months; Single
Time Point
Assessed in Home
and Laboratory;
Mixed Methods;
N=152; MixedRisk Caucasian
and African
American Sample
No Association
Between Maternal and
Infant RSA
No
12. Boutwell, 2010
Parent Self
Reported Self
Control Measured
with an
Abbreviated
Version of
Bottom-Up
Impulsivity
Children Ranged
from 0 to 12 Months
of Age; Parent
Reported Infant Self
Control Measured
with a Questionnaire
Combination
of Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation,
Bottom-Up
Impulsivity
Mothers and
Fathers;
Longitudinal:
Parental Report
Only; Authors
Reported N to be
Parent Self Control
Positively Associated
with Infant Self
Control
Yes
Dickman’s
Impulsivity Scale
(Dickman, 1990)
Developed for this
Study
Approximately
5,000
13. Bridgett, 2011
Maternal Self
Reported Effortful
Control Measured
with the Adult
Temperament
Questionnaire
(Evans & Rothbart,
2007)
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Children Followed
from 4 to 18 Months
of Age; Maternal
Reported Infant
Orienting/Regulation
Measured with the
Orienting/Regulation
Factor of the Infant
Behavior
Questionnaire
Revised (Gartstein &
Rothbart, 2003) five
times between 4 and
12 months of age;
Toddler Effortful
Control Measured
with the Effortful
Control Factor of the
Early Childhood
Behavior
Questionnaire
(Putnam et al., 2006)
when Children
Reached 18 Months
of Age
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulaiton
Mothers Only;
Longitudinal;
Maternal Report
Only; N = 159;
Generally Low
Risk Sample
Maternal Effortful
Control Positively
Associated with Infant
Orienting/Regulation
and Toddler Effortful
Control
Yes
14. Davenport,
2011
Maternal Self
Reported Effortful
Control Measured
with the Adult
Temperament
Questionnaire
(Evans & Rothbart,
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulaiton
Children Ranged
from 11 to 13 Years
of Age; Maternal
Reported Adolescent
Effortful Control
Measured with the
Early Adolescent
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulaiton
Mothers Only; N =
151; Generally
Low Risk
Maternal Effortful
Control Not
Significantly
Associated with
Adolescent Effortful
Control
No
2007)
Temperament
QuestionnaireRevised (Capaldi &
Rothbart, 1992)
15. Bariola, 2012
Parent Self
Reported Emotion
Regulation
Strategies
(Suppression and
Reappraisal)
Measured with The
Emotion
Regulation
Questionnaire
(Gross & John,
2003)
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation
Children Ranged
from 9 to 19 Years of
Age; Self-Reported
Emotion Regulation
Measured with a
Modified Version of
The Emotion
Regulation
Questionnaire for
Children and
Adolescents (Betts et
al., 2009)
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation
Mothers, Fathers,
and Children;
N=379; Urban
Sample
Maternal Suppression
was Positively Related
to Children’s
Suppression; Maternal
Reappraisal not
Associated with
Children’s
Reappraisal; Paternal
Reappraisal and
Suppression not
Related to Children’s
Reappraisal and
Suppression,
Respectively
Some
16. Samuelson,
2012
Maternal Self
Reported Emotion
Regulation
Measured with the
Negative Mood
Regulation Scale
(Catanzaro &
Mearns, 1990)
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation
Children Ranged
from 7 to 16 Years of
Age; Maternal
Reported Child
Emotion Regulation
Measured with the
Emotion Regulation
Checklist (Shields &
Cicchetti, 1997); Lab
Administered
Executive Function
Tasks Assessing Set
Shifting (Wisconsin
Card Sorting Test
(Heaton, 1981),
Planning (Tower of
London, Shallice,
Top-Down
Emotional
and
Behavioral
Regulation
Mothers and
Children; N = 47;
High Risk;
Laboratory Visit
Maternal Emotion
Regulation
Significantly
Positively Related to
Child Emotion
Regulation; Maternal
Emotion Regulation
Associated with Child
Set Shifting, but not
Significantly with
Other Aspects of
Executive Functioning
Some+
1982), Stroop ColorWord Association
Test (Golden, 1978),
and Working
Memory (Digit Span
Subtest of the
Wechsler Intelligence
Scale for Children4th Ed., Wechsler,
2003)
17. Sarıtaş, 2012
Maternal Self
Reported Emotion
Regulation
Measured with The
Difficulties in
Emotion
Regulation ScaleAdult Version
(Gratz & Roemer,
2004)
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation
Children Ranged
from 14 to 17 Years
of Age; Adolescent
Maternal- and SelfReported Emotion
Regulation Measured
with the Difficulties
in Emotion
Regulation Scale,
Parent and
Adolescent Versions
(Gratz & Roemer,
2004)
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation
Mothers and
Adolescents; N =
595 Adolescents,
365 Mothers;
Turkish Sample;
Classroom Data
Collection
Maternal Emotion
Regulation was
Positively Related to
Both Parent- Reported
Adolescent Emotion
Regulation and
Adolescent SelfReport of Their Own
Emotion Regulation
Yes
18. Han, 2012
Maternal Self
Reported Emotion
Regulation
Measured with the
Difficulties in
Emotion
Regulation Scale
(Gratz & Roemer,
2004)
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation
Children Ranged
from 8 to 11 Years of
Age; Maternal
Reported Child
Emotion Regulation
Measured with the
Emotion Regulation
Checklist (Shields &
Cicchetti, 1997), and
Child Self Reported
Emotion Regulation
Measured with the
Combination
of Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation,
Ambiguous
Mothers and
Children; Mixed
Methods; N = 64;
Mixed Risk (Some
Low, Some High)
Maternal Emotion
Regulation Positively
Associated with
Maternal Reported
Child Emotion
Regulation, but not
with Child Reported
Emotion Regulation
Some+
Children’s Emotion
Management Scales
(Zeman et al., 2001)
19. Bridgett, 2013
Multi-Method
Construct
Consisting of
Maternal Self
Reported Effortful
Control (Adult
Temperament
Questionnaire,
Evans & Rothbart,
2007) and
Executive
Functioning
(Behavior Rating
Inventory of
Executive
Function, Roth et
al., 2005), and Lab
Administered
Working Memory
Tasks (Letter
Number
Sequencing from
the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale4th Ed., Wechsler,
2008); Verbal
Fluency Test from
the Delis-Kaplan
Executive Function
Scale (Delis et al.,
2001)
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Children Ranged
from 4 to 6 Months of
Age; Maternal
Reported Infant
Falling
Reactivity/Emotion
Regulation Measured
with the Falling
Reactivity Subscale
of the Infant Behavior
Questionnaire
Revised (Gartstein &
Rothbart, 2003)
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Mothers and
Children;
Longitudinal;
Mixed Methods; N
= 84; Mixed Risk
(Some Low, Some
High) Rural
Sample;
Laboratory Visit
Maternal SelfRegulation Associated
with Infant Falling
Reactivity/Emotion
Regulation
Yes
20. Buckholdt,
Parent Self
Top-Down
Children Ranged
Top-Down
Mothers, Fathers,
Parental Emotion
Yes
2013
Reported Emotion
Regulation
Measured with the
Difficulties in
Emotion
Regulation Scale
(Gratz & Roemer,
2004)
Emotional
Regulation
from 12 to 18 Years
of Age; Adolescent
Self Reported
Emotion Regulation
Measured with the
Difficulties in
Emotion Regulation
Scale (Gratz &
Roemer, 2004)
Emotional
Regulation
and Adolescents;
N = 107; Mixed
Risk (Some Low,
Some High)
Regulation Positively
Associated with
Adolescent Emotion
Regulation
21. Henschel, 2014
Maternal Self
Reported Self
Control Measured
with the SelfControl Scale
(Tangney et al.,
2004)
Combination of
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation,
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation,
Bottom-Up
Impulsivity
Children were 3
Years of Age; Two
Lab Administered
Effortful Control
Tasks (The Effortful
Control Battery,
Kochanska &
Knaack, 2003)
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Mothers and
Children; Mixed
Methods; N=87;
Mixed Risk (Some
Low, Some High);
Laboratory Visits
Non-Significant
Association between
Maternal Self Control
and Child Effortful
Control
No+
22. Gunzenhauser,
2014
Parent Self-Report
of Emotion
Regulation
Strategies using the
Emotion
Regulation
Questionnaire
(Gross & John,
2003)
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation
Children Ranged
from 5 to 6 Years of
Age; Parent Reported
Child Emotion
Regulation Strategies
Measured with the
Emotion Regulation
Questionnaire (Gross
& John, 2003)
Top-Down
Emotional
Regulation
Mothers, Fathers,
and Children;
Longitudinal;
Parent Report
Only; N = 117
Mothers, 102
Fathers, 118
Children; German
Sample; Low Risk
Parent Reappraisal
Positively Related to
Child Reappraisal and
Parent Suppression
Positively Related to
Child Suppression
Yes
23. Cuevas, 2014
Mixed Construct of
Lab Administered
Executive
Functioning Tasks
Assessing
Inhibitory Control
(Stroop Color-
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Children Ranged
from 2-4 Years of
Age; Mixed
Construct of Lab
Administered
Executive
Functioning Tasks of
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation
Mothers and
Children;
Longitudinal; N =
63; Generally Low
Risk; Laboratory
Visit
Maternal Executive
Functioning Positively
Associated with Child
Executive Functioning
Yes
Word Task, Stroop,
1935), Set Shifting
(The Wisconsin
Card Sorting Test,
Heaton, 2003),
Attention
(Attention Network
Test, Fan et al.,
2002), and
Working Memory
(Backward Digit
Span developed for
Study)
24. Zalewski, 2014
+
Maternal Reported
Affective and
Behavioral
Dysregulation
Measured with the
International
Personality
Disorders
Examination
(Loranger et al.,
1994),
Attention (A-not-B,
Morasch & Bell,
2011), Inhibitory
Control (Crayon et
al., 1997; Tongue
Task, Kochanska et
al., 2000; SimonSays, Carlson et al.,
2002; Day-Night,
Gerstadt et al., 1994),
and Set Shifting
(Dimensional Change
Card Sort, Zelazo et
al., 1996)
Top-Down
Behavioral
Regulation and
Top-Down
Emotion
Regulation
Children Were 15
Years of Age;
Maternal Reported
Self Control
Measured with the
Self-Control
Subscale of the Social
Skills Rating System
(Gresham & Elliott,
1990)
Primarily
Top-Down
Behavioral
and
Emotional
Regulation;
Some
elements of
Bottom-up
Impulsivity
Mothers and their
Adolescent
Daughters;
Longitudinal;
N=2,451; Home
Visits; High Risk
Maternal Affective
and Behavioral
Dysregulation
Significantly,
Negatively Related to
Daughter Self-Control
Yes
Studies reported an effect that was not statistically significant, but was in the anticipated direction with a minimum effect size of .10.