ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΕΙΟ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ
ΤΜΗΜΑ ΙΑΤΡΙΚΗΣ
ΑΚΑΔΗΜΑΪΚΟ ΕΤΟΣ 2003 –2004
ΜΑΘΗΜΑ: “ΑΓΓΛΙΚΗ
ΙΑΤΡΙΚΗ ΟΡΟΛΟΓΙΑ Ι”
ΥΠΕΥΘΥΝΟΣ ΚΑΘΗΓΗΤΗΣ: ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΟΣ ΤΣΙΑΛΗΣ
The Skeletal System
ΣΤΗΝ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ ΣΥΜΜΕΤΕΙΧΑΝ ΟΙ ΠΑΡΑΚΑΤΩ ΦΟΙΤΗΤΕΣ:
ΣΤΑΥΡΑΚΑΣ ΜΑΡΙΟΣ – ΕΥΣΤΑΘΙΟΣ
Α.Ε.Μ.: 27478
ΣΥΡΙΚΑΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΗΣ
Α.Ε.Μ.: 27459
The Skeletal System
The Skeleton is the name given to the collection of bones that holds the rest of
our body up. Our skeleton is very important to us. It does three major jobs.
When
you
were
born,
your
skeleton had around 350 bones.
By the time you become an adult,
you will only have around 206
bones.
This is because, as you
grow, some of the bones join
together to form one bone.
Our bones don’t simply work on
their own. The bones join together
to form joints. The end of each
bone is covered by a tough,
smooth shiny substance called cartilage. The cartilage-coated bone-ends are
kept apart by a thin film of slippery fluid that works like oil in a car. All of this
is so your bones won’t scratch and bump against each other when you move.
Our bones are held together by strong stretchy bands called ligaments.
How Many Bones?

Skull and upper jaw 21 bones

3 tiny bones in each ear

Lower jaw (mandible)

Front neck bone (hyoid)

Backbone or spine (26 separate bones or vertebrae)

Ribs (12 pairs – same number for men and women)

Breastbone
-1-

Each upper limb has 32 bones: 2 in shoulder, 3 in arm, 8 in wrist, 19 in
hand and fingers.

Each lower limb has 31 bones: 1 in hip (one side of pelvis), 4 in leg, 7
in ankle, 19 in foot and toes.
Total= 206 Bones
Types of Bones
Long Bones
Long bones have a tubular shaft and articular surface at each end. The femurs,
tibias, fibulas, humeri, radii, ulnas, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, and
clavicles are long bones.
Flat Bones
Flat bones are thin and have broad surfaces. The ribs, scapula, sternum, and
ilium are all flat bones.
Short, or Irregular, Bones
Short bones are variable in size and shape. These bones are generally compact
in nature and are distributed throughout the skeleton.
These include the entire
vertebral column, carpal bones, and tarsal bones.
How the skeletal system works?
The Functions of a Bone
Store Minerals
Bones store calcium, phosphorus and other minerals used by your body.
Protects
Bones help protect the body from injury. The spine and skull protect the CNS
(Central Nervous System).
-2-
Movement
Bones provide form and structure for muscles to work against. Muscles can
contract, but not extend. Using bones as levers one muscle can contract to
extend another.
Blood Cells
Red blood cells and some white blood cells are formed in the epiphysie of
long bones. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. White blood
cells help fight off infections.
Structure and Support
The skeletal system provides a framework of support for the body to be built
upon. The bones of the legs and back support the body’s entire weight.
The parts of the skeletal system
Skull
The
skull
is
the
framework of the head.
bony
It is
comprised of the eight cranial and
fourteen facial bones.
Cranial Bones
The cranial bones makeup the
protective frame of bone around the
brain.
The cranial bones are:

The frontal forms part of the cranial cavity as well as the forehead, the
brow ridges and the nasal cavity.

The left and right parietal forms much of the superior and lateral
portions of the cranium.
-3-

The left and right temporal form the lateral walls of the cranium as
well as housing the external ear.

The occipital forms the posterior and inferior portions of the cranium.
Many neck muscles attach here as this is the point of articulation with
the neck.

The spheroid forms part of the eye orbit and helps to form the floor of
the cranium.

The ethmoid forms the medial portions of the orbits and the roof of the
nasal cavity.
The joints between bones of the skull are immovable and called sutures. The
parietal bones are joined by the sagittal suture. Where the parietal bones meet
the frontal is referred to as the coronal suture. The parietals and the occipital
meet at the lambdoidal suture between the parietals and the temporal bone is
referred to as the squamcus suture. These sites are the common location of
fontanelles or “soft spots” on a baby’s head.
The facial bones makeup the upper and lower jaw and other facial structures.
Facial Bones
The facial bones are:

The mandible is the lower jawbone. It articulates with the temporal
bones at the temporomandibular joints. This forms the only freely
moveable joint in the head. It provides the chewing motion.

The left and right maxilla are the upper jaw bones. They form part of
the nose, orbits, and roof of the mouth.

The left and right Palatino form a portion of the nasal cavity and the
posterior portion of the roof of the mouth.

The left and right zygomatic are the cheek bones. They form portions
of the orbits as well.
-4-

The left and right nasal form the superior portion of the bridge of the
nose.

The left and right lacrimal help to form the orbits.

The vomer forms part of the nasal septum (the divider between the
nostrils).
The left and right inferior turbinate forms the lateral walls of the nose and
increase the surface area of the nasal cavity.
The sternum is a flat, dagger shaped bone located in the middle of the chest.
Along with the ribs, the sternum forms the rib cage that protects the heart,
lungs, and major blood vessels from damage.
Ear anatomy
Sound is collected by
the pinna (the visible
part of the ear) and
directed
through
the
outer ear canal. The
sound
makes
the
eardrum vibrate, which
in turn causes a series
of three tiny bones (the
hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup) in the middle ear to vibrate. The vibration
is transferred to the snail-shaped cochlea in the inner ear; the cochlea is lined
with sensitive hairs which trigger the generation of nerve signals that are sent
to the brain.
Anvil: (also called the incus) a tiny bone that passes vibrations from the
hammer to the stirrup.
Hammer: (also called the malleus) a tiny bone that passes vibrations from the
eardrum to the anvil.
-5-
Stirrup: (also called the stapes) a tiny, U-shaped bone that passes vibrations
from the stirrup to the cochlea. This is the smallest bone in the human body (it
is 0.25 to 0.33 cm long).
Sternum
The sternum is composed of three parts:

The manubrium, also called the “handle” is located at the top of the
sternum and moves slightly. It is connected to the first two ribs.

The body, also called the “blade”
or the “gladiolus”, is located in
the middle of the sternum and
connects the third to seventh ribs
directly and the eighth through
tenth ribs indirectly.

The xiphoid process, also called
the “tip”, is located on the
bottom of the sternum.
It is
often cartilaginous (cartilage), but does become bony in later years.
These three segments of bone are usually fused in adults.
The sternum serves an important function in the body, The ribs are connected
to it by the costal cartilage. Without the sternum, there would be a hole in the
bone structure in the middle of your chest, right above your heart and lungs,
The sternum protects this vital area and completes the circle of the rib cage.
Ribs
The ribs are thin, flat, curved bones that form a protective cage around the
organs in the upper body. They are comprised 24 bones arranged in 12 pairs.
These bones are divided into three categories:
-6-

The first seven bones are called the true ribs.
These bones are
connected to the spine (the backbone) in back. In the front, the true
ribs are connected directly to the breastbone or sternum by a strips of
cartilage called the costal cartilage.

The next three pairs of bones are called false ribs. These bones are
slightly shorter than the true ribs and are connected to the spine in
back. However, instead of being attached directly to the sternum in
front, the false ribs are attached to the lowest true rib.

The last two sets of rib bones are called floating ribs. Floating ribs are
smaller than both the true ribs and the false ribs. They are attached to
the spine at the back, but are not connected to anything in the front.
The ribs form a Kind of cage the encloses the upper body. They give the chest
its familiar shape.
The ribs serve several important purposes. They protect the heart and lungs
from injuries and shocks that might damage them. Ribs also protect parts of the
stomach, spleen, and kidneys. The ribs help you to breathe. As you inhale, the
muscles in between the ribs lift the rib cage up, allowing the lungs to expand. When
you exhale, the rib cage moves down again, squeezing the air out of you lungs.
The Shoulder Girdle
The Shoulder Girdle, also called the Pectoral Girdle, is composed of four
bones: two clavicles and two scapulae .
The clavicle, commonly called the collarbone, is a slender Sshaped bone that connects the upper arm to the trunk of the body and
holds the shoulder joint away from the body to allow for greater
freedom of movement. One end of the clavicle is connected to the
sternum and one end is connected to the scapula.
The scapula is a large, triangular, flat bone on the back side of
the rib cage commonly called the shoulder blade. It overlays the
-7-
second through seventh rib and serves as an attachment for several
muscles. It has a shallow depression called the glenoid cavity that the
head of the humerus (upper arm bone) fits into.
Usually, a "girdle" refers to something that encircles or is a complete ring.
However, the shoulder girdle is an incomplete ring. In the front, the clavicles are
separated by the sternum. In the back, there is a gap between the two scapulae.
The primary function of the pectoral girdle is to provide an attachment point
for the numerous muscles that allow the shoulder and elbow joints to move. It also
provides the connection between the upper extremities (the arms) and the axial
skeleton.
The upper extremity consists of three parts: the arm, the forearm,
and the hand.
The Arm
The arm, or brachium, is technically only the region between the shoulder and
elbow. It consists of a single long bone called the humerus. The humerus is the
longest bone in the upper extremity. The top, or head, is large, smooth, and rounded
and fits into the scapula in the shoulder. On the bottom of the
humerus, are two depressions where the humerus connects to
the ulna and radius of the forearm. The radius is connected
on the side away from the body (lateral side) and the ulna is
connected on the side towards the body (medial side) when
standing in the anatomical position. Together, the humerus
and the ulna make up the elbow. The bottom of the humerus
protects the ulnar nerve and is commonly known as the
"funny bone" because striking the elbow on a hard surface
stimulates the ulnar nerve and produces a tingling sensation.
-8-
The Forearm
The forearm is the region between the elbow and the wrist. It is formed by the
radius on the lateral side and the ulna on the medial side when the forearm is viewed
in the anatomical position. The ulna is longer than the radius and connected more
firmly to the humerus. The radius, however, contributes more to the movement of the
wrist and hand than the ulna. When the hand is turned over so that the palm is facing
downwards, the radius crosses over the ulna. The top of each bone connects to the
humerus of the arm and the bottom of each connects to the bones of the hand.
The Hand
The hand consists of three parts (the wrist, palm, and five fingers) and 27
bones.
The wrist, or carpus, consists of 8 small bones called the carpal bones that are
tightly bound by ligaments. These bone are arranged in two rows of four bones each.
The top row (the row closest to the forearm) from the lateral (thumb) side to the
medial side contains the scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform bones. The second
row from lateral to medial contains the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.
The scaphoid and lunate connect to the bottom of the radius.
The palm or metacarpus consists of five metacarpal bones, one aligned with
each of the fingers. The metacarpal bones are not named but are numbered I to V
starting with the thumb. The bases of the metacarpal bones are connected to the wrist
bones and the heads are connected to the bones of the fingers. The heads of the
metacarpals form the knuckles of a clenched fist.
The fingers are made up of 14 bones called phalanges. A single finger bone is
called a phalanx. The phalanges are arranged in three rows. The first row (the closest
to the metacarpals) is called the proximal row, the second row is the middle row, and
the farthest row is called the distal row. Each finger has a proximal phalanx, a middle
phalanx, and a distal phalanx, except the thumb (also called the pollex) which does
not have a middle phalanx. The digits are also numbered I to V starting from the
thumb.
-9-
Pelvic Girdle
The Pelvic Girdle, also called the hip girdle, is composed to two coxal (hip)
bones. The coxal bones are also called the ossa coxae or innominate bones. During
childhood, each coxal bone consists of three separate parts: the ilium (denoted in
purple ), the ischium (denoted in red ), and the pubis (denoted in blue ). In an adult,
these three bones are firmly fused into a single bone. In the picture , the coxal bone
on the left side has been divided into its component pieces while the right side has
been preserved.
In the back, these two bones meet on either side of the sacrum. In the front,
they are connected by a muscle called the pubic symphysis (denoted in green above).
The pelvic girdle serves
several important functions in the
body. It supports the weight of
the body from the vertebral
column.
It also protects and
supports
the
lower
organs,
including the urinary bladder, the
reproductive
organs,
and
the
developing fetus in a pregnant
woman.
The pelvic girdle differs between men and woman. In a man, the pelvis is
more massive and the iliac crests are closer together. In a woman, the pelvis is more
delicate and the iliac crests are farther apart. These differences reflect the woman’s
role in pregnancy and delivery of children. When a child is born, it must pass through
its mother’s pelvis. If the opening is too small, a cesarean section may be necessary.
Vertebral Column
The vertebral column (also called the backbone, spine, or spinal column)
consists of a series of 33 irregularly shaped bones, called vertebrae. These 33 bones
are divided into five categories depending on where they are located in the backbone.
- 10 -
The first seven vertebrae are called the cervical vertebrae. Located at
the top of the spinal column, these bones form a flexible framework for
the neck and support the head. The first cervical vertebrae is called the
atlas and the second is called the axis. The atlas’ shape allows the head
to nod “yes” and the axis’ shape allows the head to shake “no”.
The next twelve vertebrae are called the thoracic vertebrae. These
bones move with the ribs to form the form the rear anchor of the rib
cage.
Thoracic vertebrae are larger than cervical vertebrae and
increase in size from top to bottom.
After the thoracic vertebrae, come the lumbar vertebrae. These five
bones are the largest vertebrae in the
spinal column. These vertebrae support
most of the body’s weight and are attached
to many of the back muscles.
The sacrum is a triangular bone located
just below the lumbar vertebrae.
It
consists of four or five sacral vertebrae in
a child, which become fused into a single
bone after age 26. The sacrum forms the
back wall of the pelvic girdle and moves
with it.
The bottom of the spinal column is called
the accyx or tailbone. It consists of 3-5 bones that are fused together in
an adult. Many muscles connect to the coccyx.
These bones compose the vertebral column, resulting in a total of 26 movable
parts in an adult. In between the vertebrae are intervertebral discs made of fibrous
cartilage that act as shock absorbers and allow the back to move. As a person ages,
these discs compress and shrink, resulting in a distinct loss of height (generally
between 0.5 and 2.0 cm) between the ages of 50 and 55.
When looked at from the side, the spine forms four curves. These curves are
called the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic curves. The cervical curve is located
at the top of the spine and is composed of cervical vertebrae. Next come the thoracic
- 11 -
and lumbar curves composed of thoracic and lumbar and lumbar vertebrae
respectively. The final curve called the pelvic or sacral curve is formed by the sacrum
and coccyx. These curves allow human beings to stand upright and help to maintain
the balance of the upper body. The cervical and lumbar curves are not present in an
infant. The cervical curves forms around the age of 3 months when an infant begins
to hold its head up and the lumbar curve develops when a child begins to walk.
In addition to allowing humans to stand upright and maintain their balance, the
vertebral column serves several other important functions. It helps to support the
head and arms, while permitting freedom of movement. It also provides attachment
for many muscles, the ribs, and some of the organs and protects the spinal cord, which
controls most bodily functions.
The Lower Extremity
The lower extremity is composed of the bones of the thigh, leg, foot and the
patella (commonly known as the kneecap)
The Thigh
The thigh is the region between the hip and the knee
and is composed of a single bone called the femur or
thighbone. The femur is the longest, largest, and strongest
bone in the body.
The Leg
The leg is technically only the region from the knee
to the ankle. It is formed by the fibula on side away from the
body (lateral side) and the tibia, also called the shin bone, on
the side nearest the body (medial side). The tibia connects to
the femur to form the knee joint and with the talus, a foot
bone, to allow the ankle to flex and extend. The tibia is larger than the fibula because
it bears most of the weight, while the fibula serves as an area for muscle attachment.
- 12 -
The Foot
The foot, or pes, contains the 26 bones of the ankle, instep, and the five toes.
The ankle, or tarsus, is composed of the 7 tarsal bones which correspond to the carpals
in the wrist. The largest tarsal bone is called the calcaneus or heel bone. The talus
rests on the top of the calcaneus and is connected to the tibia. Directly in front of the
talus is the navicular bone. The remaining bones from medial to lateral are the
medical, intermediate, the lateral cuneiform bones, and the cuboid bone.
The metatarsal and phalanges bones of the foot are similar in number and
position to the metacarpal and phalanges bones of the hand. The five metatarsal
bones are numbered I to V starting on the medial side with the big toe. The first
metatarsal bone is larger than the others because it plays a major role in supporting the
body’s weight. The 14 phalanges of the foot, as with the hand, are arranged in a
proximal row, a middle row, and a distal row, with the big toe, or hallux, having only
a proximal and distal phalanx.
The foot’s two arches are formed by the structure and arrangement of the
bones and are maintained by tendons and ligaments. The arches give when weight is
placed on the foot and spring back when the weight is lifted off of the foot. The
arches may fall due to a weakening of the ligaments and tendons in the foot.
The Patella
The patella or kneecap is a large, triangular sesamoid bone between the femur
and the tibia. It is formed in response to the strain in the tendon that forms the knee.
The patella protects the knee joint and strengthens the tendon that forms the knee.
The bones of the lower extremities are the heaviest, largest, and strongest
bones in the body because they must bear the entire weight of the body when a person
is standing in the upright position.
The three types of joints - examples of each
A joint, or articulation, is the place where two bones come together. There are
three types of joints classified by the amount of movement they allow: immovable,
slightly movable, and freely movable.
- 13 -
Immovable joints are synarthroses. In this type of joint, the bones are in very
close contact and are separated only by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. An
example of a synarthrosis is the suture in the skull between skull bones.
Slightly movable joints are called amphiarthroses. This type of joint is
characterized by bones that are connected by hyaline cartilage (fibro cartilage). The
ribs that connect to the sternum are an example of an amphiarthrosis joint.
Most of the joints in the adult human body are freely movable joints. This
type of joint is called a diarthrosis joint. There are six types of diarthroses joints.
These are:
Ball and Socket:
The ball-shaped end of one bone fits into a cup shaped socket on the
other bone allowing the widest range of motion including rotation.
Examples include the shoulder and hip.
Condyloid:
Oval shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity of another allowing
angular motion but not rotation. This occurs between the metacarpals
(bones in the palm of the hand) and phalanges (fingers) and between
the metatarsals (foot bones excluding heel) and phalanges (toes).
Saddle:
This type of joint occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones
have both concave and convex regions with the shapes of the two
bones complementing one other and allowing a wide range of
movement. The only saddle joint in the body is in the thumb.
Pivot:
Rounded or conical surfaces of one bone fit into a ring of one or
tendon allowing rotation. An example is th joint between the axis and
atlas in the neck.
- 14 -
Hinge:
A convex projection on one
bone fits into a concave
depression
in
another
permitting only flexion and
extension
as in the elbow
and knee joints.
Gliding:
Flat or slightly flat surfaces move against each other allowing sliding
or twisting without any circular movement.
This happens in the
carpals in the wrist and the tarsals in the ankle.
What makes up bones?
Bone CellsBone Cells
There are five main types of bone cells in bone tissue. Osteogenic cells
respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to bone-forming cells and bonedestroying cells.
Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) synthesize and secrete
unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high meta bolism within the
bone. Osteocytes are mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone
tissue around themselves. These cells maintain healthy bone tissue by secreting
enzymes and controlling the bone mineral content; they also control the calcium
release from the bone tissue to the blood. Osteoclasts are large cells that break down
bone tissue. They are very important to bone growth, healing, and remodeling. The
last type of cells are bone-lining cells. These are made from osteoblasts along the
surface of most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are thought to regulate the
movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone.
- 15 -
The Parts of a bone
The diagram below shows a "typical" bone. A description of each part is given
beneath the diagram.
Hyaline
cartilage
Cartilage covers the ends of the bones. The smooth surfaces stops the
bones rubbing together and absorbs shock.
Epiphysis
This is the name for the extremity of the bones.
Cancellous
bone
This is sometimes called Spongy Bone and stores the red bone
marrow where blood cells are manufactured.
Epiphyseal
plate
A line across the bone from where the bone grows in length.
Diaphysis
The shaft of the bone.
Compact
bone
The word "compact" suggests a hard part of the bone. It surrounds the
yellow bone marrow in the diaphysis and gives strength to the hollow
part of the bone.
Periosteum
Where there is no hyaline cartilage, the periosteum covers the surface
of the bone. Ligaments and tendons are attached to the periosteum.
Medullary
cavity
This space inside the diaphysis contains the yellow bone marrow.
- 16 -
Three conditions associated with the skeletal system and treatments
on them
Arthritis
Arthritis (arth-rit-is) is an inflammation of the joints. That means people with
arthritis have achy feelings in their bones. It can be very painful! Having this disease
makes it difficult for people to do daily tasks and jobs, such as walking, typing, or
playing. The knees and hips are the most commonly affected joints. There isn't much
that can be done to help individuals with this serious problem other than creams that
can be applied to the achy areas of the infected joints.
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis (os-tee-o-por-o-sis) is a weakening of the bone matter. The
effects of this disease usually show up in older adults. This is also a painful disease.
Due to the weak condition of the bones, breaks can occur very easily. Although kids
don't show signs of this disease, research has shown that childhood is the time to take
measures to prevent osteoporosis from happening. SO...DRINK YOUR MILK!!! If
you are unable to digest milk or other dairy products, talk to your doctor about
alternative sources of calcium.
Breaks
Broken
bones happen lots
of different ways,
the most common
way
is
when
someone
falls
and just lands the
wrong
way!
Bones are very
strong, but like
anything
else,
they
only
can
- 17 -
take so much pressure before they give out. It can hurt pretty badly, but the good news
is...broken bones can be fixed! A doctor will put a cast or a splint on the broken area.
The cast or splint keeps you from moving the injured bone and allows the body to
heal that broken part!
How to maintain a healthy skeletal system?
Exercise!
You probably know that exercising can help build up your muscles. But, did
you know that it also improves the strength of your bones? It does!
Activities such as dancing, playing tennis, gymnastics, and even
walking keep your bones strong. It is important to get involved in a
variety of activities so all parts of your skeleton get a workout. Bet
you never realized that making your bones strong could be so much fun! So get
moving!
Drink Your Milk!
It has been proven that eating and drinking foods rich in calcium, a substance
found in dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt, is an excellent way
to keep your bones and teeth strong and healthy. See, bone matter is made up,
in part, by calcium. So, calcium-rich foods help your body improve the bone you have
and encourages bone growth. That means that CHOCOLATE milk is actually good
for your bones; just brush your teeth after to get rid of any sugar build-up! Research
has shown that having healthy bones as kids plays a big role in preventing people
from having bone diseases, like osteoporosis, as adults. Drink your milk or talk to
your doctor about other sources of calcium--the health of your bones and teeth depend
on it!
Eat Healthy Food!
Dairy products are good for us, but there are also other sources of
calcium-rich foods, including broccoli, various types of fish, and calciumfortified foods like pasta, rice, and orange juice. Eating healthy,
- 18 -
especially when you're still growing is super important. Starving your body of
important nutrients not only can cause your bones to stop growing, but it also makes
you feel not so good! So, eat up and eat healthy--your body will thank you for it!
Brush Your Teeth!
Not only do unbrushed teeth look nasty, they also have a nasty effect on your
gums and even your digestive system. When teeth are not properly taken
care of, plaque and tarter build up on the teeth and eventually cause
cavities. Those cavities, if not filled, can eat away at your teeth, gums, and even the
bone in your jaw! So, visiting your dentist every six months for a check-up and
cleaning is a great idea! The dentist can make sure everything is sparkling clean and
healthy and give you some ideas on how to keep things that way!
Proper Precautions
One of the easiest ways to keep your bones healthy is to take proper
precautions. Accidents happen--so why not be ready for them? When you're biking,
boarding, and skating, remember to wear your helmet along with knee and elbow
pads. They will provide the extra padding and protection that will keep your bones
safe from injuries. Remember that when you're playing contact sports, such as
football, rugby, lacrosse, and soccer, or sports where you may come into contact with
high-flying, speeding balls, a mouth guard will help prevent your teeth from danger.
Wear the proper gear for the sports you play...silly injuries are likely to occur if you
don't. Just think first!
- 19 -
WEBSITES CONSULTED
1)
www.bbc.co.uk/schools/9csebitesize/pe/anatomy/bonecompositionevz.shtml
2)
http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/skeletal.html
3)
http://vilenski.org/science/humanbody/hb_html/ballnsocketjoint.html
4)
http://vilenski.org/science/humanbody/hb_html/skeleton.html
5)
www.iscoliosis.com
6)
www.whmentors.org
7)
www.usm.maine.edu
Medical words with their definitions
TERM
1
Spine
Example in
Word class
Dictionary
context
information
definition
The spine and skull
Noun
protect the CNS
The series of the
Greek translation
Σπονδυλική στήλη
vertebrae,
backbone
2
epiphysie
Red blood cells and
Noun
This is the name
some white blood
for the
cells are formed in
extremity of the
the epiphysie of
bones
Επίφυση οστού
long bones
3
4
Skull
Cranial
The skull is the
Noun
Bony case of the
bony framework of
brain, frame of
the head
the head, cranium
It is comprised of
Adjective
the eight cranial
Reflering to the
bones of the
whole head
- 20 -
Κρανίο
Κρανιακός
5
Suture(s)
The joints between
Noun
Seamlike
bones of the skull
articulation of
are immovable and
two bones at their
called sutures
edges especially
Ραφές
one of those in
the skull
6
Mandible
The mandible is the
Noun
lower jawbone
7
Sternum
The sternum serves
Noun
Jaw especially
Το οστούν της κάτω
lower jaw
γνάθου, κάτω γνάθος
Bone running
Στέρνο
an important
from neck to
function in the body
stomach and
having ribs
articulated with it,
the breastbone
8
Scapula
….is connected to
Noun
Shoulder blade
Ωμοπλάτη
Noun
Each bone of
Φάλαγγα δακτύλου
the sternum and one
end is connected to
the scapula
9
Phalanx
A single finger
bone is called
finger or toe
phalanx
10
Vertebra (e)
… 33 irregularly
Noun
shaped bones called
Each segment of
Σπόνδυλος
backbone
vertebrae
11
Lumbar
Afther the thoracic
Adjective
Artery, vein,
vertebrae, came the
nerve or vertebra
lumbar vertebrae
of or in loin
- 21 -
Οσφυικός
12
Amphiarthrosis The ribs that
Noun
connect to the
Slightly
Αμφιάρθρωση. Είδος
movable joints
μικτής άρθρωσης
sternum are an
κατά την οποία οι
example of
αρθρικές επιφάνειες
amphiarthrosis joint
ενώνονται δια
ινοχονδρικών δίσκων
ή καλύπτονται από
ινοχονδρώδη ιστό
και ενώνονται
εξωτερικά με
συνδέσμους:
Χαρακτηρίζεται για
το περιορισμένο
εύρος κινήσεων
Academic words with their definitions
TERM
1
Framework
Example in
Word class
Dictionary
context
information
definition
The skeletal
Noun
Structure,
system
upon or into
provides a
which casing
framework
or contents
of support
can be put
Greek translation
Δομή, οργάνωση
for the body
2
3
Frontal
Cavity
The cranial
Adjective
Of forehead,
bones are the
covering the
frontal forms
front
The nasal
Noun
cavity…
A hallow
place, a
hollow
- 22 -
Μετωπικός
Κοιλότητα, τρύπα
4
Ridge
…the brow
Noun
ridges…
Line of
Κορυφογραμμή, ράχη,
junction of
ακρολοφία
two surfaces
sloping
upwards
towards each
other
5
6
Posterior
Roof
Later, coming
Μεταγενέστερος,
forms the
after in series,
οπίσθιος
posterior…
order a time
The occipital
…nose,
Adjective
Noun
Upper
orbits, and
covering,
roof of the
palate
Οροφή, ουρανίσκος
mouth
7
Vital
The sternum
Adjective
protects this
Of, concerned
Ζωτικός
to organic life
vital area and
completes
8
Stimulate
…striking
Verb
Apply
the elbow on
stimulus to,
a hard
act as
surface
stimulus upon
stimulates
the ulcer
nerve…
- 23 -
Διεγείρω, ερεθίζω