Reading Activities and Notes
Types of Societies and Their Components
Directions: Read Chapter 4 Section 3 and answer the analysis questions for each type of society in the boxes from the first column. Write the answers
in the appropriate boxes.
Hunting and
Gathering
Food Production
1. Where do they find their
food?
2. What makes up their diet?
3. How do they collect their
food?
a.
What technology is
used to find and collect
the food?
Type of Settlements
1. Do people in this society
have a permanent
residence?
2. What types of settlements
are common of this type
of society? Why?
Pastoral
Horticulture
Daily
collection of
wild plants
and the
hunting of
wild animals.
Fruit and
vegetable
Rather than
grown in garden
searching for food
plots that have
on a daily basis,
been cleared
members of a
from the jungle
pastoral society rely
of forest.
on domesticated
Horticulture
herb animals to
groups use the
meet their food
slash-and-burn
needs.
method to raise
crops.
Huntergathers move
around
constantly in
search of
food.
They don’t
build
permanent
village or
create a wide
variety of
artifact.
By rotating
their garden
plots,
horticulturists
can stay in one
area for a fairly
long period of
time. This
allows them to
build semi
permanent or
permanent.
Pastoralists live a
nomadic life,
moving their hands
from pasture to
pasture. Because
their supply is far
more reliable.
Agricultural
Industrial Societies
Post Industrial
Societies
Simple technology is
involved to find and
collect the food in this
society.
The food is produce by
simple machine and
labors
The food is produce
by the high machine
and technology.
Specialization leads to
the development of
cities, as individuals
engaged in specialized
roles come together in
central areas.
Industrialization also
changes the location of
work. With the
development of
machines, production
moves from the home
to factories. As
factories are built in
cities, many people
move to these area.
This trend leads to
urbanization – the
concentration of
population cities.
Many significant
social changes
result from the
transition from an
industrial society to
postindustrial
society.
Reading Activities and Notes
Division of Labor
1. What types of jobs exist
within this society?
2. Why does this kind of
society contain these jobs?
Or, why doesn’t it contain
more types of jobs?
Specialized
roles that are
part of
horticultural
life, include
The family
those of
carry out most
Some people
craftspeople,
social
become craft
shaman – or
functions
workers , producing religious leaders
including
tools, weapons, and
– and traders.
production
jewelry.
This role
and education
specialization
allows
horticulturists to
create wide
variety of
artifact.
Hunting and
Gathering
Individual/Group Status
1. What types of statuses
exist in this particular kind
of society?
2. How or why do these
statuses exist?
Status within
the group are
relatively
equal, and
decisions are
reach through
general
agreement
Pastoral
The passing on of
property form
generation to
generation helps to
centralize wealth
and power.
Horticulture
Some
horticultural
groups use the
slash-and-burn
method to raise
crops.
As with pastoral
societies, surplus food
leads to a more
complex division of
labor. Specialization
roles that are part of
horticultural life,
include those of
craftspeople,
shammans – or
religious leaders—and
traders. This role
specialization allows
horticulturists to create
a wide variety of
artifact.
Industrialization also
changes the nature of
work. With the use of
machines, the
production process is
divided into a series of
specific tasks, with each
task being assigned to a
different person. This
process greatly increase
productivity. However,
it serves to reduce the
level of skill required of
most worker and tends
to create boredom on
job.
About 73 percent of
the workforce is
involved in those
activities.
Little more than 2
percent of workers
are employed in
agriculture and
nearly 25 percent
are employed in the
production of
goods.
Agricultural
Industrial Societies
Post Industrial
Societies
Most people in an
agricultural society
One positive effect of
belong to one of two of
The rights of
industrialization is that
two groups:
individuals and the
it brings people more
landowners or
search for personal
freedom to compete for
peasants. The small
fulfillment also take
social position. In
group of landowners
in added
industrial societies most
controls the wealth and
importance. Belief
statuses are achieved.
power in society. The
in these rights leads
As result, individuals
large peasant group
to a strong emphasis
have more control over
provides the labor on
on social equality
their position in the
which the landowners’
and democracy.
social structure.
wealth and power
depend.
Reading Activities and Notes
Economic Activity
1. How does this society
acquire goods and
services?
2. What type of economic
system exists? (Barter,
currency, etc.)
Technology
1. What tools are used in the
production of goods and
services and for
entertainment?
The family
forms the
main social
unit, with
most societal
members
being related
by birth or by
marriage.
Specialization by
individuals or
groups in the
performance of
specific economic
activities – become
more complex
In this
society, they
didn’t use
the
technology
to them to
product
goods and
services.
Simple
technology
appears in this
society.
Many agricultural
Economic and
societies abandon
political
barter- the exchange of
system may
a good or service – to
be better
facilitate trade. In place
Many agricultural
developed in
societies also develop a of bartering, they use
horticultural
money as the medium
system of writing to
societies than
assist the government,
of exchange. Many
in pastoral
landowners, and
agricultural societies
societies
traders in keeping
also develop a system
because of the
records.
of writing to assist the
most settled
government
nature of
landowners, and
horticultural
traders in keeping
life.
records.
In industrial societies
Animals are used to
the
bulk of production
pull plows to till the
is carried out through
fields. This
the use of machine.
technological
Thus, production can be
innovation allows
Horticultural
increased by adding
agriculturists to plant
uses simple
more machines or by
more crops than is
tools to
developing new
possible when only
cultivate the
technologies.
human labor is used.
land for one
The size of industrial
Higher crop yields
and more
workforce also
allow agricultural
season.
increases
as new
societies to support
very large population.
technologies make it
Most people must still
possible to
work as food
manufacture a wider
production.
variety of goods.
The economic in
involved in
providing
information and
service.
The standard of
living and the
quality of life
improve as wages
increase for much
of the population.
Technological
advances are
viewed as the key
to future
prosperity.