Контрольные работы и тесты по английскому языку
2 семестр
Письменная экзаменационная или зачетная работа содержит 6 вариантов.
Номер варианта соответствует номеру зачетной книжки.
Пример: № зачетной книжки: ОМ З. М 0 1 – 1138. Последнюю цифру делите на
2 и получаете номер вашего варианта. Вариант № 4. Если номер вашей
зачетки оканчивается на 9 – ваш вариант 5.
0 ВАРИАНТ
I.
Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующий текст.
Business Organizations
Proprietorships, partnerships, and corporation have certain advantages and
disadvantages. These can be considered using the following criteria: simplicity,
ability to raise capital, liability, control, taxation, etc.
Of the three basic forms, the proprietorship is the simplest. The legal
procedures for starting a proprietorship are limited to registering the company's
name. Going out of business is also very easy: no legal procedures are required.
Starting a partnership is less complex than starting a corporation, but somewhat
more so than starting a proprietorship. Simplicity has its advantages but it is not
the only thing to consider when choosing the right form of business organization
A major difference among organizational forms is the degree to which
owners are personally liable for debts of the business.
For a partnership, liabilities can also be a serious problem. The limited
liability feature of the corporation is its biggest advantage.
II. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:
JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES
JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES (1883-1946) (rhymes with "brains") stands
with Adam Smith and Karl Marx as one of the world's most influential
economists. The son of a noted British economist, Keynes amassed a fortune
through speculation in stocks and commodities. He served the British
government as a financial adviser and treasury official through most of his adult
life and was a key participant in the negotiations following both World Wars I and
II.
Keynes demonstrated that it was possible for total supply and demand to be at
equilibrium at a point well under full employment. What is more, Keynes
demonstrated that unemployment could persist indefinitely, unless someone
stepped in to increase total demand.
Although Adam Smith had written The Wealth of Nations about the time
of the American Revolution, by the 1930s little had changed in the thinking of
mainstream economists. Most would have agreed with Smith, that the best
thing government could do to help the economy would be to keep its hands off.
They reasoned that as long as the economy was free to operate without
interference, the forces of supply and demand would come into balance. Then,
with total supply and demand in equilibrium, everyone looking for work could
find a job at the prevailing wage, and every firm could sell its products at the
market price.
But the 1930s was the period of the Great Depression. Despite the
assurances of the classical economists, the fact was that unemployment and
business failure had reached record proportions in the United States and the rest
of the industrialized world. It was at this time (1936) that Keynes' General
Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money was published. The General
Theory transformed economic thinking in the 20th century, much the way that
The Wealth of Nations had in the 18th.
The "someone" Keynes had in mind was government. He reasoned that if,
for example, government spent money on public works, and the income received
by formerly idle workers would lead to increased demand, a resurgence of
business activity and the restoration of full employment.
The suggestion that government abandon laissez-faire in favour of an
active role in economic stabilization was regarded as revolutionary in the
1930s. Since then, however, the ideas advanced by the "Keynesian
Revolution" have become part of conventional wisdom: Now, whenever a
nation appears to be entering into a period of recession or inflation,
economists and others immediately think of steps the government might take
to reverse the trend.
Вопросы по тексту.
1. What was Maynard Keynes's occupation?
2. What role did he play in the negotiations following both World
War I and II?
3. How do you find the thinking of mainstream economists by the
1930s?
4. When did Keynes's General Theory transform economic thinking in the 20th
century?
5. What is full employment?
6. What was regarded as revolutionary in the 1930s?
III. Вспомните употребление модальных глаголов и выполните
следующие упражнения.
1. Put in the necessary modal verbs.
1. There is no stop near this building, you … to get off at the next stop.
2. These things are not duty-free. You … to pay duty on them.
3. If you don’t leave now, you … not to come to the concert on time.
4. When … the Sellers to deliver the goods?
5. As the Buyer … not provide shipping facilities the Seller … to deliver
the goods on CIF terms.
2. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Можно посмотреть Ваши права?
2. Платить сейчас?
3. Вы можете заплатить позже.
4. Можно нам заказать партию товара?
5. Ты должен сделать это прямо сейчас.
3. Find the modal verbs in the sentences and translate them.
1. Marketers should inform potential customers of where goods can be
bought and how much they cost.
2. A manufacturer must establish a system that keeps products moving
steadily from the factory to the consumer.
3. Before selling goods you must do a lot of market research.
4. The information can be obtained from trade representations.
5. The information you are interested in should be taken into consideration.
IV. TEST
Закончить предложения, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов
1 .When Mark arrived, the Johnsons______dinner, but
stopped in order to talk to him.
a) were having
c) had been having
b) had
d) was having
2. While Tom______a book, Marhta______TV.
a) was reading, watched c) was reading, was watching
b) read, watched
d) read, was watching
3. The food that Ann is cooking in the kitchen______delicious.
a) is smelling
c) smelt
b) smells
d) will smell
4. We called our friends in London yesterday to tell them about the reunion that
we______.
a) will plan
c) plan
b) were planning
d) have planned
5. Catherine is studying law at the university, and so______
Nick.
a) is
c) was
b) does
d) were
6.1 feel terrible. I think I______to be sick.
a) will
c) am going
b) go
d) will be going
7. My colleagues usually______four days a week, and tills
week they______five days.
a) work, work
c) are working, are working
b) are working, work
d) work, are working
8. It______outside; 1 do not like to walk in such weather.
a) rains
c) is raining
b) is rain
d) is rained
9. I______a very difficult day tomorrow. I need to prepare
for the exam.
a) will have
c) have
b) am having
d) would have
10. At 10 o'clock in the morning on Wednesday Tom______
a delegation in the office.
a) will receive
c) will be receiving
b) is receiving
d) would receive
11. Although the sun was shining, it was still cold, because it ______hard for two
hours.
a) had been raining
c) had rained
b) was raining
d) is raining
12. She______at the parcel long enough, before she______
that it was for her brother.
a) had been looking, had understood
b) had been looking, understood
c) was looking, understood
d) was looking, had understood
13.1_____to the cinema but my friend persuaded me to stay.
a) am not going
c) did not go
b) was going
d) had been going
14. We were good friends, we______each other for years.
a) had known
c) were knowing
b) had knowing
d) know
15. We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We ______for more than
24 hours.
a) had travelled
c) had been travelling
b) were travelling
d) travel
16. How long______this book? How many pages of this
book______?
a) have you been reading, have you been reading
b) have you read, have you read
c) have you read, you read
d) have you been reading, have you read
17. We always go to Saint Petersburg for our holidays. We ______there for years.
a) have been going
c) go
b) are going
d) were going
18. I have lost my key again. I______things. I lose things
too often.
a) always lose
c) have always lost
b) am always losing
d) was always losing
19. The economic situation is already very bad and it______
worse.
a) is getting
c) got
b) gets
d) would be getting
20. What time______your friend______tomorrow?
a) will arrive
c) will be arriving
b) is arrived
d) will arriving
1 ВАРИАНТ
I. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий
текст:
The Sole Proprietorship
The owner and the business are synonymous in the eyes of the law. All
assets in the firm are owned by the proprietor, subject only to the liabilities
incurred in its establishment and operation. The proprietor is solely responsible for
all personal and business debts and any losses incurred, assume the entire firm’s
risks, provide most of its capital, and provide its total management. The only
requirement for its establishment is that the owner obtains any licenses required by
the city, state and start operations.
The proprietorship form has several advantages, such as: simplicity of
organization; owner’s freedom to make all decisions and owner’s enjoyment of all
profits; minimum legal restrictions; ease of discontinuance and tax advantages.
Disadvantages of the sole proprietorship are owner’s possible lack of ability
and experience; limited opportunity for employees; difficulty in raising capital;
limited life of the firm is unlimited liability of proprietor.
II. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:
Thorstein Veblen: Critic of the Market System
In 1899 conventional wisdom of the economists of that day was jolted
with the publication of Veblen's The Theory of the Leisure Class. A professor
of economics at the University of Chicago, Veblen said much about
contemporary economics and social behaviour that angered and upset his
colleagues.
In what may be his most famous contribution, Veblen challenged the
assumptions built into the laws of supply and demand. One o f these *
* i /M I assumptions was that of "consumer sovereignty." Veblen
questioned the assertion that the consumer was a king who demanded and
received the best goods and services at the lowest prices. Instead, he argued,
consumers were subject to all kinds of social and psychological pressures that
led them to make some very unwise decisions.
To illustrate, he coined the term conspicuous consumption to describe the
tendency of the "leisure class" (the wealthy) to buy goods and services simply to
impress others. This, in turn, led middle class consumers, and even the poor, to
imitate the wealthy by buying goods for similar purposes. When that occurred, it
was possible for the law of demand to be reversed. Quantity demanded increased
at a high price rather than at a low one. For example, the demand for a 1-ounce
bottle of an unknown brand of perfume priced at $1 was likely to be less than the
same perfume selling for $15 an ounce.
As for the other side of the market, Veblen argued that the desire for
profits drove business interests into doing unscrupulous things. Some of these
included efforts to eliminate competition, restrict output, build ever larger
combinations of existing firms, and separate those who owned America's
corporations from those who managed them. This, he predicted, would result in
wasted resources and the inability of the economy to reach its full potential.
From these observations, Veblen concluded that laissez-faire capitalism was
probably destined to be replaced in the long run with a system more attuned to
the needs of the people.
Answer the questions.
1. What estimate did Veblen give to contemporary economics and social
behavior in his work?
2. What assumptions did Veblen challenge?
3. How did Veblen consider the consumer?
4. Why does the "leisure class" buy goods and services (according to Veblen)?
5. Where did the desire for profits drive business interests?
6. What unscrupulous things did Veblen predict?
7. What is the destiny of laissez-faire capitalism?
III. Вспомните употребление модальных глаголов и выполните
следующие упражнения.
1. Put in the necessary modal verbs.
1. There is no stop near this building, you … to get off at the next stop.
2. These things are not duty-free. You … to pay duty on them.
3. If you don’t leave now, you … not to come to the concert on time.
4. When … the Sellers to deliver the goods?
5. As the Buyer … not provide shipping facilities the Seller … to deliver the
goods on CIF terms.
2. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Можно посмотреть Ваши права?
2. Платить сейчас?
3. Вы можете заплатить позже.
4. Можно нам заказать партию товара позже?
5. Ты должен сделать это прямо сейчас.
3. Find the modal verbs in the sentences and translate them.
1. Marketers should inform potential customers of where goods can be
bought and how much they cost.
6. A manufacturer must establish a system that keeps products moving
steadily from the factory to the consumer.
7. Before selling goods you must do a lot of market research.
8. The information can be obtained from trade representations.
9. The information you are interested in should be taken into consideration.
IV. TEST
Закончить предложения, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов
1. We______to the top of Holborn Hill before I______
that he was not smiling at all.
a) had got, knew
c) were getting, knew
b) got, knew
d) have got, have known
2. Turning from the Temple gate as soon as I______the
warning, I______my way to Fleet Street, and then______
to Covent Garden.
a) was reading, made, drove
b) have read, made, drove
c) had read, made, drove
d) read, made, drove
3. Seventy-seven detective novels and books of stories by
Agatha Christie______into every major language, and
her sales______in tens of millions.
a) are translated, are calculated
b) were translated, were calculated
c) have been translated, are calculated
d) had been translated, were calculated
4. In recent years, scientific and technological developments
______human life on our planet, as well as our views both
of ourselves as individuals in society and of the universe as a whole.
a) have drastically changed c) are drastically changing
b) drastically changed
d) change drastically
5. Before we______from swimming in the river near the
camp, someone______our clothes, and we had to walk
back with our towels around us.
a) returned, stole
c) were returning, stole
b) had returned, had stolen d) returned, had stolen
6. Our new neighbours______in Arizona for ten years before moving to their
present house.
a) had been living
c) have been living
b) lived
d) were living
7. We went into the house by a side door and the first thing 1
______was that the passages______all dark, and that
she______a candle burning there.
a) noticed, were, left
b) had noticed, had been, had left
c) noticed, were, had left
d) have noticed, were, had left
8. The sun______brightly all day on the roof of my attic,
and the room was warm.
a) was shining
c) has shone
b) shone
d) had been shining
9. Although the period that we call "the Renaissance" ______in Italy in the
fourteenth century, this idea of rebirth in learning characterized other epochs in
history in different parts of the world.
a) begins
c) began
b) had begun
d) will begin
10. Egyptians left no written accounts as to the execution of
mummification, so the scientists______to examine
mummies and establish their own theories.
a) had
c) are having
b) have
d) have had
11. In spite of the fact that it______all day long, the match
______and the stands were full of spectators.
a) had been raining, was not cancelled
b) rained, was not cancelled
c) was raining, has not cancelled
d) had rained, had not been cancelled
12. Many football fans claimed that after "Real FC"______
that important game it______no chance to win the
championship.
a) lost, had
c) had lost, had
b) lose, has
d) will lose, will have
13. I wish he______last Friday but his flight______because of bad weather. If
he______the next day I would
have brought him by car.
a) arrived, was cancelled, called
b) had arrived, was cancelled, had called
c) had arrived, had been cancelled, called
d) arrived, have cancelled, had called
14. After many long years of devoted and patient instruction,
the doctor______able to get the boy to clothe and feed
himself, recognize and utter a number of words, as well as write letters and form
words.
a) was
c) had been
b) has been
d) were
15. At the first stages of the Industrial Revolution advertising ______a relatively
straightforward means of announcement and communication and was used mainly
to promote novelties and fringe products which______unknown to the public.
a) had been, were
c) was, were
b) had been, had been
d) was being, were
16. Towards the end of the 19th century the larger companies
______more and more on mass advertising to promote
their new range of products. The market during this period ______by a small
number of giant, conglomerate
enterprises.
a) relied, has been controlled
b) relied, had been controlled
c) were relying, has been controlled
d) relied, were controlled
17. To cater for the fitness boom of the 80s and provide the up-to-date facilities
people want, over 1,500 private health and fitness clubs______during the past 15
years.
a) were built
c) have been built
b) had been built
d) will be built
18. In 1936 the British Broadcasting Corporation______to
provide a public radio service. Since then the BBC ______by the establishment of
independent and commercial radio and television, which______the BBC's
broadcasting monopoly.
a) was established, was influenced, removed
b) was established, has been influenced, removed
c) was established, has been influenced, had removed
d) was established, had been influenced, removed
19. The Neolithic Age was a period of history which______
in approximately 6000 B.C. and______until 3000 B.C.
a) began, lasted
c) began, was lasting
b) had begun, lasted
d) had begun, had been lasting
20. A major problem in the construction of new buildings is that
windows______while air conditioning systems
a) have been eliminated, have not been perfected
b) were eliminated, were not perfected
c) had been eliminated, had not been perfected
d) eliminate, are not perfected
2 ВАРИАНТ
I. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий
текст.
Partnership
In the professions of law, medicine, and accounting partnerships have long
been the main form of business organization. Along with small partnerships there
have always been huge ones. Partnerships like the liability problems. To avoid the
problem of unlimited liability a special form of organization knows as the limited
partnership is used. A limited partnership has one or more general partners who put
up some capital, run the business, and bear /нести/ the liabilities of the business. In
addition, there are one or more limited partners who put up capital but have no
voice in the firm's day-to-day management and do not share its liabilities. The
limited partners are in much the same position as stockholders in a corporation.
Recently, however, things have changed further. Many medical, legal and
other professional partnerships decided to incorporate.
Partnerships are based upon a partnership agreement, also known as Articles
of Copartner ship. Without a written agreement, the partnership does not really
exist. Many circumstances arise which cannot be foreseen and therefore must be
anticipated. It should cover all areas of possible disagreement among the partners.
It should define the authority and the rights and duties of each partner, and the
limits to such authority. It should include an agreement on how profits and losses
are to be divided. Partners may make special arrangements to pay members of the
firm for services rendered; interest on capital investment, time spent, or advances
drawings before the balance of profits is to be divided in an agreed ratio.
Advantages of the partnership: 1. Ease of organization. 2. Combined talents,
judgment, and skills. 3. Larger capital available to the firm. 4. Maximization of
personal interest in the firm, 5. Definite legal status of the firm. 6. Tax advantages.
Disadvantages of the partnership: 1. Unlimited liability. 2. Limited life. 3.
Divided authority. 4. Danger of disagreement.
II. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
FRANK KNIGHT
FRANK KNIGHT (1885-1972). Also a professor of economics at the
University of Chicago, Frank Knight advocated free enterprise and laissez-faire
politics. Knight pointed out that except for the basic necessities of life the
purchase of anything could be described as "conspicuous consumption." Since,
he noted, even Veblen would have conceded that people need more than the bare
necessities, who was to say which purchases were reasonable? Should the
government or some other higher authority decide what would be offered for
sale? Of course not, Knight concluded, consumer demand ought to determine
what goods and services would be provided.
Turning to the supply side of the market, Knight defended profits as the
driving force behind business. The quest for profit would move business to
produce whatever the economy wanted. Meanwhile, the inescapable
punishment of financial loss awaited those firms who failed to meet the market's
demands. In his famous work, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (1921), Knight
answered critics who, like Veblen, had questioned the legitimacy of profits.
Profits, he said, were the reward earned by business for accepting the
uncertainties of the market. In this he distinguished between risk (which can be
predicted and against which one can be insured) and the uncertainty of events
that cannot be predicted. Everyone, for example, faces the risk of illness and
can be insured against it. But sweater manufacturers can never know with
certainty that the styles that they are producing today will still be in demand
when they appear in the stores six months from now. Therefore, those
manufacturers who guess correctly are entitled to the rewards they earn.
Meanwhile, those who produced the wrong style or color will be motivated to
do better next season or face ruin.
Economists and others still debate the issues raised by Thorstein
Veblen's challenges to the market system and Frank Knight's responses to
them. But don't take our word for it. Pick up today's paper or news
magazine, and see for yourself.
Answer the questions.
1. How could the purchase of anything be described according to
Frank Knight?
2. Who ought to determine which goods and services would be
provided?
3. How did Knight consider profits?
4. Where could Knight answer critics who had questioned the
legitimacy of profits?
5. What is the difference between risk and uncertainty.
III. Вспомните употребление модальных глаголов и выполните
следующие упражнения.
1. Put in the necessary modal verbs.
6. There is no stop near this building, you … to get off at the next stop.
7. These things are not duty-free. You … to pay duty on them.
8. If you don’t leave now, you … not to come to the concert on time.
9. When … the Sellers to deliver the goods?
10.As the Buyer … not provide shipping facilities the Seller … to deliver
the goods on CIF terms.
2. Translate the following sentences into English.
11.Можно посмотреть Ваши права?
12.Платить сейчас?
13.Вы можете заплатить позже.
14.Можно нам заказать партию товара позже?
15.Ты должен сделать это прямо сейчас.
3. Find the modal verbs in the sentences and translate them.
1. Marketers should inform potential customers of where goods can be
bought and how much they cost.
10.A manufacturer must establish a system that keeps products moving
steadily from the factory to the consumer.
11.Before selling goods you must do a lot of market research.
12.The information can be obtained from trade representations.
13.The information you are interested in should be taken into consideration.
IV. TEST
Закончить предложения, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов
1. - How long______you______?
— Since I was 17.
a) have been driving
c) did drive
b) have driven
d) do drive
2. She______always______in Moscow.
a) —, lives
c) has been living
b) has lived
d) has live
3. How long______you______Kate?
a) did know
c) have known
b) have been knowing
d) do known
4.1______here all my life.
a) have lived
c) am living
b) have living
d) live
5. Kate has lost her passport again, it is the second time this
a) happens
c) happened
b) has happened
d) is happening
6. Kate has been working here______.
a) since two years
c) for two years
b) two years ago
d) two years
7. The boy sitting next to me on the plane was nervous because he______before.
a) has not flown
c) had not flown
b) did not fly
d) has not been flying
8.1______a lot but I don't any more.
a) was used to eat
c) was eating
b) used to eat
d) used to eating
9.______next week, so we can go somewhere.
a) I'm not working
c) I don't work
b) I won't work
d) I shall not work
10. We are late. The film______by the time we get to the
cinema.
a) will be already started c) will already have started
b) will already start
d) already will start
11. Don't worry______late tonight.
a) if I'll be
c) when I'll be
b) if I am
d) if I be
12. At first I thought I______the right thing, but I soon realized that I______a
serious mistake.
a) did, made
c) have done, have made
b) had done, had made
d) did, had made
13.1 hope Kate is coming soon. I______for two hours.
a) am waiting
c) had been waiting
b) have been waiting
d) waited
14. At last Kate came. I______for two hours.
a) am waiting
c) had been waiting
b) have been waiting
d) was waiting
15. She is going on holiday. This time next week she______
on a beach or______in the sea.
a) is going to lay, swim
b) will be lying, swimming
c) will lie, swim
d) is lying, swimming
16. —______you______the post office when you're out?
- Probably. Why?
- I need to mail the letter. Could you do it for me?
a) are passing
c) will be passing
b) are going to pass
d) will pass
17. We______for a walk when it______raining.
a) will go, will stop
c) are going, will stop
b) will go, stops
d) go, stops
18. When you______in Moscow again, you must come and
see us.
a) will go
c) are
b) will be
d) are going
19. I'm going to read a lot of books while I______on holiday.
a) am
c) would be
b) will be
d) am going to be
20. -______you______your car this evening?
— No. Do you want to borrow it?
a) will be using
c) are used
b) will use
d) do use
3 ВАРИАНТ
I. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий
текст.
Recruitment
There are many ways in which an organization can recruit personnel. Posting
a list of vacancies on the company notice board or publishing it in employee
magazines is common. Similarly, a subordinate may be referred for a position by
his or her superior.
Another means of recruiting internally is to search in the organization's
existing files. Some companies have a data base of their employees’ skills and
special interests.
But it is often necessary to recruit people from outside the organization.
Advertising is a commonly used technique for recruiting people from outside. The
advertising medium should be chosen according to the type of public the
organization is aiming at. If a highly specialized person is required, a specialty
publication such as a trade magazine may be most appropriate. Many national and
local newspapers have a General Appointments section or a Classified Ads
section for less specialized personnel. Radio and TV advertising of vacancies is
relatively underdeveloped in most countries.
Employment agencies may be another source of recruitment. They may
include search services, otherwise known as headhunting, or provide management
consulting.
Current employees are sometimes encouraged to refer friends, family and
excolleagues to fill a particular vacancy.
II. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
Alfred Marshall (1842-1924): Price Theory Pioneer
The topics discussed in this text had their origins in the writings of the
great English economist Alfred Marshall. His textbook, Principles of
Economics (1890), and the doctrines that it discussed, became the standard for
the teaching of that subject until well into the 1940's. Marshall spent most of his
adult life as a professor of economics at Cambridge University. His most famous
pupil, John Maynard Keynes, described Marshall as "the greatest economist of
the 19th century". Interestingly, Keynes went on to become the most influential
economist of the 20th century.
Marshall is best known for the order that he made out of the theories of
the earlier "classical economists" like Adam Smith, David Ricardo and John
Stuart Mill. ("Classical" is the name given by modern economists to the
theories of those whose views were most widely held during the 75 years
following the publication of The Wealth of Nations). Despite the passage of 100
years since the publication of his Principles, his analysis of market forces is
still relied upon to explain economic events.
In Marshall's world, economic events could be explained in terms of the
equilibrium market price resulting from the interaction of supply and demand.
One of Marshall's lasting contributions was differentiating between supply and
demand in the short run and the long run. Comparing the two forces to the
blades of a scissors, he argued that neither could function without the other.
But, just as (depending on how the scissors is held) one blade can be more
active than the other, so supply and demand varies in importance in the long
and short run. In the short run, the quantity of available goods is more or less
fixed (because crops have been planted, production schedules set, etc.).
Therefore it is the demand for those items that will be most influential in
determining their price. In the long run, he went on, the opposite is true. Both
farmers and businesses can add to or reduce their production facilities as the
needs dictate. In that way the supply side of the market becomes most influential
in determining price.
III. Вспомните употребление модальных глаголов и выполните
следующие упражнения.
1. Put in the necessary modal verbs.
1. There is no stop near this building, you … to get off at the next stop.
2. These things are not duty-free. You … to pay duty on them.
3. If you don’t leave now, you … not to come to the concert on time.
4. When … the Sellers to deliver the goods?
5. As the Buyer … not provide shipping facilities the Seller … to deliver the
goods on CIF terms.
2. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Можно посмотреть Ваши права?
2. Платить сейчас?
3. Вы можете заплатить позже.
4. Можно нам заказать партию товара позже?
5. Ты должен сделать это прямо сейчас.
3. Find the modal verbs in the sentences and translate them.
1. Marketers should inform potential customers of where goods can be
bought and how much they cost.
6. A manufacturer must establish a system that keeps products moving
steadily from the factory to the consumer.
7. Before selling goods you must do a lot of market research.
8. The information can be obtained from trade representations.
9. The information you are interested in should be taken into consideration.
IV. TEST
Закончить предложения, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов
1. Water______at 100 degrees.
a) boils
с) will boil
b) is boiling
d) will have been boiling
2. The weather
• hotter and hotter.
a) gets
c) is getting
b) has been getting
d) get
3. The first modern Olympics______in Athens more than a
hundred years ago.
a) were taking place
c) have taken
b) took
d) had taken
4. We______20 new buildings this year.
a) built
c) had built
b) were building
d) have built
5.1______always______if the service is bad in restaurants.
a) -, complain
c) will be complaining
b) am complaining
d) will complain
6. I______to the news on television at nine o'clock last
night.
a) was listening
c) have been listening
b) listened
d) had been listening
7. After they______they cleared the table.
a) ate
c) have eaten
b) had eaten
d) were eating
8.1______for a whole hour!
a) am waiting
c) have been waiting
b) was waiting
d) had been waiting
9 I______John's mobile phone because I left mine at
home.
a) use
c) used
b) was using
d) have been using
10. This juice______good.
a) is tasting
c) has been tasting
b) tastes
d) is being tasted
11. Long ago they______most houses out of wood.
a) built
c) were building
b) have built
d) had built
12. We still______life on other planets.
a) didn't discover
c) won't discover
b) hadn't discovered
d) haven't discovered
13.1______when my friend______.
a) slept, called
b) was sleeping, was calling
c) was sleeping, called
d) slept, was calling
14. Those potatoes______for an hour.
a) have been boiling
c) are boiling
b) were boiling
d) had been boiling
15. You______always______money!
a) —, borrow
c) will borrow
b) has been borrowing
d) are borrowing
16. They______for four hours before they______the top
of the mountain.
a) climbed, reached
b) had been climbing, reached
c) was climbing, reached
d) climbed, has been reaching
17.1 think it______a difficult game.
a) is going to be
c) have been
b) will be
d) had been
18.1______ to you ever again.
a) don't speak
c) hasn't spoken
b) am not going to speak d) will have been spoken
19.1______him tomorrow, he is expecting my call.
a) phone
c) am going to phone
b) am phoning
d) will have phoned
20. The boat______the island on Friday.
a) is leaving
c) is going to leave
b)leave
d)leaves
4 ВАРИАНТ
I.
Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующий текст.
Resume, Curriculum Vitae & Application Form
When a person is eager to get a job he is often to fill in a resume (USA) or
curriculum vitae (UK) or a standard printed application form. The forms can be
laid out in different ways but the information required will be almost the same.
The information given by the candidate in these papers will be helpful in
assessing the candidate’s suitability for the position.
Curriculum vitae should usually contain the following information:
name; address; telephone; fax; e-mail; date of birth; place of birth; nationality;
marital status; objective; work experience; education; languages; hobbies and
interests; references (UK) or testimonials (US).
CVs or resumes as well as application forms will require the name and
address of at least two individuals who can act as referees, which means those who
can provide references. The candidate may name a vicar, a doctor, or an old family
friend as one of referees.
Normally, the firm will ask for the names of present or former employers or
supervisors for whom the candidate has worked.
II.
Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
Karl Marx (1818-1883): Prophet of Socialism and Communism
For more than half of Europe and a third of the world's population,
history's greatest economist was Karl Marx. Born in Germany, Marx's
revolutionary activities got him into trouble with the authorities, and from
1842 until his death in 1883 he lived his life in exile. In 1849, Marx moved to
London, England, where he studied, wrote, and produced his greatest work, Das
Kapital (Capital).
Marx's single-minded dedication to his studies made it all but
impossible for him to earn a living. Were it not for the financial help he
received from his friend Frederick Engels, a wealthy textile manufacturer from
Manchester, England, he and his family might have starved to death. As it was,
they lived a life of poverty.
In 1845, the League of the Just (later to change its name to the Communist
League) asked Marx and Engels to prepare a statement of beliefs. They wrote
The Communist Manifesto. The Manifesto, which contains some of the most
memorable lines of revolutionary literature, concludes with:
"... Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The
proletarians [workers] have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world
to win. Working men of all countries unite!"
The Economic Theories of Karl Marx. It is not possible to
summarize briefly everything that Karl Marx had to say about the world in which
he lived. However, the following paragraphs describe some of his more
important theories.
The economic interpretation of history. In Marx's view, the course of
history has been determined almost solely by economic forces. Forget about
things like great men and women, religion, patriotism, and the like. Look
instead, he said, at the economic events of the time to find the real reasons why
people and states behaved the way they did.
III. Вспомните употребление модальных глаголов и выполните
следующие упражнения.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Put in the necessary modal verbs.
There is no stop near this building, you … to get off at the next stop.
These things are not duty-free. You … to pay duty on them.
If you don’t leave now, you … not to come to the concert on time.
When … the Sellers to deliver the goods?
As the Buyer … not provide shipping facilities the Seller … to deliver the
goods on CIF terms.
2. Translate the following sentences into English.
Можно посмотреть Ваши права?
Платить сейчас?
Вы можете заплатить позже.
Можно нам заказать партию товара позже?
Ты должен сделать это прямо сейчас.
3. Find the modal verbs in the sentences and translate them.
1. Marketers should inform potential customers of where goods can be bought
and how much they cost.
2. A manufacturer must establish a system that keeps products moving steadily
from the factory to the consumer.
3. Before selling goods you must do a lot of market research.
4. The information can be obtained from trade representations.
5. The information you are interested in should be taken into consideration.
IV. TEST
Закончить предложения, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов
1. His grandfather______from his job a year ago.
a) has retired
c) retires
b) was retiring
d) retired
2. The backpacker knew there was a lake because they ______ it earlier in the day.
a) have seen
c) had seen
b) saw
d) hadn't seen
3.______he______about the opera before?
a) had spoken
c) has spoken
b) was speaking
d) did speak
4. What time______it______?
a) did happen
c) had happened
b) has happened
d) was happening
5. Tomorrow at five he______football.
a) '11 play
c) plays
b) '11 be playing
d) play
6. This time last year he______in London.
a) lived
c) '11 live
b) was living
d) has lived
7 I______for you for more than one hour.
a) has waited
c) was waiting
b) have been waiting
d) was waited
8. He______it for an hour before I came.
a) have been doing
c) had been doing
b) had been done
d) did
9- —_____he already______the doctor by that time?
a) has seen
c) was seeing
b) did see
d) had seen
10. She______her work already.
a) hasn't finished
c) finished
b) has finished
d) is finished
11. When I______it______yesterday.
a) wake up, was raining
c) woke up, was raining
b) woke up, rained
d) 've woken up, was raining
12. Will you______the bank when you go out?
a) be passing
c) have passed
b) pass
d) to pass
13. Last night I______home at 11. I______supper and
then______to bed.
a) have come, had. went c) came, have had, went
b) came, had, went
d) came, had, have gone
14. ______ you ______ many cities when you were in
France.
a) did visit
c) are visiting
b) have visited
d) do visit
15. They______for 20 minutes when his mother came in.
a) talked
c) have talked
b) were talking
d) had been talking
16. The room looks very clean.______you______it?
a) Did, clean
c) Have, cleaned
c) Do, clean
d) Are, cleaning
17. Next year is my parents' tenth wedding anniversary. They ______married for
10 years.
a) have
c) '11 have
b) are
d) '11 have been
18. Next week he______to Paris on business.
a) is going
c) goes
b) is going to go
d) go
19. They______this article by 5 p.m. yesterday.
a) have translated
c) had translated
b) translated
d) had been translated
20. While he______tennis, he______his arm.
a) played, was hurting
c) was playing, hurted
b) was playing, hurt
d) played, hurt
21. This time next week he______in the Black Sea.
a) swim
c) '11 swim
b) '11 be swimming
d) swims
22. Last night I______in bed when suddenly the phone
rang.
a) read
c) have read
b) were reading
d) was reading
23. He______for Moscow by yesterday night.
a) had left
c) has left
b) left
d) was leaving
24. He______very fast when the accident______.
a) drove, happened
b) was driving, has happened
c) is driving, happened
d) was driving, happened
25. We______from her since June.
a) have heard
c) had heard
b) haven't heard
d) weren't hearing
5 ВАРИАНТ
I.
Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык
следующий текст.
Management & Human Resources Development
Managers perform various functions, but one of the most important is proper
utilization of people. Research reveals that worker performance is closely related
to motivation; thus keeping employees motivated is an essential component of
good management. Motivation refers to the stimulus that directs the behavior of
workers toward the company goals. In order to motivate workers to achieve
company goals, managers must be aware of their needs.
Many managers believe workers will be motivated to achieve organizational
goals by satisfying their fundamental needs for material survival. These needs
include a good salary, safe working conditions, and job security. Although
important, these needs don’t provide the primary motivation for many workers.
Increased motivation is more likely to occur when work meets the needs of
individuals for learning, self-realization, and personal growth. By responding to
personal needs managers have altered conditions in the workplace and,
consequently, many employees are motivated to perform more effectively.
Innovative management approaches, such as job enrichment and job
enlargement, have been adopted in many organizations. They are to meet both the
fundamental and personal needs of workers. Job enrichment gives workers more
authority in making decisions related to planning and doing their work. A worker
is responsible for scheduling work-flow, checking quality of work produced or
making sure deadlines. Job enlargement increases the number of tasks workers
perform by allowing them to rotate positions or by giving them responsibility for
doing several jobs.
By improving the quality of work life through satisfaction on fundamental and
personal employee needs, managers attempt to direct the behavior of workers
toward the company goals.
Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:
Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations
SMITH (1723-1790). Seventeen seventy-six, the year that we associate with
the signing of the Declaration of Independence, also marked the publication in
England of one of the most influential books of our time, The Wealth of
Nations. Written by Adam Smith, it earned the author the title "The father of
economics."
Smith objected to the principal economic beliefs of his day. He differed with
the physiocrats who argued that land was the only source of wealth. He also
disagreed with the mercantilists who measured the wealth of a nation by its
money supply, and who called for government regulation of the economy in
order to promote a "favourable balance of trade." In Smith's view, a nation
wealth was dependent upon production, not agriculture alone. How much it
produced, he believed, depended upon how well it combined labour and the
other factors of production. The more efficient the combination, the greater
the output, and the greater the nation's wealth.
The heart of Smith's economic philosophy was his belief that the economy
would work best if left to function on its own without government regulation. In
those circumstances, self-interest would lead business firms to produce only
II.
those products that consumers wanted, and to produce them at the lowest
possible cost. They would do this, not as a means of benefiting society, but in an
effort to outperform their competitors and gain the greatest profit. But all this self
interest would benefit society as a whole by providing it with more and better
goods and services, at the lowest prices.
To explain why all society benefits when the economy is free of regulation,
Smith used the metaphor of the "invisible hand":
"Every individual is continually exerting himself find the most advantageous
employment for whatever capital he can command. It is his own advantage, not
that of society, which he has in mind, but is in this, as in many other cases, led by
an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention, for the
pursuit of his own advantage necesserily leads him to prefer that employment
which is advantageous to society."
The "invisible hand" was Smith's name for the economic forces that we today
would call supply and demand, or marketplace. He sharply disagreed with the
mercantilists who, in their quest for a "favourable balance of trade," call for
regulation of the economy. Instead, Smith agreed with the physiocrats and their
policy of "laissez-faire," letting individuals and businesses function without
interference from government regulation private monopolies. In that way, the
"invisible hand" would be free to guide the economy and maximize production.
The Wealth of Nations goes on to describe the principal elements of the
economic system. In a famous section, Smith turned to the pin industry to
demonstrate how the division of labour and the use of machinery increased
output.
"One man draws out the wire, other straights it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it,
a fifth grinds it the top for receiving the head; to make the head requires two or
three distinct operations."
Although modern technology has improved the methods which pins are
produced, the principles pertaining to division of labour remain unchanged.
Similarly, other sections dealing with the factors of production, money and
international trade are as meaningful today as when they were first written.
You can see, therefore, that Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence
and Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nation have more in common than a
birthday. More important, both contain some of the best descriptions of the
principle upon which our political and economic systems are based.
Answer the questions.
1. When was the book "The Wealth of Nations" published?
2. Why did Smith desagree both with the mercantilists and physiocrats?
3. What was the heart of Smith's economic philosophy?
4. What did Smith understand under the "invisible hand"?
5. Why do the principles pertaining to the division of labour remain unchanged?
III. Вспомните употребление модальных глаголов и выполните
следующие упражнения.
1. Put in the necessary modal verbs.
7. There is no stop near this building, you … to get off at the next stop.
8. These things are not duty-free. You … to pay duty on them.
9. If you don’t leave now, you … not to come to the concert on time.
10.When … the Sellers to deliver the goods?
11.As the Buyer … not provide shipping facilities the Seller … to deliver the
goods on CIF terms.
2. Translate the following sentences into English.
6. Можно посмотреть Ваши права?
7. Платить сейчас?
8. Вы можете заплатить позже.
9. Можно нам заказать партию товара позже?
10.Ты должен сделать это прямо сейчас.
3. Find the modal verbs in the sentences and translate them.
1. Marketers should inform potential customers of where goods can be bought
and how much they cost.
6. A manufacturer must establish a system that keeps products moving steadily
from the factory to the consumer.
7. Before selling goods you must do a lot of market research.
8. The information can be obtained from trade representations.
The information you are interested in should be taken into consideration.
IV. TEST
Закончить предложения, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов
1. She______her exam by two o'clock.
a) passed
c) has passed
b) have passed
d) had passed
2. A plate slipped out of my hands when I______the washing up.
a) was doing
c) had done
b) did
d) was done
3. It's nine o'clock. The pupils______a lesson.
a) will be having
c) have
b) are having
d) have had
4. He______ill twice so far this year.
a) is
c) was
b) has been
d) is being
5. By summer you______English for two years.
a) '11 study
c) '11 have been studying
b) have studied
d) are studying
6. What______you______at this time yesterday?
a) was doing
c) did do
b) have done
d) were doing
7. We're late. The film______finished by the time we______
to the centre.
a) is finished, get
b) will be finished, '11 get
c) will have finished, get
d) finished, '11 get
8. The documents______by the time I come.
a) '11 have been typed
c) '11 be typed
b) '11 have typed
d) will be typing
9. Last year 1______ill only twice.
a) was
c) am
b) have been
d) has been
10. By the 8th of April my mother_______at school for
twenty years.
a) '11 work
c) has worked
b) '11 be working
d) '11 have been working
11.1______these sentences for one hour.
a) am writing
c) have written
b) 've been writing
d) was writing
12. We______it for half an hour when the teacher entered.
a) have discussed
c) discussed
b) were discussing
d) had been discussing
13. It______for three hours.
a) was snowing
c) is snowing
b) snowed
d) has been snowing
14. My sister learns French and she______very well.
a) does
c) is doing
b) do
d) did
15. My nephew is at college now, and my son______to college next year.
a) is going
c) '11 go
b) is going to go
d) goes
16. His friend______two English articles into Russian.
a) translated
c) has translated
b) have translated
d) translates
17. They______us several telegrams lately.
a) send
c) sent
b) 've sent
d) are sending
18. Don't worry! The child______better.
a) get
c) have got
b) gets
d) is getting
19. He______under treatment for two months but there are
no signs of improvement.
a) 's been
c) was
b) is
d) is being
20. Doctor Ivanov______people for heart trouble.
a) is treating
c) treats
b) has treated
d) treat
21. This dictionary______much and is very valuable to me.
a) costed
c) cost
b) is costing
d) had cost
22.1 wonder why John______a job yet.
a) finds
c) didn't find
b) hasn't found
d) found
23. The company______now for building workers.
a) advertised
c) was advertised
b) has advertised
d) is advertising
24. The hard work______on his health.
a) tells
c) is telling
b) is told
d) was telling
25. Peter______up photography as a hobby.
a) took
c) has taken
b) was taken
d) takes