Укоопосвіта
Білгород -Дністровський економіко-правовий коледж
КОНТРОЛЬНІ РОБОТИ
З дисципліни: англійська мова
Склав:
Викладач Гаврилюк Я.О
Розглянуто та схвалено
на засіданні циклової комісії
загальноосвітніх дисциплін
Протокол №_____
Від «___» ___________2012_р.
Голова циклової комісії
______________________
2012 р
Пояснювальна записка
Контрольна робота виконується студентом-заочником після самостійного вивчення курсу
“Іноземна мова”. Дані контрольні завдання розроблені для вивчення курсу “Іноземна мова”
(англійська) з урахуванням відсоткового показника вивчення саме даної мови. Контрольні завдання
для інших іноземних мов складаються подібно до вказаних завдань і методичних вказівок.
Студенту необхідно підібрати з переліку рекомендованої літератури підручник англійської
мови. Можна використовувати інші підручники англійської мови для заочних вузів немовних
спеціальностей, а також додаткову літературу для більш повного вивчення дисципліни.
Контрольні завдання розроблені відповідно до навчальної програми “Іноземна мова” (за
професійним спрямуванням), затвердженої Укоопспілкою”
Метою даної дисципліни є досягнення студентами практичного володіння мовою, що
передбачає формування вміння самостійно читати літературу за фахом з метою отримання інформації з іншомовних джерел, забезпечення розвитку навичок аналітичного читання, розуміння та
перекладу професійно орієнтованих джерел, написання рефератів, анотацій та інших документів
іноземною мовою, набуття необхідного рівня іншомовної комунікативної компетенції, що
уможливить участь тих, хто вивчає іноземну мову, в діалозі культур.
У результаті вивчення дисципліни студенти повинні:
знати професійно орієнтований лексико-граматичний матеріал, професійні терміни та
поняття; основні розділи курсу; способи словотворення; службові слова та частини мови (артикль;
іменник, прикметник, займенник, прийменник);
вміти використовувати лексико-граматичний мінімум у псиній галузі та іншомовні джерела в
умовах письмових ділових контактів, робити записи, повідомлення, складати план тексту,
проводити анотування, фіксувати інформацію, отриману під час читання тексту, здійснювати
ознайомче, пошукове, вивчаюче читання; розрізняти активну і пасивну форми дієслова, модальні
дієслова та їх еквіваленти; правильно використовувати видо- часові форми дієслова в реченні,
правильно будувати стверджувальні та питальні речення.
Контрольні завдання включають загальні та професійно орієнтовані тексти, лексикограматичні вправи до текстів, граматичні завдання та ситуації.
Варіант контрольної роботи вибирається з допомогою таблиці, наведеної в контрольних
завданнях, і залежить від номера особової справи студента. Клітинка з номером варіанта
знаходиться на перетині вертикальної (передостання цифра номера особової справи) та
горизонтальної ліній (остання цифра номера особової справи).
Робота, виконана не за своїм варіантом, не перевіряється і не зараховується.
Контрольну роботу слід виконувати у такій послідовності:
1.прочитати пояснювальну записку, ознайомитися з тематичним планом і визначити питання своєї
контрольної роботи за таблицею варіантів;
2.знайти й уважно ознайомитися зі змістом конкретного завдання;
3.при виконанні завдання використовувати як реко- мендовану літературу, так і допоміжну;
4.при написанні анотації до тексту та ситуації необхідно творчо підходити до виконання даних видів
роботи;
5.викопуючи ситуаційні завдання, слід використати найбільш уживані розмовні формули та штампи,
професійно орієнтовану лексику.
Загальний зразок виконання завдань
Завдання І, вир. З
Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі конкретного тексту):
Two / of management / styles / there / are.
There are two styles of management.
Завдання II, впр. 1
Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до підкреслених слів.
People's deputies were discussing the new law for 2 hours. (Pasf Continuous, Active Voice, to discuss)
How long were people's deputies discussing the new law?
Завдання II, вир. 2
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
She is printing a letter to ________________ partner in Odesa.
а) our; b) he; c) us; d) its
She is printing a letter to our partner in Odessa.
Виконуючи контрольні завдання, студент повинен дотримуватися основних вимог до
оформлення роботи:
1.Правильно і розбірливо заповнити титульну сторінку (рідною мовою), вказавши назву
дисципліни, прізвище, ім’я та по батькові, групу, курс, навчальний заклад, номер особової справи;
2.Сторінки роботи мають бути пронумеровані;
3.Правильно вказати номер варіанта;
4.Необхідно чітко вказати номери і назви завдань, підкресливши їх або виділивши в інший спосіб;
5.У кінці роботи навести список використаної літератури; вказати дату виконання роботи і
поставити власний підпис;
6.Робота може бути виконана в зошиті (до 25 сторінок) або на комп’ютері (до 12 сторінок) і
роздрукована у форматі А 4.
Варіанти контрольної роботи
Спеціальності: Банківська справа, Економіка підприємства, Бухгалтерський облік
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Загальні тексти
Текст 1
I.
Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.
Careers in Business
Business is an increasingly important activity throughout the world today. Consequently, the opportunities
for a business career have grown in variety and number. There are now five broad fields of areas of business
that offer exciting careers: management, marketing, accounting, finance, and data processing. Within each
of these fields are specific jobs in which you can specialize. For example, within the field of marketing you
can specialize in market research, advertising, buying, selling, or distribution. The figure below gives an
idea of the general career opportunities that are available in the various fields of business.
In choosing a business career, there are several questions you may want to ask. For instance, does the work
interest you? Are there any areas of business for which you have an aptitude or special capability? What are
the opportunities involved, such as demand (or need) for job, salary, and chance for advancement? Answers
to these kinds of questions and careful planning will help in choosing a suitable and successful career in
business.
II.
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Текст 2
І. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.
Management and Manager
Management means the members of administration of a business or an organization. They may be
or may be not the owners of the business. But they are always selected by the owners to be responsible for
different functions of the organization.
A typical organization has three layers of management: the senior management, the middle
management and the junior management.
A good definition of a manager is given by W. Brown and E. Jaques. A manager is “an individual
who is accountable for more work than he/she can do himself and who gets some of it done through other
people”. This definition is related to managers who function at all levels.
The main functions of a manager are:
1. to forecast and plan ( seeing into the future and drawing up plans of action);
2. to organize (to put plans into operation);
3. to command (to get the best performance from the staff);
4. to co-ordinate (to make it sure that each department’s efforts harmonize with those of other
departments);
5. to control (to see that everything works according to plan).
Traditionally, there are the two styles of management - autocratic and democratic. Let us consider
them.
Autocratic managers set objective for the group demonstrating their power and authority. They give
orders and expect group members to obey them without any question. It is clear that in such situations
group members do not make their own decisions.
Democratic managers, on the contrary, let group members set their own objectives. If they give
orders, they explain why and give reasons for their orders. Group members take part in decision making;
they express different points of view. What is more, democratic managers take into consideration all their
opinions before making a final decision. They also demonstrate the fact that the opinions of group members
influence a final decision.
II.
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Текст З
І. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.
State Organs of the United Kingdom include the monarchy, legislative, executive and judicial
organs of Government.
Britain’s hereditary monarchy is the oldest institution of government, dating back to at least the 9century. The present Queen-Elisabeth II succeeded to the throne in 1952. Although she has a largely
ceremonial and politically impartial role as head of state, she serves as a personal symbol of national unity.
The Queen is also head of the Commonwealth and presides over the Church of England.
Britain is the parliamentary democracy, with a constitutional monarch. The House of Commons
and the House of Lords with the monarch make up Parliament. Parliament is the legislature and the
supreme authority. Parliament passes laws, approves taxation and debates the major issues of the day.
The executive consists of the Cabinet of Ministers. The Prime Minister heads the Government and
appoints ministers, about 20 of whom are in the policy-making Cabinet.
The administration of justice in Britain is independent of both Parliament and the Government.
The judiciary determines common law and interprets statute. Every citizen has the right to equal
treatment before the law, people accused of more serious crimes are tried in open court by a judge and jury
in High Court, Crown Court and Court of Appeal. The House of Lords is the final court of appeal. Less
serious cases are tried by lay magistrates in magistrates courts and county’s courts. A person who needs
legal advice or representation in court may get help with the costs out of public funds. There are two main
political parties in Great Britain the Labour Party and the Conservative Party.
2. Напишить анотацію до даного тексту англійською мовою.
Текст 4
Ї. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.
Computers
Today economy increasingly works with computers. Computers also facilitate our everyday work
and study.
Modem companies analyze sales of products as well as potential sales of products, programme their
whole production by electronic data processing equipment.
Banks work with computers too. In some cases, they consult computer centres specializing in
financial data concerning corporations, sales, cash flow, prices, etc.
Stock exchanges have installed electronic data systems that answer all the brokers' questions.
Computers are widely used in agriculture. Say, analyzing of essential animal characteristics with the
help of a computer is important for cattle breeding.
In industry cars, devices, tools and instruments are often designed by computers.
The computer has entered education, hi management young specialists are trained in special
courses. All statistical information is put and kept in computer’s memory.
In short, computers arc everywhere in our modem life.
Computer hardware consists of a monitor, a keyboard, a printer and their connections.
Computer software has various programmes, hi everyday business they use such common
programmes:
word processing;
database management;
accounting;
auditing;
communications;
process control, etc.
The advantages of computers are evident. They solve problems very rapidly. Now the computer is being
more and more involved in making decisions at the senior management level.
•
•
•
•
•
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II.
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Текст 5
1.
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Job Advertisements
The situation of job finding makes people consider job offers in mass media.
Today jobs are being advertised through radio broadcasts television, newspapers and magazines.
In small business, as a rale, they prepare their own copies ащ| give them to different newspapers.
They may also prepare forn, letters or circular-letters and distribute them by themselves. Big business uses
various advertising mass media means to attract many candidates for a vacancy and to choose the best to be
employed.
Reading newspapers and magazines one has a chance to choose the position to apply for. A job
advertisement in most cases is, supposed to include a description of the job, the company, the requirements, the
location, the salary, benefits, and the promotion prospects.
The language of advertisement is a specific one, so is the language of job advertisements. The typical phrases
used in them are:
 the start you need...
 here is your chance...
 we expect you to be...

show a capacity for...
 aged between.. .and...
2.
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Текст 6
І. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.
Company
Company is made of a number of people united in an industrial or commercial enterprise.
Each company works out its own policy. It is a selected, planned line of conduct in the light of
which decisions are made and co-ordination of work achieved.
Limited Liability Company. A joint-stock company is a company where the financial liability of its
members is limited by law.
Private Limited Company. A limited company must not invite the public to subscribe for its shares
or debentures, and does not allow its members to transfer their shares without the agreement of the other
shareholders. It must have at least two but usually not more than fifty members.
Public Limited Company. A limited company which can offer its shares and debentures to the
public; there is normally no limit to the right of its members to transfer their shares to other persons. There
is no limit to the total number of members except that there must be at least seven. Abbr: P.l.c.; pic; PLC. In
Britain, such a company must include the words “public limited company” or the abbreviation as part of its
name. In France the equivalent is Society (S.A); in Germany, Aktiengesellshaft (AG); in Holland,
Naamlose Vennootschap (N. V.); in Italy, Societa per Azioni (S.p.A.).
Subsidiary Company. A company where more than half of the share-capital is owned by another
company is called either a holding company or a parent company. The subsidiaries of the same parent or
holding company are said to be affiliates.
Holding Company. In Britain, a company that has been formed for (he special purpose of holding
all, or more than half, the share-capital of one or more other companies is called subsidiary' company. In the
USA, this is called a pure holding company, while an operating holding company is a company which
operates a business, i. e. trading, and also holds more than half the capital of one or more other companies.
Joint Stock Company. In Britain it is a form of business organisation, called a corporation in the US,
which has its capital divided into many small units of stock or into shares of low face value so that (hey
may be bought by small and large investors.
Напишіть анотацію до даного тексту англійською
a)
Текст 7
I. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.
Organisation of Business
Economies may differ in the amount of freedom they allow business decision-makers. In market economies,
most firms are private. Therefore, most businesses may set their own price, output level and production
techniques.
The owners are the individuals who risk their wealth in the name of the success of the business. If a company
(firm) is successful, it makes profit and financial gains received by the owners. If, on the contrary, things go badly
the company has losses and the owners suffer bad consequences.
So, how do owners share risks and liabilities of the company (firm)?
How do they carry out or participate in the decision-making?
Business may be organised according to three main legal structures. They are:
 sole proprietorships,


partnerships,
corporations.
Sole Proprietorships
A sole proprietorship is a business that is owned by an individual. It is he or she who is liable for all
the debts of the firm. The proprietor himself/ herself often works directly for the firm. He/she provides both
managerial and labour services. Most small businesses surrounding us in a market economy, such as
grocery stores, barbershops, repair shops, farms, etc. are business proprietorships.
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Текст 8
a)
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Marketing
Marketing is a type of human activity, directed at determination of customers' requirements, or their
creation and research of new methods to meet man’s requirements by means of exchange.
The origin of the word “marketing” is the Latin word “mercury” meaning, “to track and barter”.
Marketing, therefore, is made up, on the one hand, of such physical activity as transporting, storing and
selling goods, and, on the other hand, of series of decisions that must be reached by any organization in the
process of moving goods from the producer to the consumer. And it is also necessary to make the “hot line”
for consumerrequirements and complaints to facilitate feedback from the market to the producer. So, marketing is
such an activity in the result of which enterprises get answer to the questions: what to produce (to sell), where and
when to sell, who buys goods and why.
Wholesaling is the part of the marketing system. It is a system of channels of distribution to supply market
with goods. Retailing is selling of goods and services to the ultimate customer. It performs many important functions.
First, retail sellers create outlets comfortable for buyers. Second, retail sellers often give guarantees and provide
further services. Third, they help to promote and advertise goods. Finally, retail sellers can partly finance the buyers
through the system of extending credits and discounts. There are different types of retailing shops: outlets, department
stores, discount houses, cooperatives,single line retailers.
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Текст 9
a)
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London
London, the capital of Great Britain, is also the centre of the United Kingdom. It is one of the
largest cities not only in Europe but also in the world.
It is situated in the South East of England on the river Thames. It is divided into two parts by the
river, of which the most important part issituated on the north bank.
The area of London is 1 800 square km. Its population is about 9 million people. Also it is said to
be one of the most variable in the world. Not only the English but Italians, German, Swiss, French,
Ukrainians, Russians and so on live there.
London is divided into three main parts: the City, the West End and the East End.
The City is the oldest part of London. It covers an area of 677 acres and is the financial and
business centre of both London and Great Britain. There are a lot of international banks and insurance
companies there. It plays a great role in the economic life of the country. In 1666 London was ravaged by
the Great Fire. Ch. Wren erected the Monument commemorating the Great Fire in the City.
The West End has a lot of beautiful palaces, parks, shops, elegant stores, hotels, museums.
There is the Buckingham Palace, which is the royal residence. In Trafalgar Square there is the
Nelson monument. The Palace of Westminster is today the seat of the Parliament. It is in the West End that
the University of London is situated as well as the National Gallery and the British Museum.
The East End was traditionally a working-class district. Families of dockers live here for the Port of
London is situated here. The mouth of the Thames is very wide and a lot of large ships go along it from the
sea to London. All kinds of ships both small and large go into London docks. London bridges connect the
two parts of the capital.
In the East End one can find enterprises dealing with shipbuilding, metal processing, machine
building and metallurgy.
2.Напишіть анотацію до даного тесту англійською мовою.
Текст 10
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Advertising
In business, they spend billions on advertising. Products and services are advertised through mass
media including radio broadcasts television, newspapers and magazines. They are also advertised
through billboards, handbills, circulars, skywriting, through space advertising, booklets and giveaways
and so on.
In small business, they prepare their own copy and give it to newspapers, as a rule, or they mail
circulars or form letters all by themselves.
In big business, however, they employ the whole army of specialists in the field of advertising.
They work out advertising programmes, provide means for advertising purposes, discuss and solve many
advertising problems with the owner or management of a company. As a rule, they advertise to sell their
products and services through various advertising mass media.
Today there are many types of advertising. We can classify the most popular of them:
1.
television advertising;
2.
radio advertising;
3.
space advertising (newspapers, periodicals, house walls);
4.
stores advertising (including special departments);
5.
mail advertising (letters, calendars, catalogues, circulars, booklets, giveaways);
6.
position advertising (street-car, train, bus, window cards, billboards).
What is an effective advertisement? It is one that attracts your attention. It is such an advertisement,
which keeps honest information about a product or a service. It often has a clever and interesting picture or
drawing, skilful use of colours. It is also put in the right place.
Apart from attracting your attention, a good advertisement must hold your interest. What is more, a
really effective advertisement induces action. You simply go and buy this very product. In a word, a good
advertisement sells the product or the
service.
1.
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The British Parliament
There are four countries in the United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Laws in Great Britain are made by Parliament. It consists of two chambers: the House of Commons and the
House of Lords.
The House of Commons is more important as it governs the country. The members of the House of
Commons are elected by secret ballot. They belong to different political parties. The main parties are the
Conservative Party and the Labour Party. The chief executive is the Prime Minister. He heads the Government but is
not the Head of State.
Great Britain is a monarchy and the Head of State is a monarch whose power is limited by Parliament. The
Prime Minister is usually the leader of the Party that has a majority in the House of Commons. Each new Prime
Minister can make changes in his cabinet, appoint new' ministers and make other changes.
The Prime Minister takes policy decisions with the agreement of his ministers. He often holds Cabinet
Meetings at his official residence at No 10 Downing Street, which is very near the Houses of Parliament in
Westminster. The power of the Cabinet is controlled by Parliament.
There are two chambers in the British Parliament and they are called Houses - the House of Lords and the
House of Commons.
In the House of Lords, one can see the throne on which the Queen sits when she opens Parliament. One can
also see the woolsack on which the Lord Chancellor sits. The fact is that for hundred of year’s wool had been known
as one of the most important exports of Great Britain.
The House of Commons does not look as splendid as the House of Lords with its beautiful red benches.
Each Chamber has galleries. Seats in the galleries are reserved for the use of the public. In the language of
the Parliament, they are called “strangers”.
The Stranger’s Gallery is in the House of Commons.
The Speaker sits on the green chair given to the Commons by Australia. On the Speaker’s chair, a switch
puts on the light in the Clock Tower above “Big Ben” to tell Londoners that Parliament is in session. The Prime
Minister’s seat is on the Government front bench, which is on the Speaker’s right. On the Speaker’s left, one can see
the Opposition front bench.
II.
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International Business
The international corporation or global company has its origin. Usually, il is the outgrowth of the
great trading companies of the 17th and 18lh centuries. In 1811, a New York statute said corporations could
be created by the filling of documents. After that, it became a matter of bureaucratic operations to become a
corporation. By 1850, it was a very common thing in the United States and was under general statute in
European countries as well. Since that time, the corporate movement began. As the jet plane, satellite
communications and computers began; it became possible for a company to control business in the entire
world.
The growth of international corporate operations is faster than the economic growth of the
industrialised nations. There are some projects, which predict that within a generation; almost a half of the
free world’s production will be internationalised.
This trend for internationalism presupposes some benefits such as new jobs, higher living standards
and the closing of the gaps between people - economic, educational and technological. At the same time,
serious questions can be asked. Is it the most efficient way of use world resources? Can the international
corporation be the best force for a better world? Is it politically stronger than government? Can it take care
of the self-interest and competitiveness on behalf of the greatest good? And in what way can the global
company work toward easing the world’s crises - monetary, political, energy and food?
II.
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hi 1969 the USE Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency needed a system for computers '‘to
talk” to each other via the telephone. They created a network of computers called ARPANET. In 1984, the
US National Science Foundation started the NSNET network, a system of five supercomputer centres.
More and more people and agencies wanted to join the network. NSNET became known as the In
ter-Net-Net work. People started calling it the Internet.
Today, there are millions of computers all over the world, which are connected to the Internet.
The World Wide Web is the most popular area of the Internet. The Web is a huge collection of
documents, from all over the world. It contains a mixture of text, images and sounds and is very userfriendly.
The Internet is a source of information that is accessible through a computer. It consists of millions
of pages of data about very possible subject. Twenty five million people surf the Internet every day. The
Internet is already the biggest source of information of the planet. It will soon be the main source of
material for students and teachers of many different subjects.
To access the Internet, you need a service provider, a company, which can bring the Internet to your
telephone line. Then you can access the information via your telephone line.
If you have the web site address of a company or service that you want, you simply type it and you
arrive automatically at the page you want. If you haven’t got a particular web site address, there are several
directories or search engines which can help you, such as Alta Vista, Yahoo! or Infoseek. There are then
two ways to find information-directories and key-word searches.
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SOL
SOL is a company in which people work when they like, and flexibility is being strongly tested.
SOL’s owner, Liisa Joronen says that she has thrown out traditional management styles and
hierarchies in favour of people motivation and the strict auditing of targets.
The company’s name is from the Spanish for sun, and its sun logo has a curved line turning it into a
smile.
The key words around SOL are freedom, trust, goals, responsibility and creativity, joy of working
and lifelong learning. People's creativeness is restricted by routine and traditional office hours.
To help staffs towards independence of mind Liisa has abolished territorial space, such as individual
offices and desks, and organised a communal area similar to a social club. It has a colourful playground, a
nursery, a billiard table, sofas, modern art and kitchen comers.
Staffs sit anywhere. There is not a secretary in sight. Headquarters can be empty in the day and
busy in the evenings and weekends.
Liisa tells 3.500 staff at 25 branches to kill routine before it kills them...
I.
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Letters of Application
Special attention is paid to writing a letter of application for a job.
Suppose there are a lot of applicants for a particular job. Consequently, there are a lot of CVs and letters of
application. A good CV and a letter may get you an interview, whereas a bad CV and a letter may be ignored.
There is one common mistake many applicants make. That is, they phrase their letter of application in an
unusual way. Remember a straightforward letter gives more favourable impression.
A letter of application must be hand written. Do not use coloured ink. Black or dark blue is best.
In many countries, it is the custom to enclose a recent photograph with an application. Sometimes a photo is
included in CV.
1.
2.
Generally, there are two types of letters of application:
in answer to an advertisement in a newspaper, a magazine, a circular letter, etc;
a speculative letter.
Напишіть анотацію до даного тексту англійською
I.
Спеціальності: Фінанси, Банківська справа. Економіка підприємства
Бухгалтерський облік
1.
Прочитайте текст.
Текст 31
Financing International Trade
Just about every nation has its own form of money. Sellers in each country expect to be paid in their own
currency for the goods they sell to other countries. As a result, exporters and importers must be able to exchange
currencies easily and efficiently.
Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market. Foreign currencies (foreign exchange as they are
called) are bought and sold by currency dealers and banks around the country. Collectively, these bankers and
currency dealers make up the foreign exchange market.
Exchange rates were not always determined in this manner. From 1944 until the 1970’s most nations operated
under a system of fixed exchange rates. That is, they agreed to exchange their currency for any other foreign currency
at an established rate. In most instances, the fixed rate of exchange was expressed in terms of dollars. In other words,
the French would exchange their francs at the rate of five to the dollar; the Swiss at the rate of four, and so on. For its
part, the United States government agreed to exchange dollars for foreign currencies or gold at a fixed rate of
exchange.
By 1971 so many dollars were help by foreigners that it was no longer possible for the United States to
guarantee to redeem them in gold. At that point President Nixon announced that the dollar was no longer
“convertible” into gold, and that its value would be determined by the laws of supply and demand. What the President
had in mind was a system in which exchange rates would be determined in foreign exchange markets. A foreign
exchange market is simply a place where foreign currencies are bought and sold.
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I.
Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.
Sellers in each country expect...
Exporters and importers must be able to...
Foreign currencies are bought and...
By 1971 so many dollars were...
A foreign exchange market is...
President Nixon announced that...
The French would exchange their francs...
Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).
is / value / its / by / determined / demand / of / supply / and / the laws .
exchange rates / in / exchange / are / foreign / determined / markets.
form / nation / its / every / has / of / own / money.
exchange / make up / dealers / foreign / currency / the /market.
exports / must be able / currencies / importers / to exchange / easily / and.
Прочитайте текст.
Текст 32
Inflation
Most people associate inflation with price increases on specific goods and services. The economy is not
necessarily experiencing inflation, however, every time the price of a cup of coffee goes up. We must be careful to
distinguish the phenomenon of inflation from price increases for specific goods. Inflation is an increase in the
average level of prices, not a change in any specific price.
We first determine the average price of all output - the average price level-then look for changes in that
average. A rise in the average price level is referred to as inflation.
The average price level may fall as well as rise. A decline in average prices - a deflation - occurs when
price decreases on some
goods and services outweigh price increases on all others. Relative price is the price of one good in comparison with
the price of other goods.
Because inflation and deflation are measured in terms of average price
levels, it is possible for individual prices to rise or fall continuously without changing the average price level.
For example, that the price of apples can rise without increasing the average price of fruit, so long as the price of
some other fruit (e.g. oranges) falls. In such circumstances, relative prices are changing, but not average prices. An
increase in the relative price of apples, for example, simply means that apples have become more expensive in
comparison with other fruits (or any other goods or services). The impact of inflation on individuals depends on how
the prices on goods and services each person buys or sells actually change. In this sense, inflation acts just like a tax,
taking income or wealth from some people and giving it to others. This “tax” is levied through changes in prices,
changes in incomes, and changes in wealth. Nominal income is the amount of money you receive in a particular time
period; it is measured in current dollars. Real income, by contrast, is the purchasing power of that money, as
measured by the quantity of goods and services your dollars will buy. If the number of dollars you receive every year
is always the same, your nominal income does not change. But your real income will rise or fall with price changes.
II.
Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.
1.
We must be careful to...
2.
A rise in the average price level is...
3.
A deflation occurs when...
4.
Relative price is the price of...
5.
The impact of inflation...
6.
If the number of dollars is the same...
7.
It is possible for individual prices to...
III.
Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).
1.
prices / is / inflation / in / an increase / level / the average /of.
2.
as well as / price / may / the average / level / fall / rise.
3.
just / a tax / acts / like / inflation.
4.
the amount / you / period / income / is / of money / a particular / time / nominal / is / receive / you / in.
5.
is measured / dollars / nominal income / in / current.
Текст 33
Accounting and Bookkeeping
The aim of accounting is to show a financial condition of a company. It is an accounting department of a
firm that records and measures all relevant financial data of its business activity.
There are two types of records which are the most important ones. It is the income statement, on the one
hand, and the balance sheet, on the other hand.
Who are the users of accounting records? There is a wide range of different users of these records or, as
specialists often say financial reports or financial statements. They are stockholders, present and potential
investors and creditors, management, independent analysts, banks, debtors, competitors, tax bodies, government.
Let us consider the most important terms and definitions in accounting.
To begin with, accounting can be defined as recording and measuring of all financial data concerning a
given business or organization activity.
Financial Statements are the central feature of accounting because they are the primary means of
communicating important accounting information to users. They, so to say, show business in financial terms.
The most important financial documents are:
1.
Profit and loss Accounts;
2.
Balance Sheets;
3.
Cash-flow Forecast;
Profit and loss accounts give a “history” of a company’s finance during the previous year for some period.
They have three sections:
1. Trading section. It shows the revenue from sales and the costs in producing those sales.
2. Profit and loss section. It shows the costs of general overheads such as administration and distribution.
3. Appropriation section. It shows how the received profit is distributed to shareholders and how much profit
remains as reserves.
4. Balance sheets show the financial position of a company on a certain date. Figuratively speaking, a balance
sheet provides the so- called “a snapshot” of a company’s wealth at a very given moment of time. It has three
sections: Assets (fixed and current);
5. Creditors (current and long-term liabilities);
6. Capital and Reserves (company’s issued share capital);
If money is often referred to as “the blood of business” and accounting is referred as “the language of
business”, then doubleentry system may be referred as “the eyes of accounting”.
The double-entry system of accounting means that for each transaction there must be one or more accounts
debited and one or more accounts credited. After all, the rule requires that total debits must equal total credits.
Look at the accounting equation: Assets - Liabilities + Owner’s Equity.
Виберіть у тексті інформацію та закінчіть речення.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Profit and loss accounts give...
The double-entry system of accounting requires that...
Balance sheets show...
Financial Statements are...
Accounting can be defined as...
The aim of accounting is...
The most important financial documents are...
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).
often / is / money / referred to / as / “the blood of business”.
credits / total / equal / must / debits / total / that / requires / the rule.
is / accounting / as / referred / “the language of business”.
there / a wide / is / range / users / of / different.
are / who / the users / of / records / accounting?
I.
І. Прочитайте текст.
Текст 34
Banks
There are different banks. They may be classified according to different services they perform.
Savings banks. They are institutions which accumulate savings in small accounts. They are also valuable
sources of credit instruments. That is why, most savings banks require their depositors to give notice before
awithdrawal.
Commercial banks. In most countries commercial banks serve as a depository of funds and a source of
credit. Today they are active in giving short-term loans to business.
Commercial banks also deal with foreign exchange and letters of credit.
Investment banks. They do not accept checking deposits. They promote industry through the sale of large
issues of stocks to investor?.
Trust companies are such financial institutions that administer funds or property for the benefit of others.
They serve as trustees for property or guardians of minors, or agents for stocks. In a word, they manage business
in the interests of others.
The banking system of modern times is very complex.
If we go back as far as the Middle Ages we can find some banking practices too.
The goldsmiths made fine things out of gold and silver. They kept those precious things in boxes. Soon some people
began tocome to them to entrust money to the goldsmiths. Later on some goldsmiths found themselves in possession
of large sums of money. Some of goldsmiths did not want to keep money idle. They began to lend it at interest. At the
same time, the goldsmiths kept some part of money to meet possible withdrawals. It was an early step in the
development of banks.
1.
2.
3.
4.
П. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.
Savings banks are...
Commercial banks also deal with...
Trust companies are...
Savings banks, as a rule, invest...
5. The goldsmiths made...
6. Investment banks do not accept...
7. If we go back as far as the Middle Ages we can find...
111.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Утворіть речення зданих слів (на основі тексту).
of / goldsmiths / some / want / didn’t / money / to keep /
..hose / kept / they / precious / in / things / boxes.
.of / others / the interests / in / business / manage / they.
different /' banks / are / there.
today / are / they і in / active / giving / loans / short-term.
Текст 35
Прочитайте текст.
I.
Hryvnya
Since Ukraine became independent its government has pledged to introduce a new currency - the Hryvnya - to
replace the “coupon-’, a paper currency that has served as a temporary medium of exchange. This pledge became
more concrete, when the country passed its first post-Soviet constitution, a document which, among other things,
mandated the hryvnya introduction. This mandate was fulfilled during the first half of September 1996 when the
National Bank of Ukraine began issuance of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 hryvnya denominations, and coins of 1, 2, 5,
10, 25 and 50 kopecks.
To protect the new currency from counterfeiting and to enable people to distinguish the genuine article from a
fake, the NBU has installed the following protective devices on hryvnya banknotes:
1. Water marks-transparent lines showing Ukraine’s state emblem, the trident - which are distributed evenly
over the banknote and can be seen against the light (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 banknotes).
2. Water marks-showing the portrait on a white field in transparent lines which repeat the portrait shown on the
face of the banknote and can be seen against the light (50s, 100s).
3. Protective band - a vertical dark stripe 0.8 mm wide, which can be seen against the light. Tire word
“Україна” will be visible through a magnifying glass (50s, 100s).
4. Microtext — words or numerals that are shown repeatedly and can be seen through a magnifying glass (Is,
2s, 5s, 10s, 50s, 100s).
5. Overlapping picture - pictures that are placed at the same place on the either side of a banknote and which
superimpose exactly when seen against a light source (50s, 100s).
6. Relief elements - palpable elements on the banknote’s surface (2s, 5s, 10s, 20s, 50s, 100s).
7. Help for the blind - a relief element placed in the lower left comer of a banknote, which can be felt by the
fingertips and varies depending on the banknote’s denomination (50s, 100s).
8. ,Coded drawing - a drawing which changes depending on the viewing angle (2s, 5s, 10s, 20s, 50s, 100s).
Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
То protect the new currency from...
Water marks are transparent lines...
Microtext - words or numerals that...
Overlapping picture are pictures that are...
Help for the blind can be felt by...
The government has pledged...
This mandate was fulfilled...
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Утворіть речення з даних елів (на основі тексту).
served / medium / “coupon” / a temporary / as exchange /of.
hryvnya / post-Soviet / introduction / constitution / mandated /
installed / devices / has / banknotes / the NBU / protective / on / hryvnya.
dark / band / a vertical / 0.8 mm wide / stripe / protective /is.
angle / coded drawing / depending / changes / on / viewing / the.
II.
Ї. Прочитайте текст.
Текст 36
Auditing
Auditing is closely connected with accounting. The traditional definition of auditing is a review and an
evaluation of financial records by a second set of accountants.
There is another more modern definition. “An audit is the independent examination of, and expression of
opinion on, the financial statements of an enterprise by an appointed auditor in compliance with statutory obligation”
(David Choppy).
The main purpose of the audit is to give the users of the financial statements confidence that they give a true
presentation of the position of the company at a certain date. There are two types of audit.
An internal audit. It is a control of a company’s own accountants. They check for complete, exact and
reliable data. Internal auditors also look for departures from the methods for recording business transactions which
are established by a company.
An independent audit is a review of financial statements and records by an accountant not belonging to the
company. Such auditors have to judge if the accounts present a true and fair view of the company's financial position.
In the USA they use the term “a fair presentation” which means the same what British term “a true and fair view”
means.
Who appoints auditors? Senior executives and advisors of the company do it. Then the candidates are to be
approved by the owners of the share capital at the company’s assembly (meeting).
Auditors write an audit report. They also may write a “management letter” to directors. They may underline
some weak points and recommend to improve operating procedures
II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення
.
The traditional definition of auditing is...
1.
2. The main purpose of the audit is...
3. An independent audit is...
4. An audit is...
5. An internal audit is...
6. Internal audit also looks for...
7. In the USA they use the term “a fair presentation” which
means...
III. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).
1.
2.
appoints./ who / auditors?
also / they / write / may / to directors / a “management
3.
write / an audit / auditors / report.
4. auditing / accounting / with / is / connected / closely.
5. ' ‘there / are / types / two / of / audit.
Текст 37
Taxes, Taxes, Taxes...
“But in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes”. - Benjamin Franklin, 1789.
Few economic excite controversy more easily than taxes. While most would agree that neither government
nor modern society could survive without them, taxes are more likely to be criticized than praised. But as Benjamin
Franklin noted long ago they are a certainty, and for that reason we ought to know something about them.
Why do governments collect taxes? Although the principal purpose of taxes is to pay for the cost of
government, it is not the only .function that taxes serve. Some taxes are levied to protect selected industries. For a
number of years a tariff (a tax on imports) helped to protect American steel manufacturers by making imported steel
more costly than it would have been otherwise.
Taxes have also been used to discourage activities the government believes to be harmful. For example, taxes
on cigarettes and liquor, so called
“sin taxes”, have been levied both to raise money and to discourage people from smoking and drinking.
Taxes have been used to encourage certain activities. In the 1980’s, for example, the government wanted to
encourage business to modernize plants and increase productivity. It did so, in part, by offering to reduce the taxes of
firms that purchased new machinery and equipment.
The federal government can use its ability to tax to regulate the level of economic activity. The size of
economy is directly related to consumer and business spending. By increasing or decreasing taxes, government can
directly affect the amount of money available to be spent.
Evaluating Taxes. Most people would agree that some taxation is necessary, but the question of which taxes,
and in what amounts, can lead to considerable disagreement. In comparing the merits of one tax to another, it is
convenient to focus on the following questions:
 Who ought to pay the taxes?
 What types of taxes are being considered?
 Who will actually pay the taxes?
II.
Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.
1. Taxes have also been used to...
2. The federal government can use...
3. Тaxes have been used to.. .
4. Some taxes are levied to...
5. Although the principal purpose of taxes is to pay for the cost of government, it is...
6. By increasing or decreasing taxes, government can...
7. Most people would agree that...
III.
Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).
1. on / taxes / and / cigarettes / liquor / called / are / “sintaxes”.
2. the taxes / pay / actually / will / who?
3. types / what / are / of taxes / considered / being?
4. collect / government / taxes / do / why?
5. activities / taxes / certain / have / to encourage / been /used.
Прочитайте текст.
I.
Текст 38
Financial Institutions
Most individuals and firms need the banking services offered by commercial banks and thrift institutions.
Federal law defines a bank as a “financial institution that accepts demand deposits and makes commercial loans”.
For the reason, bankers, economists and other professionals refer to savings and loan associations, mutual savings
banks and credit unions as thrift institutions or “thrifts”. They use the term “banks” only when they are referring to
commercial banks.
The general public is rarely that precise. Most people today say “bank” when they are speaking of any
financial institution that accepts deposits and makes loans.
Financial Institutions Accept and Hold Deposits. The main function of banks and thrifts is to act as
“financial middlemen”. They do this by channelling money from depositors to investors, from those wishing to
save money for future use to those wanting to spend it now. Deposits can be in the form of saving accounts or
checking accounts.
People deposit their savings in banks and thrifts because they know their money will be returned to them
when they want it. They know this because in addition to the physical protection against fire and theft, banks and
thrifts also offer deposit insurance. Deposit insurance guarantees all savings accounts up to a principal value of $
100,000.
Financial Institutions Make Loans. We have seen that financial institutions act as “middlemen” by
accepting deposits and making loans. In this they perform a function vital to the economy. Business loans enable
firms to meet current bills and finance expansion. Consumer loans enable individuals and families to enjoy goods and
services immediately, while paying for them with future earnings.
Financial Institutions Help Collect and Transfer Funds in Checking Accounts, We have seen that checks
make up the largest portion of the money supply. Moreover, checking accounts, in combination with bank loans,
provide a means for expanding and contracting the money supply.
Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Federal law defines...
They use the term “banks”...
Deposits can be in the form of...
Deposit insurance guarantees...
Financial institutions act as...
Business loans enable...
Checking accounts provide...
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ПІ. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).
channel / from / they / investors / money / to / depositors.
individuals / services / and / most / need / firms / the banking.
banks / is / as / a main / of / to act / “financial middlemen”.
deposit / banks / people / savings / their / in.
insurance / banks / deposit / offer / thrifts / and.
Прочитайте текст.
I.
Текст 39
Why Do Exchange Rates Change?
Exchange rates are flexible over time. Thus, the Mexican peso depreciated against the dollar. In 1975 a peso
was worth 8 cents; in 1991 it was worth 03 cents. To put it another way, in 1975 one dollar would buy 12.5 pesos; in
1991 one dollar bought 3,333 pesos. By contrast, the Swiss franc appreciated against the dollar, rising from a value of
23 cents in 1965 to 69 cents in 1991.
The reason currencies fluctuate in value is connected with the laws of supply and demand. The demand for a
nation’s currency is usually a result of the demand for its goods and services. If people in the United States are
buying an increasing number of goods and services from Canada, they will need additional Canadian dollars. This
will tend to push up the price of the Canadian currency. Similarly, if people in the United States want fewer Austrian
goods and services, the decreasing demand for the Austrian schilling will reduce the price of that currency.
The supply of foreign exchange increases and decreases as the citizens of a country use their currency to
purchase currencies of the countries from which they wish to make purchases. For example, French importers
seeking to buy U.S. goods will have to sell their francs in the foreign exchange markets to buy the dollars needed for
the U.S. goods.
If, as a result of France’s increased imports, the supply of francs in *he foreign exchange markets is
increased, the franc will tend to depreciate in value. When the opposite happens and the supply of French money in
the markets declines, the franc will appreciate in value.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I.
Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.
The demand for a nation’s currency is...
Exchange rates are...
If people in the United States want fewer Austrian goods and services...
In 1975 a peso was worth 8 cents; in 1991...
The Swiss franc appreciated against the dollar, rising...
If people in the United States are buying an increasing number of goods and services from Canada, they...
If, as a result of France’s increased imports, the supply of francs in the foreign exchange market is increased
the franc...
Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).
over / time / are / rates / flexible / exchange.
depreciated / the Mexican / peso / the dollar / against.
to push up / this / tend / will / the price / of / currency / the Canadian.
in 1975 / was / a peso / 8 cents / worth.
12.5 pesos / buy / would / dollar / one / 1975 / in.
Текст 40
Прочитайте текст.
From the History of the National Bank of Ukraine
In March 1991 the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine adopted Resolution on creation of the National Bank of
Ukraine - one of the most important financial institutes of the independent and sovereign state. It should be noted
that Ukraine had no central bank of its own and there was only the Republican Office of the USSR State Bank in it.
So, such new functions as to issue money in circulation and to manufacture the national currency put some
important tasks before the central bank of the Ukrainian state, among them the creation of the material and
technical base.
There is well-known truth: strong money means a strong state. Ukraine began preparation for the monetary
reform soon after the Moscow putsch. On September 18, 1991 the Cabinet of Ministers adopted Resolution “On
Creating Capacities for Production of National Currency and Securities”, and on December 10 of the same year the
Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada approved Resolution “On National Currency in Ukraine” which confirmed the
name and peculiar features of the future monetary unit - the Hryvnya.
First Ukrainian money was produced abroad: banknotes - in Canada and Great Britain, and coins - in Italy.
But this required large amounts of currency expenses. So the National Bank was charged to create its own production
capacities for the manufacturing and safekeeping of the national currency.
Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ukraine began preparation of...
The Cabinet of Ministers adopted...
The Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada approved...
The Resolution confirmed...
Production of money abroad required...
The National Bank was charged to create...
This required...
Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).
III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
produced / first / abroad / Ukrainian / was / money.
state / strong / means / a / money / strong.
Ukraine / important / of / the National Bank / financial / is / institute.
bank / money / the central / issues / in circulation.
manufactures / the / currency / bank / national / the.
Текст 41
Прочитайте текст.
I.
There appeared a new problem. Where to keep the national currency? It is hard to believe that in 1993 the
gold reserves of the Ukrainian State were kept in an ordinary building - the warehouses of Perlyna Ltd. When the
jewellery factory was privatized and became sole proprietorship the national currency was kept in the bomb-proof
shelter of Kyiv Footwear Factory where there were no shelves, ventilation, and other conditions
Ukraine was badly in need of a machinated vault which would provide a reliable safekeeping of money and
state treasury. The Dniprovsky Design Institute was invited to this important task.
The demands of such a building were first - measures of safety, second - the parameters of temperature and air
humidity. In June 1996, right before the monetary reform, the construction was completed.
However, the problem of its own production base was not resolved by putting these installations into
operation. Ukraine continued purchasing banknote paper abroad, which was an expensive matter for young state. It
was only natural to create a closed cycle of money production by constructing the Banknote Paper Mill.
It was decided that the enterprise would be built in Malyn, Zhytomyr Region. In spring 1997 the Banknote
Paper Mill was put into operation. Now the mill produces paper of high quaiity. Recently the Banknote Paper Mill
got an access to the international market, having won a tender for producing banknote paper for the needs of India.
In April 1998 the Kyiv Mint was put into operation. Each year the Mint will produce small change 1 billion
worth on the average, close to 400 thousand jubilee and commemorative coins, over 200 thousand orders and medals.
The NBU new establishments, primarily, the Mint, the Banknote Printing Works and the Banknote Paper
Mill, are without exaggeration a tangible achievement of the young Ukrainian state, since production of its own
monetary units and securities means not only national security, but the country’s prestige in the world.
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
III.
Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.
In 1993 the gold reserves of the Ukrainian State...
Ukraine was badly in need of...
The demands of such a building...
Ukraine continued purchasing...
It was only natural to create...
Each year the Mint will produce...
The NBU new establishments...
Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).
1. construction / 1996 / the / completed / in June / was.
2. important / Design / was / the / Institute / invited to / task/ this.
3. paper / the Mill / high / produces / of / quality.
4. own / the country’s / the world / production / its / monetary / of / units / means / in / prestige.
I.
Прочитайте текст.
Текст 42
The History of Economic Thought Henry Ford (1863-1947)
Pioneer in the Development of the Assembly Line
Modern Production methods took a giant leap forward in 1913 when Henry Ford introduced the
use of the assembly line in the production of automobiles. In those days, automobiles were built in much the same way
as a house. That is, workers simply picked a spot on the factory floor, and assembled the car from the bottom up.As
business grew, Ford began manufacturing many of the component parts formerly purchased from suppliers. Typically,
the components were put together by one worker who performed all the operations necessary to assemble them. The
method was quite costly, and so only the wealthy could afford to buy automobiles in those days.This did not please
Henry Ford who wanted to bring the price of automobiles down to the point where most families could afford them. The
key to achieving this goal, in Ford’s view, was through the improvement of labour productivity. He needed to find a
way to 1) limit the number of operations performed by each worker, 2) bring the work to the worker rather than the
other way around, and 3) perform each operation in the most efficient sequence he could find. He found what he was
seeking in his new creation: the assembly line. Ford’s first line, introduced in April 1913, was used to assemble
generation. Working in the old way, one worker had been able to put together 25 to 30 generators in a 9-hour day. This
translated to something around 20 minutes per assembly.
The new line broke the operation into 29 steps performed by individual workers on parts that were brought to them by
the steadily moving assembly line. The new process reduced assembly time to an average of 13 minutes per
generator. In a year additional experimentation divided production into 84 operations and reduced assembly time to 5
minutes per generator.
Assembly line methods brought the price of automobiles within the reach of millions of American families. As a
result, automobile registrations jumped from 944.000 in 1912 to 2.5 million in 1915 and 20 million by 1925.
II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть
речення
1.. Assembly line methods brought...
2. Automobile registrations jumped from...
3. Modem production methods...
4. Automobiles were built in5. Ford began manufacturing many of...
6. Henry Ford wanted to bring the price of...
7. He needed to find a way to...
ПІ.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I.
Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).
performed / necessary / one / to assemble / worker / all / automobiles / operations.
the improvement / labour / the key / through / of / was / productivity.
generation / first / Ford’s / was / line / used / to assemble.
the operation / line / into / broke / 29 steps / the new.
process / assembly / an average / the new / reduced / time / to / per / of 13 minutes / generator.
Прочитайте текст.
Tекст 43
The Sources of Business Funds
While reading this text you will learn how business obtains the fluids it needs to finance its operations. You
will also see how some large corporations raise capital through the sale of stocks and bonds to the public. Finally,
you will learn why some people follow the day-to-day activities of the securities markets and how they invest in
stocks and bonds.
In many ways, money is to business what water is to plants. Plants need water to begin life, to survive and to
grow. Similarly, firms need money to begin operations, to meet their day-to-day expenses and to expand. Most of the
money used by business comes from the sale of its products and services. Since these funds come from within the
firm they are described as internal funds. The rest must come from outside, or external, sources.
Internal Funds. As a firm sells its products or services, it receives money, which it uses to meet its expenses.
One of these expenses, depreciation, represents the cost of replacing assets (like tools, machinery, and buildings) that
wear out. Typically, businesses use internal funds to cover the cost of depreciation.
The funds that remain after paying expenses are a firm’s profits or earnings. Although the owners or
stockholders could take it all for themselves, in most instances some portion of the profits will be retained by the
business. Since its “retained” earning, “along with the sum it sets aside for depreciation came from within the firm,
they are known as internal funds. About 60 to 70 percent of a business firm’s financing comes from its internal
sources.
External Funds. Sales do not remain constant from one season, or month or week or to the next. There are
times when more money comes in to a business than it is needed to pay its bills. Similarly, at other times there is not
enough money coming in to cover operating costs. When this happens, there are only four things that the firm can do:
•
dip into savings,
•
borrow,
•
sell shares of stock (if it is a corporation) or seek additional capital from the owners (if it is a partnership
or proprietorship),
•
reduce costs.
II.
Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.
1. Most of the money used by...
2. Since these funds come from...
3. As a firm sells its products...
4. The funds that remain after...
5. Some portion of the profits...
6. About 60 to 70 percent of...
7. There arc only four things that the firm can do...
III.
Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).
1. business / is / what / to / is / plants / water / to / money.
2. operations / need / firms / to begin / money.
3. firms / money / to meet / day-to-day / need / their /expenses.
4. internal / to cover / businesses / funds / use / depreciation / the cost / of.
5. remain / one season / sales / constant / do not /' to the next /from.
I.
Прочитайте текст.
Текст 44
Auditors and Their Reports
Auditors are usually independent certified accountants who review the financial records of a company.
These reviews are called audits. They are usually performed at fixed intervals-quarterly, semi annually or annually.
Auditors are employed either regularly or on a part-time basis. Some large companies maintain a continuous
internal audit by their own accounting departments. These auditors are called internal auditors. Not so many years
ago the presence of an auditor suggested that a company was having financial difficulties or that irregularities had
been discovered in the records. Currently, however, outside audits arc a normal and regular part of business
practice.
Auditors see that current transactions are recorded promptly and completely. Their duty is to reduce the
possibility of misappropriation, to identify mistakes or detect fraudulent
transactions. Then they are usually requested to propose solutions for these problems.
Thus auditors review financial records and report to the management on the current state of the company’s
fiscal affairs in the form of Auditor’s Report or Auditor’s Opinion. Here is a specimen auditor’s Opinion:
Auditors Opinion
The Board of Directors
Johnson and Co.
I have examined the Balance Sheet of Johnson and Co., as of 31 December,-1994, as well as the related
Statements of income and retained earnings and changes in the financial position for the year ending on that date. My
examination was made in accordance with generally accepted standards of auditing. It included tests of the
accounting records and those other procedures that I considered necessary. In my opinion, the accompanying Balance
Sheet and Statement of Income and Retained Earnings present fairly the financial condition of Johnson and Co., on
31 December, 1994.
II.
Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.
1. Auditors are usually independent certified accountants who...
2. These reviews are called...
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
They are usually performed at...
Auditors are employed...
Not so many years ago the presence of an auditor suggested...
Currently, however, outside audits are...
Auditors see that current transactions are ...
Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).
performed / are / intervals / audits / at fixed.
companies / internal / maintain / some / audit / a continuous.
regularly / auditors / either / basis / a part-time / on / are / employed / or.
financial / auditors / review / records.
the management / auditors / to / on the current / report / state / affairs / of / fiscal / the company’s.
Прочитайте текст.
I.
Текст 45
Bookkeepers, Accountants and Controllers
Bookkeeping deals with taxes, cash flow, which includes cash receipts and cash disbursements, sales,
purchases and different business transactions of the company. Bookkeepers first record all the appropriate figures - in
the books of original entry, or Journals. At the end of a period, usually a month, the totals of each book of original
entry are posted into the proper page of the Ledger. The Ledger shows all the expenditures and all the earnings of the
company. On the basis of all the totals of each account in the Ledger, the bookkeeper prepares a Trial Balance. Trial
Balances are usually drawn up every quarter. The accountant’s responsibility is to analyze and interpret the data in the
Ledger and the Trial Balance. The accountant is to determine the ways in which the business may grow in the future.
No expansion or reorganization is planned without the help of the accounting. New products and advertising
campaigns are also prepared with the help of the accounting. The work of accountants is rather sophisticated. Many
accountants have special certificates after they have passed examinations in Institute of Acco Certified accountants in
England are called chartered accountants, hi the U.S.A. the certified accountants are called certified public
accountants. But it is not necessary to have a certificate to practice accounting. Junior employees in large companies,
for example, often practice accounting and then take the examination. The chief accounting officer of a large
company is the Controller. Controllers are responsible for measuring the company’s performance. They interpret the
results of the operations, plan and recommend future actions. This position is very close to the top executives of the
company.
II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть
речення
1.. Bookkeeping deals with...
2. Bookkeepers first record...
3. The Ledger shows...
4. Trial Balances are drawn...
5. The accountant’s responsibility is...
6. The accountant is to determine...
7. Certified accountants in England are called...
III. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
rather / sophisticated / accountants / the work / of / is.
special / accountants / have / many / certificates.
the controller / officer / is / the chief / of / accounting / a large / company. s
accountants / are called / certified / in England / chartered accountants.
the company / position / close to / executives / of / this / is / very / the top.
Граматичні завдання
Варіант 76
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них діеслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
1. People from many parts of the world come to Oxford University.
2. Justice in Ukraine is exercised entirely by courts.
3. People’s deputies were discussing the new law for 2 hours.
II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
1. It’s necessary to fill in...declaration when you're abroad.
a) a:
b)-;
c) the;
d)an
2. He knows ...did it.
a) who;
b) which;
c) what;
d) that.
3.This dessert is ... the one you made last night.
a) sweeter than;
b) sweetest;
c) sweet as;
d) more sweeter than.
4.Our telephone is out of order. Something is wrong...the line.
. a) in;
b) of;
c) out;
d)on.
5. May I take this magazine? No, you....
1. may not;
2. can’t;
3. mustn’t;
4. have to.
6. This time last year she ... for her F.C.E. exam.
`1. prepared;
2. was preparing;
3. has prepared;
4. is preparing.
7. The secretary said that all the necessary information ... sent to the firm.
1. was;
2. had been;
3. is;
4. has been.
Варіант 77
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них діеслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
1. Health is better than wealth.
2. The Cabinet of Ministers carries out domestic and foreign policy of the State.
3. During the 19th century London spread rapidly into the
suburbs.
ІІ Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
1. ...British firm Bent and Co. wanted to buy a few computers.
a) a;
b) the;
c) c
d) these
2. It must have been he ... we saw at the cinema.
a) whom;
b) that;
c) who;
d) which.
3.There aren’t... conveniences in the house.
a) some;
b) no;
c) any; /
d) much.
4.When he heard the telephone ringing, he took ... the receiver.
a) . on;
b) down;
c) .up;
d) d. from.
3. It was a very difficult text. I... look up many words in the dictionary.
a). must;
b). have to;
c.) had to;
d) must to.
6.
…a decision yet.
a. haven’t made;
b. made;
c. am making;
d. will make.
7.
any manufactured goods been exported lately?
a. has;
b. are;
c.have;
d.were.
Варіант 78
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-часову
форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів
1.
We deliver equipment at lower prices.
2.
The documents were not sent by fax.
3.
Each country has its own basic monetary unit.
II.
1.
a)
a)
b)
c)
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
Lake Erie is one of the five Great Lakes in ... North America.
the;
a;
an.
All of ... have brown eyes.
they;
their;
them;
us.
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The London underground is the ... in the world.
old;
oldest;
older;
new.
4.
a)
b)
c)
I would like to ask ... an appointment.
from;
for;
to;
d)
behind.
5.
a)
b)
Ann ... finish this work yesterday.
cannot;
couldn’t;
c)
d)
won’t be able;
must.
6.
Radio sets ... at our plant.
a)
b)
c)
d)
are made;
are being made;
made;
are being.
7.
We ... you 5% discount.
a)
b)
c)
d)
has give;
will give;
shall give;
are given.
Варіант 79
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-нрисудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
1.
Your price corresponds to world prices.
2.
She sent the letter by fax.
3.
The economic independence of the country will be illustrated by many factors.
II.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
... Grants are the couple with whom we are negotiating.
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
We decorated this room ...
ourself;
yourself;
ourselves;
yourselves.
The;
This;
A.
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
St. Petersburg is one of the ... cities in the world.
beautiful;
more beautiful;
most beautiful;
beautifulest.
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Were you interviewed ... Mr. Cooper?
by;
in;
for;
at.
5.
a)
b)
a)
b)
c)
You ... take this book if necessary.
can;
may;
large;
largest;
larger;
24
d)
small.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Please, fill... this application form.
on;
at;
in;
to.
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
You ... worry about it.
ятяття^тт
not must;
don’t must;
must not;
need not.
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
We ... more than 50 dealers and representatives in different regions of our country.
has;
have to;
has not;
have.
The article ... into English.
was translating;
was translated;
translated;
were translated.
Варіант 80
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-нрисудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
4.
Your price corresponds to world prices.
5.
She sent the letter by fax.
6.
The economic independence of the country will be illustrated by many factors.
III.
6.
a)
e)
f)
g)
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
... Grants are the couple with whom we are negotiating.
7.
e)
f)
g)
h)
We decorated this room ...
ourself;
yourself;
ourselves;
yourselves.
The;
This;
A.
8.
e)
f)
g)
h)
St. Petersburg is one of the ... cities in the world.
beautiful;
more beautiful;
most beautiful;
beautifulest.
9.
e)
f)
g)
h)
Were you interviewed ... Mr. Cooper?
by;
25
in;
for;
at.
10.
c)
d)
e)
You ... take this book if necessary.
can;
may;
large;
f)
g)
h)
largest;
larger;
small.
5.
e)
f)
g)
h)
Please, fill... this application form.
on;
at;
in;
to. ятяття^тт
6.
e)
f)
g)
h)
You ... worry about it.
not must;
don’t must;
must not;
need not.
7.
e)
f)
g)
h)
8.
d)
e)
f)
d)
We ... more than 50 dealers and representatives in different regions of our country.
has;
have to;
has not;
have.
The article ... into English.
was translating;
was translated;
translated;
were translated.
Варіант 81
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених дієслів,
1.
In Britain people had begun to use copper coins before the arrival of the Romans.
2.
We can start our talks on prices.
3.
The Internet was designed to survive in a nuclear war.
II.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
1.
May is ... fifth month of the year.
a)
the;
b)
a;
c)
an;
2. -.... is no need to advertise the house in the newspaper.
a) There;
b)
It;
c)
This;
d)
That.
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
We should eat... food.
healthy;
healthier;
the healthiest;
health.
4. I am engaged now. Will you call me ... an hour?
26
a)
at;
b)
from;
c)
in;
d)
by.
5.
a)
b)
The meeting ... begin at 5 o'clock.
are to;
is to;
c)
d)
have to;
can.
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
I didn't... he was at office.
to think;
think;
thinking;
thought.
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The shop ... ятяття^тт
at 8 o'clock.
will be closed;
will close;
will have been closed;
closed
Варіант 82
I.
Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
4.
The Constitution of Ukraine establishes the political system of the country.
5.
London has a well-developed transport system.
6.
America was discovered by Columbus.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
I do not like milk in ... coffee.
II.
1.
a)
b)
a)
b)
the;
a;
an.
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
We have reserved a room for ... at the Grand Hotel.
our;
he;
you;
your.
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
It isn't as ... today as it was yesterday.
warmer;
the warmest;
warm;
colder.
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
I like travelling ... a boat.
on;
with;
for;
to.
5.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
You ... go there by train,
can; My composition is not so ... as yours.
long;
longer;
the longest;
tall.
4.1
a)
b)
c)
d)
5.
a)
prefer to go ... sea.
by;
in;
with;
on.
--
She ... translate the text into Ukrainian.
can;
27
b)
can to;
c)
c)
may.
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
In the afternoon we ... shopping.
were doing;
was doing;
is doing;
am doing.
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The fire... out with water.
put;
was put;
has put;
can put.
ятяття^тт
Варіант 83
I.
1.
2.
3.
II.
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-чаеову
форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948.
The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget.
The House of Commons of the British Parliament is elected by the people.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення
га заповніть пропуски.
... executive is successfully solving many problems
An;
The;
These;
Those.
2. ... shall buy some jewellery for my girl-friend.
a)
He;
b)
They;
c)
I;
d)
me.
3.The English Channel is ... than (he Straits of Gibraltar.
a)
wide;
b)
the widest;
c)
wider;
d)
more wide.
4. The book was read ... teacher yesterday.
a)
by;
b)
with;
c)
to;
5. from. He ... take part in the scientific conference.
a)
am to;
b)
is to;
c)
are to;
d)
be to.
28 our Director.
6. I ... all the correspondence between your company and
a)
had read;
b)
has read;
c)
were reading;
d)
is reading.
7. The box ... to the station.
a)
must be;
b)
must be taken;
c)
d)
must take;
take.
Варіант 84
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
1. The operator puts data into the computer and gives instructions.
2. They insisted on receiving payment by the 31st of January.
ятяття^тт
II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до
кожного
речення та заповніть пропуски.
1. I bought... English books and an umbrella.
а) any;
Ь) some;
с) somebody;
d) something.
2.
Today is ... first of January.
а)
Ь)
с)
d)
a;
an;
the;
that.
3.
Which is ... , the United States or Canada?
а) large;
Ь) the largest;
с) more large;
d) iarger.
3. Prices also can be set by the government.
4.
а)
Ь)
с)
d)
London is the capital ... Great Britain.
of;
from;
for;
to.
5.
I hope the firm ... reduce its prices.
а)
Ь)
с)
d)
will be able;
will be able to;
shall be able to;
have to.
6.
This tie ... the suit.
а)
Ь)
с)
d)
is matching;
matches;
shall match;
not matches.
7.
I... often ... about it.
а)
Ь)
с)
d)
has been ... asked;
has ... been asked;
have been ... asked;
is... asked.
29
Варіант 85
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дісслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
1.
Our bank is becoming more popular with the citizens of llie town.
2.
Prices are related to each other in different ways.
3.
A computer solves mathematical problems very rapidly.
II.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного
речення та заповніть пропуски.
1.
... computers cost about $ 600.
a)
А;
b)
An;
c)
The;
d)
2.
a)
b)
c)
c)
I tried on a pair ... Italian shoes.
of;
to;
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The ... trees in the world grow in California.
tall;
tallest;
taller;
-.
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
They have decided to buy ... fur coat.
this;
these;
those;
anything.
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Smoking ... here.
are not allowed;
are allowed;
is not allowed;
is not allowed to.
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Most of the people ... from one department to another.
were wandering;
was wandering;
were wandered;
was wandered.
for.
7. This shop ... 2 years ago.
a) were established;
b) was established;
c) is established;
d) is establishing
Варіант 86
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
1.
London was founded more than 2.000 years ago. 30
2.
The people are the only source of power in Ukraine.
3.
The British Parliament exists since 1265.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
1. William Shakespeare ... greatest English playwright, was born in 1564.
a) the;
b) a;
c) an;
d) -.
2. Ann and Peter phone ... every day.
a) them;
b) themself;
c) themselves;
ятяття^тт
d) each other.
3.
It is ... if you take the train.
a)
b)
c)
d)
quicker;
the quicker;
quickest;
the quickest.
4.
Can you finish the job ... Friday?
a)
b)
c)
d)
till;
until;
by;
for.
5.
She ... return tomorrow.
a)
b)
c)
d)
are to;
is to;
have to;
am to .
6.
We ... an interesting lecture yesterday.
a) are read;
b) were read;
c) will be read;
d) will read.
7. They... tomorrow.
a) will come;
b) come;
c) has come;
d) have come.
Варіант 87
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
4.
London was founded more than 2.000 years ago.
5.
The people are the only source of power in Ukraine.
6.
The British Parliament exists since 1265.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
2. William Shakespeare ... greatest English playwright, was born in 1564.
e) the;
f) a;
g) an;
31
3. Ann and Peter phone ... every day.
a) them;
b) themself;
c) themselves;
d) each other.
3.
It is ... if you take the train.
a)
b)
c)
d)
quicker;
ятяття^тт
the quicker;
quickest;
the quickest.
4.
Can you finish the job ... Friday?
a)
b)
c)
d)
till;
until;
by;
for.
5.
She ... return tomorrow.
a)
b)
c)
d)
are to;
is to;
have to;
am to .
6.
We ... an interesting lecture yesterday.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)-.
are read;
were read;
will be read;
will read.
7. They... tomorrow.
a) will come;
b) come;
c) has come;
d) have come.
Варіант 88
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
1.
London was founded more than 2.000 years ago.
2.
The people are the only source of power in Ukraine.
3.
The British Parliament exists since 1265.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
1. William Shakespeare ... greatest English playwright, was born in 1564.
a) the;
b) a;
c) an;
32
h) -.
4. Ann and Peter phone ... every day.
a) them;
b) themself;
c) themselves;
d) each other.
3.
It is ... if you take the train.
a)
b)
c)
d)
quicker;
ятяття^тт
the quicker;
quickest;
the quickest.
4.
Can you finish the job ... Friday?
a)
b)
c)
d)
till;
until;
by;
for.
5.
She ... return tomorrow.
a)
b)
c)
d)
are to;
is to;
have to;
am to .
6.
We ... an interesting lecture yesterday.
a) are read;
b) were read;
c) will be read;
d) will read.
7. They... tomorrow.
a) will come;
b) come;
c) has come;
d) have come.
Варіант 89
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
1. The conference will be attended by the lawyers from Ukraine.
2. Ukraine is a Unitarian state with single citizenship.
3. A pound sterling consists of 100 pence.
II.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
1.Every day my ... brother gets up at 6 o’clock.
a) -;
b) the;
c) a;
d) an.
2.There is not... time to waste.
a) some;
33
b) for;
c) any;
d) anything.
3.The rivers in America are much ... than those in England.
a) big;
b) bigger;
c) biggest;
t
d) -.
4.Please, hold ... and I will find your number.
a) of;
b) on;
c) at;
d) it.
5. You ... solve this problem without my help.
a)
can;
b) is able to; ятяття^тт
c) am able to;
d) might.
6. What...?
a) does she want;
b) does she wants;
c) she wants;
d) she want.
7. The picture .. .to me later.
a) will be showed;
b) will be shown;
c) will show;
d) shall be shown.
Варіант 90
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дісслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
1. Your prices are at the level of world prices.
2. The Board of Directors had to discuss this question at the last meeting.
3. Most imported goods must be paid for in the currency of the selling country.
II.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
1. I spent... very interesting holiday in England.
a) the;
b) these;
c) a;
d) -•
2. I have not given ... permission to borrow my calculator.
a) anyone;
b) somebody;
c) this;
d) no one.
3. This was the ... test I’ve ever done.
a) easiest;
b) easy;
c) easier;
d) most easiest.
4. Did you put your signature ... this application form?
a) in;
b) on;
c) at;
34
d) for.
5. You ... work hard at your English.
a)
am able to;
c) should;
d) may.
6.
We cannot go out now. It... hard.
a)
b)
c)
d)
rains;
rain;
rained;
is raining.
7.
It... to us how the accident had happened.
a)
b)
c)
d)
is explaining;
ятяття^тт
was explained;
was explaining;
had explained.
b)
has to;
Варіант 91
1.Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-чаеову
форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948.
2. The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget.
3. The House of Commons of the British Parliament is elected by the people.
2. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення га заповніть пропуски.
1. ... executive is successfully solving many problems
a)
An;
b)
The;
c)
These;
d)
Those.
2. ... shall buy some jewellery for my girl-friend.
a)
He;
b)
They;
c)
I;
d)
me.
3.The English Channel is ... than (he Straits of Gibraltar.
e)
wide;
f)
the widest;
g)
wider;
h)
more wide.
4. The book was read ... teacher yesterday.
a)
by;
b)
with;
c)
to;
5. from. He ... take part in the scientific conference.
a)
am to;
35
b)
is to;
c)
are to;
d)
be to.
6. I ... all the correspondence between your company and our Director.
a)
had read;
b)
has read;
c)
were reading;
d)
is reading.
7. The box ... to the station.
a)
must be;
b)
must be taken;
c)
must take;
d)
take.
Варіант 92
ятяття^тт
І. Перепишіть
речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
1. The operator puts data into the computer and gives instructions.
2. They insisted on receiving payment by the 31st of January.
II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до
кожного
речення та заповніть пропуски.
1. I bought... English books and an umbrella.
а) any;
Ь) some;
с) somebody;
d) something.
2.
Today is ... first of January.
а)
Ь)
с)
d)
a;
an;
the;
that.
3.
Which is ... , the United States or Canada?
а) large;
Ь) the largest;
с) more large;
d) larger.
3. Prices also can be set by the government.
4.
а)
Ь)
с)
d)
London is the capital ... Great Britain.
of;
from;
for;
to.
5.
I hope the firm ... reduce its prices.
а)
Ь)
с)
d)
will be able;
will be able to;
shall be able to;
have to.
6.
This tie ... the suit.
а)
Ь)
с)
d)
is matching;
matches;
shall match;
not matches.
7.
I... often ... about it.
а)
Ь)
с)
d)
has been ... asked;
has ... been asked;
have been ... asked;
is... asked.
36
Варіант 93
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дісслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
1.
Our bank is becoming more popular with the citizens of llie town.
2.
Prices are related to each other in different ways.
3.
A computer solves mathematical problems very rapidly.
III.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного
речення та заповніть пропуски.
1.... computers cost about $ 600.
d)
А;
e)
An;
f)
The;
d)
2. I tried on a pair ... Italian shoes.
d)
of;
e)
to;
c)
f)
for.
3.The ... trees in the world grow in California.
e)
tall;
f)
tallest;
g)
taller;
h)
-.
4.They have decided to buy ... fur coat.
e)
this;
f) these;
g) those;
h) anything.
5. Smoking ... here.
e) are not allowed;
f) are allowed;
g) is not allowed;
h) is not allowed to.
6. Most of the people ... from one department to another.
e) were wandering;
f) was wandering;
g) were wandered;
h) was wandered.
7. This shop ... 2 years ago.
d) were established;
e) was established;
f) is established;
d) is establishing
Варіант 94
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його
видо-часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
7.
London was founded more than 2.000 years ago.
8.
The people are the only source of power in Ukraine.
9.
The British Parliament exists since 1265.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
3. William Shakespeare ... greatest English playwright, was born in 1564.
i) the;
j) a;
k) an;
l) -.
5. Ann and Peter phone ... every day.
a) them;
b) themself;
c) themselves;
d) each other.
3.
It is ... if you take the train.
a)
b)
c)
d)
quicker;
the quicker;
quickest;
the quickest.
4.
Can you finish the job ... Friday?
a)
b)
c)
d)
till;
until;
by;
for.
5.
She ... return tomorrow.
a)
b)
c)
d)
are to;
is to;
have to;
am to .
6.
We ... an interesting lecture yesterday.
a) are read;
b) were read;
c) will be read;
d) will read.
7. They... tomorrow.
e) will come;
f) come;
g) has come;
h) have come.
Варіант 95
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його
видо-часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
10.
London was founded more than 2.000 years ago.
11.
The people are the only source of power in Ukraine.
12.
The British Parliament exists since 1265.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
4. William Shakespeare ... greatest English playwright, was born in 1564.
m) the;
n) a;
o) an;
6. Ann and Peter phone ... every day.
a) them;
b) themself;
c) themselves;
d) each other.
3.
It is ... if you take the train.
a)
b)
c)
d)
quicker;
the quicker;
quickest;
the quickest.
4.
Can you finish the job ... Friday?
a)
b)
c)
d)
till;
until;
by;
for.
5.
She ... return tomorrow.
a)
b)
c)
d)
are to;
is to;
have to;
am to .
6.
We ... an interesting lecture yesterday.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)-.
are read;
were read;
will be read;
will read.
7. They... tomorrow.
e) will come;
f) come;
g) has come;
h) have come.
Варіант 96
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його
видо-часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
4.
London was founded more than 2.000 years ago.
5.
The people are the only source of power in Ukraine.
6.
The British Parliament exists since 1265.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
1. William Shakespeare ... greatest English playwright, was born in 1564.
d) the;
e) a;
f) an;
p) -.
7. Ann and Peter phone ... every day.
a) them;
b) themself;
c) themselves;
d) each other.
3.
It is ... if you take the train.
a)
b)
c)
d)
quicker;
the quicker;
quickest;
the quickest.
4.
Can you finish the job ... Friday?
a)
b)
c)
d)
till;
until;
by;
for.
5.
She ... return tomorrow.
a)
b)
c)
d)
are to;
is to;
have to;
am to .
6.
We ... an interesting lecture yesterday.
a) are read;
b) were read;
c) will be read;
d) will read.
7. They... tomorrow.
e) will come;
f) come;
g) has come;
h) have come.
Варіант 97
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його
видо-часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
4. The conference will be attended by the lawyers from Ukraine.
5. Ukraine is a Unitarian state with single citizenship.
6. A pound sterling consists of 100 pence.
III.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
1.Every day my ... brother gets up at 6 o’clock.
e) -;
f) the;
g) a;
h) an.
2.There is not... time to waste.
e) some;
f) for;
g) any;
h) anything.
3.The rivers in America are much ... than those in England.
e) big;
f) bigger;
g) biggest;
t
h) -.
4.Please, hold ... and I will find your number.
e) of;
f) on;
g) at;
h) it.
5. You ... solve this problem without my help.
e)
can;
f) is able to;
g) am able to;
h) might.
6. What...?
e) does she want;
f) does she wants;
g) she wants;
h) she want.
7. The picture .. .to me later.
e) will be showed;
f) will be shown;
g) will show;
h) shall be shown.
Варіант 98
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дісслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
4. Your prices are at the level of world prices.
5. The Board of Directors had to discuss this question at the last meeting.
6. Most imported goods must be paid for in the currency of the selling country.
III.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
1. I spent... very interesting holiday in England.
e) the;
f) these;
g) a;
h) -•
2. I have not given ... permission to borrow my calculator.
e) anyone;
f) somebody;
g) this;
h) no one.
3. This was the ... test I’ve ever done.
e) easiest;
f) easy;
g) easier;
h) most easiest.
4. Did you put your signature ... this application form?
a) in;
b) on;
c) at;
d) for.
5. You ... work hard at your English.
c)
am able to;
c) should;
d) may.
6.
We cannot go out now. It... hard.
a)
b)
c)
d)
rains;
rain;
rained;
is raining.
7.
It... to us how the accident had happened.
a)
b)
c)
d)
is explaining;
was explained;
was explaining;
had explained.
Варіант 99
1.Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-чаеову
форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
4. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948.
5. The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget.
6. The House of Commons of the British Parliament is elected by the people.
2. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення га заповніть пропуски.
1. ... executive is successfully solving many problems
e)
An;
f)
The;
g)
These;
h)
Those.
2. ... shall buy some jewellery for my girl-friend.
e)
He;
f)
They;
g)
I;
h)
me.
3.The English Channel is ... than (he Straits of Gibraltar.
i)
wide;
j)
the widest;
k)
wider;
l)
more wide.
4. The book was read ... teacher yesterday.
d)
by;
e)
with;
f)
to;
5. from. He ... take part in the scientific conference.
e)
am to;
f)
is to;
g)
are to;
h)
be to.
6. I ... all the correspondence between your company and our Director.
e)
had read;
f)
has read;
g)
were reading;
h)
is reading.
7. The box ... to the station.
e)
f)
g)
h)
must be;
must be taken;
must take;
take.
Варіант 100
1.Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-чаеову
форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
7. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948.
8. The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget.
9. The House of Commons of the British Parliament is elected by the people.
2. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення га заповніть пропуски.
1. ... executive is successfully solving many problems
i)
An;
j)
The;
k)
These;
l)
Those.
2. ... shall buy some jewellery for my girl-friend.
i)
He;
j)
They;
k)
I;
l)
me.
3.The English Channel is ... than (he Straits of Gibraltar.
m)
wide;
n)
the widest;
o)
wider;
p)
more wide.
4. The book was read ... teacher yesterday.
g)
by;
h)
with;
i)
to;
5. from. He ... take part in the scientific conference.
i)
am to;
j)
is to;
k)
are to;
l)
be to.
6. I ... all the correspondence between your company and our Director.
i)
had read;
j)
has read;
k)
were reading;
l)
is reading.
7. The box ... to the station.
i)
must be;
j)
must be taken;
k)
must take;
l)
take.
Варіант 101
1.Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-чаеову
форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
10. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948.
11. The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget.
12. The House of Commons of the British Parliament is elected by the people.
2. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення га заповніть пропуски.
1. ... executive is successfully solving many problems
m)
An;
n)
The;
o)
These;
p)
Those.
2. ... shall buy some jewellery for my girl-friend.
m)
He;
n)
They;
o)
I;
p)
me.
3.The English Channel is ... than (he Straits of Gibraltar.
q)
wide;
r)
the widest;
s)
wider;
t)
more wide.
4. The book was read ... teacher yesterday.
j)
by;
k)
with;
l)
to;
5. from. He ... take part in the scientific conference.
m)
am to;
n)
is to;
o)
are to;
p)
be to.
6. I ... all the correspondence between your company and our Director.
m)
had read;
n)
has read;
o)
were reading;
p)
is reading.
7. The box ... to the station.
m)
must be;
n)
must be taken;
o)
must take;
p)
take.
Варіант 102
1.Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-чаеову
форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
13. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948.
14. The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget.
15. The House of Commons of the British Parliament is elected by the people.
2. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення га заповніть пропуски.
1. ... executive is successfully solving many problems
q)
An;
r)
The;
s)
These;
t)
Those.
2. ... shall buy some jewellery for my girl-friend.
q)
He;
r)
They;
s)
t)
I;
me.
3.The English Channel is ... than (he Straits of Gibraltar.
u)
wide;
v)
the widest;
w)
wider;
x)
more wide.
4. The book was read ... teacher yesterday.
m)
by;
n)
with;
o)
to;
5. from. He ... take part in the scientific conference.
q)
am to;
r)
is to;
s)
are to;
t)
be to.
6. I ... all the correspondence between your company and our Director.
q)
had read;
r)
has read;
s)
were reading;
t)
is reading.
7. The box ... to the station.
q)
must be;
r)
must be taken;
s)
must take;
t)
take.
Варіант 103
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дісслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
7. Your prices are at the level of world prices.
8. The Board of Directors had to discuss this question at the last meeting.
9. Most imported goods must be paid for in the currency of the selling country.
IV.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
1. I spent... very interesting holiday in England.
i) the;
j) these;
k) a;
l) -•
2. I have not given ... permission to borrow my calculator.
i) anyone;
j) somebody;
k) this;
l) no one.
3. This was the ... test I’ve ever done.
i) easiest;
j) easy;
k) easier;
l) most easiest.
4. Did you put your signature ... this application form?
a) in;
b) on;
c) at;
d) for.
5. You ... work hard at your English.
d)
am able to;
c) should;
d) may.
6.
We cannot go out now. It... hard.
a)
b)
c)
d)
rains;
rain;
rained;
is raining.
7.
It... to us how the accident had happened.
a)
b)
c)
d)
is explaining;
was explained;
was explaining;
had explained.
Варіант 104
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дісслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
10. Your prices are at the level of world prices.
11. The Board of Directors had to discuss this question at the last meeting.
12. Most imported goods must be paid for in the currency of the selling country.
V.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
1. I spent... very interesting holiday in England.
m) the;
n) these;
o) a;
p) -•
2. I have not given ... permission to borrow my calculator.
m) anyone;
n) somebody;
o) this;
p) no one.
3. This was the ... test I’ve ever done.
m) easiest;
n) easy;
o) easier;
p) most easiest.
4. Did you put your signature ... this application form?
a) in;
b) on;
c) at;
d) for.
5. You ... work hard at your English.
e)
am able to;
c) should;
d) may.
6.
We cannot go out now. It... hard.
a)
b)
c)
d)
rains;
rain;
rained;
is raining.
7.
It... to us how the accident had happened.
a)
b)
c)
d)
is explaining;
was explained;
was explaining;
had explained.
Варіант 105
І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дісслово-присудок і визначте його видочасову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.
13. Your prices are at the level of world prices.
14. The Board of Directors had to discuss this question at the last meeting.
15. Most imported goods must be paid for in the currency of the selling country.
VI.
Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.
1. I spent... very interesting holiday in England.
q) the;
r) these;
s) a;
t) -•
2. I have not given ... permission to borrow my calculator.
q) anyone;
r) somebody;
s) this;
t) no one.
3. This was the ... test I’ve ever done.
q) easiest;
r) easy;
s) easier;
t) most easiest.
4. Did you put your signature ... this application form?
a) in;
b) on;
c) at;
d) for.
5. You ... work hard at your English.
f)
am able to;
c) should;
d) may.
6.
We cannot go out now. It... hard.
a)
b)
c)
d)
rains;
rain;
rained;
is raining.
7.
It... to us how the accident had happened.
a)
b)
c)
d)
is explaining;
was explained;
was explaining;
had explained.
Situations
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
You have received some hard-earned vacation time. You saved enough money to take a one-week vacation
anywhere in the world you would like to go. Where will you go? Explain why you would visit this location. What
will you see when you are there?
106.
107.
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
Do you think that money can buy happiness? When has money made your life easier?
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
Your partner from the UK decides to visit you in Ukraine. What Ukrainian dishes will you make to give
your friend a taste of Ukrainian food?
108.
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
What role does technology play in our society? How has technology improved our lives? How has
technology made our lives worse?
109.
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
The invention of the Internet has made it possible to communicate with people around the world instantly
and to gather information on any topic. Is the Internet a good or bad tool for people to use? Why?
110.
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
What do you believe to be the greatest problem in today’s society? Describe where you see it. Explain why
you consider it to be so bad. How does it affect society as a whole and the individuals?
111.
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
Your pen pal from the USA asks you how things have changed in Ukraine since its independence. What, in
general, will you tell him/her? What are the most positive/negative changes that have happened since then?
112.
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
You are going to start a new business. You have money, you have space, and you have workers. What
product/service will you sell? How will you advertise this product? Give a sample advertisement motto.
113.
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
What stereotypes do you think foreigners have about Ukraine? Do you feel these stereotypes are correct?
What can you do to change these stereotypes?
114.
115.
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
Advertise the hotel you are living in. What do you like there?
116.
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
You are planning a visit to London. What would you like to see in London?
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
You are the President of a company. How many departments are there at the company? How many
managers work at the company? What is in your opinion the most important department?
117.
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
Write a letter to the sellers and state that you have read their advertisement of the new model and you have
got interested in it. You would like them to send you all the particulars concerning the delivery dates and the
discount.
118.
119.
Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.
Invite the business partners to visit your company, which is the largest supplier of this type of equipment