CHAPTER 45
HORMONES AND THE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Learning objectives
Read pages 974-995 of “Biology” Campbell 9th edition to make your Cornell notes and
understand the following learning objectives below. Supplementary reading can be from
the photocopied supplements from “Biology Study Guide” Campbell & Reece and Cliff
Notes AP Biology. Remember the following are NOT questions but guidelines for your
note taking. Reading for comprehension and identifying key ideas and concepts is a skill
required for AP Biology. NO COPIED NOTES ALLOWED!
Chemical Signals and Their Modes of Action
 Distinguish between hormones and local regulators.
 Distinguish between paracrine and autocrine signals.
 Define and give an example of a neurohormone.
 List the three major classes of molecules that function as hormones.
 Describe how steroid hormones and water-soluble hormones interact differently
with target cells.
 Discuss how and why different target cells exposed to the same hormone may
respond in diverse ways.
 Explain the role of local regulators in paracrine signaling. Describe the diverse
functions of cytokines, growth factors, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins.
The Vertebrate Endocrine System
 Describe an example of a simple hormone pathway with negative feedback.
 Describe how the pancreas and the antagonistic hormones (insulin and
glucagon) regulate carbohydrate metabolism.
 Distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
 Explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary glands interact and how they
coordinate the endocrine system.
 Describe the location of the pituitary. List and explain the functions of the
hormones released from the anterior and posterior lobes.
 Describe the function of the positive feedback by oxytocin signaling.
 List the hormones of the thyroid gland and explain their roles in development and
metabolism. Explain the causes and symptoms of hyperthyroidism,
hypothyroidism, and goiter.
 Note the location of the parathyroid glands and describe the hormonal control of
calcium homeostasis.
 List the hormones of the adrenal medulla, describe their functions, and explain
how their secretions are controlled.
 List the hormones of the adrenal cortex and describe their functions.
 List the hormones of three categories of steroid hormones produced by the gonads.
Describe variations in their production between the sexes.
 Describe the location of the pineal gland. Explain the role of melatonin.
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