Review Sheet for Global Test #2
EGYPT
Topic: How did the Achievements of the Old
Kingdom mark it as a Civilized Society?
Old Kingdom: 2800- 2250 BCE
- It had an organized government
- It was an absolute monarchy
A. The Pharaoh was the king of Egypt
- Menes
o United Upper and Lower Egypt
o Created the capital city of Memphis
o Made Social Classes (read the chart
from highest to lowest)
 Pharaoh
 Nobles and Priests
 Everyone Else
o Made an ecomonic system
 Based on farming
 There were taxes on the crops
 He traded with other nations up
and down the Nile (sail)
 International Trade
1. Arts and Architecture
- The pyramids were a form of architecture
o The “first one” was Saqqura- a “step
pyramid”
o The Great Pyramid of Giza had 2
million blocks of stone
 Each stone weighted about 2.5
tons
 “Kuphu” or “Cheops” was buried
there
Review Sheet for Global Test #2
 Largest of the pyramids
- Post and Lintels- like a door2. Science
- Calendar
o Used for planting
o Solar- 365 days/year
- Number system based on 10 1-10
- Book of Healing Diseases- exactly what
the title is
3. Complex Religion
- Afterlife and Mummification
Topic: How did Egypt Change After the Old
Kingdom?
- End of the Old Kingdom
o The nobles became stronger
o The pharaohs became weaker
o A civil war erupted
- Middle Kingdom
o Made by a strong pharaoh
o The same thing happened with the old
kingdom (civil war)
o Amount of farm land increased
o Conquered Newbia which went back and
forth
o Trade continued
- Hyksos invaded and conquered all of Egypt
- Egypt was in a period of weakness
- New weapons: horse drawn chariots,
compound bow
Review Sheet for Global Test #2
New Kingdom: 1150- 650 BCE
4. New Kingdom= the empire period
- Empire= includes more than one group of
people
- Kingdom= one culture and kingdom
- No more pyramids rather cliff-side tombs
1.
Hatshepsut
- Female
- Peace- encourage trade
- Wore fake beard like all pharaohs
- Financially successful
- Expedition to Punt
- Builder
2.
Thutmost 3 (her nephew and her
step- son)
- Chiseled Hatsheput's name out of
everything
- Other wise known as the "Napoleon
of Egypt"
- He built the empire
- Boastful pharaoh- his
achievements were engraved on
monuments- about battles
3.
Amunhotep 4
- Didn’t like his name
o Switched his name to Akhenton
- Mono-theist towards the sun
- Reformist
- Built the capital of Amarna
o There was an Artistic
Revolution- to have more
realism
4.
Tutankhaton
Review Sheet for Global Test #2
Changed his name to Tutankamun
Other wise known as King Tut
The Artistic Revolution was over
Thieves was the new capital
He had the only ancient tomb that
waas in tact
- Minor pharaoh but impressive tomb
5.
Ramses 2
- Pharaoh of the Torah
- Conqueror
MESOPOTAMIA
-
SUMER
Topic: Why was Sumer Considered a Civilized
Area?
- Sumer was possibly older than the
Old Kingdom
1. Geography of Mesopotamia
- Part of the “Fertile Crescent”— a
crescent- shaped land in the Middle
East in which the soil is rich and
good for planting
- It’s between the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers
- There was a flood problem, unlike
Egypt
o The flood happened whenever
o It washed away the great soil
o However, it helped develop a
government because it made
people work together to drain
Review Sheet for Global Test #2
the flood. They then need a
head to tell them what to do
and that formed a government
2. Sumer
- City- States
o Almost like there own country
but part of Sumer as a whole.
There was a city- state called
Sumer though
o They were able to go to war
o Same size as a city
o Each city- state had their own
customs and their own way of
life
o They tended to fight against
eachother
o Everyone had their own was of
life
o There was more local control
o They were more vulnerable to
outside conquerors
- Writing
o Cuneiform
- They drew lines and
triangles in clay tablets
o Behistun Rock
- Had the same thing in three
different languages
- Compared to the Rosetta
Stone
- Three Languages: Old
Persian, Elamite, and
Babylonian
- Rawlinson deciphered the
rock
Review Sheet for Global Test #2
- Arts and Architecture
o Arch and Dome
o Ziggurats
- A form of a temple
- Used in all city- states
- Differentiated between which
“god” the city- states
worshipped
- Other Achievements
o First wheeled vehicles
o Created a number system based
on 60
o Basic algebra and geometry
- Social Classes (Scale from Highest
Class to Lowest Class)
1st.
Rulers, officials,
high priests, and nobles
2nd.
Artisans
(craftsmen), merchants,
lower level priests, and
scribes
3rd.
Peasants- farmersthey had to pay taxes (
most people were
peasants)
4th.
Slaves
Topic: How did a Succession of Empires shape
Mesopotamia?
- There was a succession of people of
conquered Mesopotamia and then they
were conquered
- How does an empire differ from a
kingdom?
o Empire- different cultures
Review Sheet for Global Test #2
o Kingdom- one culture
- Sargon of Akkad conquered the
Sumerian city- states and started
the Akkadian empire
- Then came the Babylonians who
conquered the Akkadians and they
conquered the area
o Hamurabi
- Hammurabi’s Code- He
gathered customary rules
into written codes. He wrote
them down so people wont
forget them and so the
judges don’t change the law.
Example of a law: “An eye
for an eye.” We have this in
Judiasm, except in Judiasm
we pay the value of the eye.
Rather in Babylonian times,
they really did knock out
the other person’s eye for
an eye. This was info only
the victim was a free man.
If he was a slave, you pay
the owner half of what the
cost would be