HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology
David Shier; WCB/McGraw-Hill Inc, 2008
Human Anatomy and Physiology is an advanced science course taken at the high school
level but taught at a level comparable to the college level. Students taking this course
should be interested in health sciences, biological sciences, or have a genuine curiosity of
the human body. The course is a strenuous survey of human anatomy that parallels
anatomical characteristics of other animals. The course focuses on anatomical
terminology, anatomical identification, and physiological processes of human body
systems.
Students enrolled in this course should realize that this course requires an extensive
amount of time, effort, reading, and memorization. Successful completion of this class
requires dedication and commitment from the student.
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
This student should be able to:
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B.
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D.
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F.
G.
Define ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY and explain how they are related.
List and describe the major characteristics of life.
List and describe the major needs of organisms.
Define HOMEOSTASIS and explain its importance to survival.
Describe a homeostatic mechanism.
Explain what is meant by levels of organization.
Use anatomic terms that describe the body.
TIME: 1 Week
State Standards: A.12.1, A.12.6, B.12.4, C.12.2, C.12.3, C.12.6, C.12.7
UNIT II:THE CELL
This student should be able to:
A. Explain how cells vary from one another.
B. Describe the general characteristics of a composite cell.
C. Explain how the structure of a cell membrane is related to its function.
D. Describe each kind of cytoplasmic organelle and explain its function.
E. Describe the cell nucleus and its parts.
F. Explain how substances move through cell membranes by physical and physiological
processes. Identify each process specifically.
G. Describe the life cycle of a cell.
H. Explain how a cell reproduces.
I. Define cytology and have an understanding of the needs for a career as a cytologist and the
training needed for this area.
TIME: 3 weeks
State Standards: C.12.1, F.12.1, F.12.2, F.12.3, F.12.4
UNIT III: CELL METABOLISM
The student should be able to:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
Define ANABOLIC and CATABOLIC METABOLISM.
Explain how enzymes control metabolic processes.
Explain how chemical energy is released by respiratory processes.
Describe how energy is made available for cellular activities.
Describe the general metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Explain how genetic information is used in the control of cellular processes.
Describe how DNA molecules are duplicated.
Discuss recent technology that applies DNA “fingerprinting.”
TIME: 3 Weeks
State Standards: A.12.6, A.12.7, B.12.4, C.12.1, C.12.3, C.12.5, C.12.7, F.12.1, F.12.4
UNIT IV: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
The student should be able to:
A. Describe the general structure of a bone and list the functions of its parts.
B. Distinguish between intramembranous and endochondral bones and explain how such bones
develop and grow.
C. Discuss the major functions of bones.
D. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons and name the major parts of each.
E. Locate and identify the bones and the major features of the bones that comprise the skull,
vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb.
F. List three types of joints, describe their characteristics, and name an example of each.
G. List six types of freely movable joints and describe the actions of each.
H. Explain how skeletal muscles produce movements at joints and identify several types of such
movements.
I. Discuss fractures, types and repair.
J. Discuss diseases and anomalies associated with the skeleton.
K. Relate careers to the skeletal system, such as orthopedics, orthodontics, etc.
TIME: 4 weeks
State Standards: A.12.1, A.12.6, A.12.7, B.12.4, C.12.1, C.12.7, F.12.6, F.12.9, F.12.12.
G.12.1-G.12.3
UNIT V: MUSCLES
The student should be able to:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Describe how connective tissue is included in the structure of skeletal muscle.
Name the major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber and describe the function of each part.
Explain the major events that occur during muscle fiber contraction.
Explain how energy is supplied to the muscle fiber contraction mechanism.
Describe how oxygen debt develops and how a muscle may become fatigued.
Distinguish between a twitch and a sustained contraction.
Explain how various types of muscular contractions are used to product body movements and
maintain posture.
H. Describe how skeletal muscles are affected by exercise.
I. Distinguish between the structure and function of multiunit smooth muscle and a visceral
smooth muscle.
J. Compare the fiber contraction mechanisms of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
K. Explain how the location of skeletal muscles are related to the movement they produce and
how muscles interact in producing such movements.
L. Identify and describe the location of the major skeletal muscles of each body region and
describe the action of each muscle.
M. Discuss the effects of steroids on the muscle building process and the regulations placed on
steroid usage.
N. Discuss the application of mycology to the careers that utilize muscle studies, such as
medicine, physical therapists, physical educationalists, jazzercise instructors, etc.
TIME: 3 Weeks
State Standards: A.12.1, A.12.4, A.12.6, B.12.4, C.12.1, C.12.7, F.12.9
UNIT VI: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The student should be able to:
A. Describe the general structure of a neuron.
B. Name four types of neurological cells and describe the functions of each.
C. Describe the events that lad to the conduction of a nerve impulse.
D. Explain how a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another.
E. Explain two ways impulses are processed in neuronal pools.
F. Explain how differences in structure and function are used to classify neurons.
G. Name the parts of a reflex arc and describe the function of each part.
H. Describe the coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
I. Describe the structure of the spinal cord and its major functions.
J. Name the major parts of the brain and describe the functions of each part.
K. Distinguish between motor, sensory, and association areas of the cerebral cortex.
L. Describe the formation and the function of cerebrospinal fluid.
M. List the major parts of the peripheral nervous system.
N. Name the cranial nerves and list their major functions.
O. Describe the structure of a spinal nerve.
P. Describe the functions of the autonomic nervous system.
Q. Distinguish between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic
nervous system.
R. Discuss diseases and anomalies associated with the nervous system and how various drugs
affect nerves.
S. Discuss the careers for neurology, psychology, etc.
TIME: 5 weeks
State Standards: A.12.1, A.12.6, A.12.7, B.12.4, C.12.1, C.12.7, F.12.6, F.12.9, F.12.12
UNIT VII: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The student should be able to:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.
Explain how hormones are thought to exert influences on target issues.
Discuss how hormone secretions are regulated by feedback.
Explain how hormone secretions may be controlled by the nervous system.
Name and describe the location of the major endocrine glands of the body, and list the
hormones they secrete.
F. Describe the general function of these hormones.
G. Explain how the secretion of each of these hormones is regulated.
H. Discuss the role of the endocrinologist and relate hormone malfunctions to related diseases.
I.
Discuss the recent advances in the manufacture of synthetic hormones and/or chemical
identification and usage of natural hormones.
TIME: 3 Weeks
State Standards: A.12.1, A.12.4, A.12.6, B.12.4, C.12.7, F.12.6, F.12.9
UNIT VIII: THE URINARY SYSTEM
The student should be able to:
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B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
Name the organs of the urinary system and list their general functions.
Describe the location of the kidneys and the structure of the kidney.
List the functions of the kidneys.
Trace the pathway of blood through the major vessels within a kidney.
Describe a nephron and explain the functions of its major parts.
Explain how glomerular filtrate is produced and describe its composition.
Explain how various factors affect the rate of glomerular filtration and how this rate is
regulated.
Discuss the role of tubular reabsorption in the formation of urine.
Define tubular secretion and explain its role in urine formation.
Describe the structure of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Discuss the process of micturition and explain how it is controlled.
Determine mathematically the renal clearance values of urea, uric acid, etc.
Discuss the career of urinologists.
TIME: 2 Weeks
State Standards: A.12.1, A.12.6, B.12.4, C.12.2, C.12.3, C.12.6
UNIT IX: THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The student should be able to:
A. Name the parts of the male reproductive system and describe the general functions of each
part.
B. Describe the structure of a testis and explain how sperm cells are formed.
C. Trace the path followed by sperm cells from the site of their formation to the outside.
D. Explain how hormones control the activities of the male reproductive organs.
E. Name the parts of the female reproductive system and describe the general functions of each
part.
F. Describe the structure of an ovary and explain how egg cells and follicles are formed.
G. Trace the path followed by an egg cell after ovulation.
H. Describe how hormones control the activities of the female reproductive system.
I. Review the structure of the mammary glands.
J. Describe the major events that occur during a menstrual cycle.
K. Define pregnancy and describe the process of fertilization.
L. Describe the hormonal changes that occur in the maternal body during pregnancy.
M. Describe the major events that occur during the embryonic and fetal stages of development.
N. Trace the path of blood through the fetal circulatory system and describe the circulatory
adjustments that occur in a newborn.
O. Describe the birth process and explain the role of the hormones in this process.
P. Discuss careers of gynecology, obstetrics, etc.
TIME: 3 Weeks
State Standards: A.12.1, A.12.6, A.12.7, B.12.4, C.12.1, C.12.5, C.12.7, F.12.1
UNIT X: BLOOD
The student should be able to:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Describe the general characteristics of blood and discuss its major functions.
Distinguish between the various types of cells found in blood.
Explain how red cell production is controlled.
List the major components of blood plasma and describe the functions of each.
Define hemostasis and explain the mechanisms that help to achieve it.
Review the major steps in blood coagulation.
Explain the basis for blood typing and how it is used to avoid adverse reactions following
blood transfusions.
H. Describe how blood reactions may occur between fetal and maternal tissues.
I. Discuss heart and circulatory related diseases.
J. Discuss heart transplants, artificial hearts, heart by-pass and other modern day technology
related to the circulatory system.
K. Explain the types of blood and how they differ. Discuss blood transfusion.
TIME: 2 Weeks
State Standards: A.12.1, A.12.6, A.12.7, B.12.4, C.12.1, C.12.3, C.12.5, C.12.7, F.12.1
UNIT XI: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The student should be able to:
A. Name the organs of the cardiovascular system and discuss their functions.
B. Name and describe the location of the major parts of the heart and discuss the function of each
part.
C. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart and the vessels of the coronary circulation.
D. Discuss the cardiac cycle and explain how it is controlled.
E. Identify the parts of a normal ECG pattern and discuss the significance of this pattern.
F. Compare the structures and functions of the major types of blood vessels.
G. Describe the mechanism that aids in the return of venous blood to the heart.
H. Explain how blood pressure is created and controlled.
I. Compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular system.
J. Identify and locate the major arteries and veins of the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
TIME: 2 Weeks
State Standards: A.12.1, A.12.6, B.12.4, C.12.1, C.12.3, C.12.6, F.12.1
UNIT XII: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The student should be able to:
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B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
List the general functions of the respiratory system.
Name and describe the location of the organs of the respiratory system.
Describe the functions of each organ of the respiratory system.
Explain how inspiration and expiration are accomplished.
Name and define each of the respiratory air volumes.
Locate the respiratory center and explain how it controls normal breathing.
Discuss how various factors affect the respiratory center.
Describe the structure and function of the respiratory membrane.
Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.
Discuss respiratory diseases and anomalies.
Discuss the affect of exercise on vital capacity.
Discuss the career of a respiratory therapist.
TIME: 1 Week
State Standards: A.12.1, A.12.6, B.12.4, C.12.2, C.12.3, C.12.6, C.12.7
ACTIVITIES
The student will participate in the following activities:
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Characteristics of life inquiry
Role playing control mechanism
Banana activity
Doorway activity (transports)
Active transport
DNA gel electrophoresis lab
Skeleton project
Joint lab
Guest speaker – set up – 1 per student
Muscle tissue lab
Body lab
Dissections – 6 organs, 2 organisms
Brain model
Urinary glucose lab
Birth video
Hoot Woods lab
Prepared slide labs (10)
Lab dissection
EKG lab
Caffeine/tobacco lab
Physical fitness lab
Prepared alveoli slides
Smoker vs. non-smoker lung
Eye lab
Kidney lab
Athletic training lab
Anatomy news
Cell membrane demonstration