2nd Semester Final Exam Review- Record the answers to the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
Photosynthesis
1. What are the stages of photosynthesis?
2. What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
3. What are the reactants and products for each stage?
4. What is the job of chlorophyll?
5. What is photolysis and in what stage does it occur?
Respiration
1. Where does cell respiration take place?
2. What are the stages of respiration?
3. Where specifically does each stage take place?
4. What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
5. What are the reactants and products for each stage?
DNA Replication
1. What shape is DNA?
2. What is DNA replication?
3. What are the stages of DNA replication?
4. Where does DNA replication occur?
5. What enzymes are involved in each stage?
6. What are the building blocks of DNA?
7. What are the 3 parts that make up this building block?
8. What base pairs make up DNA?
9. How many hydrogen bonds exist between each pair?
10. How would you determine the amount of thymine in DNA if you knew that guanine accounted for 24%
of your sample?
11. Put these terms in order from smallest to largest: nucleotide, chromosome, cell, DNA, nucleus
Protein Synthesis
1. What is protein synthesis?
2. What are the stages of protein synthesis?
3. Where does transcription occur?
4. What enzymes are involved?
5. Where does translation occur?
6. What enzymes are involved?
7. Explain the role of each of the 3 types of RNA in protein synthesis.
8. What is a codon?
9. Given the following DNA sequence AAATTGGCC, give the complementary strand, the mRNA code,
and the amino acid sequence. (you will need the a.a. table in your notes)
10. What is a codon?
11. What is the anticodon for the first mRNA codon in the last question?
Mitosis
1. What are the stages of the cell cycle?
2. What are the 4 stages of mitosis?
3. Briefly describe what happens in each stage?
4. Which cells undergo mitosis (i.e. body cells (somatic) or sex cells (gametes))?
5. What kinds of cells are produced by mitosis (diploid or haploid) and how many per cell?
6. Why is cell size limited?
7. How does mitosis differ in plant and animal cells?
Meiosis
1. What are the stages of meiosis?
2. Which stage, meiosis I or II, is referred to as the reduction stage?
3. What are homologous chromosomes?
4. In which specific stage (P, M, A, or T I or II) do homologous chromosomes separate? Sister
chromatids?
5. Which cells undergo meiosis (i.e. body cells (somatic) or sex cells (gametes))?
6. What kinds of cells are produced by meiosis (diploid or haploid) and how many per cell?
Mutations
1. Explain the following mutations:
a. Deletionb. Inversionc. Nondisjunctiond. Point mutation
e. TranslocationMendelian Genetics
1. Define the following terms
a. dominant
b. recessive
c. homozygous
d. heterozygous
e. P generation
f. F1 generation
g. F2 generation
2. What are the possible genotypes for a dominant trait phenotype?
3. What are the possible genotypes for a recessive trait phenotype?
Non-Mendelian Genetics
1. What are the possible genotypes for each blood type A, B and O?
2. What are codominant traits? Give an example.
3. What is a pedigree?
4. How do you interpret the symbols on a pedigree?
Evolution
1. Define the following terms and give specific examples from notes or text:
a. adaptationb. adaptive radiationc. divergent evolutiond. convergent evolutione. evolutionf. genetic driftg. geographical isolationh. homologous structurei. natural selectionj. vestigial structure2. What methods are used by scientist to determine evolutionary relationships among organisms?
3. How do new species form?
4. Describe some mechanisms for evolution.
5. What are the characteristics of populations that have high potential for evolution to occur?
Geological Time Scale
1. Explain the process by which most fossils form.
Viruses and Bacteria
1. What are the common structures found in viruses?
2. What is true about all viruses?
3. Why are viruses nonliving?
4. How do active viruses replicate (specific stages)?
5. What is a bacteriophage?
6. What structures are found in bacteria?
7. How do bacteria reproduce?
8. Contrast the two methods.
9. What is an infectious disease?