Russia Objectives
 Identify Emperor Justinian, Hagia Sophia, Genghis Khan, Ivan III, Ivan IV, Michael Romanov, Peter the Great,
Catherine the Great, Alexander I, Decembrist Revolt, Nicholas I, Alexander II, Crimean War, Rasputin, Peter
Stolypin, Nicholas II, Menshevik, Bolsheviks, Leon Trotsky, Vladimir Lenin, Josef Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev,
Leonid Brezhnev, Sputnik, Mikhail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin
 Define oprichniki, czar, boyars, orthodoxy, autocracy, nationalism, emancipation, zemstovs, russification,
pogroms, Duma, October Manifesto, totalitarian state, atheism, dissidents, glasnost, perestroika
 Identify the three regions of Russia
 List the benefits and drawbacks of communism
 Explain how the Soviet Union is dissolved
The Byzantine Empire and Russia (330- 1613)
Byzantine Empire
“New Rome”
trade routes important
silk –
wheat –
gems –
spices –
slaves –
furs –
blending of cultures:
Emperor Justinian (527 –565)
At its height
Revival of Roman glory –
Conquered
Buildings –
Hagia Sophia –
Code of laws
Wife Theodora
Attacks from all sides
Able to withstand:
Decline
Crusades against
Ottoman Turks attack
Muhammad II –
Hagia Sophia becomes
Rise of Russia
Geography:
North –
Middle
South –
Growth –
Mongol Conquest –
Genghis Khan
Mongol armies
Golden Horde
Tolerant rulers –
Influences
Brought
New
Isolation of upper
Subject to
Husbands sell
Centralized
Cut off contacts with
Moscow (princes)
Important
Tribute
Spiritual center –
Defeated
Ivan III (the Great)
Recovered
Limit power of boyars –
Title czar –
Ivan IV (the Terrible)
Centralized
Got rid of
Unstable
Organized the oprichniki –
His death leads
“Time of Troubles” – 1604- 1613
disputes
New Czar – 17-year-old Michael Romanov
Establishes the
Absolute Monarchy in Russia
Strong czar in 1682 –
Takes the throne
Control of
Traveled to Western Europe
Study
Brought
Wanted Russia to
People oppose
Tied serfs
Pushed technology,
changed dress of
end seclusion of
No tolerance
Over 1000 palace
Hung corpses
Russian Expansion
Build
Treaty with China –
War with Sweden –
New Capital city –
Located on a swamp
Peter’s Legacy
Expanded
Catherine the Great
German princess (15)
Mentally
She took the throne
Reorganized
Ruthless –
Expand borders
Agreed to divide
Russia: Reform and Reaction
Freedom from
1.
2.
3.
Russia in the 1800s
Largest,
Natural
Obstacles
Social structure: nobles
Middle class –
Serfs –
Industry –
Alexander I (1801)
Beginning –
Later –
Dies 1825
Decembrist Revolt –
Nicholas I
Suppresses
Spies to
Liberals/revolutionaries
Exiled
Three Pillars of Russian Absolutism
1. orthodoxy –
2. autocracy –
3. nationalism –
Alexander II
Crimean War –
Russia
Reaction:
Demands for
1861 – emancipation
Problems and Benefits
Serfs buy land –
Serfs moved to
Government Reforms
Zemstvos –
Trial
Soldier’s terms of
Failure to satisfy
Educated
“Go to the People” movement
“People’s Will”
plot to
1881 –
Alexander III
Crackdown:
Russification –
One
Targets:
Large Jewish Population
Poland and Ukraine
Persecution increases with Alexander III
Limit the number
Live in
Mob attacks
Many left, became
Russian Industry
Industrial
Problems:
The Last Tsar
Nicholas II –
Alexandria –
Follows the
Son Alexis –
Rasputin –
Saves
War 1904
Japan/Russia
Nicholas II
Continued
Frustration –
Prayers, hymns,
Bloody Sunday
Shot rang
Kills people’s faith
Revolution, 1905
Strikes, revolts, uprisings
October Manifesto –
Summon a Duma –
First Duma –
Appoints Peter Stolypin
Restore order:
Realizes need for reform:
Several Dumas follow but
Revolution in Russia
Two revolutions
1913 – 300th
WWI
Fired up national
Strained Russian resources
Factories could
Transportation
By 1915: 2
Nicholas II –
Not a
Left domestic
Knew
Relies on
1917 – February –
March 8 – “Peace and Bread” –
March 10 – strike,
March 12 – Provisional Government –
March 15 – Tsar out –
Family caught later
Now What???
Constitutional Democrats –
Soviets –
Socialist Revolutionaries “Peasant Socialism”
MensheviksBolsheviks –
Didn’t want to
April thesis –
1. end
2. give you
3. if you work in
4. councils elect
Army Order No. 1
Overthrow
Leon Trotsky –
Military
November 6-7 –
Promises and Civil War, 1918-1921
Enemies and Allies
Tactics
1. War Communism –
2. Revolutionary Terror –
3. patriotism –
Famine and the New Economic Policy
1921-1922 – 5 million
New policy –
Lenin’s Death, 1924
Leon Trotsky v. Josef Stalin
Trotsky –
Stalin wanted Lenin’s job –
Gave
Stalin wins –
The Stalin Era (1929-1939)
Five year plans
Benefits –
Costs –
Industry and agriculture
26 million
500,000
production fell
Propaganda
Purges – 1936-1938
Get rid of
Kills
Social legislation
Women
Religion
A model –
Life in a Totalitarian State
“Iron Age”
totalitarian state –
keep control of people:
Propaganda
Modern technology
Promote
War on religion
Atheism –
Target –
Seized religious property
Other religions present in Russia
Communist ideology replaces religion:
Changes in Soviet Society
Get rid of nobles/serfs –
But – elite
Ex. Communist Party –
Includes military
Had best apartments,
Benefits
Free education for
Drawbacks
Standard of
Education
All children
Taught
Women
Equality
Access
Allowed to
Censorship
Government
Disobedience =
The Soviet Union: Rise and Fall of a Superpower
Stalin:
Stalin’s successors
Nikita Khrushchev
Publicly
Policy of
Not
But freed
Cold War
“we shall bury you”
not a threat
Sought a thaw in
1964 –
N. Khrushchev
Leonid Brezhnev –
Suppressed dissidents
Arrest/
Soviet Economy
1930s –
Successes
1957 – Sputnik I –
low
unemployment
Problems
Collectivized agriculture
Consumer goods
Due to
Bureaucracies
Supplies
Foreign Policy Issues
Soviet Union backed nations
SU vs. US =
Rivalry with the United States
Warsaw Pact vs. NATO –
Berlin Wall
Cuban Missile Crisis –
Afghanistan
Collapse of the Soviet Empire
1985 – Mikhail Gorbachev
reforms:
Gorbachev Revolution
Sought an end to the Cold War:
Glasnost:
Perestroika:
Corrupt/
Managers in
Unexpected Results
Rapid change –
Shortages
Opponents don’t like
Others (Boris Yeltsin)
Small countries that had been
Ex. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
1991 – Gorbachev
Russian Republic
Russia:
Breakup:
Political Problems
New constitution
Yeltsin clashes
Members: former communists
Extreme nationalists –
Minorities seek independence
Revolt in Chechnya (1994) –
Economic Problems
Gain foreign aid –
Unemployment
A World Power
Reduced
But still