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SCI 论文摘要中常用的表达方法
要写好摘要，需要建立一个适合自己需要的句型库（选择的词汇来源于 SCI 高
被引用论文）
引言部分
（1）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有 review, summarize, present, outline, describe 等
（2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有 purpose, attempt, aim 等，另外还可以用动词不定式
充当目的壮语老表达
（3）介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用词汇有 study, present, include, focus,
emphasize, emphasis, attention 等
方法部分
（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有 test study, investigate, examine,experiment,
discuss, consider, analyze, analysis 等
（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有 measure, estimate, calculate 等
（3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有 use, apply, application 等
结果部分
（1）展示研究结果，常用词汇有 show, result, present 等
（2）介绍结论，常用词汇有 summary, introduce,conclude 等
讨论部分
（1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有 suggest, repot, present, expect, describe
等
（2）说明论证，常用词汇有 support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate,
confirm, clarify 等
（ 3 ） 推 荐 和 建 议 ， 常 用 词 汇 有 suggest,suggestion, recommend, recommendation,
propose,necessity,necessary,expect 等。
摘要引言部分案例
词汇 review
• Author(s): ROBINSON, TE; BERRIDGE, KC
• Title:
THE
NEURAL
BASIS
OF
DRUG
CRAVING
AN
INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY OF ADDICTION
• Source: BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS, 18 (3): 247-291 SEP-DEC 1993 《脑研究评
论》荷兰 SCI 被引用 1774
We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding
the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.回顾研究背景
SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例
词汇 summarize
Author(s): Barnett, RM; Carone, CD; 被引用 1571
Title: Particles and field .1. Review of particle physics
Source: PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 54 (1): 1-+ Part 1 JUL 1 1996:《物理学评论，D 辑》美国
引言部分 回顾研究背景常用词汇 summarize
Abstract: This biennial review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous
editions, plus 1900 new measurements from 700 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured
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六月雪 JuneSnow
properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches
for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles.
All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous
tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors,
probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated
versions of some of the other sections of this full Review.
SCI 摘要引言部分案例
SCI 摘要方法部分案例
attention
consider
SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例
词汇 outline
• Author(s): TIERNEY, L
SCI 引用 728 次
• Title: MARKOV-CHAINS FOR EXPLORING POSTERIOR DISTRIBUTIONS
引言部分 回顾研究背景，常用词汇 outline
• Source: ANNALS OF STATISTICS, 22 (4): 1701-1728 DEC 1994
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•
•
六月雪 JuneSnow
《统计学纪事》美国
Abstract: Several Markov chain methods are available for sampling from a posterior
distribution. Two important examples are the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis algorithm.
In addition, several strategies are available for constructing hybrid algorithms. This paper
outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical
and practical issues. On the theoretical side, results from the theory of general state space
Markov chains can be used to obtain convergence rates, laws of large numbers and central
limit theorems for estimates obtained from Markov chain methods. These theoretical
results can be used to guide the construction of more efficient algorithms. For the
practical use of Markov chain methods, standard simulation methodology provides
several Variance reduction techniques and also gives guidance on the choice of sample
size and allocation.
SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例
回顾研究背景 present
Author(s): LYNCH, M; MILLIGAN, BG SC I 被引用 661
Title: ANALYSIS OF POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE WITH RAPD MARKERS
Source: MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 3 (2): 91-99 APR 1994《分子生态学》英国
Abstract: Recent advances in the application of the polymerase chain reaction make it
possible to score individuals at a large number of loci. The RAPD (random amplified
polymorphic DNA) method is one such technique that has attracted widespread interest.
The analysis of population structure with RAPD data is hampered by the lack of complete
genotypic information resulting from dominance, since this enhances the sampling
variance associated with single loci as well as induces bias in parameter estimation. We
present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype
frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of inbreeding and
population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for
their sampling variances. Although completely unbiased estimators do not appear to be
possible with RAPDs, several steps are suggested that will insure that the bias in
parameter estimates is negligible. To achieve the same degree of statistical power, on the
order of 2 to 10 times more individuals need to be sampled per locus when dominant
markers are relied upon, as compared to codominant (RFLP, isozyme) markers. Moreover,
to avoid bias in parameter estimation, the marker alleles for most of these loci should be
in relatively low frequency. Due to the need for pruning loci with low-frequency null
alleles, more loci also need to be sampled with RAPDs than with more conventional
markers, and sole problems of bias cannot be completely eliminated.
SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例
词汇 describe
• Author(s): CLONINGER, CR; SVRAKIC, DM; PRZYBECK, TR
• Title: A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND
CHARACTER
• Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 50 (12): 975-990 DEC 1993《普
通精神病学纪要》美国
• 引言部分 回顾研究背景，常用词汇 describe
被引用 926
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•
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Abstract: In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and
development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and
character. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: novelty
seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are independently
heritable, manifest early in life, and involve preconceptual biases in perceptual memory
and habit formation. For the first time, we describe three dimensions of character that
mature in adulthood and influence personal and social effectiveness by insight learning
about self-concepts. Self-concepts vary according to the extent to which a person
identifies the self as (1) an autonomous individual, (2) an integral part of humanity, and (3)
an integral part of the universe as a whole. Each aspect of self-concept corresponds to one
of three character dimensions called self-directedness, cooperativeness, and
self-transcendence, respectively. We also describe the conceptual background and
development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and
Character Inventory. Data on 300 individuals from the general population support the
reliability and structure of these seven personality dimensions. We discuss the
implications for studies of information processing, inheritance, development, diagnosis,
and treatment.
摘要引言部分案例
• （2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有 purpose, attempt, aim
SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例
attempt 说明写作目的
• Author(s): Donoho, DL; Johnstone, IM
• Title: Adapting to unknown smoothness via wavelet shrinkage
• Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, 90 (432):
1200-1224 DEC 1995 《美国统计学会志》 被引用 429 次
• Abstract: We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled
data. We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the
empirical wavelet coefficients. The thresholding is adaptive: A threshold level is assigned
to each dyadic resolution level by the principle of minimizing the Stein unbiased estimate
of risk (Sure) for threshold estimates. The computational effort of the overall procedure is
order N.log(N) as a function of the sample size N. SureShrink is smoothness adaptive: If
the unknown function contains jumps, then the reconstruction (essentially) does also; if
the unknown function has a smooth piece, then the reconstruction is (essentially) as
smooth as the mother wavelet will allow. The procedure is in a sense optimally
smoothness adaptive: It is near minimax simultaneously over a whole interval of the
Besov scale; the size of this interval depends on the choice of mother wavelet. We know
from a previous paper by the authors that traditional smoothing methods-kernels, splines,
and orthogonal series estimates-even with optimal choices of the smoothing parameter,
would be unable to perform in a near-minimax way over many spaces in the Besov scale.
Examples of SureShrink are given. The advantages of the method are particularly evident
when the underlying function has jump discontinuities on a smooth background
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SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例
To investigate 说明写作目的
• Author(s): OLTVAI, ZN; MILLIMAN, CL; KORSMEYER, SJ
• Title: BCL-2 HETERODIMERIZES IN-VIVO WITH A CONSERVED HOMOLOG,
BAX, THAT ACCELERATES PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH
• Source: CELL, 74 (4): 609-619 AUG 27 1993
被引用 3233
• Abstract: Bcl-2 protein is able to repress a number of apoptotic death programs. To
investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with
other proteins. We identified an associated 21 kd protein partner, Bax, that has extensive
amino acid homology with Bcl-2, focused within highly conserved domains I and II. Bax
is encoded by six exons and demonstrates a complex pattern of alternative RNA splicing
that predicts a 21 kd membrane (alpha) and two forms of cytosolic protein (beta and
gamma). Bax homodimerizes and forms heterodimers with Bcl-2 in vivo. Overexpressed
Bax accelerates apoptotic death induced by cytokine deprivation in an IL-3-dependent
cell line. Overexpressed Bax also counters the death repressor activity of Bcl-2. These
data suggest a model in which the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax determines survival or death
following an apoptotic stimulus.
SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例
purposes 说明写作目的
• Author(s): ROGERS, FJ; IGLESIAS, CA
• Title: RADIATIVE ATOMIC ROSSELAND MEAN OPACITY TABLES
• Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 79 (2): 507-568
APR 1992 《天体物理学杂志增刊》美国
SCI 被引用 512
• Abstract: For more than two decades the astrophysics community has depended on
opacity tables produced at Los Alamos. In the present work we offer new radiative
Rosseland mean opacity tables calculated with the OPAL code developed independently
at LLNL. We give extensive results for the recent Anders-Grevesse mixture which allow
accurate interpolation in temperature, density, hydrogen mass fraction, as well as metal
mass fraction. The tables are organized differently from previous work. Instead of rows
and columns of constant temperature and density, we use temperature and follow tracks of
constant R, where R = density/(temperature)3. The range of R and temperature are such
as to cover typical stellar conditions from the interior through the envelope and the hotter
atmospheres. Cool atmospheres are not considered since photoabsorption by molecules is
neglected. Only radiative processes are taken into account so that electron conduction is
not included. For comparison purposes we present some opacity tables for the Ross-Aller
and Cox-Tabor metal abundances. Although in many regions the OPAL opacities are
similar to previous work, large differences are reported. For example, factors of 2-3
opacity enhancements are found in stellar envelop conditions.
SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例
•
•
aim 说明写作目的
Author(s): EDVARDSSON, B; ANDERSEN, J; GUSTAFSSON, B; LAMBERT, DL;
NISSEN, PE; TOMKIN, J
Title: THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK .1. ANALYSIS
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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AND RESULTS
Source: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 275 (1): 101-152 AUG 1993
《天
文学与天体物理学》
被引用 934
Abstract: With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the
galactic disk, we have derived abundances of 0, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Y, Zr, Ba
and Nd, as well as individual photometric ages, for 189 nearby field F and G disk dwarfs.
The galactic orbital properties of all stars have been derived from accurate kinematic data,
enabling estimates to be made of the distances from the galactic center of the
stars‘ birthplaces. 结构式摘要
Our extensive high resolution, high S/N, spectroscopic observations of carefully selected
northern and southern stars provide accurate equivalent widths of up to 86 unblended
absorption lines per star between 5000 and 9000 angstrom. The abundance analysis was
made with greatly improved theoretical LTE model atmospheres. Through the inclusion
of a great number of iron-peak element absorption lines the model fluxes reproduce the
observed UV and visual fluxes with good accuracy. A new theoretical calibration of T(eff)
as a function of Stromgren b - y for solar-type dwarfs has been established. The new
models and T(eff) scale are shown to yield good agreement between photometric and
spectroscopic measurements of effective temperatures and surface gravities, but the
photometrically derived very high overall metallicities for the most metal rich stars are
not supported by the spectroscopic analysis of weak spectral lines.
Author(s): PAYNE, MC; TETER, MP; ALLAN, DC; ARIAS, TA; JOANNOPOULOS,
JD
Title:
ITERATIVE
MINIMIZATION
TECHNIQUES
FOR
ABINITIO
TOTAL-ENERGY
CALCULATIONS
MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS
AND
CONJUGATE GRADIENTS
Source: REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, 64 (4): 1045-1097 OCT 1992
《现代
物理学评论》美国 American Physical Society SCI 被引用 2654
Abstract: This article describes recent technical developments that have made the
total-energy pseudopotential the most powerful ab initio quantum-mechanical modeling
method presently available. In addition to presenting technical details of the
pseudopotential method, the article aims to heighten awareness of the capabilities of the
method in order to stimulate its application to as wide a range of problems in as many
scientific disciplines as possible.
SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例
includes 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围
• Author(s): MARCHESINI, G; WEBBER, BR; ABBIENDI, G; KNOWLES, IG;
SEYMOUR, MH; STANCO, L
• Title: HERWIG 5.1 - A MONTE-CARLO EVENT GENERATOR FOR SIMULATING
HADRON EMISSION REACTIONS WITH INTERFERING GLUONS SCI 被引用
955 次
• Source: COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS, 67 (3): 465-508 JAN 1992:《计
算机物理学通讯》荷兰 Elsevier
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•
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Abstract: HERWIG is a general-purpose particle-physics event generator, which
includes the simulation of hard lepton-lepton, lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron
scattering and soft hadron-hadron collisions in one package. It uses the parton-shower
approach for initial-state and final-state QCD radiation, including colour coherence
effects and azimuthal correlations both within and between jets. This article includes a
brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the
program itself. This includes details of the input and control parameters used by the
program, and the output data provided by it. Sample output from a typical simulation is
given and annotated.
SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 presents 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围
•
•
•
•
Author(s): IDSO, KE; IDSO, SB
Title: PLANT-RESPONSES TO ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT IN THE
FACE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS - A REVIEW OF THE PAST 10
YEARS RESEARCH
Source: AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, 69 (3-4): 153-203
JUL 1994 《农业和林业气象学》荷兰 Elsevier 被引用 225
Abstract: This paper presents a detailed analysis of several hundred plant carbon
exchange rate (CER) and dry weight (DW) responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment
determined over the past 10 years. It demonstrates that the percentage increase in plant
growth produced by raising the air's CO2 content is generally not reduced by less than
optimal levels of light, water or soil nutrients, nor by high temperatures, salinity or
gaseous air pollution. More often than not, in fact, the data show the relative
growth-enhancing effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment to be greatest when resource
limitations and environmental stresses are most severe.
SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 emphasizing
•
•
•
•
•
Author(s): BESAG, J; GREEN, P; HIGDON, D; MENGERSEN, K
Title: BAYESIAN COMPUTATION AND STOCHASTIC-SYSTEMS
Source: STATISTICAL SCIENCE, 10 (1): 3-41 FEB 1995《统计科学》美国
SCI 被引用 296 次
Abstract: Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have been used extensively in
statistical physics over the last 40 years, in spatial statistics for the past 20 and in
Bayesian image analysis over the last decade. In the last five years, MCMC has been
introduced into significance testing, general Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood
estimation. This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the
Bayesian paradigm, conditional probability and the intimate relationship with Markov
random fields in spatial statistics. Hastings algorithms are discussed, including Gibbs,
Metropolis and some other variations. Pairwise difference priors are described and are
used subsequently in three Bayesian applications, in each of which there is a pronounced
spatial or temporal aspect to the modeling. The examples involve logistic regression in
the presence of unobserved covariates and ordinal factors; the analysis of agricultural
field experiments, with adjustment for fertility gradients; and processing of
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六月雪 JuneSnow
low-resolution medical images obtained by a gamma camera. Additional methodological
issues arise in each of these applications and in the Appendices. The paper lays particular
emphasis on the calculation of posterior probabilities and concurs with others in its view
that MCMC facilitates a fundamental breakthrough in applied Bayesian modeling.
SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例
介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 focuses
• Author(s): HUNT, KJ; SBARBARO, D; ZBIKOWSKI, R; GAWTHROP, PJ
• Title: NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CONTROL-SYSTEMS - A SURVEY
• Source: AUTOMATICA, 28 (6): 1083-1112 NOV 1992《自动学》荷兰 Elsevier
• SCI 被引用 427 次
• Abstract: This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks in the realm of
modelling, identification and control of nonlinear systems. The basic ideas and techniques
of artificial neural networks are presented in language and notation familiar to control
engineers. Applications of a variety of neural network architectures in control are
surveyed. We explore the links between the fields of control science and neural networks
in a unified presentation and identify key areas for future research.
SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例
介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 focus
• Author(s): Stuiver, M; Reimer, PJ; Bard, E; Beck, JW;
• Title: INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP
• Source: RADIOCARBON, 40 (3): 1041-1083 1998《放射性碳》美国
SCI 被引
用 2131 次
• Abstract: The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal)
ages for the interval 24,000-0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a
sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and
varve-counted marine sediment. The C-14 age-cal age information, produced by many
laboratories, is converted to Delta(14)C profiles and calibration curves, for the
atmosphere as well as the oceans. We discuss offsets in measured C-14 ages and the
errors therein, regional C-14 age differences, tree-coral C-14 age comparisons and the
time dependence of marine reservoir ages, and evaluate decadal vs. single-year C-14
results. Changes in oceanic deepwater circulation, especially for the 16,000-11,000 cal sp
interval, are reflected in the Delta(14)C values of INTCAL98.
SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例
介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 emphasis
• Author(s): LEBRETON, JD; BURNHAM, KP; CLOBERT, J; ANDERSON, DR
• Title: MODELING SURVIVAL AND TESTING BIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES USING
MARKED ANIMALS - A UNIFIED APPROACH WITH CASE-STUDIES
• Source: ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS, 62 (1): 67-118 MAR 1992
• 《生态学论丛》美国
• Abstract: The understanding of the dynamics of animal populations and of related
ecological and evolutionary issues frequently depends on a direct analysis of life history
parameters. For instance, examination of trade-offs between reproduction and survival
usually rely on individually marked animals, for which the exact time of death is most
often unknown, because marked individuals cannot be followed closely through time.
Thus, the quantitative analysis of survival studies and experiments must be based on
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•
六月雪 JuneSnow
capture-recapture (or resighting) models which consider, besides the parameters of
primary interest, recapture or resighting rates that are nuisance parameters. 结构式摘要
This paper synthesizes, using a common framework, these recent developments together
with new ones, with an emphasis on flexibility in modeling, model selection, and the
analysis of multiple data sets. The effects on survival and capture rates of time, age, and
categorical variables characterizing the individuals (e.g., sex) can be considered, as well
as interactions between such effects. This "analysis of variance" philosophy emphasizes
the structure of the survival and capture process rather than the technical characteristics of
any particular model. The flexible array of models encompassed in this synthesis uses a
common notation. As a result of the great level of flexibility and relevance achieved, the
focus is changed from fitting a particular model to model building and model selection.
SCI 摘要方法部分案例
•
•
•
•
方法部分
（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有 test， study, investigate, examine,experiment,
discuss, consider, analyze, analysis 等
（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有 measure, estimate, calculate 等
（3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有 use, apply, application 等
SCI 高被引摘要方法部分案例
discusses 介绍研究或试验过程
• Author(s): LIANG, KY; ZEGER, SL; QAQISH, B
• Title: MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION-ANALYSES FOR CATEGORICAL-DATA
• Source: JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES
B-METHODOLOGICAL, 54 (1): 3-40 1992《皇家统计学会志，B 辑：统计方法论》
• SCI 被引用 298
• Abstract: It is common to observe a vector of discrete and/or continuous responses in
scientific problems where the objective is to characterize the dependence of each response
on explanatory variables and to account for the association between the outcomes. The
response vector can comprise repeated observations on one variable, as in longitudinal
studies or genetic studies of families, or can include observations for different variables.
This paper discusses a class of models for the marginal expectations of each response and
for pairwise associations. The marginal models are contrasted with log-linear models.
Two generalized estimating equation approaches are compared for parameter estimation.
The first focuses on the regression parameters; the second simultaneously estimates the
regression and association parameters. The robustness and efficiency of each is discussed.
The methods are illustrated with analyses of two data sets from public health research
SCI 高被引摘要方法部分案例 介绍研究或试验过程 examines
• Author(s): Huo, QS; Margolese, DI; Stucky, GD
• Title: Surfactant control of phases in the synthesis of mesoporous silica-based materials
• Source: CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS, 8 (5): 1147-1160 MAY 1996
• SCI 被引用 643 次
《材料的化学性质》美国
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•
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Abstract: The low-temperature formation of liquid-crystal-like arrays made up of
molecular complexes formed between molecular inorganic species and amphiphilic
organic molecules is a convenient approach for the synthesis of mesostructure materials.
This paper examines how the molecular shapes of covalent organosilanes, quaternary
ammonium surfactants, and mixed surfactants in various reaction conditions can be used
to synthesize silica-based mesophase configurations, MCM-41 (2d hexagonal, p6m),
MCM-48 (cubic Ia3d), MCM-50 (lamellar), SBA-1 (cubic Pm3n), SBA-2 (3d hexagonal
P6(3)/mmc), and SBA-3 (hexagonal p6m from acidic synthesis media). The structural
function of surfactants in mesophase formation can to a first approximation be related to
that of classical surfactants in water or other solvents with parallel roles for organic
additives. The effective surfactant ion pair packing parameter, g = V/alpha(0)l, remains a
useful molecular structure-directing index to characterize the geometry of the mesophase
products, and phase transitions may be viewed as a variation of g in the
liquid-crystal-Like solid phase. Solvent and cosolvent structure direction can be
effectively used by varying polarity, hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties and
functionalizing the surfactant molecule, for example with hydroxy group or variable
charge. Surfactants and synthesis conditions can be chosen and controlled to obtain
predicted silica-based mesophase products. A room-temperature synthesis of the
bicontinuous cubic phase, MCM-48, is presented. A low-temperature (100 degrees C) and
low-pH (7-10) treatment approach that can be used to give MCM-41 with high-quality,
large pores (up to 60 Angstrom), and pore volumes as large as 1.6 cm(3)/g is described.
Estimates 介绍研究或试验过程 SCI 高被引摘要方法部分案例
•
Author(s): KESSLER, RC; MCGONAGLE, KA; ZHAO, SY; NELSON, CB; HUGHES,
M; ESHLEMAN, S; WITTCHEN, HU; KENDLER, KS
•
Title:
LIFETIME
AND
12-MONTH
PREVALENCE
OF
DSM-III-R
PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS IN THE UNITED-STATES - RESULTS FROM THE
NATIONAL-COMORBIDITY-SURVEY
Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 51 (1): 8-19 JAN 1994
《普通精神病学纪要》美国
SCI 被引用 4350 次
Abstract: Background: This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month
prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey,
the first survey to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a national probability
sample in the United States. Methods: The DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among
persons aged 15 to 54 years in the noninstitutionalized civilian population of the United
States were assessed with data collected by lay interviewers using a revised version of the
Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results: Nearly 50% of respondents
reported at least one lifetime disorder, and close to 30% reported at least one 12-month
disorder. The most common disorders were major depressive episode, alcohol dependence,
social phobia, and simple phobia. More than half of all lifetime disorders occurred in the
14% of the population who had a history of three or more comorbid disorders. These
highly comorbid people also included the vast majority of people with severe disorders.
Less than 40% of those with a lifetime disorder had ever received professional treatment,
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六月雪 JuneSnow
and less than 20% of those with a recent disorder had been in treatment during the past 12
months. Consistent with previous risk factor research, it was found that women had
elevated rates of affective disorders and anxiety disorders, that men had elevated rates of
substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder, and that most disorders
declined with age and with higher socioeconomic status. Conclusions: The prevalence of
psychiatric disorders is greater than previously thought to be the case. Furthermore, this
morbidity is more highly concentrated than previously recognized in roughly one sixth of
the population who have a history of three or more comorbid disorders. This suggests that
the causes and consequences of high comorbidity should be the focus of research
attention. The majority of people with psychiatric disorders fail to obtain professional
treatment. Even among people with a lifetime history of three or more comorbid disorders,
the proportion who ever obtain specialty sector mental health treatment is less than 50%.
These results argue for the importance of more outreach and more research on barriers to
professional help-seeking
SCI 高被引摘要方法部分案例
说明研究或试验方法 measure
• Author(s): Schlegel, DJ; Finkbeiner, DP; Davis, M
• Title: Maps of dust infrared emission for use in estimation of reddening and cosmic
microwave background radiation foregrounds
•
•
Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 500 (2): 525-553 Part 1 JUN 20 1998
SCI
被引用 2972 次 《天体物理学杂志》美国
The primary use of these maps is likely to be as a new estimator of Galactic extinction. To
calibrate our maps, we assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical
galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 mu m emission. We find
consistent calibration using the B-R color distribution of a sample of the 106 brightest
cluster ellipticals, as well as a sample of 384 ellipticals with B-V and Mg line strength
measurements. For the latter sample, we use the correlation of intrinsic B-V versus Mg,
index to tighten the power of the test greatly. We demonstrate that the new maps are twice
as accurate as the older Burstein-Heiles reddening estimates in regions of low and
moderate reddening. The maps are expected to be significantly more accurate in regions
of high reddening. These dust maps will also be useful for estimating millimeter emission
that contaminates cosmic microwave background radiation experiments and for
estimating soft X-ray absorption. We describe how to access our maps readily for general
use.
SCI 高被引摘要结果部分案例
application 介绍应用、用途
• Author(s): MALLAT, S; ZHONG, S
• Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF SIGNALS FROM MULTISCALE EDGES
• Source: IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE
INTELLIGENCE, 14 (7): 710-732 JUL 1992
• SCI 被引用 508 次
《IEEE 模式分析与机器智能汇刊》美国
• Abstract: A multiscale Canny edge detection is equivalent to finding the local maxima of
a wavelet transform. We study the properties of multiscale edges through the wavelet
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六月雪 JuneSnow
theory. For pattern recognition, one often needs to discriminate different types of edges.
We show that the evolution of wavelet local maxima across scales characterize the local
shape of irregular structures. Numerical descriptors of edge types are derived. The
completeness of a multiscale edge representation is also studied. We describe an
algorithm that reconstructs a close approximation of 1-D and 2-D signals from their
multiscale edges. For images, the reconstruction errors are below our visual sensitivity. As
an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm that selects important
edges and compresses the image data by factors over 30.
apply 介绍应用、用途
•
Author(s): BELL, AJ; SEJNOWSKI, TJ
• Title: AN INFORMATION MAXIMIZATION APPROACH TO BLIND SEPARATION
AND BLIND DECONVOLUTION
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Source: NEURAL COMPUTATION, 7 (6): 1129-1159 NOV 1995
SCI 被引用 923 《神经计算》美国
Abstract: We derive a new self-organizing learning algorithm that maximizes the
information transferred in a network of nonlinear units. The algorithm does not assume
any knowledge of the input distributions, and is defined here for the zero-noise limit.
Under these conditions, information maximization has extra properties not found in the
linear case (Linsker 1989). The nonlinearities in the transfer function are able to pick up
higher-order moments of the input distributions and perform something akin to true
redundancy reduction between units in the output representation. This enables the
network to separate statistically independent components in the inputs: a higher-order
generalization of principal components analysis. We apply the network to the source
separation (or cocktail party) problem, successfully separating unknown mixtures of up to
10 speakers. We also show that a variant on the network architecture is able to perform
blind deconvolution (cancellation of unknown echoes and reverberation in a speech
signal). Finally, we derive dependencies of information transfer on time delays. We
suggest that information maximization provides a unifying framework for problems in
''blind'' signal processing.
Summary 介绍结论
• Author(s): SJOSTRAND, T
• Title: HIGH-ENERGY-PHYSICS EVENT GENERATION WITH PYTHIA-5.7 AND
JETSET-7.4
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Source: COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS, 82 (1): 74-89 AUG 1994
SCI 被引用 1735 《计算机物理学通讯》荷兰
Abstract: PYTHIA and JETSETare the two main components of the ''Lund Monte Carlo''
program suite. They can be used to generate high-energy-physics ''events'', i.e. sets of
outgoing particles produced in the interactions between two incoming particles. Ideally
these events should have the same average behaviour and the same fluctuations as real
data. The underlying physics is not understood well enough to give an exact description,
the programs therefore contain a combination of analytical results and various models.
Several event classes are considered, within and beyond the standard model. We give a
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六月雪 JuneSnow
summary of the main physics component of the current versions, PYTHIA 5.7 and
JETSET 7.4: hard-scattering matrix elements, parton distributions, initial- and final-state
radiation, multiple interactions, beam remnants. fragmentation and decays. A brief outline
is also given of some programming aspects. A detailed physics description and manual is
available as a separate publication
present 展示研究结果
• Author(s): Perdew, JP; Burke, K; Ernzerhof, M
• Title: Generalized gradient approximation made simple
• Source: PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 77 (18): 3865-3868 OCT 28 1996《物理评论
快报》美国
• SCI 被引用 4810
• Abstract: Generalized gradient approximations (GGA's) for the exchange-correlation
energy improve upon the local spin density (LSD) description of atoms, molecules, and
solids. We present a simple derivation of a simple GGA, in which all parameters (other
than those in LSD) are fundamental constants. Only general features of the detailed
construction underlying the Perdew-Wang 1991 (PW91) GGA are invoked.
Improvements over PW91 include an accurate description of the linear response of the
uniform electron gas, correct behavior under uniform scaling, and a smoother potential.
SCI 高被引摘要讨论部分案例
present 陈述论文的论点和作者的观点
• Author(s): CORNELL, WD; CIEPLAK, P; BAYLY, CI; GOULD, IR; Title: A 2ND
GENERATION FORCE-FIELD FOR THE SIMULATION OF PROTEINS,
NUCLEIC-ACIDS, AND ORGANIC-MOLECULES
• Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, 117 (19): 5179-5197
MAY 17 1995 被引用 3354 《美国化学会志》
• Abstract: We present the derivation of a new molecular mechanical force field for
simulating the structures, conformational energies, and interaction energies of proteins,
nucleic acids, and many related organic molecules in condensed phases. This effective
two-body force field is the successor to the Weiner et al, force field and was developed
with some of the same philosophies, such as the use of a simple diagonal potential
function and electrostatic potential fit atom centered charges. The need for a 10-12
function for representing hydrogen bonds is no longer necessary due to the improved
performance of the new charge model and new van der Waals parameters. These new
charges are determined using a 6-31G basis set and restrained electrostatic potential
(RESP) fitting and have been shown to reproduce interaction energies, free energies of
solvation, and conformational energies of simple small molecules to a good degree of
accuracy. Furthermore, the new RESP charges exhibit less variability as a function of the
molecular conformation used in the charge determination. The new van der Waals
parameters have been derived from liquid simulations and include hydrogen parameters
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六月雪 JuneSnow
which take into account the effects of any geminal electronegative atoms. The bonded
parameters developed by Weiner et al. were modified as necessary to reproduce
experimental vibrational frequencies and structures. Most of the simple dihedral
parameters have been retained from Weiner et. al., but a complex set of phi and psi
parameters which do a good job of reproducing the energies of the low-energy
conformations of glycyl and alanyl dipeptides has been developed for the peptide
backbone.
Suggest 陈述论文的论点和作者的观点
• Author(s): KELCE, WR; STONE, CR; LAWS, SC; GRAY, LE;
• Title: PERSISTENT DDT METABOLITE P,P'-DDE IS A POTENT ANDROGEN
RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
• Source: NATURE, 375 (6532): 581-585 JUN 15 1995《自然》英国
• SCI 被引用 650
• Abstract: THE increase in the number of reports of abnormalities in male sex
development in wildlife and humans coincided with the introduction of 'oestrogenic'
chemicals such as DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) into the
environment, Although these phenotypic alterations are thought to be mediated by the
oestrogen receptor, they are also consistent with inhibition of androgen receptor-mediated
events, Here we report that the major and persistent DDT metabolite, p,p'-DDE
(1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene), has little ability to bind the oestrogen
receptor, but inhibits androgen binding to the androgen receptor, androgen-induced
transcriptional activity, and androgen action in developing, pubertal and adult male rats,
The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by p,p'-DDE and
related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor
expect 陈述论文的论点和作者的观点
• Author(s): EDVARDSSON, B; ANDERSEN, J; GUSTAFSSON, B; LAMBERT, DL;
Title: THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK .1. ANALYSIS
AND RESULTS
SCI 被引用 934
《天文学与天体物理学》法国
• Source: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 275 (1): 101-152 AUG 1993
• Individual ages were derived from fits in the T(eff) - log g plane of these somewhat
evolved dwarfs to isochrones by VandenBerg (1985). We expect the uncertainties in the
relative ages to be about 25%, although the absolute errors may be larger.
•
Distances, proper motions and radial velocities were translated to galactic U, V and W
velocity components which in turn were independently used by M. Grenon and J.
Sommer-Larsen to calculate stellar orbital parameters, which agree within 5%. Following
Grenon, the mean galactocentric distances were used as estimates of stellar birth places to
investigate abundance gradients in the disk at different epochs
suggest
推荐和建议
• Author(s): MOFFITT, TE
• Title:
ADOLESCENCE-LIMITED
AND
LIFE-COURSE-PERSISTENT
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六月雪 JuneSnow
ANTISOCIAL-BEHAVIOR - A DEVELOPMENTAL TAXONOMY
Source: PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW, 100 (4): 674-701 OCT 1993《心理学评论》美国
SCI 被引用 1340
Abstract: A dual taxonomy is presented to reconcile 2 incongruous facts about antisocial
behavior (a) It shows impressive continuity over age, but (b) its prevalence changes
dramatically over age, increasing almost 10-fold temporarily during adolescence. This
article suggests that delinquency conceals 2 distinct categories of individuals, each with a
unique natural history and etiology: A small group engages in antisocial behavior of 1 sort
or another at every life stage, whereas a larger group is antisocial only during adolescence.
According to the theory of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior, children's
neuropsychological problems interact cumulatively with their criminogenic environments
across development, culminating in a pathological personality. According to the theory of
adolescence-limited antisocial behavior, a contemporary maturity gap encourages teens to
mimic antisocial behavior in ways that are normative and adjustive.
Recommend 推荐和建议
• Author(s): Nelson, DR; Koymans, L; Kamataki, T;
• Title: P450 superfamily: Update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers
and nomenclature
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•
Source: PHARMACOGENETICS, 6 (1): 1-42 FEB 1996
《药物遗传学》美国 SCI 被引用 1535
This revision supersedes the four previous updates in which a nomenclature system,
based on divergent evolution of the superfamily, has been described. For the gene, we
recommend that the italicized root symbol 'CYP' for human ('Cyp' for mouse and
Drosophila), representing 'cytochrome P450', be followed by an Arabic number denoting
the family, a letter designating the subfamily (when two or more exist), and an Arabic
numeral representing the individual gene within the subfamily. A hyphen is no longer
recommended in mouse gene nomenclature. 'P' ('ps' in mouse and Drosophila) after the
gene number denotes a pseudogene; 'X' after the gene number means its use has been
discontinued. If a gene is the sole member of a family, the subfamily letter and gene
number would be helpful but need not be included. The human nomenclature system
should be used for all species other than mouse and Drosophila. The cDNAs, mRNAs and
enzymes in all species (including mouse) should include all capital letters, and without
italics or hyphens. This nomenclature system is similar to that proposed in our previous
updates.
摘要案例：可以修改的摘要
•
Continuous mesoporous silica thin films with 3D accessible pore structures (Im3m
space groups) have been prepared by a dip-coating technique using F-127
surfactants as the structure-directing agents in nonaqueous media under acidic
conditions on Indium-tin oxide glass (ITO). The films can be calcined to remove the
surfactant and produce a cubic mesoporous silicate material. XRD study and
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六月雪 JuneSnow
calculation show that the mesoporous silica film is SBA-16 with Im3m space group
symmetry, and SBA-16 powder with unit cell parameters (a) of 193 Å and 186 Å for
calcined SBA-16 film.
The N2 adsportion-desorption experiment indicates that SBA -16 has BET
surface areas of 534.45m2/g, a mean pore sizes of 160Å and the total pore volume
of 0.376cm3/g.
Fe nanowire paralleling in arrays have been prepared by direct current
electrodeposition in highly ordered SBA-16 films. Homogenerous filling of all the
pores of the SBA-16 films is achieved. And the diameter of Fe nanowires can be
varied between 100-300Å, which corresponds to the diameters of the pores of the
template is adjustable by varying adding organic swelling agents 1, 3,
5-trimethylbenzene (TMB).
摘要案例：可以修改的摘要 红色部分都应该修改
•
首先在第一个句子中有一些语病：
• mesoporous silica thin films------ thin films of mesoporous silica
• 3D----three dimensional
• Im3m space groups-----space group Im3m.
• by-------by using.
• Indium----- indium.
• using F-127 surfactants as the structure-directing agents in nonaqueous media under
acidic conditions 是合成这种介孔分子筛通用的方法，不是本文的贡献，所以可以除
去。
• 第二句：The films can be calcined to remove the surfactant and produce a cubic
mesoporous silicate material. 也是众所周知的，应该删除。
• 第三句：XRD study and calculation show that the mesoporous silica film is SBA-16 with
Im3m space group symmetry, and SBA-16 powder with unit cell parameters (a) of 193 Å
and 186 Å for calcined SBA-16 film. 中只有 SBA-16 是需要交待的。这种材料的 Unit
cell parameter 也是行内的人都知道的。可以将 SBA-16 加到第一句，其它全部删除。
•
摘要一般是不分段的。
• 第二段的一句也是描述 SBA-16 的基本性质，大家都知道。可以删去。
•
• 第三句是讲用这种多孔的材料做模板，制备多孔铁的薄膜。但是有的用词是不严谨
的。比如，Homogenerous filling 在论文中没有提供任何证据来说明达到均匀的填充。
•
• 最后一句给人的印象是作者通过加一种有机物来调节介孔分子筛的孔道大小，从而
调控铁纳米线的粗细。事实上，作者并没有做这件事，而是凭想象写下这段文字的。
实验结果表明，氧化铁的纳米线粗细和孔道大小没有直接的关系。
•
•