Name: ______________________________________. Period: _______. Date: _______.
Chapters 20-22
Directions: Study, study, study these terms. (And then study some more.)
Fort Sumter
1.
Border states
2.
3.
4.
Trent Affair
Jefferson Davis
Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South
Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the
state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units
at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of
only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to
send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard
demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the
Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861.
Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day.
States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were
slave states, but did not secede. The need to keep them from joining the Confederacy
caused Lincoln to declare that the purpose of the war was “to preserve the Union.”
This was an occurrence where a Union warship stopped a British ship, the Trent, which
was taking two confederate officers to England in 1861 from the coast of Cuba. This
event angered the British and nearly resulted in war.. This shows the separation between
North and South at the time and how Britain had leanings toward the South.
From 1860-1865, Davis was the president of the southern Confederate States of
America after their secession from the Union. During this time he struggled to form a
solid government for the states. From the beginning, he lacked the power necessary for
a strong government because the southerners believed in states’ rights. Aside from being
sick, he worked hard with solidifying the civil government and carrying out military
operations. The truth of the matter is that no one could have pulled it off successfully.
conscription law
(1863)
Congress passed first-ever federal conscription (draft) law in U.S. history. The purpose
was to make up for fewer numbers of volunteers. The policy unfair as wealthier youth
could hire substitutes for $300.
New York draft riots
The poor were drafted disproportionately, and in New York in 1863, they rioted, killing
at least 73 people.
7.
Morrill Tariff Act of
1861
Tariff rates were raised significantly due to demands of revenue and protection during
war. Protective tariff came to be associated with Republicans for the next 70 years.
8.
. Greenbacks
About $450 million issued at face value to replace gold. Supported by gold; value
determined by nation’s credit. Though fluctuating during the war, they held value well
after Union victory
5.
6.
9.
War bonds
Sale of bonds through U.S. Treasury: marketed through private banking house of Jay
Cooke & Co. which earned enormous monies from commissions.
10.
National Banking
System (1863)
Authorized by Congress in 1863, it was designed to establish standard bank-note
currency. Banks that joined the National Banking System could buy
bonds and issue sound paper money backed by the system. The first national bank since
Jackson killed the BUS, it lasted 50 years until the Federal Reserve System (1913)
11.
Homestead Act of
1862
Provided free land to pioneers heading to unsettled lands out west. Many pioneers
headed west to escape the draft. By 1865, 20,000 settlers had moved west.
Morrill Land Grant
Act of 1862
Each state received 30,000 acres of public lands for each senator and congressman in
Congress. Profits from sale of lands financed agricultural and mechanical colleges in
each state.
Pacific Railway Act
(1863)
This established a transcontinental railroad to be built connecting northern states and
territories to California.
12.
13.
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Name: ______________________________________. Period: _______. Date: _______.
14.
15.
Robert E. Lee
Ulysses Simpson
Grant
16.
Antietam (September
17, 1862)
17.
Confiscation Act:
18.
19.
Emancipation
Proclamation
Battle of Gettysburg
(July 1-3, 1863)
20.
Gettysburg Address
(November, 1863)
21.
Vicksburg
22.
Sherman’s "March to
the Sea":
23.
Grant was a Northern general who helped gain victory for the Union. His first
successful victories came at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Tennessee and
Cumberland rivers in February, 1862 where he earned the nickname “Unconditional
Surrender” Grant to go with his initials, U.S. These victories opened a door for the
Union to the rest of the south. Eventually Grant was given command of the Union
forces attacking Vicksburg. This would be his greatest victory of the war. Grant's final
victory came when he defeated General Robert E. Lee at Richmond and forced him to
surrender at Appomattox Court House in Virginia in April 1865.
Perhaps most important battle of the war. Lee invaded Maryland hoping to take it from
the Union and encourage foreign intervention on behalf of the South. It was the
bloodiest day of the war and ended in a stalemate; Lee withdrew having failed his
objective. Considered one of most decisive battles in world history, as foreign powers
decided not to intervene in support of the South whose military capacity was now
questioned. Also, Lincoln got the "victory" he needed to issue the preliminary
Emancipation Proclamation on Sept. 22, 1862.
This was passed by Congress in 1862. Union Army could confiscate slaves as they
invaded the South on the basis that they were “contraband" of war .Slaves that escaped
would not be returned to their owners.
Issued by Lincoln and became effective Jan. 1, 1863. All slaves in areas in rebellion
declared now and forever free. Justification lay with removing valuable slave labor
from the Southern war cause. Slaves in neither Border States not included nor those in
specific areas of conquered South. Lincoln’s immediate goal not so much to free slaves
as to strengthen the moral cause of the Union at home and abroad.
Lee decided to invade the North again, this time through PA in hopes of strengthening
peace movement in North and getting direct foreign support. After 3 days of fighting,
Lee retreats. with his division annihilated. Significance: South doomed after Gettysburg
and Vicksburg; would remain in the defensive until the war’s end.
Lincoln philosophically established the Declaration of Independence as document of
founding law. Equality became supreme commitment. Established idea of nation over
union. Most Americans today accept Lincoln’s concept of America.
Vicksburg was last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River. July 4,
Confederate army surrendered to Grant; 29,500 men. Significance: Split the
Confederacy in two; Union controlled the Mississippi.
After taking Atlanta, Sherman’s army cut a 60-mile-wide swath through heart
of Georgia before arriving at Savannah on the sea in December, 1864. Determined to
inflict the horrors of war on the South to break its will. Famous quote: "War is hell."
Pioneer of "total war." Shortened the war but left a legacy of bitterness in the South.
Copperheads
Lincoln believed that anti-war Northern Democrats harbored traitorous ideas and he
labeled them "Copperheads", poisonous snakes waiting to get him.
1864 election
Lincoln defeated McClellan 212 to 21 but McClellan received a surprising 45% of
popular vote. One of most crushing defeats for the South. Lincoln’s election assured
continued policy of "total war." Ended last real hope for a Confederate victory.
24.
25.
Lee was the General of the Confederate troops. Lee was very successful in many battles,
but was defeated at Antietam in 1862 when he retreated across the Potomac. Lee was
later defeated at Gettysburg by General Mead's Union troops. He eventually surrendered
to General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.
Appomattox
Confederate army surrounded near Appomattox Court House in VA. On April 9,
1865, Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia. War in Virginia officially over.
Remaining Confederate armies surrendered within a few weeks.
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Name: ______________________________________. Period: _______. Date: _______.
26.
John Wilkes Booth
Results and costs of
the Civil War
27.
Freedman’s Bureau
(1865–1872)
28.
29.
30.
Andrew Johnson
Lincoln’s 10
Percent
Reconstruction
Plan (1863)
Lincoln was assassinated on night of April 14, 1865 (Good Friday)... Only five days
after Lee’s surrender, Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s theater by John Wilkes
Booth. Lincoln died at height of his popularity, thus becoming a martyr. South cheered
initially, but eventually saw it as a disaster for them. Lincoln’s reconstruction policies
moderate compared to the later Congressional Reconstruction.
A. 620,000 soldiers dead (2% of population!); over 1 million total
casualties
B. Slavery abolished
C. Total cost of war: $15 billion (about $1.5 trillion in today’s dollars)
-- Does not include pensions and interest on the national debt.
D. Nullification and secession died with the Confederacy
E. Ideal of Union and nation triumphant
-- Dangers of two nations and balance of power politics averted
F. War economy laid the foundation for the 2nd Industrial Revolution
after the war.
G. Monroe Doctrine became more effective; U.S. had demonstrated
military power
-- U.S. would now look to the hemisphere and beyond to expand its
influence.
A government agency established by Congress in 1865 to distribute food,
supplies, and confiscated land to former slaves. Although the bureau’s worth
proved questionable because of corruption within the organization and external
pressure from southern whites (including President Andrew Johnson), it
successfully established schools for blacks throughout the South.
Former governor and senator from Tennessee who became president after
Abraham Lincoln’s assassination. Lincoln chose Johnson as his running mate
in the 1864 election in order to persuade the conservative border states to
remain in the Union. Johnson, neither a friend of the southern aristocracy nor a
proponent of securing rights for former slaves, fought Congress over passage
of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Bill of 1866. Johnson also
believed that only he, not Congress, should be responsible for Reconstruction,
recognizing new state governments according to the Ten-Percent Plan without
Congress’s consent. The House of Representatives impeached Johnson in 1868
for violating the Tenure of Office Act, but the Senate later acquitted him
Abraham Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction, under which secessionist states
could be readmitted to the Union only after 10 percent of their voting
population took a loyalty oath to the Union. Lincoln agreed to pardon most
Confederates but made no provision for safeguarding the rights of former
slaves. Many Radical Republicans believed his plan was too lenient.
31.
An 1864 bill that stipulated that southern states could reenter the Union only
after 50 percent of their voters pledged allegiance to the United States. Radical
Republicans passed the bill in response to Abraham Lincoln’s Ten-Percent
Plan, which they believed was too lenient. Lincoln ultimately pocket-vetoed
the bill, so it did not come into effect. The Wade-Davis Bill was the first of
many clashes between the White House and Congress for control over the
Reconstruction process.
32.
Moderate Republicans agreed with Lincoln's ideals. They believed that the
seceded states should be restored to the Union swiftly through lenient terms.
The Radical Republicans believed that the South should pay dearly for their
crimes. The radicals wanted the social structure of the South to be changed
before it was restored to the Union. They wanted the planters punished and the
blacks protected by federal power. They opposed Lincoln’s plan.
Wade-Davis Bill
Moderate vs.
Radical
Republicans
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Name: ______________________________________. Period: _______. Date: _______.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Thirteenth
Amendment
Johnson’s
Reconstruction
Plan
Black Codes
Sharecropping
Civil Rights Bill
(1866)
Fourteenth
Amendment
1866 congressional
elections
39.
40.
Sen. Charles
Sumner
A constitutional amendment, ratified in 1865, that abolished slavery in the
United States. Southern states were required to acknowledge and ratify the
amendment before they were readmitted to the Union.
1865–1867. Johnson, a Democrat from Tennessee, allowed southern states to
reenter the Union, but only after 10 percent of the voting population took
loyalty oaths to the United States. Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction was
similar to Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan, though Johnson pardoned thousands of
high-ranking Confederate officials. Johnson was also a critic of the
Freedmen’s Bureau and attempted to do away with the program. Presidential
Reconstruction ended when Radical Republicans took control of Congress in
1867 in the wake of Johnson’s “Swing Around the Circle” speeches.
Laws that were passed across the South in response to the Civil Rights Act of
1866 , restricting blacks’ freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and legal
rights, and outlawing unemployment, loitering, vagrancy, and interracial
marriages. The codes were one of many techniques that southern whites used to
keep blacks effectively enslaved for decades after the abolition of slavery.
Some black codes appeared as early as 1865.
An agricultural production system in the South through which wealthy
landowners leased individual plots of land on plantations to white and black
sharecroppers in exchange for a percentage of the yearly yield of crops. Blacks
preferred this system to wage labor because it gave them a sense of
independence and responsibility. Ironically, though, sharecroppers had less
autonomy than wage laborers, because high debts bound them to the land, and
most former slaves worked on plots owned by their former masters. By 1880,
most southern blacks had become sharecroppers.
A bill that guaranteed blacks the right to sue, serve on juries, testify as
witnesses against whites, and enter into legal contracts. The act did not give
blacks the right to vote, because most Radical Republicans in 1866 remained
unconvinced that black suffrage was a necessity. When more Radicals were
elected to Congress that autumn, however, they did consider making black
suffrage a requirement for a state’s readmission into the Union. The act
eventually led to the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
A constitutional amendment, drafted by Radical Republicans in 1866 and
ratified in 1868, that ensured that the liberties guaranteed to blacks in the Civil
Rights Act of 1866 could not be taken away. Like the Civil Rights Act, the
Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to all Americans regardless of race
(except Native Americans, who did not gain full citizenship until the twentieth
century). The amendment consequently reversed the Supreme Court’s Dred
Scott decision of 1857
In 1866, Republicans would not allow Reconstruction to be carried on without
the 14th Amendment, and as election time approached, Johnson wanted to
lower the amount of Republicans in Congress, so he began a series of ‘Swing
Round the Circle” speeches. However, as he was heckled by the audience, he
hurled back insults, gave abrasive speeches, and generally denounced the
radicals, and in the process, he gave Republicans more men in Congress than
they had before—the opposite of his original intention.
The same Senator who had been caned by Brooks in 1856, Sumner returned to
the Senate after the outbreak of the Civil War. He was an outspoken radical
Republican involved in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.
4
Name: ______________________________________. Period: _______. Date: _______.
41.
Rep. Thaddeus
Stevens
Radical
Reconstruction
42.
43.
44.
Military
Reconstruction Act
(1867)
Fifteenth
Amendment
He was a radical Republican congressman who directed the Congressional
Reconstruction plan & tried to impeach President Johnson.
The Congress that convened in 1867, which was far more radical than the
previous one, wasted no time executing its own plan for the Radical
Reconstruction of the South. The First Reconstruction Act (Military
Reconstruction Act) in 1867 divided the South into five conquered districts,
each of which would be governed by the U.S. military until a new government
was established. Republicans also specified that states would have to
enfranchise former slaves before readmission to the Union. To enforce this
order, Congress passed the Second Reconstruction Act, putting the military in
charge of southern voter registration. They also passed the Fifteenth
Amendment, giving all American men—including former slaves—the right to
vote.
A bill, passed by Radical Republicans in Congress in 1867, that treated
Southern states as divided territories. Sometimes called the Military
Reconstruction Act or the Reconstruction Act, the First Reconstruction Act
divided the South into five districts, each governed by martial law. It was the
first of a series of harsher bills that the Radicals passed that year. It is also
called the First Reconstruction Act.
A constitutional amendment, ratified in 1870, that gave all American men the
right to vote, regardless of race or wealth. The amendment enfranchised blacks
and poor landless whites who had never been able to vote. Radical Republicans
required southern states to ratify the amendment in order to be readmitted into
the Union. The amendment’s ratification angered many suffragettes who were
fighting for a woman’s right to vote.
45.
This was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled that the application of
military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is
unconstitutional. Lambdin P. Milligan and four others were accused of
planning to steal Union weapons and invade Union prisoner-of-war camps.
They also planned to take over the state governments of Indiana, Ohio, and
Michigan. When the plan leaked, they were charged, found guilty, and
sentenced to hang by a military court in 1864. However, their execution was
not set until May 1865, so they were able to argue the case after the Civil War
ended.
46.
The "Redeemers" were a political coalition in the Southern United States
during the Reconstruction era, who sought to oust the Republican coalition of
freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags. They were the southern wing of the
Bourbon Democrats, the conservative, pro-business wing of the Democratic
Party.
Ex parte Mulligan
(1866)
47.
“Redeemers”
“Scalawags”
“Carpetbaggers”
48.
White Unionist Republicans in the South who participated in efforts to
modernize and transform the region after the Civil War. Though many
scalawags had influential roles in the new state governments, southern whites
deemed them traitors.
A nickname for northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War,
named for their tendency to carry their possessions with them in large
carpetbags. Though some carpetbaggers migrated to strike it rich, most did so
to promote modernization, education, and civil rights for former slaves in the
South. Some carpetbaggers had influential roles in the new Republican state
legislatures, much to the dismay of white southerners.
5
Name: ______________________________________. Period: _______. Date: _______.
Ku Klux Klan
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
Force Acts
(18701871)
Disfranchisement
A secret society formed in Tennessee in 1866 to terrorize blacks. Racist whites
formed the KKK as a violent reaction to Congress’s passage of the Civil Rights
Act of 1866. Within a few years, the Klan had numerous branches in every
southern state. Klansmen donned white sheets and threatened, beat, and even
killed “upstart” blacks. Congress finally passed the Ku Klux Klan Act in 1871
to curb Klan activity and restore order in the South.
These acts were passed in 1870 and 1871. They were created to put a stop to
the torture and harassment of blacks by whites, especially by hate groups such
as the Ku Klux Klan. These acts gave power to the government to use its force
to physically end the problems. First time federal government protected
individuals, not local authorities Also called the Enforcement Acts or the
KKK Act.
This is the revocation of the right of suffrage (the right to vote) to a person or
group of people, or rendering a person's vote less effective, or ineffective.
Disfranchisement might occur explicitly through law, or implicitly by
intimidation.
Tenure of Office
Act (1867)
A bill that Congress passed during Andrew Johnson’s presidency that required
Johnson to consult Congress before dismissing any congressionally appointed
government official.
Johnson
impeachment
In an effort to limit Johnson’s executive powers, Congress passed the Tenure
of Office Act in 1867, which required the president to consult with the House
and Senate before removing any congressionally appointed cabinet members.
Radicals took this measure in an attempt to protect Secretary of War Edwin M.
Stanton, a carryover from Lincoln’s cabinet and a crucial figure in military
Reconstruction. When Johnson ignored the Tenure of Office Act and fired
Stanton, Republicans in the House impeached him by a vote of 126–47. After a
tense trial, the Senate voted to acquit the president by a margin of one vote.
Alaska purchase
(1867)
Compromise of
1877
(End of
Reconstruction)
In December, 1866, the U.S. offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was
eager to give it up, as the fur resources had been exhausted, and, expecting
friction with Great Britain, they preferred to see defenseless Alaska in U.S.
hands. Called "Seward's Folly" and "Seward's Icebox", the purchase was
made in 1867 for $7,200,000 and gave the U.S. Alaska's resources of fish,
timber, oil and gold.
A political agreement that made Rutherford B. Hayes president (rather than
Samuel J. Tilden) in exchange for a complete withdrawal of federal troops
from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction. When neither Hayes nor
Tilden won enough electoral votes to become president, the election fell into
dispute, and Congress passed the Electoral Count Act to recount popular votes
in three contested states. The special counting committee determined by just
one vote that Hayes had received more votes in the three states and was
therefore the next president of the United States. Democrats accused the
Republican-majority committee of bias, so the Compromise of 1877 was struck
to resolve the political crisis.
6